The World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Economic Forum (WEF) are both organizations that

work to promote global economic growth and cooperation. The WTO focuses on trade rules, while the
WEF focuses on global challenges.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

 The WTO is the only international organization that deals with global trade rules.
 The WTO's goal is to improve people's lives by creating jobs, raising living standards, and promoting
sustainable development.
 The WTO's rules promote fair competition, open trade, and non-discrimination.
 The WTO's dispute settlement process is compulsory and binding.
World Economic Forum (WEF)
 The WEF focuses on global challenges such as climate change, energy insecurity, and inflation.
 The WEF's goal is to promote global citizenship.
 The WEF's Board of Trustees oversees the Forum's work.
 The WEF's Managing Board is the executive body that represents the Forum to outside parties.
 The WEF's Centre teams work to convert ambition into action through structured initiatives.
 Impact
 Studies show that the WTO boosted trade. [1][2][3][4] Research shows that in the absence of the WTO, the
average country would face an increase in tariffs on their exports by 32 percentage points. [5][6] The dispute
settlement mechanism in the WTO is one way in which trade is increased.[7][8][9][10]
 According to a 2017 study in the Journal of International Economic Law, "nearly all recent preferential
trade agreements (PTAs) reference the WTO explicitly, often dozens of times across multiple chapters.
Likewise, in many of these same PTAs we find that substantial portions of treaty language—sometime the
majority of a chapter—is copied verbatim from a WTO agreement... the presence of the WTO in PTAs has
increased over time."[11]
 See also

The WTO acts as a forum to monitor and negotiate further trade liberalization. The measures help in the
cooperation between major international economic entities and help in increasing transparency in the
decision-making process. 3. The WTO promotes world trade through reducing trade barriers and policing
existing agreements. It also settles trade disputes, by acting as the judge, and organises trade
negotiations. nternational trade allows countries to expand their markets and access goods and services
that otherwise may not have been available domestically. As a result of international trade, the market is
more competitive. This can ultimately result in more competitive pricing and cheaper products.

2 .role of who in protection of basic human rights of health and life of people

All WHO Member States have ratified at least one international human rights treaty that includes
the right to the highest attainable standard of health. After ratifying a treaty, a country has a legal
obligation to protect and fulfil the rights recognized in the treaty. Human rights

Key facts

 Human rights are universal rights of all human beings, regardless of race, colour, sex, language,
religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
  The right to health and other health-related human rights are legally binding commitments
enshrined in international human rights instruments. WHO’s Constitution also recognizes the right
to health.
 Every human being has the right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.
Countries have a legal obligation to develop and implement legislation and policies that
guarantee universal access to quality health services and address the root causes of health
disparities, including poverty, stigma and discrimination.
 The right to health is indivisible from other human rights, including the rights to education,
participation, food, housing, work and information.
 Universal health coverage (UHC) grounded in primary health care helps countries realize the right
to health by ensuring all people have affordable, equitable access to health services.

Overview

Human rights are enshrined in human rights instruments. All WHO Member States have ratified at least
one international human rights treaty that includes the right to the highest attainable standard of health.
After ratifying a treaty, a country has a legal obligation to protect and fulfil the rights recognized in the
treaty. To deliver on binding human rights commitments countries need to adopt a human rights-based
approach to health.

Health and human rights

The right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health is enshrined in several
international legal instruments including the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights. It includes freedoms and entitlements. Freedoms include the right to control one’s health and body
(for example, sexual and reproductive rights) and to be free from interference (for example, free from
torture and non-consensual medical treatment and experimentation, particularly relevant for persons with
disabilities). Entitlements include the right to access quality health services without any discrimination.

A human rights-based approach to health commits countries to develop rights-compliant, effective,

gender transformative, integrated, accountable health systems and implement other public health
measures that improve the underlying determinants of health, like access to water and sanitation.

This means countries must ensure legislation and health policies and programmes respect and advance
the realization of human rights. Research shows that proactive measures to comply with human rights
obligations help countries improve substantive equality and build resilience to shocks. For example,
applying a human rights framework to reproductive health can help us identify how preventable maternal
mortality and morbidity results from a variety of human rights violations including discrimination and lack
of access to quality health services.

