*ANATOMY- the structure of the body and how they operate as systems
-refers to internal and external structures of the body and their physical relationship
-Anatomia (ana means ‘up” & tome means “a cutting”
*PHYSIOLOGY- the study of the functions of those structures
-Physis means “nature of origin” & logia means “study of”
*KINESIOLOGY- the study of movements
-Kinesis means “movements” & logia means “study of”
ANTERIOR/VENTRAL (front view)
-anatomical position
POSTERIOR/DORSAL (back view)
NAVEL- origin of the body
ARISTOTLE- founder of Comparative Anatomy
Father of Kinesiology
ANDREAS VESALIUS- founder of Anatomy
HEROPHILUS- father of Anatomy
Planes of the Body
SAGITTAL- the body is divided into two (left & right)
CORONAL- divided into front and back
TRANSVERSE- up and down
4 Subdivision of Anatomy
GROSS ANATOMY- it is subdivided into surface anatomy or what we call external
anatomy
REGIONAL ANATOMY- these are the specific regions of the body (head, neck, torso,
upper & lower extremities)
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY- these are the specific organ systems
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY- these are subdivided into two:
Cytology- study of cells
Histology- study of tissues
LEVELS & FUNCTIONS OF ORGANISMS
Basic functions of Organisms
1. ORGANIZATION- group of systems in our body
2. RESPONSIVENESS- it is the ability to adjust to changes in its internal and external
environment
3. GROWTH & DIFFERENTIATION- this is regulated by genetics, nutritional environment
and hormonal factors while differentiation is the development process by which the
unspecialized cells change
4. REPRODUCTION- it is the biological process by which new individual organisms
5. MOVEMENT- the change of body position
6. METABOLISM- the chemical process that occur within a living organism in order to
maintain life
7. EXCRETION- removes waste from our body
Levels of Organisms
CHEMICAL LEVEL- atoms (e.g. carbon) combine to form molecules
CELLULAR LEVEL- a. smallest living units in organisms
b. cells contain organelles, each with a function
TISSUE LEVEL- different groups of cells that perform a function
ORGAN LEVEL- different types of tissues that perform a common function
ORGAN SYSTEM- consists of different organs that work closely together
ORGANISM- discrete and complete living thing
*GENETICS- branch of biology that studies genes and heredity
*DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)- molecule of life
*CELLS- smallest living unit (basic building of all living things)
*TISSUE- the distinct type of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of
which specialized cells are their products
*ORGANS- are collections of tissues with similar functions
*ORGANISMS- is the material structure of an individual life form
*ATOMS- the basic building blocks of ordinary matter
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Major Organs:
-skin (3 layer: epidermis, dermis & hypodermis) largest organ of human body
-hair
-sweat glands
-nails
Functions:
-protects against environmental hazards
-helps regulate body temperature
-provides sensory information
NERVOUS SYTEM- sends and interpret cignals
Major Organs:
-brain
-spinal cord
-peripheral nerves
-sense organs
Functions:
-directs immediate responses to stimuli
-coordinates or moderates activities of other organ system
SKELETAL SYSTEM- “skelatos” (Greek word means “dried up” dry nature of bones)
Major Organs:
-bones
-cartilages (nose, ears & joints)
-associated ligaments
-bone marrow
Functions:
-provides support and protection for other tissues
-stores calcium and other minerals
-forms blood cells
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM- produces hormones (glands)
Major Organs:
-pituitary gland
-thyroid gland
-pancreas
-adrenal glands
-gonads (testes & ovaries)
-endocrines tissues in other systems
Functions:
-directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems
-adjust metabolic activity and energy used by the body
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Major Organs:
-skeletal muscles and associated tendons and oponeuroses (tendinous & sheets)
Functions:
-provides movements, protection and support for other tissues
-generates heat that maintains body temperature
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Major Organs:
-heart
-blood
-blood vessels
Functions:
-distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste
products, oxygen and carbon dioxide
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Major Organs:
-teeth
-tongue
-pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-small intestine
-large intestine
-liver
-gallbladder
-pancreas
Functions:
-processes and digests food
-absorbs and conserves water
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Major Organs:
-testes
-epididymis
-ductus deferens
-seminal vesicles
-prostate gland
-penis
-scrotum
Functions:
-provides male sex cells (sperm) and hormones
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Major Organs:
-ovaries
-uterine tubes
-uterus
-vagina
-mammary gland
-labia
-clitories
Functions:
-produces female sex cells (cocytes) and hormones
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Major Organs:
-spleen
-thymus
-lymphatic vessels
-lymph nodes
-tonsils
Functions:
-defends against infection and disease
-returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream
URINARY SYSTEM
Major Organs
-kidneys
-ureters
-urinary bladder
-urethra
Functions:
-excretes waste products from the blood
-stores urine prior to voluntary elimination
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Major Organs:
-nasal cavities
-sinuses
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-lungs
-alveoli
Functions:
-delivers air to alveoli (sited lungs where gas exchange occurs)
-provides oxygen to blood
-produces sounds for communication
