Karate

This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 4 February 2025.

Karate ( 空手) (/kəˈrɑːti/; Japanese pronunciation: [kaɾate]

ⓘ
; Okinawan pronunciation: [kaɽati]), also karate-do ( 空手
道, Karate-dō), is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom. It developed from the indigenous Ryukyuan
martial arts (called te (手), "hand"; tī in Okinawan) under the influence of Chinese martial arts. While [1][2]

modern karate is primarily a striking art that uses punches and kicks, traditional karate training also employs
throwing and joint locking techniques.[3] A karate practitioner is called a karate-ka ( 空手家).
Beginning in the 1300s, early Chinese martial artists brought their techniques to Okinawa. Despite the Ryukyu
Kingdom being turned into a puppet state by Japanese samurai in 1609, after the Invasion of Ryukyu, its
cultural ties to China remained strong.[4] Since Ryukyuans were banned from carrying swords under samurai
rule, groups of young aristocrats created unarmed combat methods as a form of resistance, combining
Chinese and local styles of martial arts.[4] Training emphasized self-discipline.[4] This blend of martial arts
became known as kara-te 唐手, which translates to "Chinese hand." Initially, there were no uniforms, colored
belts, ranking systems, or standardized styles.[4] Many elements essential to modern karate were actually
incorporated a century ago.[4]

The Ryukyu Kingdom had been conquered by the Japanese Satsuma Domain and had become its vassal state
since 1609, but was formally annexed to the Empire of Japan in 1879 as Okinawa Prefecture. The Ryukyuan
samurai (Okinawan: samurē) who had been the bearers of karate lost their privileged position, and with it,
karate was in danger of losing transmission. However, karate gradually regained popularity after 1905, when it
began to be taught in schools in Okinawa. During the Taishō era (1912–1926), karate was introduced to
mainland Japan by Gichin Funakoshi and Motobu Chōki. The ultranationalistic sentiment of the 1930s affected
every aspect of Japanese culture.[4] To make the imported martial art more relatable, Funakoshi incorporated
elements from judo, such as the training uniforms, colored belts, and ranking systems.[4] Karate's popularity
was initially sluggish with little exposition but when a magazine reported a story about Motobu defeating a
foreign boxer in Kyoto, karate rapidly became well known throughout Japan.[5]

In this era of escalating Japanese militarism,[6] the name was changed from 唐手 ("Chinese hand" or "Tang
hand") [7]
to 空手 ("empty hand") – both of which are pronounced karate in Japanese – to indicate that the
Japanese wished to develop the combat form in Japanese style.[8] After World War II, Okinawa became (1945)
an important United States military site and karate became popular among servicemen stationed there.[9][10]
The martial arts movies of the 1960s and 1970s served to greatly increase the popularity of martial arts
around the world, and English-speakers began to use the word karate in a generic way to refer to all striking-
based Asian martial arts.[11] Karate schools (dōjōs) began appearing around the world, catering to those with
casual interest as well as those seeking a deeper study of the art.
Karate, like Japanese martial arts, is considered to be not
Karate
only about fighting techniques, but also about spiritual
cultivation.[12][13] Many karate schools and dōjōs have
established rules called dōjō kun, which emphasize the
perfection of character, the importance of effort, and
respect for courtesy. Karate featured at the 2020 Summer
Olympics after its inclusion at the Games was supported by
the International Olympic Committee. Web Japan
(sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs)
claims that karate has 50 million practitioners worldwide,[14]
while the World Karate Federation claims there are 100
million practitioners around the world.[15]

Etymology
Chōmo Hanashiro, an Okinawan karate master
c. 1938
Originally in Okinawa during the Ryukyu Kingdom period,
there existed an indigenous Ryukyuan martial art called te Also known as Karate-do ( 空手道)
(Okinawan:tī, lit. 'hand'). Furthermore, in the 19th century, a
Focus Striking
Chinese-derived martial art called tōde (Okinawan: tōdī,
lit. 'Tang hand') emerged. According to Gichin Funakoshi, a Hardness Full-contact, semi-

distinction between Okinawan-te and tōde existed in the late contact, light-contact

19th century.[16] With the emergence of tōde, it is thought

Country of origin Ryukyu Kingdom
that te also came to be called Okinawa-te
(Present day Okinawa
(Okinawan:Uchinādī, lit. 'Okinawa hand'). However, this prefecture,
distinction gradually became blurred with the decline of Japan)
Okinawa-te.
Parenthood Indigenous martial

Around 1905, when karate began to be taught in public arts of Ryukyu

schools in Okinawa, tōde was read kun’yomi and called Islands, Chinese

karate ( 唐手, lit. 'Tang hand') in the Japanese style. Both tōde
martial arts[1][2]

and karate are written in the same Chinese characters

meaning "Tang/China hand," but the former is on'yomi (Chinese reading) and the latter is kun'yomi (Japanese
reading). Since the distinction between Okinawa-te and tōde was already blurred at that time, karate was used
to encompass both. "Kara ( から)" is a kun’yomi for the character "唐" (tō/とう in on'yomi) which is derived from
"Gaya Confederacy ( 加羅)" and later included things deriving from China (specifically from the Tang
dynasty).[17] Therefore, tōde and karate (Tang hand) differ in the scope of meaning of the words.[18]

Japan sent envoys to the Tang dynasty and introduced much Chinese culture. Gichin Funakoshi proposed that
tōde/karate may have been used instead of te, as Tang became a synonym for luxury imported goods.[19]
According to Gichin Funakoshi, the word pronounced karate
(から手) existed in the Ryukyu Kingdom period, but it is Karate

unclear whether it meant Tang hand (唐手) or empty hand

(空手). [20]

The Chinese origins of karate were increasingly viewed with

suspicion due to rising tensions between China and Japan
and as well as the looming threat of a full-scale war between
the two countries.[4] In 1933, the Japanese character for WKF's Karate World Championship 2006 in
Tampere, Finland; men's heavyweight final
karate was altered to a homophone— a word pronounced
identically but with a different meaning. Thus, "Chinese Highest World Karate
hand" was replaced with "empty hand." [4] governing body Federation

First developed Ryukyu Kingdom, ca.

But this name change did not immediately spread among 17th century
Okinawan karate practitioners. There were many karate
Characteristics
practitioners, such as Chōjun Miyagi, who still used te in
everyday conversation until World War II.[21] Contact Yes

Mixed-sex Varies
When karate was first taught in mainland Japan in the
1920s, Gichin Funakoshi and Motobu Chōki used the name Type Martial art

karate-jutsu ( 唐手術, lit. 'Tang hand art') along with

Presence
karate. [22][23]
The word jutsu ( 術) means art or technique, and
Country or region Worldwide
in those days it was often used as a suffix to the name of
each martial art, as in jujutsu and kenjutsu Olympic 2020

(swordsmanship).[24] World Games 1981 – present

The first documented use of a homophone of the logogram

pronounced kara by replacing the Chinese character meaning "Tang dynasty" with the character meaning
"empty" took place in Karate Kumite ( 空手組手) written in August 1905 by Chōmo Hanashiro (1869–1945). [25]
In
mainland Japan, karate ( 空手, empty hand) gradually began to be used from the writings of Gichin Funakoshi
and Motobu Chōki in the 1920s.[26][27]

In 1929 the Karate Study Group of Keio University (Instructor Gichin Funakoshi) used this term in reference to
the concept of emptiness in the Heart Sutra, and this terminology was later popularized, especially in Tokyo.
There is also a theory that the background for this name change was the worsening of Japan-China relations
at the time.[28]

On 25 October 1936 a roundtable meeting of karate masters was held in Naha, Okinawa Prefecture, and it was
officially resolved to use the name karate (empty hand) in the sense of kūshu kūken ( 空手空拳, lit. 'without

anything in the hands or fists').[29] To commemorate this day, the Okinawa Prefectural Assembly passed a
resolution in 2005 to decide 25 October as "Karate Day."[30]
Another nominal development is the addition of dō ( 道; どう) to the end of the word karate. Dō is a suffix having
numerous meanings including road, path, route and way.[31] It is used in many martial arts that survived
Japan's transition from feudal culture to modern times. It implies that these arts are not just fighting systems
but contain spiritual elements when promoted as disciplines.[32] In this context dō is usually translated as "the
way of …". Examples include aikido, judo, kyūdō and kendo. Thus karatedō is more than just empty hand
techniques. It is "the way of the empty hand".[33]

Since the 1980s the term karate ( カラテ) has been written in katakana instead of Chinese characters, mainly by
Kyokushin Karate (founder: Masutatsu Oyama).[34] In Japan, katakana is mainly used for foreign words, giving
Kyokushin Karate a modern and new impression.

Name Transition

15th – 18th century 19th century 1900s – 1920s – 1980s –

Te or Okinawa-te Karate(-jutsu) Karate (Empty Karate ( カラテ)

Te (hand) Karate (Tang hand)
Tōde (Tang hand) hand)

History

Origin

There are several theories regarding the origins of karate, but the main ones are as follows.

Theory of development from mēkata

In Okinawa there was an ancient martial dance called mēkata ( 舞方). The dancers danced to the
accompaniment of songs and sanshin music, similar to karate kata. In the Okinawan countryside, mēkata
remained until the early 20th century. There is a theory that from this mēkata with martial elements, te
(Okinawan:tī, hand) was born and developed into karate. This theory is advocated by Ankō Asato and his
student Gichin Funakoshi.[35]

Theory of introduction by thirty-six families from Min

It is said that in 1392 a group of professional people known as the "Thirty-six families from Min" migrated to
Kume Village (now Kume, Naha City) in Naha from Fujian Province in the Ming Dynasty at that time. They
brought with them advanced learning and skills to Ryukyu, and there is a theory that Chinese kenpō, the origin
of karate, was also brought to Ryukyu at this time.

There is also the "Keichō import theory," which states that karate was brought to Ryukyu after the invasion of
Ryukyu by the Satsuma Domain (Keichō 14, 1609), as well as the theory that it was introduced by Kōshōkun
(Okinawan: Kūsankū) based on the description in Ōshima Writing.[36]
Other theories

There are also other theories, such as that it developed from Okinawan sumo (shima) or that it originated from
jujutsu, which had been introduced from Japan.[37]

Okinawa

15th–17th centuries

King Shō Shin

The reason for the development of unarmed combat techniques in Ryukyu has conventionally been attributed
to a policy of banning weapons, which is said to have been implemented on two occasions. The first was
during the reign of King Shō Shin (1476–1526; r. 1477–1527), when weapons were collected from all over the
country and strictly controlled by the royal government. The second time was after the invasion of Ryukyu by
the Satsuma Domain in 1609. Through the two policies, the popular belief that Ryukyuan samurai, who were
deprived of their weapons, developed karate to compete with Satsuma's samurai has traditionally been
referred to as if it were a historical fact.[38]

But in recent years many researchers have questioned the causal relationship between the policy of banning
weapons and the development of karate.[39] For example, as the basis for King Shō Shin's policy of banning
weapons, an inscription on the parapet of the main hall of Shuri Castle ( 百浦添欄干之銘, 1509), which states
that "swords, bows and arrows are to be piled up exclusively as weapons of national defense,"[40] has been
conventionally interpreted as meaning "weapons were collected and sealed in a warehouse." However, in
recent years, researchers of Okinawan studies have pointed out that the correct interpretation is that "swords,
bows and arrows were collected and used as weapons of the state."[41]

It is also known that the policy of banning weapons (a 1613 notice to the Ryukyu royal government), which is
said to have been implemented by the Satsuma Domain, only prohibited the carrying of swords and other
weapons, but not their possession, and was a relatively lax regulation. This notice stated, "(1) The possession
of guns is prohibited. (2) The possession of weapons owned privately by princes, three magistrates, and
samurai is permitted. (3) Weapons must be repaired in Satsuma through the magistrate's office of Satsuma.
(4) Swords must be reported to the magistrate's office of Satsuma for approval."[42] It did not prohibit the
possession of weapons (except guns) or even their practice. In fact, even after subjugation to the Satsuma
Domain, a number of Ryukyuan masters of swordsmanship, spearmanship, archery, and other arts are known.
Therefore, some researchers criticize the theory that karate developed due to the policy of banning weapons
as "a rumor on the street with no basis at all."[43]