Fundamental human rights principles

A human rights-based approach (HRBA) requires mainstreaming fundamental human rights principles
and standards across health services and health system policies, including public health emergency
preparation and responses. They include:
Non-discrimination and equality: This requires prioritizing the needs of those furthest behind to achieve
equity. Equity is used as a framework in public health to identify and address unfair and

remediable health disparities among different sub-populations. HRBA provides legal standards and
obligations to put legal protections for equality and non-discrimination into action.

Addressing discrimination requires attention to overlapping and intersecting factors of discrimination

notably gender, race, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity and socioeconomic status. An
intersectional lens allows for the examination of health inequalities driven by multiple grounds of
exclusion and for health interventions to be designed in a way that responds to intersecting factors. This
would include, for example, ensuring that health information is provided in formats that allow people to
access the information they need.

Participation: Participation requires empowering health service users, communities and civil society to
engage in planning, decision-making and implementation processes for health across the programme
cycle and at all levels of the system. To be meaningful, participation must include explicit strategies to
address power imbalances, value experiential evidence, and manage conflicts of interest so that the
needs and expectations of people are met. Participatory planning techniques can be used to engage
beneficiary populations in designing health services or public spending prioritization.

Accountability: Countries must establish accessible and effective accountability mechanisms. These
may include administrative and judicial remedies and oversight by other institutions, such as national
human rights institutions and health and social care regulators. The United Nations human rights
mechanisms, including the Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights, play a crucial
accountability role by regularly reviewing countries’ compliance with their health-related human rights
obligations.

There is a growing recognition of the importance of regulation of non-State actors, such as the private
sector and non-governmental organizations, to ensure they respect and protect human rights. For
example, by enacting bans on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS), countries are
implementing their commitments to manage tobacco control under the WHO Framework Convention on
Tobacco Control. One third of countries (66), representing a quarter of the world’s population, have
completely banned all forms of TAPS.

Progressive realization and international cooperation

Some human rights obligations are of immediate effect, such as the guarantee of non-discrimination.
Other components of the right to health, like access to cutting edge health technology, are subject to the
principle of progressive realization. Countries are legally obliged to use the maximum available resources
to develop and implement rights-based legislation, policies and programmes. Countries in a position to
assist have an obligation to cooperate with those with fewer resources.

Core components of the right to health

The right to health includes 4 essential, interrelated elements: availability, accessibility, acceptability and
quality.

Availability refers to the need for a sufficient quantity of functioning health facilities, goods and services
for all. Availability can be measured through the analysis of disaggregated data to different stratifiers
including by age, sex, location and socio-economic status and qualitative surveys to understand coverage
gaps.
Accessibility requires that health facilities, goods, and services must be accessible to everyone.
Accessibility has four dimensions: non-discrimination, physical accessibility, economic accessibility
(affordability) and information accessibility. This is particularly important for persons with disabilities who
often encounter significant barriers to health related to the inaccessibility of services, facilities and health
information.

Assessing accessibility requires analysis of physical, geographical, financial and other barriers to health
systems and services, and how they may affect people who are marginalized. It requires the
establishment or application of clear norms and standards in both law and policy to address these
barriers.

Acceptability relates to respect for medical ethics, culturally appropriate, and sensitivity to gender.
Acceptability requires that health facilities, goods, services and programmes are people-centred and cater
to the specific needs of diverse population groups and in accordance with international standards of
medical ethics for confidentiality and informed consent.

Quality extends to the underlying determinants of health, for example safe and potable water and
sanitation as well as requiring that health facilities, goods, and services are scientifically and medically
approved.

Quality is a key component of universal health coverage (UHC). Quality health services should be:

 safe: avoiding injuries to people for whom the care is intended;

 effective: providing evidence-based services to those who need them;
 people-centred: providing care that responds to individual needs;
 timely: reducing waiting times and harmful delays;
 equitable: providing care that does not vary in quality on account of age, gender, ethnicity,
disability, geographic location, and socio-economic status;
 integrated: providing a full range of health services throughout the life course; and
 efficient: maximizing the benefit of available resources and avoiding waste.

