Flora and Fauna in India
India is one of the world’s richest countries in terms of its vast array of biological diversity.
Different varieties of forest and wildlife resources are found in India. Based on the International
Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), we can classify different
categories of existing plants and animal species as follows:
1. Normal species: Species whose population levels are considered to be normal for their
survival, such as cattle, sal, pine, rodents, etc.
2. Endangered species: These species are in danger of extinction. For example, species are
black buck, crocodile, Indian wild ass, Indian rhino, lion-tailed macaque, sangai (brow
anter deer in Manipur), etc.
3. Vulnerable species: These are species whose population has declined to levels that it is
likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if it continues to decline
in the same manner. E.g., Blue sheep, Asiatic elephant, Gangetic dolphin, etc.
4. Rare species: Species with a small population may move into the endangered or
vulnerable category if the negative factors affecting them continue to operate. Examples
of such species are the Himalayan brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert fox and
hornbill, etc.
5. Endemic species: These are species which are only found in some particular areas,
usually isolated by natural or geographical barriers. Examples of such species are the
Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild pig, and Mithun in Arunachal Pradesh.
6. Extinct species: These species may be extinct from a local area, region, country,
continent or the entire earth. E.g., Asiatic cheetah, pink head duck.
What are the negative factors that cause such fearful depletion of the flora and fauna?
1. Excessive consumption of natural resources for fulfilling human needs, such as wood,
bark, leaves, rubber, medicines, dyes, food, fuel, fodder, manure, etc.
2. The expansion of the railways, agriculture, commercial and scientific forestry and mining
activities.
3. Large-scale development of projects and mining activities.
4. Unequal access, inequitable consumption of resources and differential sharing of
responsibility for environmental well-being.
Conservation of Forest and Wildlife in India
Conservation preserves the ecological diversity and preserves the genetic diversity of plants and
animals.
1. The Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act was implemented in 1972 to protect habitats, and an
all-India list of protected species was published.
2. The central government also announced several projects for protecting specific animals.
Under the Wildlife Act of 1980 and 1986, several hundred butterflies, moths, beetles,
and one dragonfly have been added to the list of protected species.
3. In 1991, for the first time, plants were also added to the list, starting with six species.
Types and Distribution of Forest and Wildlife Resources
In India, forest and wildlife resources are owned and managed by the government through the
Forest Department or other government departments. These are classified under the following
categories.
Reserved forests: More than half of the total forest land in India has been declared reserved
forests.
Protected forests: Forest Department has declared one-third of the total forest area as
protected forest.
Unclassed forests: These are the forests and wastelands which belong to both government and
private individuals and communities. North-eastern states and parts of Gujarat have a very high
percentage of their forests as unclassed forests.
Reserved and protected forests are also referred to as permanent forests, which are maintained
for the purpose of producing timber and other forest produce and for protective reasons.
Madhya Pradesh has the largest area under permanent forests.
Community and Conservation
Conservation of the forest and wildlife resources is very important. Here are a few steps taken
by common people:
1. In Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the
Wildlife Protection Act.
2. The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1,200
hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav ‘Sonchuri’. Villages came up with their own set
of rules and regulations which do not allow hunting. They are also protecting the wildlife
against any outside encroachments.
3. The famous Chipko movement in the Himalayas was one successful attempt to resist
deforestation in several areas. The movement has also resulted in community
afforestation.
4. Farmers and citizen’s groups like the Beej Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have
shown that adequate levels of diversified crop production without the use of synthetic
chemicals are possible and economically viable.
5. India’s Joint Forest Management (JFM) programme furnishes a good example of
involving local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests.