Karate began as a common fighting system known as te (Okinawan: tī) among the Ryukyuan samurai class.
There were few formal styles of te, but rather many practitioners with their own methods. One surviving
example is Motobu Udundī (lit. 'Motobu Palace Hand'), which has been handed down to this day in the Motobu
family, one of the branches of the former Ryukyu royal family.[44] In the 16th century, the Ryukyuan history book
球陽, established around 1745) mentions that Kyō Ahagon Jikki, a favored retainer of King Shō Shin,
"Kyūyō" (
used a martial art called "karate" (空手, 'empty hand') to smash both legs of an assassin. This karate is
lit.

thought to refer to te, not today's karate, and Ankō Asato introduces Kyō Ahagon as a "prominent martial
artist."[35]

18th century

However, some believe that Kyō Ahagon's anecdote is a half-legend and that it is unclear whether he was
actually a te master. In the 18th century, the names of Nishinda Uēkata, Gushikawa Uēkata, and Chōken
Makabe are known as masters of te.[45]

Nishinda Uēkata and Gushikawa Uēkata were martial artists active during the reign of King Shō Kei (reigned
1713–1751). Nishinda Uēkata was good at spear as well as te, and Gushikawa Uēkata was also good at
wooden sword (swordsmanship).[46]

Chōken Makabe was a man of the late 18th century. His light stature and jumping ability gave him the
nickname "Makabe Chān-gwā" (lit. 'little fighting cock'), as he was like a chān (fighting cock). The ceiling of his
house is said to have been marked by his kicking foot.[47]

It is known that in "Ōshima Writing" (1762), written by Yoshihiro Tobe, a Confucian scholar of the Tosa Domain,
who interviewed Ryukyuan samurai who had drifted to Tosa (present-day Kōchi Prefecture), there is a
description of a martial art called kumiai-jutsu ( 組合術) performed by Kōshōkun (Okinawan:Kūsankū). It is
believed that Kōshōkun may have been a military officer on a mission from Qing that visited Ryukyu in 1756,
and some believe that karate originated with Kōshōkun.

In addition, the will (Part I: 1778, Part II: 1783) of Ryukyuan samurai Aka Pēchin Chokushki (1721–1784)
mentions the name of a martial art called karamutō ( からむとう), along with Japanese Jigen-ryū
swordsmanship and jujutsu, indicating that Ryukyuan samurai practiced these arts in the 18th century.[48]

In 1609, the Japanese Satsuma Domain invaded Ryukyu and Ryukyu became its vassal state, but it continued
to pay tribute to the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China. At the time, China had implemented a policy of sea ban
and only traded with tributary countries, so the Satsuma Domain wanted Ryukyu to continue its tribute to
benefit from it.
The envoys of the tribute mission were chosen from among the samurai class of Ryukyu, and they went to
Fuzhou in Fujian and stayed there for six months to a year and a half. Government-funded and privately funded
foreign students were also sent to study in Beijing or Fuzhou for several years. Some of these envoys and
students studied Chinese martial arts in China. The styles of Chinese martial arts they studied are not known
for certain, but it is assumed that they studied Fujian White Crane and other styles from Fujian Province.

Sōryo Tsūshin (monk Tsūshin), active during the reign of King Shō Kei, was a monk who went to the Qing
Dynasty to study Chinese martial arts and was reportedly one of the best martial artists of his time in
Ryukyu.[49]

19th and early 20th century

It is not known when the name tōde ( 唐手, lit. 'Tang hand') first came into use in the Ryukyu Kingdom, but

according to Ankō Asato, it was popularized from Kanga Sakugawa (1786–1867), who was nicknamed "Tōde
Sakugawa."[35] Sakugawa was a samurai from Shuri who traveled to Qing China to learn Chinese martial arts.
The martial arts he mastered were new and different from te. As tōde was spread by Sakugawa, traditional te
became distinguished as Okinawa-te ( 沖縄手, lit. 'Okinawa hand'), and gradually faded away as it merged with

tōde.

It is generally believed that today's karate is a result of the synthesis of te (Okinawa-te) and tōde. Funakoshi
writes, "In the early modern era, when China was highly revered, many martial artists traveled to China to
practice Chinese kenpo, and added it to the ancient kenpo, the so-called 'Okinawa-te'. After further study, they
discarded the disadvantages of both, adopted their advantages, and added more subtlety, and karate was
born."[16]

Early styles of karate are often generalized as Shuri-te, Naha-te, and Tomari-te, named after the three cities
from which they emerged.[50] Each area and its teachers had particular kata, techniques, and principles that
distinguished their local version of te from the others.

Karate training in front of Shuri Castle

in Naha (1938)

Around the 1820s, Matsumura Sōkon (1809–1899) began teaching Okinawa-te.[51] Matsumura was, according
to one theory, a student of Sakugawa. Matsumura's style later became the origin of many Shuri-te schools.

Itosu Ankō (1831–1915) studied under Matsumura and Bushi Nagahama of Naha-te.[52] He created the Pin'an
forms ("Heian" in Japanese) which are simplified kata for beginning students. In 1905, Itosu helped to get
karate introduced into Okinawa's public schools. These forms were taught to children at the elementary school
level. Itosu's influence in karate is broad. The forms he created are common across nearly all styles of karate.
His students became some of the most well-known karate masters, including Motobu Chōyū, Motobu Chōki,
Yabu Kentsū, Hanashiro Chōmo, Gichin Funakoshi and Kenwa Mabuni. Itosu is sometimes referred to as "the
Grandfather of Modern Karate."[53]

Karate in Naha before the war; (before

1946)

In 1881, Higaonna Kanryō returned from China after years of instruction with Ryu Ryu Ko and founded what
would become Naha-te. One of his students was the founder of Gojū-ryū, Chōjun Miyagi. Chōjun Miyagi taught
such well-known karateka as Seko Higa (who also trained with Higaonna), Meitoku Yagi, Miyazato Ei'ichi, and
Seikichi Toguchi, and for a very brief time near the end of his life, An'ichi Miyagi (a teacher claimed by Morio
Higaonna).

In addition to the three early te styles of karate a fourth Okinawan influence is that of Uechi Kanbun (1877–
1948). At the age of 20 he went to Fuzhou in Fujian Province, China, to escape Japanese military conscription.
While there he studied under Shū Shiwa (Chinese: Zhou Zihe 周子和 1874–1926). [54]
He was a leading figure of
Chinese Nanpa Shorin-ken style at that time.[55] He later developed his own style of Uechi-ryū karate based on
the Sanchin, Seisan, and Sanseiryu kata that he had studied in China.[56]

Japan

Gichin Funakoshi
When Shō Tai, the last king of the Ryūkyū Kingdom, was ordered to move to Tokyo in 1879, he was
accompanied by prominent karate masters such as Ankō Asato and Chōfu Kyan (father of Chōtoku Kyan). It is
unknown if they taught karate to the Japanese in Tokyo, although there are records that Kyan taught his son
karate.[57]

In 1908, students from the Okinawa Prefectural Middle School gave a karate demonstration at Butokuden in
Kyoto, which was also witnessed by Kanō Jigorō (founder of judo).

In May 1922, Gichin Funakoshi (founder of Shotokan) presented pictures of karate on two hanging scrolls at
the first Physical Education Exhibition in Tokyo.[58] The following June, Funakoshi was invited to the Kodokan
to give a karate demonstration in front of Jigoro Kano and other judo experts. This was the beginning of the
full-scale introduction of karate in Tokyo.

Illustration depicting a match between Motobu Chōki and a

foreign boxer

In November 1922, Motobu Chōki (founder of Motobu-ryū) participated in a judo versus boxing match in Kyoto,
defeating a foreign boxer. The match was featured in Japan's largest magazine "King," which had a circulation
of about one million at the time, and karate and Motobu's name became instantly known throughout Japan.[5]

In 1922, Funakoshi published the first book on karate,[59] and in 1926 Motobu published the first technical book
on kumite.[60] As karate's popularity grew, karate clubs were established one after another in Japanese
universities with Funakoshi and Motobu as instructors.[61][62]

In the Showa era (1926–1989), other Okinawan karate masters also came to mainland Japan to teach karate.
These included Kenwa Mabuni, Chōjun Miyagi, Kanken Tōyama, and Kanbun Uechi.

With the rise of militarism in Japan, some karate masters gradually came to consider the name karate ( 唐手,
lit. 'Tang hand') undesirable. The name karate ( 空手, lit. 'empty hand') had already been used by Chōmo

Hanashiro in Okinawa in 1905,[63] and Funakoshi decided to use this name as well. In addition, the name
karatedō ( 唐手道, lit. 'the way of the Tang hand'), which was already used by the karate club of Tokyo Imperial

University (now the University of Tokyo) in 1929 by adding the suffix dō ( 道, way) to karate, [64]
was also used by
Funakoshi, who decided to use the name karatedō ( 空手道, lit. 'the way of the empty hand') in the same way.
[16]
The dō suffix implies that karatedō is a path to self-knowledge, not just a study of the technical aspects of
fighting. Like most martial arts practised in Japan, karate made its transition from -jutsu to -dō around the
beginning of the 20th century. The "dō" in "karate-dō" sets it apart from karate-jutsu, as aikido is distinguished
from aikijutsu, judo from jujutsu, kendo from kenjutsu and iaido from iaijutsu.

In 1933, karate was officially recognized as a Japanese martial art by the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai, but initially
belonged to the jujutsu division and title examinations were conducted by jujutsu masters.

In 1935, Funakoshi changed the names of many kata and karate itself. Funakoshi's motivation was that the
names of many of the traditional kata were unintelligible, and that it would be inappropriate to use the Chinese
style names to teach karate as a Japanese martial art.[65] He also said that the kata had to be simplified to
spread karate as a form of physical education, so some of the kata were modified.[66] He always referred to
what he taught as simply karate, but in 1936 he built a dōjō in Tokyo and the style he left behind is usually
called Shotokan after this dōjō. Shoto, meaning "pine wave", was Funakoshi's pen name and kan meaning
"hall".

Masters of karate in Tokyo (c. 1930s), from left to

right, Kanken Toyama, Hironori Otsuka, Takeshi
Shimoda, Gichin Funakoshi, Chōki Motobu, Kenwa
Mabuni, Genwa Nakasone, and Shinken Taira

On 25 October 1936, a roundtable meeting of karate masters was held in Naha, Okinawa Prefecture, where it
was officially decided to change the name of karate from karate (Tang hand) to karate (empty hand). In
attendance were Chōmo Hanashiro, Chōki Motobu, Chōtoku Kyan, Jūhatsu Kyoda, Chōjun Miyagi, Shinpan
Gusukuma, and Chōshin Chibana. In 2005, the Okinawa Prefectural Assembly passed a resolution to
commemorate this decision by designating 25 October as "Karate Day."[67]

The modernization and systemization of karate in Japan also included the adoption of the white uniform that
consisted of the dogi or keikogi—mostly called just karategi—and coloured belt ranks. Both of these
innovations were originated and popularized by Jigoro Kano, the founder of judo and one of the men
Funakoshi consulted in his efforts to modernize karate.