Human rights treaties which include the right to health

 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Article 12)

 Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Article 5(e) iv)
 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against
Women (Articles 11(1) (f), 12 and 14(2)(b))
 Convention on the Rights of the Child (Article 24)
 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of
Their Families (Articles 28, 43 (e) and 45 (c)
 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (Article 25)

WHO response

WHO supports countries to deliver on their human rights commitment to ensure non-discriminatory
access to effective, quality health services and the underlying determinants of health. To achieve this goal
WHO:

 advocates for the right to health and other health-related human rights, including
through communication campaigns;
 raises awareness of health-related human rights, for example on the right to safe healthcare;
  supports countries to integrate human rights standards into laws, health programmes and
policies, for example through development of tools and guidelines such as guidance on human
rights in the context of mental health and sexual or reproductive health;
 builds capacity on a rights-based approach to health among policymakers;
 provides evidence, analysis and recommendations related to health and human rights; and
 collaborates with other UN entities, to ensure human rights are recognized as a fundamental
foundation to effective health service delivery, for example through implementation of the United
Nations Disability Inclusion Strategy across all 3 levels of WHO.

3.Role of legal process in NGO’S

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a key role in the legal process by advocating for changes in
laws and policies. They also provide legal assistance to people who have been affected by violations of
their rights.

Advocacy
 Promoting change: NGOs advocate for changes to laws, regulations, and policies.
 Sharing stories: NGOs share the stories of the people they serve to convince policymakers of the need
for change.
 Supporting test cases: NGOs support test cases in court to fight human rights violations.
 Lobbying: NGOs lobby for changes to laws at the national, regional, and international levels.
Legal assistance
 Providing legal aid: NGOs provide legal assistance to people who have been affected by human rights
violations.
 Protecting human rights: NGOs work to protect human rights through the legal process.
Other roles
 Promoting human rights: NGOs promote knowledge and respect for human rights.
 Mediating agreements: NGOs mediate the negotiation of international agreements on issues like human
rights, public health, and the environment.
NGOs can be effective advocates when they analyze their strengths and weaknesses, and consider
whether other NGOs are better suited for the advocacy effort.

4.Factor responsible for establishment of united nations and closure of league of nations.

The United Nations was established in 1945 after World War II to prevent future wars and promote
international cooperation and human rights. The UN's creation was driven by the desire of its founders to
prevent the devastation of another world war.

Factors that led to the UN's establishment:

 World War II
The destruction caused by World War II led many people to desire an international organization to
maintain peace.
 Public pressure
The leaders of the United Kingdom, China, the United States, and the Soviet Union faced intense
pressure from the public to create a post-war organization.
 The Dumbarton Oaks meeting
In 1944, representatives met at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, DC to prepare a blueprint for the UN.
 The San Francisco Conference
From April to June 1945, representatives of 50 countries gathered in San Francisco to draft the UN
Charter.
The League of Nations (1920 – 1946) was the first intergovernmental organization established “to
promote international cooperation and to achieve international peace and security”. It is often referred to
as the “predecessor” of the United Nations.

Its founding document – the Covenant of the League of Nations – was drafted during the peace
negotiations at the end of the First World War. It was composed of 26 articles, and covered many aspects
of the organization, such as the conditions for membership, the functions of the principal organs, the
mechanisms for a peaceful settlement of international disputes, and the obligations of the Member States.
The Covenant also contained the main principles on which the League was built.

The creation of the League of Nations marked a new era of multilateral cooperation. The Covenant bound
its Member States to try to settle their disputes peacefully. By joining the League, Member States also
renounced secret diplomacy, committed to reduce their armaments, and agreed to comply with
international law. Each state pledged to respect the territorial integrity and political independence of all
members of the League. By establishing a bond of solidarity between Member States, the League is
considered the first attempt to build a system of collective security. This principle relied on a simple idea:
an aggressor against any Member State should be considered an aggressor against all the other Member
States.

The League of Nations was also in charge of supervising the Mandate system. The “mandated territories”
were former German colonies and Ottoman territories placed under what the Covenant called the
“tutelage” of mandatory powers until they could become independent states.

