1.

Explore types of PV cells and their characteristics, rating

conditions, PV arrays, batteries, and inverters of a PV systems for
the following problem, then investigate your final installations
checkout of given PV systems using any of the PV system with
specification shown in Scenario.
The commissioning tests for both the on-grid and off-grid PV panels:
On-Grid PV Panels (Total Capacity: 15 KW):
1. Total Power Generation:
 Total Power = 5 KW * 3 = 15 KW
2. Efficiency Calculation:
 Efficiency typically ranges from 15% to 20%.
3. Grid Integration:
 Ensure seamless synchronization with the grid.
Off-Grid PV Stations (Total Capacity: 9 KW):
1. Battery Charging:
 Total Power = 3 KW * 3 = 9 KW
2. Battery Storage Capacity:
 Verify adequate storage capacity.
3. Load Balancing:
 Ensure stable performance under varying load conditions.
4. Backup Generator Integration (if applicable):
 Ensure smooth integration with the off-grid system.
PV Components:
1. PV Cells:
 Monocrystalline Silicon: High efficiency, sleek appearance.
 Polycrystalline Silicon: Lower cost, bluish hue.
 Thin-Film (Amorphous Silicon, Cadmium Telluride, Copper Indium Gallium
Selenide): Lightweight, flexible, lower efficiency.
2. Rating Conditions:
 Standard Test Conditions (STC): 1000 W/m² irradiance, 25°C cell
temperature, AM 1.5.
3. PV Arrays:
  Multiple panels connected in series and/or parallel.
4. Batteries:
 Lead-Acid: Cost-effective, limited cycle life, maintenance required.
 Lithium-Ion: Higher energy density, longer cycle life, less maintenance.
 Battery Bank: Series/parallel connection for energy storage.
5. Inverters:
 Grid-Tied: Converts DC to AC, synchronizes with grid, supports net metering.
 Off-Grid: Standalone system, DC to AC conversion, no grid connection.
 Hybrid: Combines features of grid-tied and off-grid inverters.
Scenario:
 On-Grid PV Panels: Three stations, 5 KW each.
 Off-Grid Stations: Three stations, 3 KW each.
- System of PV on NCTU on building C on Google
Earth:-
All the systems in the roof of NCTU are Polycrystalline solar
panels, also known as multicrystalline panels, are a popular
choice in the renewable energy industry. These panels are
made from multiple silicon crystal structures, allowing them
to be more cost-effective to produce compared to
monocrystalline panels. While they may have a slightly
lower efficiency rate, polycrystalline panels still offer a
reliable and affordable solution for harnessing solar energy.
They are particularly suitable for residential and commercial
applications where space is not a constraint, providing a
practical option for those looking to adopt sustainable energy
practices. Their durability and moderate efficiency make
them a widely used choice for solar power systems around
the world.

- On-Grid Solar Power System:

The Frist station:-

Type of PV Polycrystalline
Type of system Tracking (steper motor)
Number of series 8
Number of parallel 2
Number of totals panels 16
Number of stations 1
Total power 5197.4496 Watt
Inverter type Homiv-5K
Type of charge Schnieder Electric MPPT Solar
Charge Controller - 40A
2. Discuss the technical characteristics of PV and solar system components
and Select the suitable techniques to design solar energy systems and how we
can apply them to improve the NCTU station performance.
-PV Panels:-
- Here is a comparison of the BISOL BMU-260 and AE Solar AE325P8-72 solar panels:

Feature BISOL BMU-260 AE Solar AE325P6-72

Manufacturer BISOL AE Solar
Model BMU-260 AE325P6-72
Rated power 260 W 325 W
Maximum power voltage (Vmp) 39.0 V 36.83 V
Maximum power current (Imp) 84 A 8.82 A
Open-circuit voltage (Voc) 39.0 V 45.83 V
Short-circuit current (Isc) 89 A 9.33 A
Power tolerance 0-4.99 W 0-4.99 W
Nominal operating cell temperature
45+21 45+21
(NOCT)
Maximum system voltage DC 1000 V 1000 V
Maximum series fuse rating 15 A 15 A
Residential, commercial, Residential, commercial,
Applications
industrial industrial

As you can see, the AE Solar AE325P8-72 solar panel has a

higher rated power than the BISOL BMU-260 solar panel. This
means that it can produce more electricity in the same amount of
time. However, the AE Solar AE325P8-72 solar panel also has a
higher open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current. This means
that it requires a more powerful charge controller and inverter to
operate.