At that time, there was almost no kumite training in karate, and kata training was the main focus.[68] There
were also no matches. However, at that time, judo and kendo matches were already being held in mainland
Japan, and randori ( 乱取り, lit. 'free-style practice') practice was also being actively practiced, the young people

in mainland Japan gradually became dissatisfied with kata-only practice.[68]

In pre–World War II Okinawa, karateka practiced iri kumi (Okinawan for kumite) allowing all kinds of techniques
(strikes, choke holds, joint locks, etc.) but in a controlled manner to not injure the opponent when aiming to
vital areas.[69] Despite sparring was originally an unnoticed form of practice for senior students, there were no
"contests" until Western-style competitions were introduced to Japan.[70]

Gichin Funakoshi stated, "There are no contests in karate."[71] Shigeru Egami relates that, during his visit to
Okinawa in 1940, he heard some karateka were ousted from their dōjō because they adopted sparring after
having learned it in Tokyo. In the early 1930s, pre-arranged sparring was introduced and developed, and finally
a few years later free sparring was permitted for Shotokan students.[72]

According to Yasuhiro Konishi, kata-only training was often criticized by the leading judo practitioners of the
time, such as Shuichi Nagaoka and Hajime Isogai, who said, "The karate you do cannot be understood from
kata alone, so why don't you try a little more so that the general public can understand it?"[68] Against the
backdrop of these complaints and criticisms, young people such as Hironori Ōtsuka and Konishi devised their
own kumite and kumite matches, which are the prototypes of today's kumite.[68][73] Motobu's emphasis on
kumite attracted Ōtsuka and Konishi, who later studied Okinawan kumite under him.[68]

After World War II, karate activities were temporarily stalled due to the "Notice Banning Judo, Kendo, and Other
Martial Arts" issued by the Ministry of Education under the directive of the Supreme Commander for the Allied
Powers. However, because this notice did not include the word "karate," it was interpreted by the Ministry of
Education that karate was not prohibited, and karate was able to resume its activities earlier than other martial
arts.

A new form of karate called Kyokushin was formally founded in 1957 by Masutatsu Oyama (who was born a
Korean, Choi Yeong-Eui 최영의). Kyokushin is largely a synthesis of Shotokan and Gōjū-ryū. It teaches a
curriculum that emphasizes aliveness, physical toughness, and full contact sparring. Because of its emphasis
on physical, full-force sparring, Kyokushin is now often called "full contact karate", or "Knockdown karate" (after
the name for its competition rules). Many other karate organizations and styles are descended from the
Kyokushin curriculum.

Practice

Karate can be practiced as an art (budō), self defense or as a combat sport. Traditional karate places
emphasis on self-development (budō).[74] Modern Japanese style training emphasizes the psychological
elements incorporated into a proper kokoro (attitude) such as perseverance, fearlessness, virtue, and
leadership skills. Sport karate places emphasis on exercise and competition. Weapons are an important
training activity in some styles of karate.

Karate training is commonly divided into kihon (basics or fundamentals), kata (forms), and kumite (sparring).
Kihon

Kihon means basics and these form the base for everything else in the style including stances, strikes,
punches, kicks and blocks. Karate styles place varying importance on kihon. Typically this is training in unison
of a technique or a combination of techniques by a group of karateka. Kihon may also be prearranged drills in
smaller groups or in pairs.

Kata

Chōki Motobu in Naihanchi-

dachi, one of the basic karate
stances

Kata ( 型:かた) means literally "shape" or "model." Kata is a formalized sequence of movements which represent
various offensive and defensive postures. These postures are based on idealized combat applications. The
applications when applied in a demonstration with real opponents is referred to as a Bunkai. The Bunkai shows
how every stance and movement is used. Bunkai is a useful tool to understand a kata.

To attain a formal rank the karateka must demonstrate competent performance of specific required kata for
that level. The Japanese terminology for grades or ranks is commonly used. Requirements for examinations
vary among schools.
Kumite

Bōgutsuki, a form of full-contact

karate fought with armour, one of the
competition formats for kumite

Sparring in Karate is called kumite ( 組手:くみて). It literally means "meeting of hands." Kumite is practiced both
as a sport and as self-defense training. Levels of physical contact during sparring vary considerably. Full
contact karate has several variants. Knockdown karate (such as Kyokushin) uses full power techniques to
bring an opponent to the ground. Sparring in armour, bogu kumite, allows full power techniques with some
safety. Sport kumite in many international competition under the World Karate Federation is free or structured
with light contact or semi contact and points are awarded by a referee.

In structured kumite (yakusoku, prearranged), two participants perform a choreographed series of techniques
with one striking while the other blocks. The form ends with one devastating technique (hito tsuki).

In free sparring (Jiyu Kumite), the two participants have a free choice of scoring techniques. The allowed
techniques and contact level are primarily determined by sport or style organization policy, but might be
modified according to the age, rank and sex of the participants. Depending upon style, take-downs, sweeps
and in some rare cases even time-limited grappling on the ground are also allowed.

Free sparring is performed in a marked or closed area. The bout runs for a fixed time (2 to 3 minutes.) The time
can run continuously (iri kume) or be stopped for referee judgment. In light contact or semi contact kumite,
points are awarded based on the criteria: good form, sporting attitude, vigorous application,
awareness/zanshin, good timing and correct distance. In full contact karate kumite, points are based on the
results of the impact, rather than the formal appearance of the scoring technique.

Dōjō Kun

In the bushidō tradition dōjō kun is a set of guidelines for karateka to follow. These guidelines apply both in the
dōjō (training hall) and in everyday life.
Conditioning

Okinawan karate uses supplementary training known as hojo undo. This uses simple equipment made of wood
and stone. The makiwara is a striking post. The nigiri game is a large jar used for developing grip strength.
These supplementary exercises are designed to increase strength, stamina, speed, and muscle
coordination.[75] Sport Karate emphasizes aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise, power, agility, flexibility, and
stress management.[76] All practices vary depending upon the school and the teacher.

Sport

Karate is divided into style organizations.[77] These organizations sometimes cooperate in non-style specific
sport karate organizations or federations. Examples of sport organizations include AAKF/ITKF, AOK, TKL, AKA,
WKF, NWUKO, WUKF and WKC.[78] Organizations hold competitions (tournaments) from local to international
level. Tournaments are designed to match members of opposing schools or styles against one another in kata,
sparring and weapons demonstration. They are often separated by age, rank and sex with potentially different
rules or standards based on these factors. The tournament may be exclusively for members of a particular
style (closed) or one in which any martial artist from any style may participate within the rules of the
tournament (open).

The World Karate Federation (WKF) is the largest sport karate organization and is recognized by the
International Olympic Committee (IOC) as being responsible for karate competition in the Olympic Games.[79]
The WKF has developed common rules governing all styles. The national WKF organizations coordinate with
their respective National Olympic Committees.

WKF karate competition has two disciplines: sparring (kumite) and forms (kata).[80] Competitors may enter
either as individuals or as part of a team. Evaluation for kata and kobudō is performed by a panel of judges,
whereas sparring is judged by a head referee, usually with assistant referees at the side of the sparring area.
Sparring matches are typically divided by weight, age, gender, and experience.[81]

WKF only allows membership through one national organization/federation per country to which clubs may
join. The World Union of Karate-do Federations (WUKF)[82] offers different styles and federations a world body
they may join, without having to compromise their style or size. The WUKF accepts more than one federation
or association per country.

Sport organizations use different competition rule systems.[77][81][83][84][85] Light contact rules are used by the
WKF, WUKO, IASK and WKC. Full contact karate rules used by Kyokushinkai, Seidokaikan and other
organizations. Bogu kumite (full contact with protective shielding of targets) rules are used in the World
Koshiki Karate-Do Federation organization.[86] Shinkaratedo Federation use boxing gloves.[87] Within the United
States, rules may be under the jurisdiction of state sports authorities, such as the boxing commission.
Mixed Martial Arts (MMA)

Karate, although not widely used in mixed martial arts, has been effective for some MMA practitioners.[88][89]
Various styles of karate are practiced in MMA: Lyoto Machida and John Makdessi practice Shotokan;[90] Bas
Rutten and Georges St-Pierre train in Kyokushin;[91] Michelle Waterson holds a black belt in American Free
Style Karate;[92] Stephen Thompson practices American Kenpo Karate;[93] and both Gunnar Nelson[94] and
Robert Whittaker practiced Gōjū-ryū.[95] Additionally, John Kavanagh has been successful as coach with a
Kenpo Karate pedigree.[96]

Olympic Games

Bronze medal match at the 2018

Summer Youth Olympics in Buenos
Aires, Argentina.

In August 2016, the International Olympic Committee approved karate as an Olympic sport beginning at the
2020 Summer Olympics.[97][98] Karate also debuted at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics. During this debut of
Karate in the Summer Olympics, sixty competitors from around the world competed in the Kumite competition,
and twenty competed in the Kata competition. In September 2015, karate was included in a shortlist along with
baseball, softball, skateboarding, surfing, and sport climbing to be considered for inclusion in the 2020
Summer Olympics;[99] and in June 2016, the executive board of the International Olympic Committee (IOC)
announced that they would support the proposal to include all of the shortlisted sports in the 2020 Games.[100]
Finally, on 3 August 2016, all five sports (counting baseball and softball together as one sport) were approved
for inclusion in the 2020 Olympic program.[101]

Karate was not included in the 2024 Olympic Games, although it has made the shortlist for inclusion, alongside
nine others, in the 2028 Summer Olympics.[102]
Dan Rank system

Karatekas wearing different colored

belts

Karatekas at a dojo with different

colored belts

In 1924, Gichin Funakoshi, founder of Shotokan Karate, adopted the Dan system from the judo founder Jigoro
Kano[103] using a rank scheme with a limited set of belt colors. Other Okinawan teachers also adopted this
practice. In the Kyū/Dan system the beginner grades start with a higher numbered kyū (e.g., 10th Kyū or Jukyū)
and progress toward a lower numbered kyū. The Dan progression continues from 1st Dan (Shodan, or
'beginning dan') to the higher dan grades. Kyū-grade karateka are referred to as "color belt" or mudansha ("ones
without dan/rank"). Dan-grade karateka are referred to as yudansha (holders of dan/rank). Yudansha typically
wear a black belt. Normally, the first five to six dans are given by examination by superior dan holders, while
the subsequent (7 and up) are honorary, given for special merits and/or age reached. Requirements of rank
differ among styles, organizations, and schools. Kyū ranks stress Karate stances, Equilibrioception, and motor
coordination. Speed and power are added at higher grades.

Minimum age and time in rank are factors affecting promotion. Testing consists of demonstration of
techniques before a panel of examiners or senseis. This will vary by school, but testing may include everything
learned at that point, or just new information. The demonstration is an application for new rank (shinsa) and
may include basics, kata, bunkai, self-defense, routines, tameshiwari (breaking), and kumite (sparring).

Philosophy

In Karate-Do Kyohan, Funakoshi quoted from the Heart Sutra, which is prominent in Shingon Buddhism: "Form
is emptiness, emptiness is form itself" (shiki zokuze kū kū zokuze shiki).[104] He interpreted the "kara" of Karate-
dō to mean "to purge oneself of selfish and evil thoughts ... for only with a clear mind and conscience can the
practitioner understand the knowledge which he receives." Funakoshi believed that one should be "inwardly
humble and outwardly gentle." Only by behaving humbly can one be open to Karate's many lessons. This is
done by listening and being receptive to criticism. He considered courtesy of prime importance. He said that
"Karate is properly applied only in those rare situations in which one really must either down another or be
downed by him." Funakoshi did not consider it unusual for a devotee to use Karate in a real physical
confrontation no more than perhaps once in a lifetime. He stated that Karate practitioners must "never be
easily drawn into a fight." It is understood that one blow from a real expert could mean death. It is clear that
those who misuse what they have learned bring dishonor upon themselves. He promoted the character trait of
personal conviction. In "time of grave public crisis, one must have the courage ... to face a million and one
opponents." He taught that indecisiveness is a weakness.[105]

Styles

Karate is divided into many styles, each with their different training methods, focuses, and cultures; though
they mainly originate from the historical Okinawan parent styles of Naha-te, Tomari-te and Shuri-te.