Although the Covenant focused on conflict prevention and the peaceful settlement of disputes, some
articles referred to the role of the League in promoting international cooperation in areas such as health,
drug trafficking, transit, freedom of communications, and human trafficking. The efforts in these fields
became increasingly important over the years and, in some cases, paved the way for the creation of
United Nations entities, such as Specialized Agencies and UN Funds and Programmes.

Some responsibilities were assigned to the League by other international instruments, such as the peace
treaties signed in Paris. In 1920, the Saar territory was placed under the League’s administration until a
plebiscite was held to decide on its future. The League also supervised the Constitution of the Free City of
Danzig and the implementation of the minority treaties. The treaties were signed after the Peace
Conference in Paris and drastically changed the borders in Europe.

MEMBERSHIP
The League of Nations officially came into existence on 10 January 1920. On 15 November 1920, 41
members states gathered in Geneva for the opening of the first session of the Assembly. This
represented a large portion of existing states and corresponded to more than 70% of the world’s
population.Officially, the League was an organization with a universal vocation. The organization was
open to “any fully self-governing State, Dominion or Colony”, providing they fulfilled certain requirements
and obtained a two thirds majority of votes in favor of their admission. In total, 63 states became
members of the League of Nations (with at most 60 at the same time), which represents a great majority
of the states existing at that time. However, the League never succeeded to become a truly universal
organization. For instance, the United States never joined the organization, and a large part of the world
remained under colonial rule.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

The UN Archives Geneva PlatformOpens in new window allows to navigate and search about 10 linear
kilometers of archives, managed by the UN Library & Archives Geneva, which include different collections
 such as the 19th century peace movements, the League of Nations, the UN Geneva and different UN
entities based in Geneva.
The League of Nations Archives are registered on the UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register which
lists documentary heritage of outstanding value. Thanks to the LONTAD ProjectOpens in new window,
the entirety of the League of Nations Archives will be available online. This represents almost 15 million
pages, 15,000 maps and 3,000 photographs.
Do not hesitate to consult the research guidesOpens in new window prepared by UN Library & Archives
The International Court of Justice (ICJ)
Geneva if you want more information and resources.
settles legal disputes between countries and provides legal advice to UN
agencies. The ICJ is the main judicial body of the United Nations.

How the ICJ settles disputes

 States can submit disputes to the ICJ if they've agreed to its jurisdiction.
 States can agree to the ICJ's jurisdiction by signing a special agreement or a
treaty with a jurisdictional clause.
 States can also accept the ICJ's jurisdiction by making a declaration.
Types of cases the ICJ handles
 Contentious cases: Legal disputes between states
 Advisory proceedings: Requests for legal advice from UN agencies and
specialized agencies
The ICJ's impact
The ICJ helps countries resolve issues without going to war, which contributes
to global peace and security.
How the ICJ operates
 One-third of the ICJ's members are elected every three years.
 Elected candidates must get a majority vote in both the UN General Assembly
and the Security Council.
The ICJ's jurisdiction isn't compulsory for states. States must consent to the
ICJ's jurisdiction in each case.

The ICJ's history

 The ICJ was established in June 1945 and began work in April 1946.
 The ICJ is located at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands.
Landmark ICJ cases:
 The Corfu Channel Case
 Fisheries Case
 North Sea Continental Shelf Cases
 South West Africa Cases
 Military Activities in and against Nicaragua
 Western Sahara Case
 What is the relevance of NAM in international politics?
 The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) was founded in 1961 with the view to
advancing interests of developing countries in the context of Cold War
confrontation. In its first three decades, the Movement played a crucial role in
decolonization, formation of new independent states, and democratization of
international relations.
 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), international
organization dedicated to representing the interests
and aspirations of developing countries. In the early 21st century the
Non-Aligned Movement counted 120 member states.