In terms of applications, both solar panels can be used for

residential, commercial, and industrial applications. However, the
AE Solar AE325P8-72 solar panel is better suited for large-scale
applications where high power output is required.

Overall, the AE Solar AE325P8-72 solar panel is a better choice

than the BISOL BMU-260 solar panel if you are looking for a
high-power solar panel for a large-scale application. However, if
you are looking for a more affordable solar panel for a smaller-
scale application, the BISOL BMU-260 solar panel is a good
option.

-Inverters:-
The Homiv-3K and the ABB TRIO-5.8-TL-OUTD-S-400 are both pure sine wave inverters that can
be used to create off-grid home power systems. However, there are some key differences between the
two inverters.
ABB TRIO-5.8-TL-
Feature Homiv-5K
OUTD-S-400
Rated power 5000VA/4000W 5800VA/5000W
System voltage 48VDC 48VDC
Operating voltage range 40-60VDC 40-60VDC
Maximum solar voltage (VOC) 90VDC 1000VDC
AC input current 25A 25A
AC output current 50A 50A
Dimensions 590 x 365 x 210mm 590 x 365 x 210mm
Weight 18kg 18kg
Dual MPPT controllers Yes Yes
Wi-Fi and Ethernet connectivity Yes Yes
Parallel operation capability Yes Yes
Number of units 1 3

As you can see, the ABB TRIO-5.8-TL-OUTD-S-400 has a higher rated power and a higher
maximum solar voltage than the Homiv-3K. It also has a higher AC output current. However, it is also
larger and heavier than the Homiv-3K.
Another key difference between the two inverters is the system voltage. The Homiv-3K operates at a
system voltage of 24VDC, while the ABB TRIO-5.8-TL-OUTD-S-400 operates at a system voltage of
48VDC. This means that the ABB TRIO-5.8-TL-OUTD-S-400 can be used with larger battery banks
and higher voltage solar panels.
Finally, the ABB TRIO-5.8-TL-OUTD-S-400 has a number of features that are not available on the
Homiv-3K, such as:
 Integrated dual MPPT controllers
  Wi-Fi and Ethernet connectivity
 Parallel operation capability
Which inverter is right for you depends on your individual needs and requirements. If you need an
inverter with a high rated power and a high maximum solar voltage, then the ABB TRIO-5.8-TL-
OUTD-S-400 is a good choice. If you are on a budget or need a smaller and lighter inverter, then the
Homiv-3K is a good option.

-Batteries:-
They are Dacha Exile Ghn Thing-13 Gel Deep Cycle Batteries.
Here are more details about the batteries:
 Model: Ghn Thing-13
 Type: Gel deep cycle
 Voltage: 12V
 Capacity: 200Ah
 Dimensions: 580 x 260 x 220mm
 Weight: 68kg
 Features:
o Gel deep cycle technology for long service life

o High depth of discharge (80%)

o Low self-discharge rate

o Maintenance-free

Dacha Exile is a German manufacturer of high-quality batteries for a variety of applications, including
solar power systems, RVs, and marine vessels.
1. Advanced Control Algorithms: Utilizing sophisticated control algorithms, such as
predictive or adaptive control, dynamically adjusts operating parameters based on changing
environmental conditions and load demands, optimizing the performance of PV systems.
2. Consideration of Location: The geographic location of a PV system significantly influences
its performance. Factors such as sunlight availability, weather conditions, and environmental
variables should be carefully considered during the planning and installation phases.
3. Optimizing Solar Angle: Adjusting the tilt angle of solar
panels in accordance with the sun's position in the sky helps
optimize solar energy absorption. This angle optimization
ensures maximum exposure to sunlight throughout the day,
further enhancing the performance of the PV system.