However some of the schools' founders have been sceptical with the separation of karate into many styles.
Gichin Funakoshi simply stated that there are as many styles as instructors in the world while Kenwa Mabuni
explained that the notion of different variations of karate came from outsiders.[106] During karate
popularization in mainland Japan, it was spread the idea that karate was divided into two branches: Shōrin-ryū
(derived from Itosu's teachings) and Shōrei-ryū (derived from Higaonna's teachings);[107] but Chōjun Miyagi
believed that was just a wrong perception.[108] Mas Oyama was actively opposed to the idea of the break-down
into several karate schools.[109] He believed that making karate a combat sport, as well keeping it as a martial
art, could be a possible approach to unify all schools.[110]

In the modern era the major four styles of karate are considered to be Gōjū-ryū, Shotokan, Shitō-ryū, and Wadō-
ryū.[111] These four styles are those recognised by the World Karate Federation for international kata
competition.[112] Some widespread styles[113][107] often accepted for kata competition include Kyokushin,
Shōrin-ryū, Uechi-Ryū or Isshin-ryū among others.[114][115][112]

World

Africa

Karate has grown in popularity in Africa, particularly in South Africa and Ghana.[116][117][118]
Americas

Canada

Karate began in Canada in the 1930s and 1940s as Japanese people immigrated to the country. Karate was
practised quietly without a large amount of organization. During the Second World War, many Japanese-
Canadian families were moved to the interior of British Columbia. Masaru Shintani, at the age of 13, began to
study Shorin-Ryu karate in the Japanese camp under Kitigawa. In 1956, after 9 years of training with Kitigawa,
Shintani travelled to Japan and met Hironori Otsuka (Wado Ryu). In 1958, Otsuka invited Shintani to join his
organization Wado Kai, and in 1969 he asked Shintani to officially call his style Wado.[119]

In Canada during this same time, karate was also introduced by Masami Tsuruoka who had studied in Japan in
the 1940s under Tsuyoshi Chitose.[120] In 1954, Tsuruoka initiated the first karate competition in Canada and
laid the foundation for the National Karate Association.[120]

In the late 1950s Shintani moved to Ontario and began teaching karate and judo at the Japanese Cultural
Centre in Hamilton. In 1966, he began (with Otsuka's endorsement) the Shintani Wado Kai Karate Federation.
During the 1970s Otsuka appointed Shintani the Supreme Instructor of Wado Kai in North America. In 1979,
Otsuka publicly promoted Shintani to hachidan (8th dan) and privately gave him a kudan certificate (9th dan),
which was revealed by Shintani in 1995. Shintani and Otsuka visited each other in Japan and Canada several
times, the last time in 1980 two years prior to Otsuka's death. Shintani died 7 May 2000.[119]

United States

After World War II, members of the United States military learned karate in Okinawa or Japan and then opened
schools in the US. In 1945, Robert Trias opened the first dōjō in the United States in Phoenix, Arizona, a Shuri-
ryū karate dōjō.[121] In the 1950s, William J. Dometrich, Ed Parker, Cecil T. Patterson, Gordon Doversola, Harold
G. Long, Donald Hugh Nagle, George Mattson and Peter Urban all began instructing in the US.

Tsutomu Ohshima began studying karate under Shotokan's founder, Gichin Funakoshi, while a student at
Waseda University, beginning in 1948. In 1957, Ohshima received his godan (fifth-degree black belt), the
highest rank awarded by Funakoshi. He founded the first university karate club in the United States at
California Institute of Technology in 1957. In 1959, he founded the Southern California Karate Association
(SCKA) which was renamed Shotokan Karate of America (SKA) in 1969.

In the 1960s, Anthony Mirakian, Richard Kim, Teruyuki Okazaki, John Pachivas, Allen Steen, Gosei Yamaguchi
(son of Gōgen Yamaguchi), Michael G. Foster and Pat Burleson began teaching martial arts around the
country.[122]

In 1961, Hidetaka Nishiyama, a co-founder of the Japan Karate Association (JKA) and student of Gichin
Funakoshi, began teaching in the United States. He founded the International Traditional Karate Federation
(ITKF). Takayuki Mikami was sent to New Orleans by the JKA in 1963.
In 1964, Takayuki Kubota relocated the International Karate Association from Tokyo to California.

Asia

Korea

Due to past conflict between Korea and Japan, most notably during the Japanese occupation of Korea in the
early 20th century, the influence of karate in Korea is a contentious issue.[123] From 1910 until 1945, Korea was
annexed by the Japanese Empire. It was during this time that many of the Korean martial arts masters of the
20th century were exposed to Japanese karate. After regaining independence from Japan, many Korean
martial arts schools that opened up in the 1940s and 1950s were founded by masters who had trained in
karate in Japan as part of their martial arts training.

Won Kuk Lee, a Korean student of Funakoshi, founded the first martial arts school after the Japanese
occupation of Korea ended in 1945, called the Chung Do Kwan. Having studied under Gichin Funakoshi at
Chuo University, Lee had incorporated taekkyon, kung fu, and karate in the martial art that he taught which he
called "Tang Soo Do", the Korean transliteration of the Chinese characters for "Way of Chinese Hand" ( 唐手
道). [124]
In the mid-1950s, the martial arts schools were unified under President Rhee Syngman's order, and
became taekwondo under the leadership of Choi Hong Hi and a committee of Korean masters. Choi, a
significant figure in taekwondo history, had also studied karate under Funakoshi. Karate also provided an
important comparative model for the early founders of taekwondo in the formalization of their art including
hyung and the belt ranking system. The original taekwondo hyung were identical to karate kata. Eventually,
original Korean forms were developed by individual schools and associations. Although the World Taekwondo
Federation and International Taekwon-Do Federation are the most prominent among Korean martial arts
organizations, tang soo do schools that teach Japanese karate still exist as they were originally conveyed to
Won Kuk Lee and his contemporaries from Funakoshi.

Soviet Union

Karate appeared in the Soviet Union in the mid-1960s, during Nikita Khrushchev's policy of improved
international relations. The first Shotokan clubs were opened in Moscow's universities.[125] In 1973, however,
the government banned karate—together with all other foreign martial arts—endorsing only the Soviet martial
art of sambo.[126][127] Failing to suppress these uncontrolled groups, the USSR's Sport Committee formed the
Karate Federation of USSR in December 1978.[128] On 17 May 1984, the Soviet Karate Federation was
disbanded and all karate became illegal again. In 1989, karate practice became legal again, but under strict
government regulations, only after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 did independent karate schools
resume functioning, and so federations were formed and national tournaments in authentic styles
began.[129][130]
Philippines

Europe

Karate movements in Lappeenranta

In the 1950s and 1960s, several Japanese karate masters began to teach the art in Europe, but it was not until
1965 that the Japan Karate Association (JKA) sent to Europe four well-trained young Karate instructors Taiji
Kase, Keinosuke Enoeda, Hirokazu Kanazawa and Hiroshi Shirai. Kase went to France, Enoeada to England and
Shirai in Italy. These Masters maintained always a strong link between them, the JKA and the others JKA
masters in the world, especially Hidetaka Nishiyama in the US

France

France Shotokan Karate was created in 1964 by Tsutomu Ohshima. It is affiliated with another of his
organizations, Shotokan Karate of America (SKA). However, in 1965 Taiji Kase came from Japan along with
Enoeda and Shirai, who went to England and Italy respectively, and karate came under the influence of the JKA.

Italy

Hiroshi Shirai, one of the original instructors sent by the JKA to Europe along with Kase, Enoeda and
Kanazawa, moved to Italy in 1965 and quickly established a Shotokan enclave that spawned several
instructors who in their turn soon spread the style all over the country. By 1970 Shotokan karate was the most
spread martial art in Italy apart from Judo. Other styles such as Wado Ryu, Goju Ryu and Shito Ryu, are present
and well established in Italy, while Shotokan remains the most popular.

United Kingdom

Vernon Bell, a 3rd Dan Judo instructor who had been instructed by Kenshiro Abbe introduced Karate to
England in 1956, having attended classes in Henry Plée's Yoseikan dōjō in Paris. Yoseikan had been founded
by Minoru Mochizuki, a master of multiple Japanese martial arts, who had studied Karate with Gichin
Funakoshi, thus the Yoseikan style was heavily influenced by Shotokan.[131] Bell began teaching in the tennis
courts of his parents' back garden in Ilford, Essex and his group was to become the British Karate Federation.
On 19 July 1957, Vietnamese Hoang Nam 3rd Dan, billed as "Karate champion of Indo China", was invited to
teach by Bell at Maybush Road, but the first instructor from Japan was Tetsuji Murakami (1927–1987) a 3rd
Dan Yoseikan under Minoru Mochizuki and 1st Dan of the JKA, who arrived in England in July 1959.[131] In
1959, Frederick Gille set up the Liverpool branch of the British Karate Federation, which was officially
recognised in 1961. The Liverpool branch was based at Harold House Jewish Boys Club in Chatham Street
before relocating to the YMCA in Everton where it became known as the Red Triangle. One of the early
members of this branch was Andy Sherry who had previously studied Jujutsu with Jack Britten. In 1961,
Edward Ainsworth, another blackbelt Judoka, set up the first Karate study group in Ayrshire, Scotland having
attended Bell's third 'Karate Summer School' in 1961.[131]

Outside of Bell's organisation, Charles Mack traveled to Japan and studied under Masatoshi Nakayama of the
Japan Karate Association who graded Mack to 1st Dan Shotokan on 4 March 1962 in Japan.[131] Shotokai
Karate was introduced to England in 1963 by another of Gichin Funakoshi's students, Mitsusuke Harada.[131]
Outside of the Shotokan stable of karate styles, Wado Ryu Karate was also an early adopted style in the UK,
introduced by Tatsuo Suzuki, a 6th Dan at the time in 1964.

Despite the early adoption of Shotokan in the UK, it was not until 1964 that JKA Shotokan officially came to the
UK. Bell had been corresponding with the JKA in Tokyo asking for his grades to be ratified in Shotokan having
apparently learnt that Murakami was not a designated representative of the JKA. The JKA obliged, and without
enforcing a grading on Bell, ratified his black belt on 5 February 1964, though he had to relinquish his Yoseikan
grade. Bell requested a visitation from JKA instructors and the next year Taiji Kase, Hirokazu Kanazawa,
Keinosuke Enoeda and Hiroshi Shirai gave the first JKA demo at the old Kensington Town Hall on 21 April
1965. Hirokazu Kanazawa and Keinosuke Enoeda stayed and Murakami left (later re-emerging as a 5th Dan
Shotokai under Harada).[131]

In 1966, members of the former British Karate Federation established the Karate Union of Great Britain (KUGB)
under Hirokazu Kanazawa as chief instructor[132] and affiliated to JKA. Keinosuke Enoeda came to England at
the same time as Kanazawa, teaching at a dōjō in Liverpool. Kanazawa left the UK after 3 years and Enoeda
took over. After Enoeda's death in 2003, the KUGB elected Andy Sherry as Chief Instructor. Shortly after this, a
new association split off from KUGB, JKA England. An earlier significant split from the KUGB took place in
1991 when a group led by KUGB senior instructor Steve Cattle formed the English Shotokan Academy (ESA).
The aim of this group was to follow the teachings of Taiji Kase, formerly the JKA chief instructor in Europe,
who along with Hiroshi Shirai created the World Shotokan Karate-do Academy (WKSA), in 1989 to pursue the
teaching of "Budo" karate as opposed to what he viewed as "sport karate". Kase sought to return the practice
of Shotokan Karate to its martial roots, reintroducing among other things open hand and throwing techniques
that had been side lined as the result of competition rules introduced by the JKA. Both the ESA and the WKSA
(renamed the Kase-Ha Shotokan-Ryu Karate-do Academy (KSKA) after Kase's death in 2004) continue
following this path today. In 1975, Great Britain became the first team ever to take the World male team title
from Japan after being defeated the previous year in the final.