 The Non-Aligned Movement emerged in the context of the wave

of decolonization that followed World War II. At the 1955 Bandung
Conference (the Asian-African Conference), the attendees, many of
whose countries had recently gained their independence, called for
“abstention from the use of arrangements of collective defense to
serve the particular interests of any of the big powers.” In the context
of the Cold War, they argued, countries of the developing world
should abstain from allying with either of the two superpowers
(the United States and the U.S.S.R.) and should instead join together
in support of national self-determination against all forms
of colonialism and imperialism. The Non-Aligned Movement was
founded and held its first conference (the Belgrade Conference) in
1961 under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal
Abdel Nasser of Egypt, Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Kwame Nkrumah of
Ghana, and Sukarno of Indonesia.

 As a condition for membership, the states of the Non-Aligned

Movement cannot be part of a multilateral military alliance (such as
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO]) or have signed a
bilateral military agreement with one of the “big powers” if it was
“deliberately concluded in the context of Great Power conflicts.”
However, the idea of nonalignment does not signify that a state ought
to remain passive or even neutral in international politics. On the
contrary, from the founding of the Non-Aligned Movement, its stated
aim has been to give a voice to developing countries and to encourage
their concerted action in world affairs.
  Unlike the United Nations (UN) or the Organization of American
States, the Non-Aligned Movement has no formal constitution or
permanent secretariat. All members of the Non-Aligned Movement
have equal weight within its organization. The movement’s positions
are reached by consensus in the Summit Conference of Heads of State
or Government, which usually convenes every three years. The
administration of the organization is the responsibility of the country
holding the chair, a position that rotates at every summit. The
ministers of foreign affairs of the member states meet more regularly
in order to discuss common challenges, notably at the opening of each
regular session of the UN General Assembly.

 One of the challenges of the Non-Aligned Movement in the 21st

century has been to reassess its identity and purpose in the post-Cold
War era. The movement has continued to advocate for international
cooperation, multilateralism, and national self-determination, but it
has also been increasingly vocal against the inequities of the world
economic order.
ntroduction

 The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a forum of 120 developing world

states that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc.
 After the United Nations, it is the largest grouping of states worldwide
 The movement originated in the 1950s as an effort by some countries to
avoid the polarized world of the Cold War between the pro-Soviet
communist countries belonging to the Warsaw Pact, and the pro-American
capitalist countries belonging to NATO
 The principles were agreed at the Bandung Conference in 1955, and the
Non-Aligned Movement was established in 1961 in Belgrade, Yugoslavia
through an initiative of the Indian Prime Minister, Yugoslav President ,
Egyptian President , Ghanaian President and Indonesian President
 Purpose of the organisation is to ensure “the national independence,
sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries” in
their “struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism,
and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or
hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics.”
 Principles of NAM
o Respect for fundamental human rights and for the purposes and
principles of the Charter of the United Nations.
o Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations.
 o Recognition of the movements for national independence.
o Recognition of the equality of all races and of the equality of all
nations, large and small.
o Abstention from intervention or interference in the internal affairs of
another country.
o Respect for the right of each nation to defend itself singly or
collectively, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
o Refraining from acts or threats of aggression or the use of force
against the territorial integrity or political independence of any
country.
o Settlement of all international disputes by peaceful means, in
conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.
o Promotion of mutual interests and co-operation.
o Respect for justice and international obligations

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) has many
features, including areas of cooperation, challenges, and political
disturbances.
Areas of cooperation
 Economic: Trade, finance, and energy
 Social: Human resource development, tourism, and social affairs
 Environment: Natural disasters, climate change, and biotechnology
 Education: Education, culture, and security
 Information: Information and communication technology
 Agriculture: Agriculture and rural development
 Transport: Transport and science and technology
Challenges
 Political disturbances
Political disturbances in member countries like Pakistan, Afghanistan, and
Bangladesh have affected SAARC
 Tension between India and Pakistan
Historical tensions and conflicts between India and Pakistan have affected
SAARC's ability to cooperate
 Lack of dispute resolution mechanisms
 SAARC lacks effective mechanisms for resolving disputes among member
states
 Exclusion of bilateral conflicts
SAARC's charter explicitly excludes bilateral conflicts from being discussed
Other features
 SAARC has adopted numerous legal instruments covering agreements and
conventions
 SAARC adopted a consensus on poverty eradication at the Seventh SAARC
Summit in Dhaka in 1993

Saarc: SAARC Functions

According to its charter, SAARC has the following functions:

To raise the standard of living of South Asians in order to improve their

well-being.

Everybody is able to live their lives to the fullest extent of their potential
and dignity, contributing to social, cultural, and economic progress.

To advance and reinforce the idea of self-sufficiency among South Asian

nations.
To support the member nations in their efforts to coordinate and collaborate with
Modern international organizations include the
other developing nations....
United Nations (UN), the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF),
and others. These organizations work to address global challenges, promote
cooperation, and maintain peace and security.

Examples of international organizations

 United Nations (UN): An intergovernmental organization that aims to
maintain international peace and security
 International Labour Organization (ILO): Develops internationally
recognized labor standards and promotes safety
 United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO): Focuses on issues of education, science, and culture
 World Bank: Provides economic support to developing countries for
infrastructure and basic facilities
 International Monetary Fund (IMF): Helps countries manage their balance of
payments
 World Health Organization (WHO): Monitors public health and responds to
global health emergencies
Other international organizations:
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
 European Union (EU)
 World Trade Organization (WTO)
 Group of Twenty (G20)
 International Criminal Court (ICC)
 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
 Council of Europe (CoE)
The League of Nations was the first general international organization,
founded in 1920 to maintain world peace after World War I. The UN followed
this model after World War II.
Saarc salient features: The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
(SAARC) has several salient features, including its guiding principles,
objectives, and member states.

Guiding principles
 Sovereign equality: Each member state is equal
 Territorial integrity: Each member state's territory is respected
 Political independence: Each member state's political independence is
respected
 Non-interference: Member states do not interfere in each other's internal
affairs
 Mutual benefit: Cooperation is based on mutual benefit
Objectives
 To strengthen regional cooperation
  To accelerate social and economic development
 To promote peace, progress, and stability in the region
Member states
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri
Lanka.
Headquarters
 The SAARC headquarters and secretariat are located in Kathmandu, Nepal
Annual summits
 Annual SAARC summits are held, and the country hosting the summit chairs
the association
SAARC Charter
 The SAARC Charter was signed in Dhaka on December 8, 1985, establishing
the organization
8.modern international organizations are an evolutionary product of many
trails and errors:
Trial and error is a method of learning and developing through
experimentation and observation of results. It can be used in international
organizations, clinical trials, and other contexts.
International organizations
 Institutional logics: Some research suggests that institutional logics hold up
for major international organizations, even though some have died.
Clinical trials
 Operational challenges
International clinical trials face challenges such as regulatory requirements,
site selection, and logistics.
 Good Clinical Practice (GCP)
Researchers need to be trained in GCP, and clinical sites need adequate
infrastructure.
 Monitoring
Trials need to be closely monitored and overseen across multiple
jurisdictions.
Other contexts
 Corporate culture: Trial and error cultures can help companies develop and
innovate.
 Sports: Sports teams use trial and error to try different strategies, plays, and
lineups to win games.
 Innovation: Trial and error can be used to develop new products and
services.
Steps of trial and error
1. Define the problem
2. Design a solution
3. Build a prototype
4. Test the prototype
5. Analyze the results

International organizations have several distinctive characteristics, including

membership from multiple countries, a focus on cooperation, and a
commitment to certain goals.
Membership
 International organizations include members from more than one country.
 Membership may include states and/or other international organizations.
 State sovereignty is a fundamental characteristic of intergovernmental
organizations.
Goals
 International organizations work to achieve world peace.
 They focus on cooperation in areas such as international law, international
security, economic development, social progress, and human rights.
 They may also work to deliver humanitarian aid, support sustainable
development, and uphold international law.
Structure
 International organizations may be established by treaty.
 They may have an autonomous will.
Examples
 The United Nations is an international organization that focuses on
maintaining peace and security, protecting human rights, and more.
 Some international organizations are small and dedicated to a specific
purpose, such as conservation of a species.
Other types of international organizations: Inter-governmental organizations
(IGOs), International non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and
Multinational enterprises.