Oceania

The World Karate Federation was first introduced to Oceania as the Oceania Karate Federation 1973.[133]
Australia

The Australian Karate Federation, under the World Karate Federation, was first introduced in 1970. In 1972
Frank Novak became the first fully qualified Shotokan instructor to arrive in Australia and teach in the
country,[134] establishing the first Shotokan Karate dojo in Australia.[135] At karate's debut in the Olympics at the
2020 Summer Olympics, Tsuneari Yahiro became Australia's first Karate Olympian.[136]

In film and popular culture

Bruce Lee is known for

practicing many martial arts
styles, including Karate,
having trained with Chuck
Norris for many years.

Karate spread rapidly in the West through popular culture. In 1950s popular fiction, karate was at times
described to readers in near-mythical terms, and it was credible to show Western experts of unarmed combat
as unaware of Eastern martial arts of this kind.[137] Following the inclusion of judo at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics,
there was growing mainstream Western interest in Japanese martial arts, particularly karate, during the
1960s.[138] By the 1970s, martial arts films (especially kung fu films and Bruce Lee flicks from Hong Kong) had
formed a mainstream genre and launched the "kung fu craze" which propelled karate and other Asian martial
arts into mass popularity. However, mainstream Western audiences at the time generally did not distinguish
between different Asian martial arts such as karate, kung fu and tae kwon do.[93]

In the film series 007 (1953–present), the main protagonist James Bond is exceptionally skillful in martial arts.
He is an expert in various types of martial arts including Karate, as well as Judo, Aikido, Brazilian jiu-jitsu,
Filipino Eskrima and Krav Maga.

During the late 20th century, specifically during the 80s and 90s, karate saw a rise in mainstream popularity.
America in the 80s took hold of the martial arts craze and began to produce more homegrown films in the
martial arts genre.[139] Films weren't the only popular visual representation of Karate in the 80s, just as arcades
grew in popularity, so did Karate in arcade fighting games. The first video game to feature fist fighting was
Heavyweight Champ in 1976,[140] but it was Karate Champ that popularized the one-on-one fighting game genre
in arcades in 1984. In 1987, Capcom released Street Fighter, featuring multiple Karateka characters.[141][142]

The Karate Kid (1984) and its sequels The Karate Kid, Part II (1986), The Karate Kid, Part III (1989) and The Next
Karate Kid (1994) are films relating the fictional story of an American adolescent's introduction into
karate.[143][144] Its television sequel, Cobra Kai (2018), has led to similar growing interest in karate.[145] The
success of The Karate Kid further popularized karate (as opposed to Asian martial arts more generally) in
mainstream American popular culture.[93] Karate Kommandos is an animated children's show, with Chuck
Norris appearing to reveal the moral lessons contained in every episode. Dragon Ball (1984–present) is a
Japanese media franchise (Anime) whose characters use a variety and hybrid of east Asian martial arts styles,
including Karate[146][147][148] and Wing Chun (Kung fu).[147][148][149] Dragon Ball was originally inspired by the
classical 16th-century Chinese novel Journey to the West, combined with elements of Hong Kong martial arts
films, with influences of Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee.

In the film series The Matrix, Neo uses a variety of martial arts styles.[150] Neo's skill in martial arts was shown
having downloaded into his brain, which granted combat abilities equivalent to a martial artist with decades of
experience. Kenpo Karate is one of the many styles Neo learns as part of his computerised combat
training.[151] As part of the preparation for the movie, Yuen Woo-ping had Keanu Reeves undertake four months
of martial arts training in a variety of different styles.[150]
Film stars and their styles

Practitioner Fighting style

Shin Koyamada Keishinkan[152]

Sonny Chiba Kyokushin[153]

Sean Connery Kyokushin[154]

Hiroyuki Sanada Kyokushin[155]

Dolph Lundgren Kyokushin[156]

Michael Jai White Kyokushin[157]

Yasuaki Kurata Shito-ryu[158]

Fumio Demura Shitō-ryū[159]

Don "The Dragon" Wilson Gōjū-ryu[160]

Richard Norton Gōjū-ryu[161]

Yukari Oshima Gōjū-ryu[162][163]

Leung Siu-Lung Gōjū-ryu[164]

Wesley Snipes Shotokan[165]

Jean-Claude Van Damme Shotokan[166]

Jim Kelly Shōrin-ryū[167]

Joe Lewis Shōrin-ryū

Tadashi Yamashita Shōrin-ryū[168]

Matt Mullins Shōrei-ryū[169]

Sho Kosugi Shindō jinen-ryū[170]

Weng Weng Undetermined[171]

Many other film stars such as Bruce Lee, Chuck Norris, Jackie Chan, Sammo Hung, and Jet Li come from a
range of other martial arts.

See also

Comparison of karate styles

Martial arts portal
Japanese martial arts

Karate World Championships

Karate at the Summer Olympics

Karate at the World Games

References

1. Higaonna, Morio (1985). Traditional Karatedo Vol. 1 Fundamental Techniques. p. 17. ISBN 0-87040-595-0.
 2. "History of Okinawan Karate" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090302085743/http://www.wonder-okinaw
a.jp/023/eng/001/001/index.html) . 2 March 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.wonder-okina
wa.jp/023/eng/001/001/index.html) on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2013.

3. Bishop, Mark (1989). Okinawan Karate. A & C Black. pp. 153–166. ISBN 0-7136-5666-2. Chapter 9 covers
Motobu-ryu and Bugeikan, two 'ti' styles with grappling and vital point striking techniques. Page 165,
Seitoku Higa: "Use pressure on vital points, wrist locks, grappling, strikes and kicks in a gentle manner to
neutralize an attack."

4. Magazine, Smithsonian; Tsuboike, Tony Perrottet,Jun. "The Centuries-Old Sport of Karate Finally Gets Its
Due at the Olympics" (https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/centuries-old-sport-karate-history-o
lympics-180977941/) . Smithsonian Magazine.

5. Meigenrō, Shujin (1925). " 肉弾相打つ 唐手拳闘大試合" [Karate vs. Boxing, a great match of blows against
each other]. King (in Japanese). No. September 1925. Dai Nippon Yūben Kōdansha.

6. Miyagi, Chojun (1993) [1934]. McCarthy, Patrick (ed.). Karate-doh Gaisetsu [An Outline of Karate-Do].
International Ryukyu Karate Research Society. p. 9. ISBN 4-900613-05-3.

7. The name of the Tang dynasty was a synonym for "China" in Okinawa.

8. Draeger & Smith (1969). Comprehensive Asian Fighting Arts. Kodansha International. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-
87011-436-6.

9. "Here's how US Marines brought karate back home after World War II" (https://www.wearethemighty.com/
articles/heres-how-us-marines-made-karate-popular-after-world-war-ii/) . We Are The Mighty. 2 April
2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210302051941/https://www.wearethemighty.com/article
s/heres-how-us-marines-made-karate-popular-after-world-war-ii/) from the original on 2 March 2021.
Retrieved 11 March 2021.

10. Bishop, Mark (1999). Okinawan Karate Second Edition. Tuttle. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8048-3205-2.

11. Gary J. Krug (1 November 2001). "Dr. Gary J. Krug: the Feet of the Master: Three Stages in the
Appropriation of Okinawan Karate Into Anglo-American Culture" (https://web.archive.org/web/200802172
12722/http://csc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1/4/395) . Csc.sagepub.com. Archived from the
original (http://csc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1/4/395) on 17 February 2008. Retrieved
14 March 2013.

12. Shigeru, Egami (1976). The Heart of Karate-Do. Kodansha International. p. 13. ISBN 0-87011-816-1.

13. Nagamine, Shoshin (1976). Okinawan Karate-do. Tuttle. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-8048-2110-0.

14. "Web Japan" (http://web-japan.org/factsheet/en/pdf/e16_martial_art.pdf) (PDF). Archived (https://web.

archive.org/web/20100613134026/http://web-japan.org/factsheet/en/pdf/e16_martial_art.pdf) (PDF)
from the original on 13 June 2010. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
15. "WKF claims 100 million practitioners" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130426022348/http://www.thekis
ontheway.com/leading-sport) . Thekisontheway.com. Archived from the original (http://www.thekisonthe
way.com/leading-sport) on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.

16. Funakoshi, Gichin (25 May 1935). 空手道教範 [Karatedō Kyōhan] (in Japanese). Tokyo Kōbundō.
17. " 唐" (https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&oldid=78292405) , Wiktionary, the free
dictionary, archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240317044441/https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.ph
p?title=%E5%94%90&oldid=78292405) from the original on 17 March 2024

18. Zacharski, Andrzej Jerzy (2019). 「近代沖縄空手の現状と課題」: 空手家たちの目指す空手の精神性 (http://h

dl.handle.net/20.500.12000/44338) ["Current State and Issues of Modern Okinawan Karate": Karate
Spirituality of the Karate Practitioners] (PhD thesis) (in Japanese). p. 16. hdl:20.500.12000/44338 (https://
hdl.handle.net/20.500.12000%2F44338) .

19. Funakoshi, Gichin (1 October 1956). 空手道一路 [Karate-Do My Way] (in Japanese). Sankei Shuppan. p. 55.
20. Funakoshi, Gishin (1988). Karate-do Nyumon (https://books.google.com/books?id=rH3gPz21FWkC&pg=P
A24) . Japan: Kodansha International. p. 24. ISBN 4-7700-1891-6. Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20220327193733/https://books.google.com/books?id=rH3gPz21FWkC&pg=PA24) from the original
on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2010.

21. Higaonna, Morio (2001). 剛柔流空手道史：二大拳聖 東恩納寛量 宮城長順 [Goju-ryu Karate-dō History: The
Two Great Masters, Kanryō Higaonna and Chōjun Miyagi] (in Japanese). CHAMP. p. 133.

22. Funakoshi, Gichin (1922). 琉球拳法 唐手 (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/971654/1/22) [Ryūkyū Kenpō Karate] (in
Japanese). Bukyōsha. p. 20. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231231021552/https://dl.ndl.go.j
p/pid/971654/1/22) from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.

23. Motobu, Chōki (1926). 沖縄拳法唐手術組手編 [Okinawa Kenpō Karate-jutsu Kumite Edition] (in Japanese).
Karate-jutsu Promotion Association. p. 2.

24. Mifune, Kyuzo (1958). 道と術：柔道教典 (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2486738) [The Way and the Art: A
Dictionary of Judo] (in Japanese). Seibundo Shinkosha. p. 5. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024
0314005208/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2486738) from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March
2024.

25. Nakasone, Genwa, ed. (1938). 空手道大観 [A Comprehensive View of Karate-dō] (in Japanese). Tokyo
Tosho. p. 64.

26. Funakoshi, Gichin (1922). 琉球拳法 唐手 (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/971654/1/22) [Ryūkyū Kenpō Karate] (in
Japanese). Bukyōsha. p. 2. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231231021552/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/
pid/971654/1/22) from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.

27. Motobu, Chōki (1926). 沖縄拳法唐手術組手編 [Okinawa Kenpō Karate-jutsu Kumite Edition] (in Japanese).
Karate-jutsu Promotion Association. p. 4.
28. "What's In A Name?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20041210012035/http://newpaltzkarate.com/article/
Article1SA.html) . Newpaltzkarate.com. Archived from the original (http://www.newpaltzkarate.com/arti
cle/Article1SA.html) on 10 December 2004. Retrieved 5 March 2015.

29. "空手座談会" [Karate Roundtable]. Ryukyu Shimpo (in Japanese). 27 October 1936.
30. "季節の話題：10月25日 空手の日" (https://www.archives.pref.okinawa.jp/news/that_day/14555)
[Season's Topics: October 25 Karate Day] (in Japanese). Okinawa Prefectural Archives. Archived (https://
web.archive.org/web/20240103015905/https://www.archives.pref.okinawa.jp/news/that_day/14555)
from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.

31. Miki, Jisaburo; Takada, Mizuho (1930). 拳法概説 [Outline of Kenpo] (in Japanese). Todai Karate Kenkyukai.
p. 221.

32. Mifune, Kyuzo (1958). 道と術：柔道教典 (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2486738) [The Way and the Art: A
Dictionary of Judo] (in Japanese). Seibundo Shinkosha. p. 6. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2024
0314005208/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/2486738) from the original on 14 March 2024. Retrieved 14 March
2024.

空手道一路 [Karate-Do My Way] (in Japanese). Sankei Shuppan. p. 56.

33. Funakoshi, Gichin (1 October 1956).

34. Ōyama, Masutatsu (1980). わがカラテ日々研鑽 [My Karate Studies Everyday] (in Japanese). Kodansha.
p. 232.

35. Asato, Ankō; Funakoshi, Gichin (17 January 1914). " 沖縄の武技" [Martial Arts of Okinawa] (in Japanese).
Ryukyu Shimpo.

36. Miyagi, Chojun (1934). 唐手道概説 [Overview of Karate-dō] (in Japanese). Ryukyu Karate-jutsu International
Research Association.

37. Shimakura, Ryuji; Majikina Anko (1923). 沖縄一千年史 [A Thousand Year History of Okinawa] (in Japanese).
Nihon University. p. 353.

38. Funakoshi, Gichin (1922). 琉球拳法 唐手 (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/971654/1/22) [Ryūkyū Kenpō Karate] (in
Japanese). Bukyōsha. pp. 21, 22. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231231021552/https://dl.ndl.
go.jp/pid/971654/1/22) from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.

39. Kinjo, Hiroshi (2011). 唐手から空手へ [From Karate to Karate]. Nippon Budokan. pp. 139, 140. ISBN 978-
4583104294.

専積刀剣弓矢以為護国之利器."
40. The original text is in Chinese, "

41. Uezato, Takashi (October 2002). "古琉球の軍隊とその歴史的展開" (https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1520009408326

976000) [Old Ryukyuan Military and Its Historical Development]. Ryukyu Asiatic Studies of Society and
Culture (in Japanese) (5): 105–128. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231231005305/https://cir.n
ii.ac.jp/crid/1520009408326976000) from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December
2023.
42. Kagoshima Prefecture Restoration History Materials Compilation Office, ed. (1984). 鹿児島県史料 旧記雑
録 後編4 (https://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/ab23/reimeikan/siroyu/documents/6756_20221202133338-1.p
df) [Kagoshima Prefecture Historical Records, Miscellaneous Old Records, Part 2, 4] (PDF) (in Japanese).
Kagoshima Prefecture. p. 414. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231231015927/https://www.pre
f.kagoshima.jp/ab23/reimeikan/siroyu/documents/6756_20221202133338-1.pdf) (PDF) from the
original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.

43. Gima, Shinkin; Fujiwara, Ryozo (1 October 1986). 対談 近代空手道の歴史を語る [Dialogue: The History of
Modern Karate-do] (in Japanese). Baseball Magazine Sha. p. 42. ISBN 9784583026060.

44. Bishop, Mark (1989). Okinawan Karate. A & C Black. p. 154. ISBN 0-7136-5666-2.

45. Motobu, Choki (2020) [1932]. Quast, Andreas (ed.). Watashi no Karatejutsu [My Art and Skill of Karate].
Translated by Quast, Andreas; Motobu, Naoki. Independently Published. p. 165. ISBN 9798601364751.

46. Motobu, Choki (2020) [1932]. Quast, Andreas (ed.). Watashi no Karatejutsu [My Art and Skill of Karate].
Translated by Quast, Andreas; Motobu, Naoki. Independently Published. p. 153. ISBN 9798601364751.

47. Motobu, Chōki (1932). 私の唐手術 [My karate Art] (in Japanese). Tokyo Karate Promotion Association.
p. 83.

48. Higashionna, Kanjun (1978). Ryukyu Shimpo (ed.). 東恩納寛惇全集 [The Complete Works of Kanjun
Higashionna] (in Japanese). Vol. 5. Daiichi Shobo. p. 410.

49. Motobu, Chōki (1932). 私の唐手術 [My karate Art] (in Japanese). Tokyo Karate Promotion Association.
p. 82.

50. Higaonna, Morio (1985). Traditional Karatedo Vol. 1 Fundamental Techniques. p. 19. ISBN 0-87040-595-0.

51. Yoshimura, Jinsai (1941). " 自伝武道記" [Biography of Martial Arts]. Monthly Bunka Okinawa. Vol. 2–8,
September. Gekkan Bunka Okinawa-sha. p. 22.

52. Motobu, Choki (2020) [1932]. Quast, Andreas (ed.). Watashi no Karatejutsu [My Art and Skill of Karate].
Translated by Quast, Andreas; Motobu, Naoki. Independently Published. p. 36. ISBN 9798601364751.

53. International Ryukyu Karate-jutsu Research Society (15 October 2012). "Patrick McCarthy, footnote #4" (ht
tps://web.archive.org/web/20140130023324/http://www.koryu-uchinadi.com/index1.html) . Archived
from the original (http://www.koryu-uchinadi.com/index1.html) on 30 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May
2014.

54. Fujimoto, Keisuke (2017). The Untold Story of Kanbun Uechi. pp. 19.

55. "Kanbun Uechi history" (https://web.archive.org/web/20090301203243/http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/0

23/eng/009/001/index.html) . 1 March 2009. Archived from the original (http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/
023/eng/009/001/index.html) on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2014.

56. Hokama, Tetsuhiro (2005). 100 Masters of Okinawan Karate. Ozata Print. p. 28.
57. Shō, Kyū (1915). 廃藩当時の人物 (https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/933701) [Persons at the Time of the Abolition of
the Domain] (in Japanese). Shō Kyū. p. 72. doi:10.11501/933701 (https://doi.org/10.11501%2F933701) .
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231218234727/https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/933701) from the
original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.

58. Funakoshi, Gichin (1 October 1956). 空手道一路 [Karate-Do My Way] (in Japanese). Sankei Shuppan.
p. 109.

琉球拳法 唐手 [Ryūkyū Kenpō Karate] (in Japanese). Bukyōsha.

59. Funakoshi, Gichin (1922).

60. Motobu, Chōki (1926). 沖縄拳法唐手術：組手編 [Okinawa Kenpō Karate-jutsu: Kumite Edition] (in
Japanese). Karate-jutsu Promotion Association.

61. 空手研究社 (1934). Karate Kenkyusha (ed.). 空手研究 [Karate Studies] (in Japanese). Kōbukan. p. 75.
doi:10.11501/1027727 (https://doi.org/10.11501%2F1027727) .

62. 慶応義塾体育会空手部 (1936). Keio University Physical Education Association Karate Club (ed.). 空手道集
成 [Karate-do Shusei] (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Keio University Physical Education Association Karate Club.
p. 25. doi:10.11501/1144879 (https://doi.org/10.11501%2F1144879) .

63. 仲宗根, 源和, 1895-1978 (1938). Nakasone, Genwa (ed.). 空手道大観 [Karate-dō Taikan] (in Japanese).
Tokyo Tosho. p. 64. doi:10.11501/1104139 (https://doi.org/10.11501%2F1104139) .

64. Miki, Jisaburō; Takada, Mizuho (1930). 拳法概説 [Introduction to Kenpō] (in Japanese). Karate Research
Association of Tokyo Imperial University. p. 221.

65. Funakoshi, Gichin (25 May 1935). 空手道教範 [Karatedō Kyōhan] (in Japanese). Tokyo Kōbundō. p. 33.
66. Funakoshi, Gichin (1 October 1956). 空手道一路 [Karate-Do My Way] (in Japanese). Sankei Shuppan. p. 57.

67. "The declaration of the "Karate Day" " (https://okic.okinawa/en/archives/newstopics/536) . Okinawa

Karate Information Center. 8 September 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20231219031004/
https://okic.okinawa/en/archives/newstopics/536) from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved
19 December 2023.

68. " 対談・ゲスト小西康裕／聞き手池田奉秀・空手道を語る：過去と現在の武道的視点" [Dialogue, Guest:

Yasuhiro Konishi / Interviewer: Fusuhide Ikeda, Talking about Karate-do: Budo perspectives of the past
and present]. Dialogue Collection: Talking about Karate-do (in Japanese). Budo Publishing Research
Institute. 1977. pp. 5–7.

69. Higaonna, Morio (1990). Traditional Karatedo Vol. 4 Applications of the Kata. Minato Research. p. 135.
ISBN 9780870408489.

70. Shigeru, Egami (1976). The Heart of Karatedo. Kodansha International. p. 111. ISBN 0870118161.

71. Shigeru, Egami (1976). The Heart of Karatedo. Kodansha International. p. 111. ISBN 0870118161.

72. Shigeru, Egami (1976). The Heart of Karatedo. Kodansha International. p. 113. ISBN 0870118161.
73. " 空手道を語る/大塚博紀（その1）" [Talking about Karate-do/Hironori Ōtsuka (Part 1)]. Monthly Budo
Shūdan (in Japanese). Vol. 12, no. 1. Budo Publishing Research Institute. 1978. p. 13.

74. "International Traditional Karate Federation (ITKF)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101204111922/htt

p://www.itkf.org/tk.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.itkf.org/tk.html) on 4 December
2010. Retrieved 23 May 2014.

75. Higaonna, Morio (1985). Traditional Karatedo Vol. 1 Fundamental Techniques. p. 67. ISBN 0-87040-595-0.

76. Mitchell, David (1991). Winning Karate Competition. A & C Black. p. 25. ISBN 0-7136-3402-2.

77. Goldstein, Gary (May 1982). "Tom Lapuppet, Views of a Champion" (https://books.google.com/books?id=
d9IDAAAAMBAJ&q=sport+karate&pg=PA62) . Black Belt Magazine. Active Interest Media. p. 62.
Retrieved 13 October 2015.

78. "World Karate Confederation" (http://www.wkc-org.net/) . Wkc-org.net. Archived (https://web.archive.or

g/web/20100519044207/http://www.wkc-org.net/) from the original on 19 May 2010. Retrieved
14 March 2013.

79. "Activity Report" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111107070616/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Re

ports/EN/en_report_677.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Re
ports/EN/en_report_677.pdf) (PDF) on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2013.

80. "The Global Allure of Karate" (https://www.nippon.com/en/views/b06601/?pnum=2) . 2 January 2017.

Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090209/https://www.nippon.com/en/views/b06601/?p
num=2) from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2018.

81. Warnock, Eleanor (25 September 2015). "Which Kind of Karate Has Olympic Chops?" (https://www.wsj.co
m/articles/which-kind-of-karate-has-olympic-chops-1443206488) . WSJ. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20220327193626/https://www.wsj.com/articles/which-kind-of-karate-has-olympic-chops-144320
6488) from the original on 27 March 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2015.

82. "WUKF – World Union of Karate-Do Federations" (http://www.wukf-karate.org/) . Wukf-karate.org.

Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130313035040/http://www.wukf-karate.org/) from the
original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.

83. "Black Belt" (https://books.google.com/books?id=9s8DAAAAMBAJ&q=sport+karate&pg=PA31) .

September 1992. p. 31. Retrieved 10 October 2015.

84. Joel Alswang (2003). The South African Dictionary of Sport (https://books.google.com/books?id=fXKaaSl
JJgsC&q=sport+karate&pg=PA163) . New Africa Books. p. 163. ISBN 9780864865359. Retrieved
10 October 2015.

85. Adam Gibson; Bill Wallace (2004). Competitive Karate (https://books.google.com/books?id=ROJWvP4LAI

MC&q=sport+karate&pg=PR6) . Human Kinetics. ISBN 9780736044929. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
86. "World Koshiki Karatedo Federation" (http://www.koshiki.org/) . Koshiki.org. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20100326023555/http://www.koshiki.org/) from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved
14 March 2013.

87. "Shinkaratedo Renmei" (http://www.shinkarate.net/) . Shinkarate.net. Archived (https://web.archive.org/

web/20100612051753/http://shinkarate.net/) from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 14 March
2013.

88. "Technique Talk: Stephen Thompson Retrofits Karate for MMA" (http://www.mmafighting.com/ufc/2012/
2/18/2806866/technique-talk-stephen-thompson-karate-mma-kickboxing-mma-news/in/3450013) .
MMA Fighting. 18 February 2012. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140502190329/http://www.
mmafighting.com/ufc/2012/2/18/2806866/technique-talk-stephen-thompson-karate-mma-kickboxing-m
ma-news/in/3450013) from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.

89. "Lyoto Machida and the Revenge of Karate" (http://www.sherdog.com/news/articles/Lyoto-Machida-and-t

he-Revenge-of-Karate-17521) . Sherdog. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100227045154/htt
p://www.sherdog.com/news/articles/Lyoto-Machida-and-the-Revenge-of-Karate-17521) from the
original on 27 February 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2010.

90. Lead MMA Analyst (14 February 2014). "Lyoto Machida: Old-School Karate" (http://bleacherreport.com/ar
ticles/1960174-lyoto-machida-old-school-karate) . Bleacher Report. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20140314145739/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1960174-lyoto-machida-old-school-karate)
from the original on 14 March 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2014.

91. Wickert, Marc. "Montreal's MMA Warrior" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070613025253/http://www.knu

cklepit.com/mixed-martial-arts-georges_st.pierre.htm) . Knucklepit.com. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.knucklepit.com/mixed-martial-arts-georges_st.pierre.htm) on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 6 July
2007.

92. "Who is Michelle Waterson?" (http://mmamicks.com/karate-hottie-who-is-ufc-fighter-michelle-waterso

n/) . mmamicks.com. 8 June 2015. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170316204805/http://mm
amicks.com/karate-hottie-who-is-ufc-fighter-michelle-waterson/) from the original on 16 March 2017.
Retrieved 16 March 2017.

93. Schneiderman, R. M. (23 May 2009). "Contender Shores Up Karate's Reputation Among U.F.C. Fans" (http
s://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/23/sports/23karate.html) . The New York Times. Archived (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20130507082556/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/23/sports/23karate.html) from
the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2010.

94. Dan Shapiro (17 July 2014). "Gunnar Nelson in the Style of Iceland" (https://web.archive.org/web/202002
14085118/http://fightland.vice.com/blog/gunnar-nelson-in-the-style-of-iceland) . Vice Fightland Blog.
Archived from the original (http://fightland.vice.com/blog/gunnar-nelson-in-the-style-of-iceland) on 14
February 2020.
 95. "5 Things You Might Not Know About Robert Whitakker" (https://www.sherdog.com/news/articles/5-Thin
gs-You-Might-Not-Know-About-Robert-Whittaker-149391) . sherdog.com. 8 February 2019.

96. Kavanagh, John (2016). Win or Learn. Penguin. p. 6.

97. "IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020" (https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-appro
ves-five-new-sports-for-olympic-games-tokyo-2020) . IOC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200
603050656/https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-approves-five-new-sports-for-olympic-games-tokyo-202
0) from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2016.

98. "Olympics: Baseball/softball, sport climbing, surfing, karate, skateboarding at Tokyo 2020" (https://www.b
bc.co.uk/sport/olympics/36968070) . BBC. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210605011857/ht
tps://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/36968070) from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 4 August
2016.

99. "Surfing and skateboarding make shortlist for 2020 Olympics" (https://web.archive.org/web/2016081303
0631/http://www.grindtv.com/surf/surfing-skateboarding-make-shortlist-2020-olympics/#o7ywgs7MO0z
EB9MH.97) . GrindTV.com. 28 September 2015. Archived from the original (http://www.grindtv.com/sur
f/surfing-skateboarding-make-shortlist-2020-olympics/#o7ywgs7MO0zEB9MH.97) on 13 August 2016.
Retrieved 8 August 2016.

100. "IOC Executive Board supports Tokyo 2020 package of new sports for IOC Session – Olympic News" (http
s://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-executive-board-supports-tokyo-2020-package-of-new-sports-for-ioc-sessi
on) . Olympic.org. 1 June 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200324090445/https://www.o
lympic.org/news/ioc-executive-board-supports-tokyo-2020-package-of-new-sports-for-ioc-session)
from the original on 24 March 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2016.

101. "IOC approves five new sports for Olympic Games Tokyo 2020" (https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-appro
ves-five-new-sports-for-olympic-games-tokyo-2020) . olympics.org International Olympic Committee. 3
August 2016. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20200603050656/https://www.olympic.org/news/io
c-approves-five-new-sports-for-olympic-games-tokyo-2020) from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved
22 August 2016.

102. "Motorsport, cricket and karate among nine sports on shortlist for Los Angeles 2028 inclusion" (https://w
ww.insidethegames.biz/articles/1126540/cricket-los-angeles-2028) . Inside the Games. 3 August 2022.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220819172617/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1126
540/cricket-los-angeles-2028) from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2022.

103. Hokama, Tetsuhiro (2005). 100 Masters of Okinawan Karate. Okinawa: Ozata Print. p. 20.

104. Funakoshi, Gichin. "Karate-dō Kyohan – The Master Text" Tokyo. Kodansha International; 1973. Page 4

105. Funakoshi, Gichin. "Karate-dō Kyohan – The Master Text" Tokyo. Kodansha International; 1973.
106. Ōyama, Masutatsu (1984) [1965]. "21. Schools and Formal Exercises" (https://archive.org/details/Masuta
tsuOyamaThisIsKarate/page/n317/mode/2up) . This is Karate! (4th ed.). Japan Publications. p. 315.
ISBN 0-87040-254-4.

107. Pruim, Andy (June 1990). A Karate Compendium: A History of Karate from Te to Z in Black Belt Magazine (h
ttps://books.google.com/books?id=YNcDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18) . Active Interest Media, Inc. pp. 18–19.
Retrieved 31 May 2022.

108. "The meeting that changed Karate history forever" (https://www.shinjigenkan.ca/history-of-karate-name-

meeting-of-karate-masters/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240502135110/https://www.shi
njigenkan.ca/history-of-karate-name-meeting-of-karate-masters/) from the original on 2 May 2024.
Retrieved 2 May 2024.

109. Ōyama, Masutatsu (1974) [1958]. "11. New Directions in Karate" (https://archive.org/details/karatekyokus
hinmasutatsuoyamawhatiskarate1966/page/n85/mode/2up) . What is Karate? (8th ed.). Japan
Publications. p. 168-169. ISBN 0-87040-147-5.

110. Ōyama, Masutatsu (1984) [1965]. "25. Karate Future's Progress" (https://archive.org/details/MasutatsuOy
amaThisIsKarate/page/n329/mode/2up) . This is Karate! (4th ed.). Japan Publications. p. 327-328.
ISBN 0-87040-254-4.

111. Mishra, Tamanna (2020). "Chapter-1.1 Basic Karate" (https://books.google.com/books?id=2Mb9DwAAQB

AJ&pg=PT18) . Karate Kudos. Notion Press. ISBN 9781648288166.

112. Lund, Graeme (2015). The Essential Karate Book (https://books.google.com/books?id=EedkCwAAQBAJ&p

g=PA6) . Tuttle. p. 6. ISBN 9781462905591.

113. "All Karate Styles and Their Differences" (https://wayofmartialarts.com/all-karate-styles-and-their-differen

ces/) . Way of Martial Arts. 3 May 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20220705002159/http
s://wayofmartialarts.com/all-karate-styles-and-their-differences/) from the original on 5 July 2022.
Retrieved 31 May 2022.

114. "WUKF Rules" (https://www.wukf-karate.org/wukf-rules/) . World Union of Karate-do Federations.

Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20240501164023/https://www.wukf-karate.org/wukf-rules/)
from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 4 May 2024.

115. "Documents" (https://www.wkmo.org/documenti) . World Karate Martial Arts Organization. Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20231210134931/https://www.wkmo.org/documenti) from the original on 10
December 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2024.

116. "National Sports Authority, Ghana" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110638/http://www.sportsaut

hority.com.gh/maincat_select_discipline.cfm?disciplineID=10) . Sportsauthority.com.gh. Archived from
the original (http://www.sportsauthority.com.gh/maincat_select_discipline.cfm?disciplineID=10) on 2
April 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
117. Resnekov, Liam (16 July 2014). "Love and Rebellion: How Two Karatekas Fought Apartheid" (http://fightla
nd.vice.com/blog/love-and-rebellion-how-two-karatekas-fought-apartheid) . Fightland.vice.com.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190120070127/http://fightland.vice.com/blog/love-and-rebellio
n-how-two-karatekas-fought-apartheid) from the original on 20 January 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2015.

118. Aggrey, Joe (6 May 1997). "Graphic Sports: Issue 624 May 6–12 1997" (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=0rnTWd17UngC&q=karate+in+ghana&pg=PA8) . Graphic Communications Group. Retrieved
22 August 2017 – via Google Books.

119. Robert, T. (2006). "no title given" (http://journalofasianmartialarts.com/cms2/journal-issues/15.html) .

Journal of Asian Martial Arts. 15 (4). this issue is not available as a back issue.

120. "Karate" (http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/karate/) . The Canadian Encyclopedia –

Historica-Dominion. 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140829160144/http://www.thecana
dianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/karate/) from the original on 29 August 2014. Retrieved 20 July 2010.

121. Harty, Sensei Thomas. "About Grandmaster Robert Trias" (http://suncoastkarate.com/about-Trias.html) .

suncoastkarate.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180529092150/http://suncoastkarate.co
m/about-Trias.html) from the original on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2018.

122. The Original Martial Arts Encyclopedia, John Corcoran and Emil Farkas, pgs. 170–197

123. Orr, Monty; Amae, Yoshihisa (December 2016). "Karate in Taiwan and South Korea: A Tale of Two
Postcolonial Societies" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170811054825/http://www.lse.ac.uk/researchAn
dExpertise/units/TaiwanProgramme/Journal/JournalContents/TCP6OrrandAmae.pdf) (PDF). Taiwan in
Comparative Perspective. 6. Taiwan Research Programme, London School of Economics: 1–16.
ISSN 1752-7732 (https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-7732) . Archived from the original (http://www.l
se.ac.uk/researchAndExpertise/units/TaiwanProgramme/Journal/JournalContents/TCP6OrrandAmae.pd
f) (PDF) on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.

124. "Academy" (https://web.archive.org/web/20141210193918/http://www.tangsudo.com/index.php/en/aca

demy) . Tangsudo.com. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.tangsudo.com/index.p
hp/en/academy) on 10 December 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2015.

125. "Black Belt" (https://books.google.com/books?id=g9UDAAAAMBAJ&q=karate+and+the+kremlin&pg=PA4

8) . Active Interest Media, Inc. 1 June 1979. Retrieved 3 January 2018 – via Google Books.

126. Risch, William Jay (17 December 2014). Youth and Rock in the Soviet Bloc: Youth Cultures, Music, and the
State in Russia and Eastern Europe (https://books.google.com/books?id=j4bpBQAAQBAJ&q=karate+bann
ed+soviet+union&pg=PA150) . Lexington Books. ISBN 9780739178232. Retrieved 3 January 2018 – via
Google Books.

127. Hoberman, John M. (30 June 2014). Sport and Political Ideology (https://books.google.com/books?id=MX
T8AwAAQBAJ&q=karate+soviet+union&pg=PT185) . University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292768871.
Retrieved 3 January 2018 – via Google Books.
128. "Black Belt" (https://books.google.com/books?id=fNUDAAAAMBAJ&q=soviet+karate&pg=PA18) . Active
Interest Media, Inc. 1 July 1979. Retrieved 3 January 2018 – via Google Books.

129. Volkov, Vadim (4 February 2016). Violent Entrepreneurs: The Use of Force in the Making of Russian
Capitalism (https://books.google.com/books?id=F0yGCwAAQBAJ&q=karate+banned+soviet+union&pg=P
A9) . Cornell University Press. ISBN 9781501703287. Retrieved 3 January 2018 – via Google Books.

130. Tomlinson, Alan; Young, Christopher; Holt, Richard (17 June 2013). Sport and the Transformation of
Modern Europe: States, Media and Markets 1950-2010 (https://books.google.com/books?id=A8zdsXzWyn
kC&q=karate+banned+soviet+union&pg=PA9) . Routledge. ISBN 9781136660528. Retrieved 3 January
2018 – via Google Books.

131. "Exclusive: UK Karate History" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140223124026/http://www.bushinkai.org.

uk/page47.htm) . Bushinkai. Archived from the original (http://www.bushinkai.org.uk/page47.htm) on
23 February 2014.

132. "International Association of Shotokan Karate (IASK)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130529123123/htt

p://www.karate-iask.com/page_08.htm) . Karate-iask.com. Archived from the original (http://www.karate
-iask.com/page_08.htm) on 29 May 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2013.

133. "History – OKF" (https://oceaniakarate.org/about-style-2/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023

0521061723/https://oceaniakarate.org/about-style-2/) from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved
21 May 2023.

134. Competition, Filed under; General; JKA; Shotokan; Traditional (16 August 2020). "Frank Nowak" (http://find
ingkarate.com/wordpress/profile-frank-nowak/) . Finding Karate. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20230521063225/http://findingkarate.com/wordpress/profile-frank-nowak/) from the original on 21
May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.

135. "Shotokan Karate International Australia (SKIA Vic) – Karate Victoria" (https://karatevictoria.com.au/shot
okan-karate-international-australia-skia-vic/) . karatevictoria.com.au. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20230521061723/https://karatevictoria.com.au/shotokan-karate-international-australia-skia-vic/)
from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.

136. " "Olympic Destiny" as Tsuneari Yahiro Announced as Australia's First Karate Olympian" (https://www.olym
pics.com.au/news/olympic-destiny-as-tsuneari-yahiro-announced-as-australias-first-karate-olympian/) .
Australian Olympic Committee. 24 June 2021. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230513204925/h
ttps://www.olympics.com.au/news/olympic-destiny-as-tsuneari-yahiro-announced-as-australias-first-kara
te-olympian/) from the original on 13 May 2023. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
137. For example, Ian Fleming's book Goldfinger (1959, p.91–95) describes the protagonist James Bond, an
expert in unarmed combat, as utterly ignorant of Karate and its demonstrations, and describes the Korean
'Oddjob' in these terms: Goldfinger said, "Have you ever heard of Karate? No? Well that man is one of the
three in the world who have achieved the Black Belt in Karate. Karate is a branch of judo, but it is to judo
what a spandau is to a catapult...". Such a description in a popular novel assumed and relied upon Karate
being almost unknown in the West.

138. Polly, Matthew (2019). Bruce Lee: A Life (https://books.google.com/books?id=5bGWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1

45) . Simon and Schuster. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-5011-8763-6.

139. Francis, Anthony (7 October 2020). "10 Best Martial Arts Movies Of The 80s, Ranked" (https://screenrant.
com/best-martial-arts-movies-80s-ranked/) . ScreenRant. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230
507053649/https://screenrant.com/best-martial-arts-movies-80s-ranked/) from the original on 7 May
2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.

140. "Heavyweight Champ" (https://ultimatehistoryvideogames.jimdo.com/heavyweight-champ-arcade/) .

Ultimate History of Video games. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190822041224/https://ultimat
ehistoryvideogames.jimdo.com/heavyweight-champ-arcade) from the original on 22 August 2019.
Retrieved 8 October 2017.

141. All About Capcom Head-to-Head Fighting Game 1987–2000, pg. 320

142. " キャラクター紹介" (https://web.archive.org/web/19981205182853/http://www.capcom.co.jp/newproduc

ts/arcade/st3-2nd/chara.html) . Archived from the original (http://www.capcom.co.jp/newproducts/arca
de/st3-2nd/chara.html) on 5 December 1998. Retrieved 7 May 2023.

143. "The Karate Generation" (http://www.newsweek.com/id/85866) . Newsweek. 18 February 2010. Archived

(https://web.archive.org/web/20090515114720/http://www.newsweek.com/id/85866) from the
original on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2010.

144. "Jaden Smith Shines in The Karate Kid" (http://www.cleveland.com/moviebuff/index.ssf/2010/06/jaden_

smith_shines_in_the_kara.html) . Newsweek. 10 June 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2010
1016054742/http://www.cleveland.com/moviebuff/index.ssf/2010/06/jaden_smith_shines_in_the_kara.h
tml) from the original on 16 October 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2010.

145. "Local dojo experiencing business boon after 'Cobra Kai' " (https://www.kristv.com/news/local-news/local
-dojo-experiencing-business-boon-after-cobra-kai) . KRIS. 11 January 2021. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20210308004702/https://www.kristv.com/news/local-news/local-dojo-experiencing-business-
boon-after-cobra-kai) from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.

146. "The Martial Arts of Dragon Ball Z" (https://www.nkkf.org/blogs/the-martial-arts-of-dragon-ball-z) .

www.nkkf.org. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230527135600/https://www.nkkf.org/blogs/the-
martial-arts-of-dragon-ball-z) from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
147. Arts, Way of Martial. "What Martial Arts Does Goku Use? (Do They Work In Real Life?)" (https://wayofmarti
alarts.com/what-martial-arts-does-goku-use/) . Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2023052713555
9/https://wayofmartialarts.com/what-martial-arts-does-goku-use/) from the original on 27 May 2023.
Retrieved 27 May 2023.

148. Gerardo (19 April 2021). "What Martial Arts Does Goku Use in Dragon Ball Z?" (https://combatmuseum.co
m/what-martial-arts-does-goku-use-in-dragon-ball-z/) . Combat Museum. Archived (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20230527135559/https://combatmuseum.com/what-martial-arts-does-goku-use-in-dragon-ball-
z/) from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.

149. "Dragon Ball: 10 Fictional Fighting Styles That Are Actually Based On Real Ones" (https://www.cbr.com/dr
agon-ball-fighting-based-real/) . CBR. 5 May 2020. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230527135
558/https://www.cbr.com/dragon-ball-fighting-based-real/) from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved
27 May 2023.

150. Hutton, Robert (2 July 2022). "Every Martial Arts Style Neo Uses In The Matrix (Not Just Kung Fu)" (http
s://screenrant.com/matrix-movies-neo-martial-arts-fighting-styles/) . ScreenRant. Retrieved 13 May
2023.

151. "Martial Matrix :: WINM :: Keanu Reeves Articles & Interviews Archive" (http://www.whoaisnotme.net/artic
les/1999_06xx_mar.htm) . www.whoaisnotme.net. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20230513120
028/http://www.whoaisnotme.net/articles/1999_06xx_mar.htm) from the original on 13 May 2023.
Retrieved 13 May 2023.

152. "Shin Koyamada's Inaugural 2nd Annual United States Martial Arts Festival" (https://www.the-filmfiles.co
m/featured-article/2nd-annual-usmafest) . Independent. 1 November 2011. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20230325221105/https://www.the-filmfiles.com/featured-article/2nd-annual-usmafest)
from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 25 March 2023.

153. "International Karate Organization KYOKUSHINKAIKAN Domestic Black Belt List As of Oct.2000".
Kyokushin Karate Sōkan: Shin Seishin Shugi Eno Sōseiki E. Aikēōshuppanjigyōkyoku: 62–64. 2001. ISBN 4-
8164-1250-6.

154. Rogers, Ron. "Hanshi's Corner 1106" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120118134109/http://www.midoriy

amabudokai.com/Hanshi%27s%20Corner%201106.pdf) (PDF). Midori Yama Budokai. Archived from the
original (http://www.midoriyamabudokai.com/Hanshi's%20Corner%201106.pdf) (PDF) on 18 January
2012. Retrieved 20 August 2011.

155. Hiroyuki Sanada: "Promises" for Peace Through Film (http://ezine.kungfumagazine.com/ezine/article.ph

p?article=662) . Ezine.kungfumagazine.com. Kung Fu Magazine, Retrieved on 21 November 2011.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131112101627/http://ezine.kungfumagazine.com/ezine/articl
e.php?article=662) 12 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine
156. "Celebrity Fitness—Dolph Lundgren" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101129032127/http://www.insideku
ng-fu.com/content/view/223/37) . Inside Kung Fu. Archived from the original (http://www.insidekung-fu.
com/content/view/223/37/) on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2010.

157. "Talking With…Michael Jai White" (http://giantmag.com/the-magazine/ethan-alter/talking-withmichael-jai-

white/) . GiantLife. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20101129063554/http://giantmag.com/the-m
agazine/ethan-alter/talking-withmichael-jai-white/) from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved
16 June 2010.

158. "Yasuaki Kurata Filmography" (http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=3903&display_set=eng) .

Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170728092326/http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=3
903&display_set=eng) from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017.

159. "Sensei Demura at a glance..." (https://web.archive.org/web/20090928110941/http://www.genbu-kai.co

m/senseidemuraataglance.htm) Japan Karate-Do Genbu-Kai International. Santa Ana. Archived from the
original on 28 September 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2024.

160. "Martial Arts Legend" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130929104321/http://www.kickemintheghoulies.c

om/donthedragonwilson.htm) . n.d. Archived from the original (http://www.kickemintheghoulies.com/do
nthedragonwilson.htm) on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

161. Black Belt Magazine March, 1994, p. 24 (https://books.google.com/books?id=w9IDAAAAMBAJ&q=Octago

n+chuck+norris&pg=RA1-PA24) . March 1994. Retrieved 14 March 2013.

162. "Goju-ryu" (http://ma-mags.com/srchmag.php?SrchFor=Goju%20Ryu) . n.d. Archived (https://web.archiv

e.org/web/20140925081654/http://ma-mags.com/srchmag.php?SrchFor=Goju%20Ryu) from the
original on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2013.

163. "Yukari Oshima's Biography" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120828003452/http://www.hkfilm.net/yukar

i.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.hkfilm.net/yukari.htm) on 28 August 2012. Retrieved
24 June 2013.

164. "Goju-ryu" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150903234646/http://www.omnilexica.com/?q=leung+siu-lun

g) . n.d. Archived from the original (http://www.omnilexica.com/?q=leung+siu-lung) on 3 September
2015. Retrieved 26 May 2014.

165. "Wesley Snipes: Action man courts a new beginning" (https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainmen

t/films/features/wesley-snipes-action-man-courts-a-new-beginning-1991437.html) . Independent.
London. 4 June 2010. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20100607063509/http://www.independent.
co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/wesley-snipes-action-man-courts-a-new-beginning-1991437.htm
l) from the original on 7 June 2010. Retrieved 10 June 2010.

166. "Why is he famous?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20100409113625/http://uk.askmen.com/celebs/inter

view_300/311_jean-claude-van-damme.html) . ASK MEN. Archived from the original (http://uk.askmen.c
om/celebs/interview_300/311_jean-claude-van-damme.html) on 9 April 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.
167. "Martial arts biography – jim kelly" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130829001719/http://www.usadojo.c
om/biographies/jim-kelly.htm) . Archived from the original (http://www.usadojo.com/biographies/jim-kel
ly.htm) on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.

168. [1] (http://www.tadashiyamashita.com/hanshi.html) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201303050

74816/http://www.tadashiyamashita.com/hanshi.html) 5 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine

169. "Matt Mullins Biography" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130508044138/http://mattmullins.com/bio/) .

n.d. Archived from the original (http://mattmullins.com/bio/) on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2013.

170. " 'Ninja' Knockin' Em Dead – Chicago Tribune" (https://www.chicagotribune.com/1986/05/15/ninja-knocki

n-em-dead/) . Articles.chicagotribune.com. 15 May 1986. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110
503002232/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-05-15/features/8602040119_1_ninja-kosugi-home-
movies) from the original on 3 May 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2015.

171. Leavold, Andrew (2017). "Goons, guts and exploding huts!". The Search for Weng Weng. Australia: The
LedaTape Organisation. p. 80. ISBN 9780994411235.

External links

World Karate Federation (http://www.wkf.net/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080905194150/h

ttp://www.wkf.net/) 5 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine