Module #1 Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology during,

Ancient time, Middle and Modern time

Intended Learning Outcomes:

The students will be able to:
1. Describe the historical development of science and technology during Ancient,
Middle and Modern Ages;
2. Determine the significance and impact of the development of science and
technology to the society.

Introduction:

Early humans attempted to understand the unknown world, they were curious
about their nature. They observed and started to record patterns, cycles and repetitions
of what is happening in their environment and started to look for an answer. With this
experience they were able to analyze and organized information and learned which lead
to the understanding of science. Because early humans were able to organized and
learned information, they used the information they acquired in starting the primitive
technology thus gave its way to the birth of technology. Therefore, technology has come
to reality because of the desire of early humans to thrive and survive, which later make
their life easier and improved.

Content #1:

A. Science and Technology during Pre-Historic Times (3000- 5000 B.C.)

A.1 Stone Age (Paleolithic Age)

Science Technology
1.Observation of patterns Use of Stone and Bone
and cycles in the tools like flake tools,
environment for Survival bow and arrow, to
and make life easier. gather food thru
2. Discovery of fire to Hunting and Fishing,
cook food and shape tools
for different purposes like
chopping, flaking,
hammering.
 A.2 Bronze Age (3000BC-1200BC)

Science Technology
1.Discovery of • Smelting process to extract
metals to make metal from ore, combining different
better tools metals to form an alloy to produce
and weapons bronze composed of Copper and
Tin.
2.Mining
• Mining is the extraction of
3. Metallurgy valuable materials from the Earth’s
ore or crust.
• Metallurgy is a process of
extracting metals from ores.
• Ore is a solid material
composed of valuable and less
valuable components, like gold,
iron, etc.

A.3 Iron Age (12,000-3500BC)

Science Technology
Agriculture • Improve food gathering by
domestication of plants and
animals.
• Plow is used to weed out grasses
to prepare the soil for planting.
• Tools are made from bones
• Weapons were made from metals
like arrows and spear heads,
axes, blades.

B. Science and technology during Ancient Civilizations (3,500 BC- AD 500)

B.1 Sumerian civilization science and technology

Science Technology
➢ Astronomy • Developed Cuneiform, the first written language and
➢ Sexagesimal system of Clay tablet which helped record events, business and
counting in 60’s, 60 stories;
minutes per hour, • Potter’s wheel is used in Pottery making and evolved to
3600degree of a circle be used to move heavy objects;
➢ Logic • Chariots, Sailboat, used to transport people and goods
➢ Mathematics faster;
➢ Engineering • Irrigation systems to improve farming
➢ Architecture
 ➢ Agriculture
B.2 Babylonian civilization science and technology

Science:
• Important discoveries in mathematics, physics and trigonometry; use
fractions, which they used to build weapons, measure farming lands for uniform
tax computations.
• They develop the study of astronomy and along with astrology used
mathematical models to track the planet Jupiter and developed methods
of tracking time and rotation of the Earth; develop calendars and make
prediction.
• Law Code of Hammurabi is well known for its "eye for an eye" style of lawmaking,
which defines the rules and relationship between Hammurabi, the gods and the
people he ruled.
• It was thought that the celestial bodies had divine powers which directed people’s
lives. Constellations were used to determine the weather, climate, and the
seasons, and to help people decide which crops should be sown when.

Technology
Hanging Gardens, a wonder of the
ancient world, which some believe was
built by the biblical king Nebuchadnezzar
II.

Developed the first-known map, engraved on clay tablets. It showed trade routes and
was used as a guide during military campaigns, hunting, and exploration
Adopted Sumerian Cuneiform of writing
which was used for accounting,
administrative and business purposes.
Agriculture- plow made of a stone hoe that was developed to turn the soil.
Irrigation system -regulated the flow of water to irrigate their crops which helped
them
to stay in one place and rely on agriculture instead of hunting.

Babylonian system of counting was

sexagesimal (based on sixty)- The
number 60 was chosen as the dividing
factor as it was divisible by 6. The
Babylonians estimated that the earth
moved around the sun one degree in a
day and took 360 days to complete one
revolution.

Invented the first square sailboat made

of cloth and relied on the wind to move. It
improved their trade and commerce in
those places unreachable by land.

Created the oldest wheels were made

of clay, rock, and mud, with wooden
wheels coming much later on which
helped start the industrial revolution.

Two-wheeled chariots were used in battle and to transport weapons and other war
provisions pulled by domestic animals.

They are advance in Geometry - use

geometric shapes as foundation for
designing their architecture structures.
Ziggurats. Gigantic temple stone
structures built of much smaller than the
massive pyramids. They are made up of
sun - baked mud bricks.
 B.3 Egyptian civilization science and technology

Science:
• Mathematics was used in record keeping, in developing the schematics for
machines such as the water pump, in calculating tax rates, drawing up designs,
finding locations for building projects and preparing medicines.
• Astronomy - studying the location and movement of stars which helped predict
rainy weather, time to plant or harvest crops, and best times for making important
decisions such as building a home or temple or starting a business venture. It
also helped count weeks, months and years and developed their improved
version of calendar.
• Medicine in ancient Egypt was related to the mixed practice of magic and
rational means. When cause of disease is visible and objective, scientific
treatment was used. If disease is caused by evil spell, the use of words or
incantation or magic is employed. Records treating patients with trauma, cancer,
heart disease, depression, dermatology, gastrointestinal distress, revealed their
detailed knowledge of anatomy and physiology and must have invented medical
surgery before Hippocrates.

Technology

Pyramids were used as temples and tombs of

kings.

Royal Library of Alexandria is the center of

learning and contains all known information about
the outside world. It contained more than a million
papyrus scrolls on the subjects of literature,
history, law, mathematics, and science.

Simple handheld mirror. The ancient Egyptians

value their self-image and personal hygiene and
appearance.

Use of wig as protection from the heat of the sun

 Eye paint for makeup. Aside for beauty, the dark
lines around the eyes helped protect them from
glares of the sun by absorbing the light -- similar
to why today's football players put black smudges
under their eyes during play to be able to see the
ball in midair.

Wine making. Wine is a special offering to (Adhikari, 2019) (KIGER, 2020) the ancient
Egyptian gods and goddesses.

Papermaking: Ancient Egyptians used the stem of the papyrus plant to make paper,
sails, cloth. was later adopted by the Greeks, and was used extensively in the Roman
Empire. Other writing materials also include stones and wood.
Perfume and soap making

Toothpaste was made of rock salt, mint, dried iris

petals, and pepper

Use of jewelry as protection from disasters,

accidents and diseases

Developed Hieroglyphs as their oldest form of

writing, dating from around 3300 BC.
 Mummification was used to preserve bodies from
decomposing after death with the belief that there
is life after death.
https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/civ
il/egypt/egcr06e.html

B.4 Greek civilization science and technology (2000BCE-1400BCE)

Greece: the cradle of Western civilization, Greece: home of the original Olympic
games, Athens: the birthplace of democracy’.

Science:
• Astronomy
• Algebra- Theory of equations was invented by Diophantus and known as
the father of algebra. He also wrote the Greek text on mathematics called
Arithmetica
• Geography is the study of the physical features of the earth
• Democracy developed the first democracy in the world in 6th century BC
in Athens. It is a system of government where the leaders are selected by
election

Technology
1.Olympics - The first record of the Olympics was
held in big and wide plains of Olympia in ancient
Greece in 776 B.C. Winners were given olive leaf
wreaths or crowns as a prize. In 1896 Pierre de
Coubert in after been extensively inspired by the
ancient Olympics started the modern Olympics.

2. Astrolabe- It is an astronomical instrument used

to make astronomical measurements like
altitudes of celestial bodies and the locations of
sun, planets and some stars. Astrolabe was
widely used in the early Middle Ages in Europe
as guide in celestial navigation by the mariners.
 3. Theatre - was introduced by the ancient Greeks
in Athens with multiple categories like tragedy,
comedy and the satirical ones which became a
source of entertainment worldwide.

4. Greek Fire - was considered to be one of the

history’s best-kept military secrets which came
into existence in the 7th century. The major
reason behind this creation was
protecting Constantinople from the Arabs.
(Istanbul). The device releases a flaming liquid,
believed by scholars to be a mixture of quicklime
and naphtha or turpentine which was extremely
difficult to stop and can burn a fleet of soldiers at
once.
5. Levers- had made great contribution to impressive constructions of the ancient era.
It was invented by the Greek mathematician Archimedes in 260 BC, it was used in
combination with the pulley system to lift heavier objects by decreasing the amount of
force to applied to push the heavy objects. Trees or logs were used as lever to move
rocks or heavy objects.
"Give me a lever long enough and a fulcrum on which to place
it," Archimedes reportedly said, "and I shall move the world."
6. Cranes were invented in 515 B.C.E by the
ancient Greeks. They were used to lift heavy
stones and metals during the construction of the
Greek temple.

7. Archimedes Screw was invented by the

ancient Greek in 250BC by scientist Archimedes.
It is made up of a screw inside a cylinder. With
the bottom end of the cylinder in water,
the screw lifts water up to the top released out of
a spout. The top end screw can be turned by
hand, or by a windmill, or by an engine.
The screw is often used for filling irrigation
canals. It can also to move water that contains
sand, mud or gravel.
 8. Catapult - was introduced in Greece by
Dionysius the Elder of Syracuse in 399 BC. It
was used in throwing heavy objects or arrows
over a large distances as a major weapon of
warfare for over a thousand years.
Later, wheels were added to it by the Romans in
order to make it more maneuverable.

9. Water Mill - A machine which uses the water power to grind simple grains like wheat
and rice into flour, an important staple food.
10. The water clock - also known as Clepsydra was introduced by ancient Greek
around the year 325 BC after discovering the limitation of sundial, the first timepiece
that could only function during the day when the sun shines. It was primarily used in
courtrooms where the time of the lawyers and the witnesses’ speeches could be
measured when the water supply gets empty the speaker must end or stop his talk.

Other Greek inventions: Feta cheese, Optical telegraph, grenades, automatic doors,
steam engine, clock tower, wind vane, vending machine, fire hose. Differential gears,
analog computer, surveying tools, odometer, alarm clock, lighthouse, streets, showers,
winch, souvlaki, arch bridge (Vyas, 2019) (WIKIPEdia, 2020)

Greek philosophers who helped in the development of science and technology

Ancient Greek Philosopher Contribution

Thales of Miletus (620 BC–546 BC) He is acclaimed by historians as the father of
ancient Greek philosophy. Most of his ideas came
from Aristotle, and the first person to have
investigated the idea of the origin of matter and
why changes occur. He also proposed that water
is the basic underlying component of the world
Thales is also said to be the founder of the school
of natural philosophy, also known as natural
science.
Socrates main contribution to Western
philosophy is his method of inquiry that was
called after him Socratic method. According to
him, a statement can be considered true only if it
cannot be proved wrong.

He is the teacher of Plato, who eventually taught

Socrates (469 BC–399 BC) Aristotle , the tutor of Alexander the Great.

Plato (427—347 B.C.E.) Plato was one of ancient Greece’s most

acclaimed scientists/Philosopher. He was the
student of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle.
He established his first university in Europe, the
Academy in Athens in 387 BC, where he focused
on science as a method for exploring the real
world. Specifically, he was persuaded that
geometry was the way to understand the universe.
Aristotle (384 BC–322 BC) He was a student of Plato and made
important contributions to logic, rhetoric, physics,
biology, psychology, mathematics, metaphysics,
ethics, politics and about life in general. He was
regarded as the father of Biology and introduced a
method of scientific thinking. He wrote “scala
naturae” or Great Chain of Being viewed as one of
the first theories in biology. The species form a
scale from simple to complex putting animals that
laid warm and wet creatures alive as the highest
form but evolution is not possible.

Hippocrates (460—c.370 BC) was Hippocrates about 400 B.C. started the science
regarded as the father of medicine of medicine and is known as the greatest
physician of antiquity. He stated that diseases
have natural causes and the body has the power
to repair itself. His name is always associated
with Hippocratic Oath, an oath traditionally taken
by newly graduated physicians to observe the
ethical standards of their profession, specifically
to seek to preserve life.
Archimedes (287-212 B.C.) Archimedes performs experiments which led him
to discover the laws of the lever and the pulley that
resulted in the invention of machines which could
easily moves loads. He calculated the value of pi,
which was a geometrical calculation that helped
determine the width, or circumference, of a circle.
He excelled in geometry, calculus, theoretical
mathematics, hydrostatics and displacement.

Theophrastus (371-287 BC) Theophrastus regarded as father of plant

science, wrote “History of Plants” in which he
describe the forms, behaviour, morphology, and
properties of some 500 food and medicinal
plants. Most outstanding botanist of the early
botany. He wrote “Causes of Plants” in which he
describe grafting methods, seeds, effect of
temperature upon plants, the relations of weather
to soil and the taste and perfumes of plants and
medicinal uses of plant.
Empedocles (490 BC–430 BC) He is known for his been his four-element theory
of matter. He stated the matter is basically
composed of four primary elements – earth, air,
fire, and water. This became one of the earliest
theories to have been postulated on particle
physics. He became the first person to give an
evolutionary account on the development of
species. (Adhikari, Top 10 Ancient Greek
Philosophers, 2019)

B.5 Ancient Persian Civilization (c. 550 BCE to c. 330 BCE); and second, that of
the Parthian and Sasanian empires (c. 140 BCE to c. 640 CE).

Science:
• Persian scientists contributed to the current understanding of nature, medicine,
mathematics, and philosophy.
• Persians made important contributions to algebra and chemistry.
• The Concept of Human Rights - The idea of human rights has its roots in
ancient Persia. The armies of Cyrus the Great, the first king of ancient Persia,
conquered the city of Babylon in 539 BC. Cyrus freed the slaves and gave
people the right to choose their own religion by establishing racial equality. This
declaration was recorded in a baked clay cylinder known as the Cyrus Cylinder. It
has been dubbed as the first declaration of human rights.

Technology
1.Qanat (Water Supply System) - Is an old
system of supplying water from deep wells via
a series of vertical access shafts. It is still a
reliable means of supplying water to human
settlements and for irrigation.
 2. Animation - Modern animation has taken a
great leap forward but its history dates back to
the Bronze Age in Persia. An earthenware
goblet discovered in the Burnt City in the Sistan
and Baluchestan province is believed to be
5,200 years old. The goblet depicts a series of
drawings of a goat jumping towards a tree and
eating its leaves. Sequential pictures similar to
the one on the goblet can be found throughout
medieval Islamic Persia.
3. Postal Service - There is reliable evidence that the first regular postal
system in the world began in ancient Iran. The service used a system of
messengers known as Chapaar in Persian wherein messengers carried the
mail on horseback and brought on relay stations that were close to one another
so that a horse could travel without rest or food. These relay stations were post
offices or post houses known as Chapaar-Khaneh and messengers stopped
there to pass their packets of mail to another messenger or to change their
horses.

4. Backgammon - A popular modern game,

that was first invented in Iran in around 3000
BC. It is one of the oldest surviving board
games. In the modern world, which is played
with two players and the playing pieces are
moved according to the roll of a dice. A
player wins if he/she is able to remove all of
their pieces from the board before their
opponent.

5. Persian rugs have always been a vital

part of the Persian culture. It has a wide
variety of designs, colors function and styles,
that makes it versatile and special. Made
from wool, silk and cotton, and dyes used to
create the coloring derived from plants, roots
and other natural substances.
 6. Yakhchal (Refrigerator) - is an ancient
evaporation cooler which has a two-fold
meaning: yakh means “ice” and chal means
“pit.” Using thick, heat-resistant construction
materials, the subterranean storage space
was insulated year-round. Cold air entered
the structure through the base and
subterranean space. The conical shape of
the structure allowed the remaining heat to
flow up and out which caused the inside of
the structure to remain cooler than the
outside environment. They were built from
water-resistant mortar called sarooj. The
mortar was composed of sand, clay, egg
whites, goat’s hair, and ash in certain
proportions to make it resistant to heat
transfer and water. The walls at the base of
the structures were at least two meters thick
and the main function of the structures was
to store ice, but it was also used to store
food. Ice was created in the winter and
stored in the yakhchal for the summer.
7. Battery - Made up of a ceramic pot, a
metal tube, and a rod of a different metal
were used to create the Baghdad Battery or
Parthian Battery. The battery was tested by
Western scientists was found contain vinegar
(or another electrolyte), that generated a
current of 1.5 to 2.0 volts.

8. Alphabets - The Old Persian language is written in Persian cuneiform, which was
developed in the Persian Achaemenid Empire under Darius I. Persian cuneiform is a
mixture of syllabic, alphabetic, and logogram symbols, giving it a unique place in the
history of the development of a true alphabet.
9. Sulfuric Acid - is one of the most famous Persian discoveries. Abu Bakr
Muhammad Ibn Jakarta al-Razi, a Persian astronomer, mathematician, and
geographer, was the first to discover sulphuric acid. This lay the basis for chemical
engineering in the modern field of chemistry. Today is used today in the manufacture
of fertilizers and detergents.
 10.Taxation System -system of state taxation already existed under Cyrus II, it was
not regulated and people who did not pay taxes had to deliver gifts to the ruling
people,

B.6 Ancient Roman Civilization (625BC- AD476)

Ancient Rome refers to the city of Rome, located in central Italy. The empire which
covered the entire Mediterranean basin and much of Western Europe.

Science:
• The Romans adopted the earlier Greek science and refined them for their own
purposes, such as in warfare, art, and theatre. Their first specialist architects and
doctors in the Roman world were often Greeks and these helped evolved the areas
such as architecture, engineering, and medicine, which eventually progress in their
sciences such as geometry, physics, and biology.
• They use different science concepts in Physics to produce effective torsion
catapults, biology to help improve agricultural yields, and mathematics and
geometry to build the most functional domes and arches.
• The Romans generally made their buildings much more intricately decorative and
invented a concrete which is light-weight enough for large domes and water-
resistant. They also built huge bath complexes with rooms of differing
temperatures and under-heated floors and pools, and multi-story residential
housing blocks for the poorer classes.
• In Astronomy, they adopted much of the knowledges what the Greeks and
Ptolemaic had achieved previously in the field of astronomy. Measuring time using
sundials did become more accurate in the Roman period. They associate the
movements of celestial bodies and the signs of the zodiac with the human
activities. Astrologists were consulted by emperors for decision and policy making
by looking up the position of the stars.
• The Romans are aware of the importance of climate, soil type, and land formation
in food production. They also practice crop rotation, pruning, grafting, seed
selection, drainage, irrigation, and manuring. This practice is applied in viticulture
or grape farming to make wine. They also created farming tools like wheeled
ploughs to prepare soil for planting, grinding mills to produce finer flour for bread-
making. Farmers also knew how to construct greenhouses and experimented with
genetic modifications such as crossing apples with pumpkins. Romans also have
skills in animal husbandry: sheep, cows, goats, poultry, and pigs were reared with
success. Their quality of wool is evidence that the Romans were as expert as any
animal breeders.
 • They are also good at preserving their food using all manner of techniques such
as smoking, salting, drying, curing, pickling in brine or vinegar, and storing in
honey.
• The Romans were great engineers. They build aqueducts into huge building
projects to bring water up to 100 km from its source. They also inverted siphons,
stopcocks, settling tanks, aerating cascades, and mesh filters. Tunnels were
constructed to provide more direct routes for aqueducts and roads, and excavated
with surveying precision to enter and exit a mountain at precisely the desired spot.
• Watermills harnessed water power from rivers using sophisticated systems of
wheels and gears and used the energy gained to drive mills for flour production,
for saws to cut marble, or as ore crushers in search of precious metals.
• Romans invented siege engines and artillery weapons. Their weapons fired bigger
missiles, further and more accurately, than had ever been seen before. The
mechanics of torsion machines was mastered, and they even devised ways to
disassemble their artillery to easily move it to another place where it could be
rebuilt and used again.
• They constructed Amphitheatres and circuses which fascinated the people such
as the use of mechanical devices to spice up public shows like replicating
thunderstorms and use of water organs to create sounds.
• The Romans applied mathematics to problems of architecture as well as
administrative tasks such as tax accounting and land surveys. In addition,
Pythagoras theorem remain part of the standard Roman education.
• They also used Roman number system such as : I = 1, V = 5, X = 10, L = 50, and
1,000 was represented by M, an abbreviation of milla/mille (thousand).
• Romans made to the field of medicine accessibility to ordinary citizens. Doctors
also gained valuable experience treating war-wounded and those injured in the
arena. Medicines were produced from using plants and herbs, which included the
use of morphine via extracted poppy juice. (Cartwright, 2016)

Technology
1. 1. Concrete - The ancient Romans
developed concrete more superior than
modern day concrete and more
environment friendly. Analysts discovered
that the cement contained volcanic rock
called tuff that can withstand chemical
decay. Such proofs are seen in many
ancient structures such as the Pantheon,
the Colosseum and the Roman Forum
Pantheon-temple for Roman gods having been standing for more than two
millennia
 Colosseum is a giant amphitheatre, an
open building with a center space for
recreation built in Rome used mainly for
gladiatorial contests, animal hunts,
executions, re-enactments of famous
battles and other kinds of spectacles. It
could accommodate up to 75.000
spectators.
Colossuem in Rome, Italy
2. Newspapers - Rome was the first empire
to establish a sophisticated system of
circulating written news which it published
the Acta Diurna which means: “Daily
Events.” It contains handwritten news
carved on stone or metal and presented in
message boards in public places. The
contents usually comprised of political
news, trials, military campaigns, executions,
major scandals, and other similar subjects.

3. Julian Calendar - Julius Caesar implemented a new reform, making the duration of
a solar year the basis for the calendar. He also instituted the 12 months of the year.
The calendar was named after Julius Caesar himself, and some Eastern orthodox
churches use it to calculate holidays even today. Its weakness miscalculated the solar
year by about 11 and a half minutes. This eventually led to the creation of the Gregorian
calendar and was adopted in 1582 AD.
Julian calendar is a solar calendar which was introduced in 45BC and used for 300
years until the adoption of Gregorian calendar in 1582. A solar calendar is based on
one revolution of the Earth around the sun.
 4. Surgery Tools and Techniques - Romans
invented surgical tools and techniques that
helped developed the fields of medicine and
surgery, which were influenced by the
ancient Greeks
They also invented procedures for cesarean
section, mastered medical innovations to
prevent blood loss in battle, that helped
saved thousands of lives. They also
invented tools like bronze scalpels, obstetric
hooks, bone drills, and forceps, and also the
rather frighteningly named vaginal
speculum.
Romans also introduced the earliest form of
antiseptic surgery that they dip medical tools
in hot water to disinfect them before surgery.
5. Roman Numerals were developed out of a need for a common method of counting
in communications and trade. It is a numeric system which uses a series or combination
of or letters, which represent numeric values as shown above.
6. Aqueducts are structures used to
transport water from rivers, springs, to
supply the city collected in large reservoirs.
The first Roman aqueducts were built
around 312 BC. The public baths,
fountains, toilets, and private villas could
then all tap into the network and access the
water. The aqueduct stands as a true
testament of ancient Roman engineering
and innovation.

7. Roads and Highways - One important

reason why ancient Rome is noted to have
a very effective administration of big empire
was its construction of one of the most
sophisticated systems of roads in ancient
times. This helped in expanding its empire,
transport of goods, movement of soldiers
and vital information. In a period of about
700 years, they built about 55,000 miles of
paved highways around the Mediterranean
basin and across Europe. Travel was
 efficient and fast, appropriate road signs
and mile markers were posted and roads
were well protected and patrolled.
8. Sewers and Sanitation - The ancient Rome practice best sewage and sanitation
management. They constructed public baths and toilets, and an interlinked sewage
lines found along sides of streets. Rome and other major cities had an extensive
network of aqueducts, sewers and drains that ran along the sides of the streets. Their
wastes are then flushed and dumped into the nearest river.
9. Grid-based cities ---The Romans adopted the ancient Indus grid-based
establishment of streets and settlement, They made a large scale rectangular layout
of streets in settlements. It was used in city planning for convenience, easy land
measurement and easy to navigate. This grid was an ideal structure to organize the
different components of a city such as housing, theaters, and stores into particular
blocks.
10. The arches became an essential
structure and design in the general
architecture model of the Romans. It was
the Romans who first found a way to set an
arch on top of two tall pedestals such that it
would create a walkway. Many bridges
were built upon these arches, and so were
the aqueducts, sewers, amphitheaters, and
even the great Colosseum. Roman arches
were later used in the Middle Ages in some
of the most magnificent cathedrals built in
history.

B.7 The ancient China civilization (c. 1600–221 BC)

Science:

• Astronomy – In Ancient China, it was believed that what is seen in the sky
directly reflected events on Earth like a comet in the sky it was interpreted that
something unexpected was about to happen like a major battle. The emperor’s
astronomer was responsible for producing the calendar each year (almanac). It
contained predictions of major events in the sky, which affirmed the emperors’
divine link to the heavens. The job of royal astronomer therefore carried both
huge responsibility for informing important political decisions and severe
penalties for mistakes.
• The Chinese alchemy was related closely to the holistic chinese traditional
medicine, and believing that minerals have healing qualities. They practice
traditional methods of using medicinal plants that could cure diseases and
restore health and longer life.
• The Chinese introduced various forms of sciences such as astronomy, physics,
chemistry, meteorology, and seismology. They have contributed various
inventions and technology.
• Chinese medicine, dates back over thousand years ago. Its practice believes in
the interaction between mind, body and environment. It uses one or a
combination of acupuncture, herbal medicine. massage (tui na), exercise
(qigong), and dietary therapy.
• Their contributions in mathematics include: the base ten number system and
abacus, a calculator that used sliding beads to help compute math problems
quickly.

Technology
The Kite 3,000 years ago flying machines/ kites - invented kites made of
silk and wood about 3,000 years ago, during the
Han dynasty. Kites were used by the military for
sending messages and for measuring
distances. Eventually, kites became popular for
pleasure and sports

clock puppet, giant water clock/ - The world's

first clock was invented by Yi Xing, a Buddhist
monk and mathematician of the Tang Dynasty.
The main reason for its creation was to help
Emperor Song who would be chosen to be his
heir to the throne thru an accurate time
mechanism to help identify the oldest son and
when he was born. This clock create a chiming
of a bell every hour and the sound of beating of
a drum every fifteen minutes.
Fans made of bamboo spines/ Initially created
from natural materials such as leaves of
eucalyptus and palm trees, it evolved into first
umbrellas made from silk and paper. They were
used for protection from sun and rain with a
special process of applying oil on its silk or
 paper surface to resist water. Silk umbrellas are
true works of art and their use is limited only to
wealthy merchants, noble families, and royals.
Porcelain and pottery - Pottery is a craft made
by heating soft clay at high temperatures to
make it into hard ceramics. They were used as
containers for storing liquids, grains and other
items. Porcelain is a ceramic material mixed
with kaolin and heating it to temperatures
between 1,200 and 1,400 °C. The product has
a high level of mechanical resistance, low
porosity and high density, Porcelain was used
to make pots, plates, snuff bottles and cups.
Magnetic compass/ It was used in Ancient
China during the Qin dynasty (221 BCE – 207
BCE). Chinese compasses were invented for
finding ones way or direction when traveling.
They were also used for aligning buildings with
directions (north, south, east or west) to
determine the good flow of energy for prosperity
and as a tool used in fortune telling.
Seed drill, iron plough, and wheelbarrows- A seed drill was invented in China
in the 2nd century BCE. It is a device that is used to plant seeds in proper position
in the soil and burying them to a specific depth, ensuring that the seeds are
covered by soil and prevent from being eaten by birds and saves time and labor.
Gunpowder and fireworks/ In search for a a medicine for long life, ancient
Chinese alchemists instead developed an explosive chemical, potassium nitrate or
gunpowder, which they eventually used as weapon against their enemies.
Silk made from the cocoons of silkworms/ The weaving of silk cloth was
invented by Lady Hsi-Ling-Shih, the wife of the mythical Yellow Emperor Leizu
about 3,000 BC. Silk fiber is produced by silkworms when they are making their
cocoons. Wearing silk was a status symbol that only member of the royal family to
wears them. Silk was even used as money during some Ancient Chinese
dynasties. It created a trade route to Europe called the Silk Road
Acupuncture - This practice helps prevent
and heal illness ,enhance the immune
system, improve creativity and enhance
the ability to enjoy life and work.
 In 132 AD, Chinese astronomer Zhang
Heng created a seismometer, a device
that detects the ground movements during
an earthquake; seismological detectors an
earthquake detecting tool called
seismoscope/ seismometer

Paper and printing - their early script

contained 80,000 different characters and
went on to invent books and had book
shops in every city
Printing press use for printing newspaper,
and help produce military maps.
The movable type printing was invented by
Movable Type Printing 960-1279 Bi Sheng and is easier to edit and create
AD copies
They develop Other inventions included umbrella, iron casting, hot air balloon,
matches, stirrups for riding horses, lacquer and paper money.
Assessment #1:

Name: _______________________________________ Section: _____________

Activity 1: Answer the following question accordingly.

1. Choose at least three (3) most relevant technologies that occurred in each
Ancient civilization? Justify your answer.
2. What is the difference between solar and lunar calendar?
3. Write down the Roman Numerical System 1-60
4. Illustrate the Julian Calendar
5. Identify structures that are designed with arches. Show some pictures of these
sites. Cite some advantages and disadvantages of such design.
6. Research on how to make a paper out of plant
Content #2:

Historical Antecedent of Science and Technology during Medieval Times

Medieval Times, Middle Ages, and Dark Ages are generally referring to the same
period of time from 500 to 1500 AD. That's 1000 years! It covers the time from the fall of
the Roman Empire to the rise of the Ottoman Empire. Europe experienced an intellectual
revitalization, especially with regard to the investigation of the natural world and major
technological advances.

The Medieval period saw major technological advances, including the invention of
vertical windmills, spectacles, mechanical clocks, greatly improved water mills, building
techniques like the Gothic style and three-field crop rotation.

Here are some of the famous inventions during medieval times:

Agricultural Innovations such as the heavy wheeled plough, three-field system,

horse collar, and stirrup, horseshoe were developed. Heavy wheeled plough was
important in cultivation of the rich, heavy, often wet soils of Northern Europe that
advanced their agricultural practices. Horse collar went through multiple evolutions from
the 6th to 9th centuries. It allowed more horse pulling power, such as with heavy ploughs
while Horseshoes let horses adapt to rocky terrain, mountains and carry heavier loads.
They may have been known to the Romans and Celts as early as 50 BC. Artesian well is
composed of a thin rod with a hard iron cutting edge is placed in a bore hole and
repeatedly struck with a hammer. Underground water pressure forces the water up the
hole without pumping. Artesian wells are named for Artois in France, where the first was
drilled by Carthusian monks in 1126. Wheelbarrow is used in construction, mining, and
farming for carrying materials into and out of the place. Wheelbarrows appeared in stories
and pictures between 1170 and 1250 in North-western Europe.

Military technologies include: Counterweight

trebuchet is a revolutionized medieval siege weapons
which uses counterweights and hurling huge stones to
very long distance. It was first used in the eastern
Mediterranean basin. The Longbow and steel crossbow
were powerful, accurate and contributed to the eventual
demise of the medieval knight class.
 Complete Full plate armour appeared by the end of the 14th
century for body protection and the skills involved in working
metal. The armour chain mail was made from thousands of
metal rings and the armour was a long cloak called a hauberk.
Plate armour is considered the best in personal armour in terms
of body protection and the skills involved in working metal.

Other inventions during this include : Blast furnace or

cast iron first appears in Middle Europe around 1150, is a block that smelts ores and
metals armor; Hourglass was made with a dependable, affordable and accurate measure
of time; Mechanical clocks is a European innovation, these weight-driven clocks were
used primarily in clock towers; Vertical windmills is a pivot able post mill efficient at
grinding grain or draining water; Spectacles is composed of convex lenses to help far-
sighted people to see; Chess it is said that the earliest predecessors of the game
originated in 6th century AD is India and spread through Persia and Europe; Oil paint was
invented by Flemish painter Jan van Eyck around 1410 who introduced a stable oil
mixture. Oil was used to add details to tempera paintings; tide mill is a special type of
water mill driven by tidal rise and fall.

spinning wheel was probably invented in India, though its

origins are ambiguous it replaced the earlier method of hand
spinning, in which the individual fibres were drawn out of a
mass of wool held on a stick, or distaff, twisted together to
form a continuous strand, and wound on a second stick, or
spindle.

By 1000s, first universities created – they trained middle class in the cities in
theology, medicine, and law. By 1100s, modern universities emerge throughout Western
Europe such as Oxford and Cambridge in England.

In the 14th century, Crisis of the Late Middle Ages was underway. When the Black
Death came, it wiped out so many lives it affected the entire system. It brought a sudden
end to the previous period of massive scientific change. The plague killed 25–50% of the
people in Europe, especially in the crowded condition of the towns, where the heart of
innovations lay. Quarantine technique was established, initially a 40-day-period, the
Quarantine was introduced by the Republic of Ragusa to prevent the spreading of
diseases like the Black Death. Venice began quarantines, then the practice spread
around in Europe.
Historical Antecedent of Science and Technology during Renaissance Times
The Renaissance was a time of creativity and rebirth of cultural and intellectual
pursuits centered in Italy during 1300s before spreading throughout Europe. The
Renaissance produced a golden age with great advances in art, literature, science,
geography, astronomy, chemistry, physics, mathematics, manufacturing, anatomy and
engineering, but most importantly, it produced a new concept of how people thought of
themselves, each other, and the world around them.

The most important technological innovation of the time was the invention of
the printing press by Johann Gutenberg, it began printing the Bible in everyday language.
This invention led to a higher literacy rate among people, and helped with the spread of
Renaissance ideas which gave birth to the invention of newspaper.

Some important Renaissance technologies

include both innovations and improvements on existing
techniques and branches of science: mining and
metallurgy: blast furnace, finery forge, slitting mill,
arquebus, firearms, musket; the inventions of nautical
compass, mariner's astrolabe, dry dock and floating
dock; Alchemy refers to the transformation of other base
substances such sulphur or copper into gold and to
discover a cure for disease and a way of extending
Arquebus firearm life.

In Medicine with an increase in experimental

investigation, principally in the field of dissection and
body examination, thus advancing the knowledge of
human anatomy; Andreas Vesalius, who described the
anatomy of the brain and other organs thus give birth to
Neurology; William Harvey provided a refined and
complete description of the circulatory system; and few
effective drugs existed, beyond opium and quinine.

Historical Antecedent of Science and Technology during Scientific Revolution

The scientific revolution was the appearance of modern science during the early
modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology
and chemistry took place during the 16th and 17th centuries which transformed views of
society and nature. The scientific revolution began in Europe towards the end of
the Renaissance period, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the
Enlightenment or Age of reason.
 There were revolutionary developments occurred, using scientific method sought
to investigate or answers certain questions implied in the framework of certain theories.
Using experiment and observation to uncover phenomenon, discover new ideas, new
inventions and began to prove inadequate old beliefs or theories. Systematic
experimentation was slowly accepted by the scientific community.

Scientific revolution leads to inventions of microscope,

barometer, thermometer, and telescope. These instruments
helped in the creation of new intellectual knowledge such as:
magnetism, electricity, Heliocentric theory, elliptical orbit of
celestial body, discovery of planets and moons.

The Scientific Revolution gave emphasis on the following theories:

1. Heliocentric theory of Nicolaus Copernicus
2. Keplers’ theory of planetary motion: The planets travel around the Sun in
elliptical orbits, one focus of the ellipse being occupied by the Sun;
A planet moves in its orbit in such a manner that a line drawn from the planet to
the Sun always sweeps out equal areas in equal times; The square of the period
in which a planet orbits the Sun is proportional to the cube of its mean distance
from the Sun.
3. There are innumerable stars invisible to the naked eye, sunspots, phases of
Venus and Moons of Jupiter (Galileo)
4. Observation of minute living things that cannot be seen by naked eye.
(Leeuwenhoek)
5. Newtons Law of motion: The Law of Inertia states that if the vector sum of the
forces acting on an object is zero, then the object will remain at rest or remain
moving at constant velocity ; The Law of acceleration - states that a net force on
an object will accelerate it—that is, change its velocity. The acceleration will be
proportional to the magnitude of the force and in the same direction as the force;
The law of Interaction - states that an object experiences a force because it is
interacting with some other object. The force that object 1 exerts on object 2
must be of the same magnitude but in the opposite direction as the force that
object 2 exerts on object

Historical Antecedent of Science and Technology during the Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution was the transition to new technological processes in Europe-
Great Britain and United States that took place during 1750-1900. It is a historical period
where the pace of change and innovation appeared to speed up and the merger of
technology with industry occurred. This acceleration in the processes of technical
innovation brought about an array of new tools and machines. An outstanding feature of
the Industrial Revolution has been the advance in power technology. It has been said that
the Industrial Revolution was the most profound revolution in human history, because of
its sweeping impact on people’s daily lives.

The following are some key inventions and innovations served to shape virtually
every existing sector of human activity along industrial lines:
• Energy and the power of wind and water - during the early period of the Industrial
Revolution, most industrial power was supplied by water and wind using
waterwheel, windmills and water turbine. Water power was a more popular energy
source for grinding grain and other types of mill work in most of preindustrial
Europe.

• Steam power or Steam engine was first installed

for purpose of pumping water out of coal mines but
now high - pressure engine had a high power making
it suitable for transportation. A Watt steam engine
became widely used in Great Britain during the
Industrial Revolution.

• The discovery of Petroleum and natural gases enhanced internal-combustion

engine lay in the need for a light locomotive engine.
• The internal combustion engine - the combustion of a fuel releases a high-
temperature gas, which, as it expands, applies a force to a piston, moving it. Thus,
combustion engines convert chemical energy into mechanical work. The engine
steered in the Industrial Age which enabled the invention of a huge variety of
machines, including modern cars and aircraft.
• The development of electricity as a source of power preceded this conjunction with
steam power late in the 19th century.

• Agriculture technology such as seed drill and

plough, crop rotation system and animal husbandry
bring about a substantial increase in agricultural
productivity capable of feeding a rapidly growing
population with improved nutrition.

• Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of

employment, especially in the production of fabrics and cotton. The boom in
productivity began with a few technical devices, including the spinning jenny,
 spinning mule, power loom, and cotton gin. Steam power was applied to operate
these machines and other specialized equipment.
• In order to be efficient in delivering agricultural products, overland roads were
improved, canals were dug to create maritime corridors between existing
waterways and railroads were constructed. Wagon, automobile, rail transit and the
early airplane were manufactured.
• Manufacturing of chemicals such as sulphuric acid used for pickling (removing
rust) iron and steel, explosives, bleaching solutions, sodium carbonate, solvents,
fertilizers, and medicines, including pharmaceuticals were established.
• Metallurgy: A major change in the metal industries during the era of the Industrial
Revolution was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with coal. For a given
amount of heat, coal required much less labor to mine than cutting wood and
converting it to charcoal, and coal was more abundant than wood.
• Invention of cement by heating mixture of clay and limestone to about 1,400 °C,
which is then mixed with water, sand and gravel to produce concrete. Cement was
used on a large scale in the construction.
• A new method of producing glass, known as the cylinder process use to make
window pane glass and plate glass.
• The discovery of the atomic nucleus (1911) and of numerous subatomic particles
in addition to the electron opened up the broad field of atomic and nuclear physics.
• The development of biochemistry and the recognition that most important
biological processes take place at the molecular level led to the rapid growth of the
field of molecular biology, with such fundamental results as the discovery of the
structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the molecule carrying the genetic code.
• Modern medicine has profited from this explosion of knowledge in biology and
biochemistry, with new methods of treatment ranging from penicillin, insulin, and a
vast array of other drugs to pacemakers for weak hearts and implantation of
artificial or donated organs.
• In astronomy ever larger telescopes have assisted in the discovery that the sun is
a rather ordinary star in a huge collection of stars, the Milky Way. Through space
travel astronomers were able to study and discover the nature of the universe
beyond Earth. The space age began with the launch of the first artificial satellites
in 1957. A human first went into space in 1961. Since then cosmonauts and
astronauts have ventured into space for further study of the universe.

Science and Technology in the 20th century

There are heaps of developments of science and technology during this
century and it keeps on upgrading. The following are some of the remarkable invention
that had major impact on human being:

• The electronics industry, born in the early 20th century has advanced to the point
where a complex device like computer before it could fill an entire room but now
be carried in an attaché case. The electronic computer has become one of the key
tools of modern industry. Computer is an electronic machine that accepts
information, stores it, processes it according to the instructions provided by a user
 and then returns the result. Electronics has also been fundamental in developing
new communications devices such as radio, television, or laser.
• An airplane was invented by Wright brothers, Wilbur and Orville. It is a powered
fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or propeller.
Commercial airlines are a massive industry involving the flying of tens of thousands
of passengers daily. The extensive uses of airplanes include recreation,
transportation of goods and people, military, and research.
• The Internet was the work of dozens of pioneering scientists, programmers and
engineers who each developed new features and technologies that eventually
merged to become the “information superhighway” we know today.
• Optic fiber is used by many telecommunications companies to transmit telephone
signals, Internet communication, and cable television signals. Today, Optic fiber is
present in virtually every nation on the Earth, forming the absolute strength of the
modern communications infrastructure.
• Air Conditioning system - in 1902, an engineer from New York named Willis
Carrier invented the first modern air-conditioning system, which sent air through
water-cooled coils, it was designed to control humidity. In 1922, he followed up
with the invention of the centrifugal chiller. Carrier's innovation shaped 20th-century
America.
• 3D Metal Printing is one of the advances in the technology that provide instant
metal fabrication. This innovation enables the ability to create large, intricate metal
structures on demand and therefore could revolutionize manufacturing.
• Genetic engineering or genetic modification is a process of modifying the genetic
material of a certain organism by inserting new gene into the organism and the
resulting new organism is called genetically modified organism (GMO) that shows
changes in it according to the gene’s function in the body. GMOs are produced
using recombinant DNA technology and cloning technology.
• Artificial Embryos are made from stem cells alone without using egg or sperm cells.
It is a breakthrough that will open new possibilities for understanding how life
comes into existence – but clearly also raises vital ethical and even philosophical
problems.
Assessment #2:

Name: _______________________________________ Section: _____________

Activity 2: Answer the following question accordingly

1. Make a time line of the development and upgrading of the following:

a. Electric fan
b. Car
c. Ship
d. telephone
e. Clothing/textile

2. What is the most remarkable technology that was developed during:

a. Middle Ages
b. Renaissance
c. Scientific revolution
d. Industrial revolution
Justify your answer.
Name: _______________________________________ Section: _____________

Activity 3: View the video in YouTube using the link below:

Timeline of world history
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=__BaaMfiD0Q

Answer the following guide questions based from the facts discussed in the video.
Choose the letter of the correct answer found in the table.

A STONE AGE I BCE /BEFORE Q EUROPE

COMMON ERA
B MIDDLE AGE J 3300BCE/ R ASIA
CLASSICAL/ANCIENT
TIME
C CLASSICAL/ANCIENT K SUMER S PACIFIC ISLANDS
TIME
D MODERN AGE L EGYPT T ROMAN EMPIRE
E INDUSTRIAL M INDUS VALLEY U BUBONIC
REVOLUTION
F TECHNOLOGICAL N IRON AGE V TRUE
REVOLUTION
G BEFORE CHRIST /BC O AMERICA W CLIMATE CHANGE
H ANNO DOMINI /IN THE P AFRICA X PANDEMIC
YEAR OF THE LORD /AD

1. Human history is divided into six divisions which are:: S_ _ _ _ Age, C_ _ _ _ _

_ _ _ Age, M _ _ _ _ _ Age, M_ _ _ _ _ Age, I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Revolution, , T_
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Revolution
2. Historical period when there are no written documents about their life.____
3. For Christians the year before the birth of Jesus Christ is known as ____.
4. For Christians the year after the birth of Jesus Christ is called _____
5. For Non christians the year before the birth of Jesus Christ is called _____
6. The starting point or year of human history with written documents._____
7. Three ancient or classical civilizations that introduced the first writing
systems.____

8. What is the name of the stone age period before the classical / ancient
civilization?_____
9. The horizontal scale of the map in the video showed the five divisions of the
world. What countries are they? _______

10. Middle Age period is called such because it happened between _____ age and
_____ age.

11. Middle Age is known for the fall of the western __________________ by being
attacked by barbarians and the occurrence of the deadly disease called ______.

12. The fall of western roman empire did not affect the eastern roman Empire and
other surrounding civilizations. TRUE or False?

13. 13. Based from the video, we are now in the _______ age which evolved into
industrial revolution, and _____ revolution

14. 14.The end of a historical period according to the narrator is based on _____ and
_______
Name: ____________________________________ Section: _____________

Activity 4: IDENTIFY what branch of science are the following descriptions related to.
Write: Mathematics, Astronomy, Astrology, Architecture, Agriculture, Medicine,
Engineering, Social science, Chemistry, Seismology

_________________1. Computing land areas and tax payments.

_________________2, Irrigation and domestication of plants and animals’
_________________3. Construction of ziggurats as temples.
_________________4. Study of the movement of celestial bodies in order to create an
accurate calendar.
_________________5. Enacting strict laws to discourage the commission of crimes.
_________________6. Mummification
_________________7. Sexagesimal system
_________________8. Cuneiform
_________________9. Democracy, form of government where leaders are chosen
through election process.
_________________10. Olympics
_________________11. Theatre/ Colosseum
_________________12. Water clock
_________________13. Lever/simple machines
_________________14. Catapult
_________________15. Qanat
_________________16. Sulfuric acid for making fertilizer
_________________17. Study of the positions of the stars and their effects to human
activities and use in predicting events
_________________18. Grid based cities
_________________19. Pure gold makes humans immortal.
_________________20. Seismometer detects the location of earthquakes.
References:

Adhikari, S. (2019, May 16). Ancient History Lists. Retrieved from

www.ancienthistorylists.com/egypt-history/top-10-inventions-discoveries-ancient-
egypt/: https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/egypt-history/top-10-inventions-
discoveries-ancient-egypt/
Adhikari, S. (2019, June 25). Top 10 Ancient Greek Philosophers. Retrieved from
www.ancienthistoryl: https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/greek-history/top-10-
ancient-greek-philosophers/
Adhikari, S. (2019, March 18). Top 10 Inventions and Discoveries of Persian Civilization.
Retrieved from www.ancienthistorylists.com:
https://www.ancienthistorylists.com/mesopotamia-history/top-10-inventions-of-
persian-civilizations/
KIGER, P. J. (2020). History. Retrieved from /www.history.com/news/sumerians-
inventions-mesopotamia: https://www.history.com/news/sumerians-inventions-
mesopotamia
Vyas, K. (2019, May 09). 11 Greek Inventions That Changed the World for Good.
Retrieved from interesting engineering.com: The catapult was introduced in
Greece by Dionysius the Elder of Syracuse in 399 BC. This is a device that assists
in throwing heavy objects or arrows over a large distance; hence, ballista – a type
of catapult was used as a major weapon of warfare for ove
WIKIPEdia. (2020, JUne 27). List of Greek inventions and discoveries. Retrieved from
en.wikipedia.org:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_inventions_and_discoveries

Adhikari, Top 10 Ancient Roman Inventions, 2019

Aldea K., Caronan H., & Candido B. Science, technology and Society, 2018
Cartwright, Roman Science, 2016
Industrial Revolution and Technology | National Geographic Society
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1L5Pt4BLeos
https://interestingengineering.com/11-greek-inventions-that-changed-the-world-for-
goodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution#Industrial_machines
https://www.britannica.com/science/Scientific-Revolution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution
https://www.britannica.com/technology/...technology/The-Industrial- Revolution-1750-
1900
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/.../industrial-revolution-and-technology/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution
www.ancient.eu
www.ancienthistory.com
www.chinese-chamber.gr
www.history.com
www.newworldencyclopedia.com
www.realmofhistory.com
www.sciencedaily.com
 Module # 2 Intellectual Revolution

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the topic, the student will,

1. Grasp simple behaviors by which humanity is changed by science and technology.

2. Analyze how intellectual revolution is done in various parts of the world like in the
framework of Latin America, East Asia, Middle East, and Africa.
3. Embrace to the rapid changes of Science and Technology in Intellectual
Revolution.

Introduction:

Intellectual Revolution refer to a Greek assumption about the nature in the pre-
Socratic era randomly happened in about 600 to 400 BCE to displayed how the
civilizations changed by Science and Technology.
Critical thinking, Uniqueness, Passion to discover, Interest, and Desire to know are
major traits of each and every one humankind must have to adopt gracefully in the
enormous and rapid changing moments in Intellectual Revolution. Many Centuries ago,
there are numerous thinkers and writers developed and expressed new ideas which had
given a significant effect in our modern world and replacing the Greek view that had
dominated Science and Technology for almost 2000 years. This enormous and rapid
intellectual revolution were supported by the members of the privileged classes, the
nobility, the higher clergy, and the wealthy and cultured middle class in the A.D. period.

Intellectual Revolution became an autonomous discipline and came to be

regarded as having utilitarian goals by the people as of today bringing about the re-
education of common sense in favor of abstract reasoning, the substitution of a
quantitative for a qualitative view of nature, the view of nature as a machine rather than
as an organism, and the development of an experimental and scientific method that
sought definite answers to certain different questions imbedded in the context of specific
theories and also the acceptance of new principles for explanations.
Content:

The following below are the three (3) known philosophers intellectual revolution that
drastically change the mind-set of the societies then and stress-free explained the
behaviours by which the societies is changed by science and technology.

1. COPERNICAN (1473-1543) this caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and
sun were positioned in the space. It is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model that
earth is the center of the solar system and proved the heliocentric model that Sun
is the center of the solar system having the earth revolving around it.

2. DARWINIAN (1809-1882) this revolution provided a different than the "theory of

Creation". The Darwinian revolution started when Charles Darwin published his
book "The Origin of Species (1859)" that emphasizes that humans are the result
of an evolution and “The Descent of Man (1871)” that introduce the idea of all
biological life under the kingdom of revolutionary thinking.

3. FREUDIAN (1856-1939) This includes the "Freudian Theory of Personality" that

involves the human development contributes to his/her personality and also his
"psychoanalysis" that is the process for achieving proper functioning if a human
does not complete his/her developmental stage. Literature, Visual arts, and Music
are pieces on effects of Freudian revolution.

The following below are the various places in the world that set the foundation of the early
development of Science and Technology in which it touches the societies and then
eventually spread thoroughly too some others various parts of the continents.

MESO-AMERICAN- It includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico
up to the border of South America. The revolution itself taught the humanity about
freedom and independent nationhood along with improvement of living that brought by
changes.

1. Mayan Civilizations that contributes to the predictions of eclipses, Use

astrological cycles in planting and harvesting, concept of zero, Mayan

2
 hieroglyphics, and incorporation of astronomy in temples or religious
structure.

2. Inca Civilizations contributes Irrigation system for storing water for their
crops to grow in all types of land, first suspension bridge and buildings that
concreted of stones that overcome earthquakes and other disasters, and
Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can
interpret.

3. Aztec Civilization contributes Chocolates, chinampa technology invention of

canoe, mandated children to get education, and antispasmodic medication.

EAST ASIA - The biggest continent in the world, Considered as the home of many ancient
civilization, the host of many cultural, economic, scientific, and political activities of all
ages. This includes the following counties below;

1. India Civilizations - A huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water

and fortified by huge mountains in its northern boarders and best known
for manufacturing of iron and in metallurgical works. They contribute
system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500
BC known as Ayurveda, astronomy which includes 360 days with 12 equal
parts of 30 days, Math in which it includes Mohenjo-Daro ruler
(Standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and a
designed ruler), Introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables,
and techniques as well as algorithms of algebra. trigonometry known as
Aryabhata, gravity as a force of attractions, and mathematical analysis.

2. China Civilizations contributes Traditional Medicine known as

acupuncture, making of gun powder, compass, paper and printing tools,
and Astronomy which includes heavenly bodies and lunar calendars.

MIDDLE EAST are dominantly occupied by Muslims and they putted greater value on
science experiments by following the rise of Islam in the seventh century, science and

3
technology flourished in the Islamic world to a far greater extent than in the West. Muslim
rulers promoted the translation of Greek philosophy and science, and then encouraged
further scientific exploration in numerous fields including mathematics, astronomy,
medicine, pharmacology, optics, chemistry, and physics. Much of the knowledge
developed by the Muslims and transmitted to the Europeans enabled Europe to emerge
from the Dark Ages into the Renaissance (Saliba 2011). That this contributes to the
development and growth of individual nationalism and imperialism for the efforts to
westernize and modernize Middle Eastern societies, and to push the declining power of
the Ottoman Empire in the Arab region.

AFRICA – This is the birthplace of humanity whether it is Multiregional or Monoregional

theories of human origin points, the evidence so far implies that the first humans in the
world (Homo sapiens) emerged in Africa about 200,000 years ago and migrated to the
various continents much later-perhaps as recent as 45,000 years ago, in the case of
migration to Europe and confirm this to date by several molecular biologists and
paleontologists. They contributed in the development of Math as was the first method of
counting, Division and Multiplication of fraction, and geometric formulas to calculate the
area and volume of shapes. Astronomy as they build a structure known as the African
Stonehenge (constructed around 300 B.C.) was a remarkably accurate calendar.
Metallurgy and tools which includes steam engine, metal chisels and saws, copper and
iron tools and weapons, with this Advances in Tanzania, Rwanda and Uganda between
1,500 and 2,000 years ago surpassed those of Europeans then and were amazing to
Europeans when they learned of them. Architecture and engineering contributed vastly
to achievements of the Egyptians in raising about uniquely 80 pyramids with the largest
of the pyramids covers 13 acres and is made of 2.25 million blocks of stone. Medicine as
some of these practices were the use of plants with salicylic acid for pain (as in aspirin),
kaolin for diarrhea (as in Kaopectate), and extracts that were confirmed in the 20th
century to kill Gram positive bacteria. Medical procedures performed in ancient Africa
before they were performed in Europe include vaccination, autopsy, limb traction and
broken bone setting, bullet removal, brain surgery, skin grafting, filling of dental cavities,
installation of false teeth, what is now known as Caesarean section, anesthesia and tissue
cauterization. The revolution itself taught their people about freedom and independent to

4
 fight against colonialism and imperialism along with the improvement of their living that
brought about by changes.

Activity (28 points)

Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. Discuss (at
least four) the impact of Intellectual Revolution in various places in Science and
Technology to the society given in the table. Put your BEST ANSWER in the spaces
provided for and use black ball pen only. Strictly NO erasure and Strictly NO
superimposition. No occurring points to those violate the directions.

Mayan

Inca

Aztec

China

India

Middle East

5
Africa

Assessment:

I. Multiple Choice (10 points)

Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. Put your
BEST ANSWER in capital letter before the number and use black ball pen only. Strictly
NO erasure and Strictly NO superimposition. No occurring points to those violates the
directions.
1. What is Intellectual Revolutions in Greek speculations in the period of pre-
Socratic?
A. Non-theological
B. Nature
C. First philosophy
D. 600-400 BCE

2. The following below are the characteristics of individual societies must have to
adopt easily in the drastic changes of Science and Technology except.
A. Critical thinking
B. Interest
C. Mamaya na Ma Pa
D. Passion to discover

3. Who among the following members of the society supported the changes in
Science and Technology to a more rapid intellectual revolution during in the A.D.
period?
A. Ministry
B. Nomad
C. Lower class
D. Helpers

4. What is the systematically goal of Intellectual Revolution to the Society?

A. Utilitarian
B. Practical
C. Applied

6
 D. Aota

5. The main goals of Intellectual revolution are _______ except.

A. Re-education of common sense in favor of abstract reasoning
B. Substitution of a quantitative for a qualitative view of nature
C. Sought definite answers to certain different questions
D. Nota

6. Which of the following are not part of Intellectual Revolution that drastically
changed the societies by Science and Technology?
A. Copernican Revolution
B. Meso-American Revolution
C. Freudian Revolution
D. Darwinian Revolution

7. It is Intellectual Revolution happened about 1473-1543 that rejected the idea that
the earth is the center of the solar system (geocentric model).
A. Meso-American Revolution
B. Copernican Revolution
C. Freudian Revolution
D. Darwinian Revolution

8. It is Intellectual Revolution that is about the theory of creation. When is this

Darwinian revolution happened?
A. Charles Darwin Published his books
B. 1809-1882
C. 1859
D. 1871

9. What is Freudian revolution all about?

A. It involves the human development that contributes to his/her personality.
B. It is About psychoanalysis
C. It involves a process for achieving proper functioning of human
D. All of the Above (AOTA)

10. What is Science and Technology?

A. Counterfeit and Liability
B. False and Untruth
C. Same and Opposite
D. None of the above (NOTA)

7
II. Matching type (10 points)
Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. Match
Column A with Column B with your corresponding answer and Use black ball pen only.
Strictly NO erasure and Strictly NO superimposition. No occurring points to those
violate the directions.

Column A Column B
1. Beirut Lebanon A. Includes the entire area of Central
2. AFRICA America from Southern Mexico up to
3. EAST ASIA the border of South America.
4. MIDDLE EAST B. Birthplace of humanity.
5. Mayan Civilization C. Dominantly occupied by Muslims.
6. China Civilization D. The biggest continent in the world.
7. MESO-AMERICAN E. EAST ASIA
F. MIDDLE EAST
8. Ayurveda
G. Use astrological cycles in planting and
9. Aztec Civilization
harvesting.
10. Inca Civilizations H. Irrigation system for storing water for
their crops to grow in all types of land.
I. Mandated children to get education.
J. Traditional Medicine

8
III. Essay (20 points)

Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. Explain
the following questions below in your own understanding and site substances in this
particular module topic only to support your answer about 45-50 words answer
requirement. Choose only two (2) question to answer base in your capability. Use
black ball pen only. Strictly NO erasure and Strictly NO superimposition. No occurring
points to those violate the directions. Ten (10) points each only regardless of
answering all five (5) questions.

1. What is the impact of Science and Technology to yourself during pre-Socratic

period?
2. What is the impact of Science and Technology to yourself in different known three
(3) philosophers’ perspective about Intellectual Revolution?
3. Of all the mentioned places in this specific module topic, what particular places do
you think you can live the most to embrace Science and Technology?
4. If you will be given a chance to change by comparing Science and Technology
today from then, what would it be and why?
5. As of this time, what is your realization of life about Science and Technology that
you have right now as you compare and contrast lessons that you have learned
from this particular module topic amidst covid-19 pandemic?

9
References:

Brainly.ph - https://brainly.ph/question/1623302#readmore
http://www.africahistory.net/afrihist.htm
Kresge, N. “A history of black scientists” ASBMB Today. February 2011.
Van Sertima, I. “The Lost Sciences of Africa: An Overview.” Blacks in Science: Ancient
and Modern. 7–26 (1983).
Woods, G. Science in Ancient Egypt (1988).
Zaslavsky, C. “The Yoruba Number System.” Blacks in Science: Ancient and
Modern. 110–127 (1983).
Lynch, B. M. & Robbins, L. H. "Namoratunga: The First Archeoastronomical Evidence in
Sub-Saharan Afraica." Science 4343, 766–768 (1978).
Adams, H. “African Observers of the Universe: The Sirius Question.” Blacks in Science:
Ancient and Modern. 27–46 (1983).
Brooks, L. African Achievements: Leaders, Civilizations and Cultures of Ancient
Africa. (1971).
Shore, D. “Steel-Making in Ancient Africa.” Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern. 157
– 162 (1983).
Asante, M. et al. “Great Zimbabwe: An Ancient African City-State.” Blacks in Science:
Ancient and Modern. 84–91 (1983).
Saliba, George. 2011. Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance.
Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.

10
 Module # 3 Science and Technology and Nation Building

Lesson 1: The Philippine Government Science and Technology Agenda

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, student should be able to:

1. Determine the Philippine Government Science and Technology Agenda (PGTSA);

2. Explain the importance of PGTSA and its impact to society.

Introduction:

The efficiency and productivity of the agricultural, industrial and service sectors will be
improved by 2022, according to the National Economic and Development Authority.
Creation and improvement of new public goods and services (or how services are
delivered). This will be done through Science, Technology and Innovation (STI)
maximization and adoption.

This lesson begins with a question about the students ' ideas on the PGTSA. Socratic
Method will be used to recite ideas related to the Science and Technology Agenda.

Content:

It is not possible to underestimate the importance of science and technology in a given

society. It is a well-known fact that without advancing in science and technology, no nation
can develop. In every sector of a society, science and technology are essential tools. A
nation that lacks science and technology will rely forever on those who claim to be the
guardians of scientific and technological knowledge.
The Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

The Department of Science and Technology

(DOST) is the executive department of the
Philippine Government responsible for the
coordination of science and technology-
related projects in the Philippines and to
formulate policies and projects in the fields
of science and technology in support of
national development. It was formed as the
National Science Development Board in
The Department Of Science And Technology (DOST) compound is
June 13, 1958, during the administration of located at Gen. Santos Ave., Bicutan, Taguig

President Carlos P. Garcia (1896-1971). The science body was formed as a result of a
law passed in the Congress upon the recommendation of Dr. Frank Co Tui, who was
tasked by Garcia to conduct a survey regarding the state of science and technology in
the country. It was reorganized as the National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA)
in March 17, 1981 and was given broader policy-making and program implementing
functions. In January 30, 1987, during the administration of President Corazon Aquino,
the NSTA was elevated to cabinet-level status with the signing of Executive Order 128,
and was renamed as the Department of Science and Technology.

The following are the functions of DOST

1. Formulate and adopt a comprehensive National Science and Technology Plan, and
monitor and coordinate its funding and implementation;

2. Promote, assist and, where appropriate, undertake scientific and technological

research and development in areas identified as vital to the country's development;

3. Promote the development of indigenous technology and the adaptation and

innovation of suitable imported technology, and in this regard, undertake
technology development up to commercial stage;

4. Undertake design and engineering works to complement research and

development functions;

2
5. Promote, assist and, where appropriate, undertake the transfer of the results of
scientific and technological research and development to their end-users;

6. Promote, assist and, where appropriate, undertake the technological services

needed by agriculture, industry, transport, and the general public;

7. Develop and maintain an information system and databank on science and

technology;

8. Develop and implement programs for strengthening scientific and technological

capabilities through manpower training, infrastructure and institution-building;

9. Promote public consciousness in science and technology; and

10. Undertake policy research, technology assessment, feasibility and technical

studies.

SCIENTIST AS KEY PLAYERS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

Scientists and technologists are the key players in a country's quest for industrialization.
They are the lifeblood of research, innovation and have important roles in the industry
and the manufacturing sector. Together with their roles in nation-building, scientists, too,
have a responsibility to advocate for the betterment of Science &Technology in their
countries. For the Philippines, it is important that scientists and technologists themselves
be aware of the status of science and technology in the country and to advocate for its
improvement.

THE PHILIPPINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENDA

Science and technology help us understand nature and the world, and enables us to lead
full lives through new and innovative means. It therefore requires that we as Filipinos
expand our science and technology base to enable us to compete in an integrated
ASEAN. With the help of science, we have invented the saltwater lamp, the salamander
tricycle and the Diwata 1 microsatellite.

However, we need to have a stronger Research and Development in the regions, not just
Manila. We need to expand research and development initiatives by providing more grant

3
support for Research and Development through the DOSTs such as Philippine Council
for Industry, Energy Technology Research and Development (PCIERD), Philippine
Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development
(PCAARRD) and Advanced Science and Technology Institute (ASTI) in cooperation with
universities in the regions. The science initiative must be distributed to the regions
especially those where food production needs to be improved, industry needs to grow
and where innovation needs to be developed. This is critical in light of climate change
and expensive electricity and the need to disperse industry and economic activities.

We need to improve the following:

1. Renewable energy. We need new technologies to enable high electricity yields in

limited space with less dependence on natural resources.
2. Science and Technology for industry development. We need stronger participation
of our scientists and engineers if we want to revitalize our basic industries such as
the steel industry.
3. Faster and cheaper internet. The Philippines have Asia’s slowest internet, yet our
archipelago needs it bridge gaps and build networks.
4. Increased food production. We need to expand yields while increasing quality of
output and being less dependent on foreign inputs like fertilizers.
5. Climate change adaptation. We need cutting edge technology to enable our
farmers to adapt to changing climates and the need to do away with technologies
that destroy the capacity for good healthful yields.

Thus, we need have more research grants through the DOST and its sectoral planning
councils and institutes. We need to strengthen the Balik - Scientist Program and
retention program for current young scientists- our young scientists must be engaged
through actual research projects. Many of our scientists and engineers are OFWs who
support our candidacy. We need their help to uplift our country’s technology and we
hope they come back. We need Science and Technology cooperation within ASEAN
especially on the space program and climate change adaptation. Lastly, there is a
need for strong cooperation between industry and the science community by involving

4
 them in the sectoral planning councils. DOSTs programs for Small and Medium
Enterprises (SMEs), such as Small Enterprises Technology Upgrading program (SET
- Up) need to be replicated further.

THE AMBISYON NATIN 2040

AmBisyon Natin 2040 is a collective long-term vision and aspirations of the Filipino people
in the next 25 years that describe the kind of life that people want to live, and how the
country will be by 2040. According to our AmBisyon Natin, by 2040, Filipinos shall enjoy
a strongly rooted, comfortable, and secure life. Matatag, Maginhawa at Panatag na
Buhay. The Philippines shall be a country where all citizens are free from hunger and
poverty, have equal opportunities, enabled by fair and just society that is governed with
order and unity. A nation where families live together, thriving in vibrant, culturally diverse,
and resilient communities. This can be achieved by science, technology and innovation,
among others. Following are the priority sectors that have direct impact on AmBisyon:

Housing and Urban Development

Construction, construction-related
Manufacturing
manufacturing, house development-
Food processing, housing related,
related manufacturing, and utilities
construction-related, transport
(electricity, gas, and water).
manufacturing, and
other manufacturing.

5
Connectivity Agriculture

Roads and bridges, port, Food production, commercial and

airports, vehicles, transport systems, and industrial crop, agricultural

communication. biotechnology, etc.

Health and Wellness Services

Education Services
Primary, secondary, and tertiary care,
Formal education and re-tooling
pharmaceuticals, wellness facilities,
services.
sports and fitness facilities, etc.

Tourism and Allied Services

Financial Services
Resort, rest-recreation hotels,
accommodation, travel and tour Consumer financing, enterprise
cultural shows, heritage sites, etc. financing, and insurance savings
mobilization.

6
Activity:

“Brainstorming – Ways to Achieve the PGSTA”

The class can be divided up to 10 members per group. Each group member must
discuss the strategies for implementing and achieving the PGSTA stipulation. After 10
minutes, the group representative will present the output on how to reach the PGSTA.
Students ' creativity is encouraged to emphasize strategies and ways like: role-play
(maximum 5 minutes) and so on.

Materials needed:

Pen and paper, significant documents needed for the presentation

Rubric:

Presentation (creativity) - 60%

Originality (uniqueness) – 20%

Teamwork (collaboration) - 20%

Assessment:

Make a summary of your understanding in the Science and Technology Agenda of the
Philippine Government. To get a maximum of 10 points, you can list and discuss all the
factors pertaining to the concept.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

7
References:

Department of Science and Technology (FUNCTIONS). Date Retrieved: April 12, 2019
from http://www.dost.gov.ph/transparency/10-transparency/about-dost/5-functions-and-
policy-directions.html

Innovation and Technology boost Economic growth (PNA). Date Retrieved: June 26,
2019 from https://www.tribuneonlineng.com/121869/

Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and Emerging Technology Research and
Development (18 April 2018): Special Call for Proposals. Date Retrieved: April 12, 2019
from http://pcieerd.dost.gov.ph/images/callforproposal/cfp_2019.pdf

President Rodrigo Duterte Science and Technology Agenda. Date Retrieved: April 13,
2019 from http://www.stack.com.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Stack-Rodrigo-
Dutertes-ST-Agenda.pdf

The Philippine Government Science and Technology Agenda (PREZI) Date Retrieved:
April 14, 2019 from https://prezi.com/p/j3vdiho8fonl/the-philippine-government-science-
and-technology-agenda/

Vigorously Advancing Science and Technology, and Innovation. Date Retrieved: April 13,
2019 from http://www.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/SER-Chap-14_as-of-
May-7.pdf

Vision 2014 (The Filipino Public Consultations: Discussions with the Filipino Youth).
Date Retrieved: June 1, 2019 from http://2040.neda.gov.ph/wp-
content/uploads/Vision2040_final.pdf

8
Lesson 2: Major Development Programs and Personalities In Science and
Technology In The Philippines

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lessons, the students are expected to:

1. Evaluate major developments of the government in science and technology in

terms of their contributions to nation building
2. Identify the major contributions of Filipino Great Men and Women and their
Inventions and appraise their impact on the development of the Filipino
nation

Introduction:

Science and technology in the Philippines refer to the

scientific and technological progress made by our country
which determines our socio-economic progress. It is a well-
known fact that national progress is highly correlated to the
capacity of a country to produce local industrial goods for
domestic needs. The main office responsible for carrying
policies regarding science and technology and its program
implementation is the Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) or Kagawaran ng Agham at Teknolohiya. DOST is a government
agency mandated to provide central direction, leadership and coordination of scientific
and technological efforts and ensure that the results therefrom are geared and utilized in
areas of maximum economic and social benefits for the people. It is the direction provider,
leader and coordinator of the country's scientific and technological efforts, ensuring that
these are geared and utilized in areas of maximum economic and social benefits for the
people. The DOST serves as a reservoir of scientific and technological know-how
providing world-class solutions that empower Filipinos to attain higher productivity and
better quality of life. DOST was created as National Science Development Board
(NSDB) in June 13, 1958, later reorganized as the National Science and Technology

9
Authority (NSTA), and in March 17, 1981 was renamed as the Department of Science
and Technology (DOST), as we know it today.

Content:

Major Development Programs in Science and Technology in the Philippines

The Science &Technology (S&T) Development Programs in the Philippines have the
following objectives and these are:

1. Strengthen the delivery of scientific knowledge and other technical services by

local scientists, researchers and other S&T experts to effectively and efficiently
address the S&T requirements of the various sectors of the country.
2. Establish a nationwide network of S&T experts which can be accessed both
online and on-site.
3. Improve access to technology databases and/or information systems. Encourage
involvement of local S&T stakeholders in regional and national development.
4. Enhance the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in public
governance.
5. Improve capability of S&T field personnel in the countryside.

The Major S&T Programs in the Philippines

The following are some of the major science and technology programs in the
Philippines:

1. Small Enterprise Technology Upgrading

Program (SETUP). This is to enhance the
competitiveness of micro, small and medium
enterprises (MSMEs) through technological
interventions.
2. Technology Transfer. This refers to technology
matching, transfer and commercialization from various technology suppliers such
as DOST, academe and private sector.
10
3. Consultancy and Technical Services. These are services offered by the DOST
such as Manufacturing Productivity Extension Program (MPEX), Consultancy for
Agriculture/Aquaculture Productivity Enhancement (CAPE), Cleaner Production
(CP), Energy Audit and Efficiency and
Food Safety Consultancy
4. Laboratory and Testing Services.
These are various services such as
Chemical and Microbiological Testing,
Metrology services/calibration. All
laboratories of DOST are certified
compliant to International Organization for Standardization / International
Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) standards. Onelab: One-stop-shop
integrated network of laboratories.
5. Food Innovation Centers. This is the specialized centers for food product
development. Showcases locally-developed equipment, e.g. water retort, spray
dryer, vacuum fryer. Also offers support services e.g. sensory evaluation,
knowledge center, trainings, consultancies, etc.
6. Market Development. This is the DOST One-Store, which is an e-commerce site
intended to assist (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in marketing
their products online.
7. Community Empowerment Through Science and Technology (CEST). This
refers to the holistic approach in developing pilot communities by addressing
development constraints through science and technology.
8. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management. This pertains to the Deployment and
Maintenance of Automated Weather or Hydromet Monitoring Equipment and
Weather Monitoring Portals. These programs serve as support to Regional
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (RDRRMC), support to
PAGASA and PHIVOLCS programs and projects.

11
 9. Research and Development Management. This is the Base Agency for some
DOST Research and Development (R&D)
consortia which spearheads the Regional
Development Councils (RDC) Special Committee
on Research and Development. It also provides
support to various R&D and technology piloting
projects.
10. S&T Human Resource Development. This is the DOST-SEI Undergraduate
Scholarship Program such as the Philippine Science High School (PSHS)
Scholarship Program, the Post-graduate program, such as the Engineering
Research and Development for Technology (ERDT) and Accelerated Science and
Technology Human Resource Development Program (ASTHRDP).

Some S&T Personalities In The Philippines

The following are Filipino Scientists who garnered international recognition in

their field of studies.

1. Fe Villanueva del Mundo

Fe Villanueva del Mundo (27 November 1911 – 6

August 2011) was a Filipina pediatrician, the founder of
the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines who gained
international recognition, including the Ramon
Magsaysay Award for Public Service in 1977. She was
conferred in 1980 the rank and title of National Scientist
of the Philippines, and in 2010, the Order of Lakandula. Del Mundo was noted for
her pioneering work on infectious diseases in Philippine by sending specimens or
blood samples for analysis abroad due to lack of technologies and apparatuses.
In the 1950s, she studied dengue fever which led to its fuller understanding. She
authored a Textbook of Pediatrics which became a fundamental medical text used
in Philippine medical schools. Del Mundo was active in the field of public health by
organizing rural extension teams to advise mothers on breastfeeding and child
care. She called for the greater integration of midwives into the medical

12
 community. She was also known for having devised an incubator made out of
bamboo, designed for use in rural communities without electrical power.

2. Eduardo Arguelles Quisumbing

Eduardo Arguelles Quisumbing (November 11, 1895 –

August 23, 1986) was a Filipino biologist, a leading
authority of plants in the Philippines. He earned his
BSA in biology University of the Philippines Los Baños
in 1918, his MS in botany at the same university in
1921, and Ph.D. in plant taxonomy, systematics and
morphology at the University of Chicago in 1923. Quisumbing was author of
taxonomic and morphological papers, many of which deal with orchids, including
‘Medicinal plants in the Philippines’ (Manila 1951). Saccolabium quisumbingii has
been named in his honor. He was recipient of the Distinguished Service Star
(1954) for outstanding contribution to the field of systematic botany; Diploma of
Merit on Orchidology and Fellow Gold Medal, Malaysian Orchid Society (1966);
Gold Medal, American Orchid Society (1969), and 1975 PhilAAS Most Outstanding
Award.

3. Gavino Trono

Gavino Cajulao Trono Jr., Ph.D. (born November 9, 1931) is

a Filipino biologist dubbed as the "Father of Kappaphycus
farming". Trono obtained his bachelor of science degree in
botany from the University of the Philippines Diliman, his
master's degree in agricultural botany from the Araneta
University and his doctorate in botany from the University of
Hawaii at Manoa. His research focuses on seaweeds for coastal communities. He
wrote an academic paper reporting the occurrence of ice-ice disease that had
affected seaweed farms which devastated the commercial production of seaweed
in the Philippines. Trono led the assessment of several coastal areas in Western
Mindanao as potential sites for seaweed farms; and discovered twenty-five (25)
new marine benthic algae. He established the largest phycological herbarium in

13
 the country known as the G.T. Velasquez Herbarium in the University of the
Philippines Diliman’s Marine Science Institute and authored two-volume books on
Field Guide and Atlas of the Seaweed Resources of the Philippines, which is
considered as the most authoritative books in the country on the seaweed flora.
Trono was conferred the rank of National Scientist of the Philippines in 2014 for
his contributions to tropical marine phycology, focusing on seaweed biodiversity.

4. María Orosa

María Orosa e Ylagan (1893–1945) was a Filipino food

technologist and a pharmaceutical chemist who
experimented with foods native to the Philippines and
formulated food products like calamansi nip, banana
ketchup, powdered soybeans called Soyalac, a "magic
food" preparation which helped save the lives of
thousands of Filipino prisoner in different Japanese
concentration camps during World War II. With her knowledge of local food
properties, she taught proper preservation methods for native dishes such as
adobo, dinuguan, kilawin and escabeche. On November 29, 1983, the National
Historical Institute installed a marker in her honor at the Bureau of Plant Industry
in San Andrés, Manila. In commemoration of her centennial anniversary, a postage
stamp was issued by the Philippine Postal Corporation.

Activity:

Biotechnology is the study and use of organisms and organic matter to develop new
technologies geared toward uplifting the lives of human beings. Historically, without us
knowing it, we have been using and practicing biotechnological methods for the
betterment of life on this planet. The three main branches of biotechnology are medical,
agricultural and industrial biotechnology. Medical biotechnology deals with the study of
the human body, its diseases, and the prevention of those diseases such as developing
pharmaceutical drugs. Agricultural biotechnology, on the other hand, deals with the
science of improving and changing plants, animals, and microorganisms such genetic

14
engineering of crops to enhance taste, nutrition, appearance, longevity, and ability to
withstand climate changes and natural predators. Lastly, industrial biotechnology deals
with the use of plants and marine organisms to create industrial goods such as production
of chemicals, textiles, biofuels, and paper. Industrial technology is considered the largest
branch of biotechnology.

Using the concept of biotechnology, your class will be divided into four. Each Group will
present to the class a sample biotechnology product and explain how this was made.

Group 1 – Biogas Production

Group 2 – Vinegar Making
Group 3 – Wine Making
Group 4 – Abaca textile making or Silk Making

You may also present other biotechnology if you find them in line with your interest.

15
Assessment:

Matching Type. Match Column A with Column B. No erasures of answers.

Column A Column B

_________1. Small Enterprise A. This refers to technology matching, transfer

Technology and commercialization from various
Upgrading Program technology suppliers such as DOST,
(SETUP). academe and private sector.

_________2. Consultancy and B. This refers to the holistic approach in

Technical Services. developing pilot communities by addressing
development constraints through science
and technology.

_________3. Community C. This is to enhance the competitiveness of

Empowerment micro, small and medium enterprises
Through Science (MSMEs) through technological
and Technology interventions.
(CEST).
_________4. S&T Human D. This is the DOST-SEI Undergraduate
Resource Scholarship Program such as the Philippine
Development. Science High School (PSHS) Scholarship
Program, the Post-graduate program, such
as the ERDT and ASTHRDP.

_________5. Technology E. These are services offered by the DOST

Transfer. such as Manufacturing Productivity
Extension Program (MPEX), Consultancy for
Agriculture or Aquaculture Productivity
Enhancement (CAPE).

_________6. Market F. These are various services such as Chemical

Development. and Microbiological Testing, Metrology
services/calibration.
G. This is the specialized centers for food
product development. Showcases locally-
developed equipment, e.g. water retort,
spray dryer, vacuum fryer.
H. This is the DOST One-Store, which is an e-
commerce site intended to assist (Micro,
Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in
marketing their products online.

16
 __________1. Eduardo A. Taught proper preservation methods for
Arguelles native dishes such as adobo, dinuguan,
Quisumbing kilawin and escabeche.
__________2. Fe Villanueva B. Known for having devised an incubator made
del Mundo out of bamboo, designed for use in rural
communities without electrical power.

__________3. Gavino Trono C. Author of taxonomic and morphological

papers, many of which deal with orchids,
including ‘Medicinal plants in the Philippines’
__________4. María Orosa D. Conferred the rank of National Scientist of
the Philippines in 2014 for his contributions
to tropical marine phycology, focusing on
seaweed biodiversity.

References:

[1] Contreras, Volt (November 25, 2007). "Fe del Mundo: Her children's hospital is 50
as she turns 96". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved December 26, 2007.
[2] DOST. Programs and Projects. Retrieved June 9, 2019 at
http://www.sei.dost.gov.ph/index.php/programs-and-projects
[3] Lim, Fides (August 9, 2007). "Woman of Many Firsts". Philippine Center for
Investigative Journalism. Retrieved December 26, 2007.
[4] Sabillo, Kristine Angelli (August 12, 2014). "Who are the 4 new National Scientists
of PH". Retrieved August 25, 2014
[5] The DOST in Brief. Department of Science and Technology. Retrieved 2 April
2016.

17
Lesson 3: Science Education in the Philippines

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Determine the importance of science education and its impact to Philippine society;

2. Develop curiosity and inquiring minds about science and the natural world; and

3. Acquire knowledge, problem-solving skills, and understanding about scientific

context.

Introduction:

The study of Science is very important because science education support the
development of scientific literacy motivate students to pursue careers in science,
technology, and engineering. It links to technology and industry, provides ways of making
sense of the world systematically and develops students’ scientific inquiry skills, values,
and attitudes, such as objectivity, curiosity, and honesty and habits of mind including
critical thinking. The learning of science is also important for the nation’s cultural
development and preservation of its cultural identity.

This lesson begins with an activity in their student's life on "sharing the science class's
unforgettable experience." The class will be divided into five groups and will conduct a
brainstorming to highlight their real-life experience in science education. Group members
should select two representatives to discuss and share positive and negative experiences
(up to 10 responses). The professor can summarize the discussion and ask what an ideal
science class is for the students.

Content:

“Educating the mind without educating the heart is no education at all.” – Aristotle

Education is important to the nation's personal, social, and economic development. To

live with happiness, contentment, and prosperity, education is vital. Education empowers

18
minds capable of conceiving good ideas and thoughts. Education allows students to think
critically and analyze the situation while making an important decision about life.

Advantages of Science Education

The essence of knowing science is to make people capable of appreciating and

enjoying nature’s beauty and wonder.
They should be effective in all walks of
life and delight in past generations and
civilizations’ ' wealth of culture.

Science develops as human life

progresses and proves essential to
man's existence. Science instills a
sense of intrigue and allows students to
develop understanding and form
Source: https://www.momjunction.com/articles/science-activities-and-
questions based on the knowledge experiments-for-kindergarten_00385455/#gref

they already have as well as the insight they want to gain in the future. Students who are
outstanding in science lessons are likely to develop a strong critical thinking ability.

The following are the reasons why science should be included in student life:

1. Cultural value. The study of science changed scientists’ outlook on matters not
directly related to science. This is known as science cultural aspects. Science
study affects the ideology of a scientist about life in general, his or her perception
and judgement and value system. However, because of the inspiration to achieve
success in the pursuit of science, this scenario is possible. Science is an integral
part of culture, and depending on the culture in which it is practiced, it is done in a
different way.

2. Disciplinary value. The importance of this value in dealing with all the factors that
a human being can encounter is having a systematic life. A person's ability to
control a particular behavior through self-restraint consistently. Similar to science,

19
 it is a scientific method used with a process that involves a great deal of discipline
in achieving life's mission, vision, goals, and objectives.

3. Economic value. Science's economic value knows the impact of science on

society's productivity and growth. Due to the scientist's output that can be used by
a specific industry and stakeholders, the knowledge produced by the concept of
technology will be considered a "public good”. Innovation and creativity in the
science process can increase a specific individual's and country's economic
development.

4. Environmental value. Science's value in the environment is essential to

determine the human system's interaction with the natural system. It is an
assessment of the environment situation and will enlighten the population to
identify ways of solving environmental issues. The Mother Earth's conservation
and protection are components of this concept. This will help society to discover
sustainable ways of living, make efficient and effective use of natural resources,
and serve as guidelines on contemporary concepts for conserving biodiversity.

5. Guidance value. Contributions to the scientific process will serve as a guide for
society. It is vital to use science because of the theories, concepts and practical
solution that individuals can use to enhance society's development and security.
This will improve the decision-making process of a person in a community. It can
prevent chaos and foster cooperation and stability in counties.

6. Intellectual value. Science can be the result for intellectual purposes and
satisfaction of the joy of reading, analyzing, learning, and thinking critically. The
inspiration that comes from understanding the concepts of the different field of
science causes a person's excitement to know the answer to questions and
hypotheses. It is like an adventure for a scientist to determine the unimagined
scenario leading to the discovery of something useful to our society.

20
 7. Judgmental value. The knowledge acquired through the use of the scientific
method will help students develop a capacity for methodical organization, critical
judgment, and logical thinking. This will shed light on the students’ ability to criticize
and clarify some of the scientific theories, concepts, methods, and issues.

8. Observation value. This is an instinctive thing everybody often does. Observation

is something more than merely noticing. It involves perception through the use of
senses to decide on the basis of understanding the situation and the recognition
of significant changes.

9. Scientific value. Having a scientific ideology makes it possible for students to

develop new technologies that benefit society. It is also helpful to be critical in
making important decisions in solving practical problems. Maximizing the scientific
method and processes can lead to new applications and discoveries that are vital
for achieving social success.

10. Utilitarian value. Utilitarian value in science is important to an individual's routine

activities. It is vital in developing and improving the knowledge, skills, and attitude
that can be important in real-life situations. It can help a person determine the
outcome based on "the greatest good for the greatest number”.

Challenges of Science Education in the Philippines

The following are the challenges of Science Education:

1. Students in far-flung rural schools are performing than students in urban areas.

2. Poor performance in international evaluation studies and national evaluation

studies. According to studies, Filipino students have low concept retention,

21
 limited reasoning and analytical skills, poor communication skills and cannot
apply concepts to real-life problem-solving situations (UP NISMED, 2005).

3. Low performance in science. These are due to teacher quality, teaching-

learning process, school curriculum, educational materials, and administrative
support (DOST-SEI, 2006).

Various stakeholders in science education are making numerous efforts to address

these concerns by improving the quality of education at the elementary level.

DEVELOPING CURIOUSITY IN SCIENCE

The goal of science is to understand the natural world. To achieve this goal, scientists
make certain assumptions. They assume that nature can be understood through
systematic study. Some scientific ideas are open to revision and can withstand the test
of time. They also recognize that science cannot provide answers to all questions.

1. Nature Can Be Understood. Scientists think of nature as a single system

controlled by natural laws. By discovering natural laws, scientists strive to
increase their understanding of the natural world. Laws of nature are expressed
as scientific laws. A scientific law is a statement that describes what always
happens under certain conditions in nature. An example of a scientific law is
the law of gravity, which was discovered by Sir Isaac Newton.

2. Scientific Ideas Can Change. Scientists are always testing and revising their
ideas, and as new observations are made, existing ideas may be challenged.
Ideas may be replaced with new ideas that better fit the facts, but more often
existing ideas are simply revised. For example, when Albert Einstein developed
his theory of relativity, he didn’t throw out Newton’s laws of motion. Instead, he
showed that Newton’s laws are a part of a bigger picture.

3. Scientific Knowledge Can Withstand the Test of Time. Many scientific ideas
have withstood the test of time. For example, about 200 years ago, the scientist
John Dalton proposed atomic theory which states that all matter is made of tiny
particles called atoms. This theory is still valid today.

22
 4. Science Cannot Answer All Questions. Science rests on evidence and logic, so
it deals only with things that can be observed. Things that cannot be observed
or measured by current means such as supernatural beings or events are
outside the bounds of science.

Why Should I Study Science?

The Scientific Method, A scientific investigation is a plan for asking questions and testing
possible answers.

The following are the steps of scientific method:

1. Making Observations. A scientific investigation typically begins with

observations. You make observations all the time. Let’s say you take a walk in
the woods and observe a moth resting on a tree trunk. You notice that the moth
has spots on its wings that look like eyes. You think the eye spots make the
moth look like the face of an owl.

2. Asking a Question. Observations often lead to questions. For example, you

might ask yourself why the moth has eye spots that make it look like an owl’s
face. What reason might there be for this observation?

3. Forming a Hypothesis. A hypothesis is a possible answer to a scientific

question, but it isn’t just any answer. A hypothesis must be based on scientific
knowledge, and it must be logical. A hypothesis also must be falsifiable. In other
words, it must be possible to make observations that would disprove the
hypothesis if it really is false. Assume you know that some birds eat moths and
that owl’s prey on other birds. From this knowledge, you reason that eye spots
scare away birds that might eat the moth. This is your hypothesis.

23
4. Testing the Hypothesis. To test a hypothesis, you first need to make a
prediction based on the hypothesis. A prediction is a statement that tells what
will happen under certain conditions. It can be expressed in the form: If A
occurs, then B will happen. Based on your hypothesis, you might make this
prediction: If a moth has eye spots on its wings, then birds will avoid eating it.
An experiment is a special type of scientific
investigation that is performed under controlled
conditions, usually in a laboratory. Some
experiments can be very simple, but even the
simplest contributed important evidence that
helped scientists better understand the natural
world.

5. Scientific Theories. With repeated testing, some

hypotheses may eventually become scientific
theories. A scientific theory is a broad
explanation for events that is widely accepted as true.
Source:
https://www.hilldale.k12.ok.us/vnews/dis
6. Variables. An experiment generally tests how one play.v/TP/599352f3b4e2d

variable is affected by another. The affected

variable is called the dependent variable. The variable that affects the
dependent variable is called the independent variable. In the plant experiment,
the independent variable is fertilizer—some plants will get fertilizer, others will
not. In any experiment, other factors that might affect the dependent variable
must be controlled.

7. Drawing Conclusions. Evidence that agrees with your prediction supports your
hypothesis. Nonetheless, the more evidence that supports a hypothesis, the
more likely the hypothesis is to be true.

8. Communicating Results. The last step in a scientific investigation is

communicating what you have learned with others. This is a very important step
because it allows others to test your hypothesis. When scientists share their

24
 results, they should describe their methods and point out any possible
problems with the investigation.

Other Types of Scientific Investigations

1. Natural Studies. When scientists

do studies in nature, they usually
cannot control factors that might
affect the variables they are
investigating. This is a drawback,
because it may make the
observations difficult to interpret.
Without controls, it may not be
Airbus Foundation launches youth development program (little
possible to determine which of engineers) in the Philippines. Source:
https://primer.com.ph/blog/2018/03/07/airbus-foundation-
many factors explain the launches-youth-development-programme-in-the-philippines/

observations. A natural study shows what actually occurs in nature. Therefore,

it may provide a truer picture of what happens in the real world than an
experiment does.

2. Modeling. Another way to gain scientific knowledge without experiments is by

making and manipulating models. Scientific models are something that
represent the real world but are simpler than the real world. By using a model,
scientists can better understand how the real system works. The usefulness of
a model depends on how well its predictions match observations of the real
world.

25
THE SCIENCE CURRICULUM

Source: https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Science-CG_with-
tagged-sci-equipment_revised.pdf

Science education prepare learners to be informed and participative citizens. The science
curriculum integrates science and technology in the social, economic, personal and
ethical aspects of life and promotes a strong link between science and technology,
including indigenous technology, thus preserving our country’s cultural heritage.

26
The K to 12 science curriculum will provide learners the following

1. A series of competencies important in the world of work and in a knowledge-

based society.

2. Three domains of learning science: understanding and applying scientific

knowledge in local setting as well as global context whenever possible,
performing scientific processes and skills, and developing and demonstrating
scientific attitudes and values.

3. Science content and science processes.

As a whole, the K to 12 science curriculum is learner-centered and inquiry-based. The

Sciences are presented in spiral progression and its integration across science topics and
other disciplines will lead to a meaningful understanding of concepts and its application
to real-life situations.” (DepEd, 2016)

Activity:

Video Summary and Analysis

Mechanics:

Watch the video of Paulo Joquiño, “Creating a Culture of Science in the

Philippines.” Follow this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Noxaiecbwsw

Make a video summary and have your insights on the speaker's ideology. You can
highlight your own perspective and formulate a plan for improving the Philippines’ science
education to achieve success and development in our society.

Materials needed:

• Pen and paper

• Computer/ Laptop/ Android Phone

27
 Rubric:

Argument Evidence and Organization Word Choice and

Conventions
4 • Effectively • Uses logical, credible, and • Uses precise and
introduce a claim relevant reasoning and purposeful word choice
• Acknowledges and evidence to support claim • Uses word, phrase,
counters opposing • Uses organizational strategy and/or clauses that
claims, as to present reasons and effectively connect and
appropriate relevant evidence show relationship
• Provides a strong concluding among ideas
statement or section that • Uses and maintains an
logically follows from the appropriate tone
ideas presented • Has no errors in usage
and conventions that
interfere with meaning
3 • Clearly introduces • Uses reasoning and evidence • Uses clear word choice
a claim to support claim • Uses words and
• Acknowledges and • Uses an organizational phrases to connect
counters opposing structure to present reasons ideas
claims, as and relevant evidence • Uses an appropriate
appropriate • Provides a concluding tone
statement or section that • Has few, if any, errors in
follows from the ideas usage and conventions
presented that interfere with
meaning
2 • Attempts to • Develops, sometimes • Uses basic language,
establish a claim unevenly, reasons and which sometimes lacks
• Makes little, if any, evidence to support claim clarity
attempt to • Attempts to use an • May have error in usage
acknowledge or organizational structure and conventions that
counter opposing • Provides weak concluding interfere with meaning
claims statement or section
1 • Weakly or • Has minimal support for claim • Uses words that are
indirectly states a • May be too brief to inappropriate, overly
claim demonstrate an organizational simple, or unclear
• Makes no attempt structure • Has errors in usage and
to acknowledge or • Provides a minimal or no conventions that
counter opposing concluding statement or interfere with meaning
claims section
Adapted from TASC Essay Rubric. https://www.collectedny.org/frameworkposts/tasc-
essay-rubric/

28
Assessment:

Give your insights about this statement, “Measuring the value of science: It’s not always
about the money.” To get a maximum of 10 points, you can list and discuss all the factors
pertaining to the concept.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

References:

Ambisyon Natin 2040 (NEDA). Date Retrieved: May 30, 2019 from
http://2040.neda.gov.ph/about-ambisyon-natin-2040/

DepEd (2016). K to 12 Curriculum Guide Science. Date Retrieved: April 17, 2019 from
https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Science-CG_with-tagged-sci-
equipment_revised.pdf

History of Science Education. Date Retrieved: April 25, 2019 from

http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/140939/8/08_chapter%202.pdf

Measuring the value of science: It’s not always about the money (The Conversation).
Date Retrieved: May 15, 2019 from https://theconversation.com/measuring-the-value-of-
science-its-not-always-about-the-money-39361

Science as a Culture – Its Implications (Prof. Shyamal Sengupta) Date Retrieved: April
27, 2019 from https://www.iiserkol.ac.in/~supratim.sen/ssg-talk.html

Science and culture (NCBI Reports) Date Retrieved: May 3, 2019 from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1315909/

29
SEI-DOST& UP NISMED, (2011). Science framework for Philippine basic education.
Manila: SEI-DOST & UP NISMED. Date Retrieved: June 10, 2019 from
http://www.sei.dost.gov.ph/images/downloads/publ/sei_scibasic.pdf

Teaching Science in the Philippines: Why (and how) We can do better by Rafael Ambag
(August 3, 2018). Date Retrieved: May 12, 2019 from
https://www.flipscience.ph/news/features-news/features/teaching-science-philippines/

Why Discipline Is Essential To Your Character by Ashley Fern. (June 14, 2013). Date
Retrieved: May 5, 2019 from https://www.elitedaily.com/life/why-discipline-is-so-
important

Why do we teach science? The utilitarian argument (January 17, 2016). Date Retrieved:
May 18, 2019 from https://educationmatters.ie/why-do-we-teach-science-the-utilitarian-
argument/

What is Environmental Science? (Conserve Energy Future). Date Retrieved: May 28,
2019 from https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/what-is-environmental-science-and-
its-components.php

30
Lesson 4: Selected Indigenous Science and Technology

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Determine the different ethnolinguistic groups and selected indigenous science

and technology in the Philippines;

2. Explain the importance of Indigenous Science and Technology (IST); and

3. Discuss the impact of IST changes on society.

Introduction:

Science and technology have always been an important part of growth and development
plans. A daily life guide to solving problems and obstacles in a particular society. But
sometimes, the vast body of scientific expertise developed in different societies and
cultures is discounted and ignored. It is time to recognize that different types of science
and scientific expertise exist and that all of them should be used to develop and solve
problems.

This lesson will shed light on the existing indigenous science and technology that is vital
to our society.

31
Content:

Indigenous People of the Philippines

The Philippines is a culturally

diverse country with an estimated
14- 17 million Indigenous Peoples
(IPs) belonging to 110 ethno-
linguistic groups. They are mainly
concentrated in Northern Luzon
(Cordillera Administrative Region,
33%) and Mindanao (61%), with
Source: https://idpipst.wordpress.com/2013/12/11/the-indigenous-peoples-of-
some groups in the Visayas area (as the-philippines-a-brief-situationer-2/

of 2013)." term indigenous people

as used to reflect the contemporary international language which was formally adopted
in 1993 (UNDP).

The indigenous cultural communities (ICCs) is defined as a group of people

sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural
traits, and who have, under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied,
possessed and utilized a territory.

There are two main ethnic groups from the northern and southern parts of the
Philippines, consisting of several upland and lowland indigenous tribes living within the
Philippines. The indigenous people living in the northern part of the country are called
the Igorots, while those indigenous non-Muslims living in the southern part of the
country are called Lumad.

Igorots of the Northern Philippines

The Igorots, consisting of numerous tribes in the northern part of the country, reside
mostly in the Cordillera region's mountain ranges. They are popularly known as rice
growers. The Banaue Rice Terraces were built by a group assortment called the Ifugaos–

32
often called the' eighth wonder of the world.' More than 2,000 years ago, the ancestors of
this indigenous tribe carved a system of irrigated rice terraces in the Ifugao mountains.

There are also the Bontoc, Ibaloi, Isneg, Kalinga, Kankanaey and Tinguian groups in the
Igorot tribe. Other northern tribes are Isnag from Apayao, Gaddang (found between the
provinces of Kalinga and Isabela), and the Ilongots living in Luzon's eastern mountains
called the Sierra Madre and the Caraballo Mountains. The Ilongots are recognized for
their intense aggressiveness and cultural conservatism.

Lumads from the Southern Philippines

Indigenous tribes are found mostly in Mindanao and Western Visayas in the southern part
of the country. These existing non-Muslim indigenous groups are collectively referred to
in Mindanao as the Lumad – a Cebuano term meaning' native' or' indigenous.' There are
about 13 ethnic Lumad tribes comprising the Blaan, Bukidnon, Higaonon, Mamanwa,
Mandaya, Manobo, Mansaka, Sangir, Subanen, Tagabawa, Tagakaulo, Tasaday, and
T'boli. Their tribe is generally known for the tribal music they have created from musical
instruments.

33
The Manobo tribe includes, to name a few, other large ethnic groups like the Ata-
Manobo, Agusan-Manobo, and Dulangan-Manobo among those mentioned above.
The Manobo group's total population is unknown as they occupy core areas in the
Mindanao Region's main provinces.

Source: https://idpipst.wordpress.com/2013/12/11/the-indigenous-peoples-of-the-
philippines-a-brief-situationer-2/

Other major tribes in the country

1. Aetas or Negritos. The Aetas (or Agta or Ayta) is one of the Philippines ' earliest
known residents now living in the country's scattered mountainous areas. Due to
their dark to dark-brown skin, the Spanish colonizers called them the' Negritos.'
They are nomadic but highly skilled in weaving and plaiting and Aeta women are
considered experts in the utilization of herbal medicine.

2. Ati and Tumandok. One of the few clans in Visayas, Panay Island's Ati and
Tumandok tribes are the first to call the island their home. Genetically related to
the country's other indigenous groups, they mostly resemble the Aetas or
Negritos characterized by their dark skin. They still carry some animistic beliefs
and rituals passed down by their ancestors while some adopted Western
religions.

3. Badjaos. Originally from the Sulu Islands in Mindanao, they are known as the
houseboat sea tribes. They act as divers, fishermen, and navigators to meet their

34
 daily needs. Most of them migrated to neighboring countries like Malaysia and
Indonesia because of conflicts in the region, while those who stayed in the
Philippines moved to some areas in Luzon.

4. Mangyan. Mindoro's Mangyans in the Philippines are well-known clans because

they have the largest population. They have a peaceful reputation, consisting of
eight different Mangyan groups, unlike the headhunting tribes of the North and
warrior tribes of the South. Although some have already converted to Christianity,
a large percentage of those who practice animistic religious beliefs still exist.

5. Palawan Tribes. Palawan is also home to different tribes like the Batak,
Palaweño, Palawano, and Tagbanwa. Some of these groups were also included
in the large southern Manobo tribe, mostly living in mountains or lowland
dwellings. They did not fully embrace urban living, with the majority living in more
rural environments.

Indigenous peoples have been responsible for the development of many

technologies throughout history and have contributed significantly to science. Indigenous
knowledge can be broadly defined as the knowledge accumulated by an indigenous
(local) community in a particular environment over generations. (Rÿser, 2011).

Local technologies, innovations, know-how, skills, practices and beliefs unite local
people to preserve forest resources and their cultural values. These have developed
direct human contact with the environment for thousands of years. (Armstrong M,
Kimmerer R, Vergun J., 2006). Traditional knowledge often refers to a more generalized
expression of knowledge that associates an individual or a family with “time-honored”
ideas and practices (Rÿser, 2011) This knowledge is not limited to knowledge, skills,
innovations, practices, processes, learning and teaching, but also includes knowledge
related to biodiversity, traditional lifestyles and natural resources. (WIPO, 2012)
Indigenous Knowledge System are usually embedded in the Cultural traditions of
Regional, Indigenous, or local communities. They are orally passed as evident in stories,
poems, and songs. Examples of Indigenous knowledge that are taught and practiced by
indigenous people are Prediction of weather, Using herbal medicine, Preserving of foods,
Classifying plants and animals into families, Selecting good seeds for planting, Using

35
indigenous technology, Building local irrigation, Classifying different types of soil for
planting, Producing wines from tropical fruits, and Keeping the custom of growing plants
and vegetables.

The Indigenous People’s Right Act of 1997 (IPRA Law)

Republic Act 8371 or Indigenous People’s Right Act of 1997 the provides for the
promotion and recognition of the rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous
Peoples (ICCs/IPs). This law intends to preserve IPs culture, traditions, and institutions
and ensuring equal protection of members and non-discrimination. It is a legislation that
recognize and promote all the rights of Indigenous Cultural Communities/Indigenous
Peoples of the Philippines.

Indigenous Science and Technology

Indigenous science refers to traditional knowledge and indigenous perspectives. It may

also refer to the science knowledge of all peoples who, as participants in culture, are
affected by the worldview and interests of their home communities and homelands.

Source: https://idpipst.wordpress.com/2013/12/11/the-indigenous-peoples-of-the-
philippines-a-brief-situationer-2/

36
Building of the Rice Terraces

The rice terraces was built by various Igorot tribes, a group that includes the
Bontoc, Ibaloi, Ifugao, Isneg, Kalinga, Kankanaey and Tinguian, who built the Rice
Terraces. Likewise, the Ifugao of Ifugao province, the Bontoc, Kalinga, Tinguian,
the Kankanaey and Ibaloi were all farmers who constructed the rice terraces for
many centuries.

Development of Hunting and gathering, farming cultivation and headhunting

The Isnag of the province of Apayao, the Gaddang of the border between Kalinga
and Isabela provinces and the Ilongot of Nueva Vizcaya province and Caraballo
Mountains all developed hunting and gathering, farming cultivation and
headhunting.

Development of Swords and bladed weapons

The panabas is a large, forward-curved sword, used by certain

ethnic groups in the southern Philippines.

The Balisong (a type of butterfly knife or fan knife) is a folding

pocket knife with two handles counter-rotating around the tang
such that, when closed, the blade is concealed within grooves
in the handles. It is sometimes called a Batangas knife, after
the Tagalog province of Batangas, where it is traditionally
made.
The barong or barung, is a short sword with a leaf-shaped
blade, widely used in the island of Mindanao.

The gunong or punyál (also known as puñal de kris or kris

knife) is a knife from Mindanao. It is essentially a diminutive
form of the larger kalis or kris.

37
 The kampilan is a type of single-edged long sword, with the
tapered blade being much broader and thinner at the point
than at its base. This was used by Lapu-Lapu (the king of
Mactan) and his warriors, who defeated the Spaniards and
killed Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan at the Battle of
Mactan in 1521.
The kalis is a type of double-edged Filipino sword, often with
a "wavy" section, similar to a keris.

Therapeutic properties of plants and the methods of extracting medicine

from herbs

Even before the colonization by the Spaniards, Filipino natives were already aware
of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and the methods of extracting
medicine from herbs.

Other Native Science and Technology

Native Filipinos has their own alphabet, number system, a weighing and measuring
system and a calendar. Aside from farming, they are already knowledgeable with
shipbuilding, mining and weaving.

Activity:

Poster–Slogan Making Contest

Mechanics:

The class can be up to five members per group. The output needs to focus on
indigenous science and technology illustration. The group representative will present the
output related to the concept in order to interpret and discuss their art work. Students'

38
creativity is encouraged to emphasize the development and importance of indigenous
people's contribution to Philippines society.

Materials needed:

A. A 1 whole white cartolina and a Mongol pencil

B. Coloring material: oil pastel/craypas, markers, ink, mixed media, oil, acrylic and
watercolor

Rubric:

Presentation (creativity) – 40%

Originality (uniqueness) – 30%

Theme (relevance) – 30%

Assessment:

Summarize your understanding of the Philippines' selected indigenous science and

technology. Discuss certain issues and concepts related to cultures and practices of your
community. Include your insights about the importance of the subject matter in Philippines
society to get a maximum of 10 points.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

39
References:

Armstrong M, (2006) Kimmerer R, Vergun J. (2006). Education and research

opportunities for traditional ecological knowledge.
http://www.frontiersinecology.org/specialissue/ articles/armstrong.pdf.

"Fast Facts: Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines". UNDP in Philippines.

Retrieved 2015-06-30.

https://www.scidev.net/global/indigenous/opinion/indigenous-knowledge-is-a-form-of-
science-don-t-ignore-it.html

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21513732.2015.1124453

Rÿser RC. 2011. Indigenous people and traditional knowledge. Berkshire Encyclopedia
of Sustainability.
http://www.academia.edu/841635/Indigenous_and_Traditional_Knowledge

World Intellectual Property Organization (2012). World intellectual property rights

indicators. Geneva: WIPO; 198pp.

40
 Module # 4 Human Person Flourishing in terms

of Science and Technology

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Comprehend different concepts of human flourishing in terms of science and

technology.
2. Distinguish the steps of the scientific method and validity of science.
3. Ponder/contemplate on the limitation of science.
4. Infer thoughts on Martin Heidegger’s concept of technology.
5. Reflect on the ethical dilemmas of technological advancements.

Introduction:

You, like everyone else in this world, is aiming to know what’s ‘good’ for your life.
This helps you shape yourself to become a purposeful, goal-directed individual. Finding
your ultimate good not only enhances your understanding of yourself, but the whole world
as well. In order for that to happen, one must continuously search for what is good to
them to further realize their goals in life.

A human being naturally lives his life to improve and excel as a human being just
as a pianist’s persevering efforts to improve and excel as a pianist. As perceived by
Aristotle, the desire to flourish is a natural human inclination. The actions that we perform
have its end goal which contains the desire for ourselves.

Content:

Science, Technology and Human Flourishing

The word Eudaimonia, was a term devised by famous Greek philosopher, Aristotle,
which is in its simplest form is often taken out to mean ‘good indwelling spirit’. This term
defines the peak of one’s happiness or the process of fulfilling or realizing one’s true
nature. In literature, this term is often referred as ‘human flourishing’ presenting humans
like flowers achieving their full bloom. This concept can be traced back to Aristotle’s
Nicomachean Ethics, wherein he discussed that human flourishing ascends as a result
of different components such as phronesis, friendship, wealth and power. In ancient
Greek society, they believe that acquiring these components will surely bring the seekers
happiness, which in effect allows them to participate in the greater perception of what we
call the Good.

The eastern and western regions of the world have different conceptions about
society and human flourishing. The western conception is more likely focused on the
individual in contrast to the eastern which is more community-centric. The latter is
apparently seen in the Chinese Confucian system and the Japanese Bushido where they
encourage the study of literature, sciences and art, not entirely for one’s self but for a
greater cause like establishing a harmonious and well-ordered society. Conversely, the
western conception is mainly anchored on the Greek Aristotelian view which grasps
human flourishing as an ‘end’ and that humans, aim for the ultimate good or ‘eudaimonia’
It wasn’t perceived to be useful to achieve some other goals but rationally, one who has
achieved this state would want to serve and do something good for the community.

As time goes by, the basics that makes up human flourishing has changed. People
found other ways to live more comfortably explore different places and earn more money
and vice versa. During the early times, people have only relied to modest devices to make
living easier for them. But because the needs and necessities of people are changing
from time to time, this brought them to develop more refined machines to help them in
their daily lives and later on, to their greater endeavors. This led people to advances in
different fields such as education, health, and communications. The concepts of human
flourishing that we have today have become entirely different from what the Greek
philosopher Aristotle originally thought then. “Man of the world” is what humans today
expected to become – they are situated in a global neighborhood, helping each other,
together with the government and different institutions to accomplish a common goal.

2
Coordinating with one another has become the new trend and competing became
outmoded.

Even so, we cannot say that these ideas are absolutely true for we are in a period
of globalization. This allows people to learn and discover other culture, and as result,
many are influenced and abandoned their original philosophies. In this regard, Human
flourishing should be tackled not just in a single idea but in a global perspective.

Science as Methods and Results

Science has always been systematic in searching for things. It roots from
objectivity and uses logical approach on discovering how things work in the universe, one
important aspect of scientific process is that it only focuses on the natural world. So, if
anything appeared to be supernatural, then definitely it is something that is not acceptable
in the definition of science.

The scientific method (search for the proponent) is a series of steps followed by
science investigators to find answers for specific questions. This is introduced in school
to guide students in basic experimentation. The steps of scientific methods are as follows:

1. Observation on your surroundings will help you come up with an idea for your
science project.

2. Question should be made after you observation. This will tell you what you are
trying to discover or accomplish in your experiment.

3. After observing and questioning, Hypothesis comes next. It is an idea that is

suggested as an explanation for a natural event, a particular experience, or
specific condition that can be tested through definable experimentation.

4. Experiment You should develop a procedure that states very clearly how you
plan to conduct an experiment.

3
 5. Results include detailed observations and data extracted during the
experiment.

6. Conclusion is where all of the results from the experiments are analyzed and
determination is reached about the hypothesis.

In some books, the terms and number of steps may vary but the scientific

method presents general idea of how to do science.

Science as Social Endeavor

A number of philosophers such as Paul Thagard, Helen Longino, and David Bloor,
among others, presented an alternative distinction that explores the social dimension of
science and technology. The new idea of science takes away from the usual gown-
wearing scientists at laboratories and aims to enable a dimension which generally
benefits the society. For example, there are still unreached locations in Asia where ethnic
tribes remained unbothered over the years. Certainly, these tribal people have their own
‘science’ but since they remained untouched for a long time, they do not refer Asian
science as their own. Whatever kind of science that they have, it can be inferred that their
science is no different to those globalized people’s science. Thus, it presents a
complementary concept wherein if we transcend boundaries and get to know what do
these people know and integrate their knowledge to the facts that we already have, then
we can project a manifestation of shared knowledge and experiences that will foster
solidarity among these people across the globe. Science as social endeavor is to have
various problems solve, cater various needs and sustain the development of the society
through the help of scientific knowledge.

Science and Results

Science is not the only discipline that can produce results – we have religion, luck,
and human randomness. For people who don’t seem to know science, they’ll just
completely rely on either superstitious beliefs or divine providence. Science is not entirely

4
faultless, it doesn’t get hundred percent accurate all the time. For instance, Philippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration or PAGASA, often
blamed for their imprecise weather reports at times. This agency displays fallibility and
limitations of their scope, for they can’t totally tell the exact weather condition for the
following days, as well as their inability to predict occurrences of some natural disasters.
The best that a person can do is to prepare well and reinforce materials to ready
themselves to be calamity proof. It can then be inferred that science does not always hold
the claim for accurate results and also have limitations.

Science and its Limitations

Science has generated the knowledge that allows us to discover, explore, invent,
innovate, perform and answer vital questions about nature, life and existence. Science
might seem to be endless, but it is not. Science has definite limits; these are the following:

1. Science doesn't make moral judgments

When is euthanasia the right thing to do? What universal rights should humans
have? Should other animals have rights? These are important questions that
Science will not be able to answer. Science helps us describe how the world is,
but it cannot make any judgments about whether that state of affairs is right, wrong,
good, or bad. Knowledge provided by Science can inform our opinions and
decisions, but ultimately individual people must make moral judgments.

2. Science doesn't make aesthetic judgments

Science cannot tell us whether a painting is beautiful or awful. Individuals make
those decisions for themselves based on their own aesthetic preferences.

3. Science doesn't tell you how to use scientific knowledge

Science, for example, can tell you how to recombine DNA in new ways, but it
doesn't specify whether you should use that knowledge to correct a genetic
disease. Again, science helps us describe how the world is, and then we have to
decide how to use that knowledge.

5
 4. Science doesn't draw conclusions about supernatural explanations
Do gods exist? Do supernatural entities intervene in human affairs? These
questions may be important, but science won't help you answer them. Questions
that deal with supernatural explanations are beyond the realm of what can be
studied by science. For such questions are matters of personal faith and
spirituality.

Science as Education

In the Philippines, numerous science high schools can be found. These schools
offer aspiring students to secure a spot for a competent and high - quality science and
mathematics education anchored on a specialized curriculum. While these schools also
consider providing holistic education by assuring that the non-science and mathematics
subjects are covered, the proficiency in the aforementioned courses are still their utmost
priority. In STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) offering schools, the
prevalence of the said track is reflected in the number of students taking up the course.
It is no surprise if the numbers favor the STEM track as the jobs that lies in it are the most
in demand in today’s society. The students must have also thought that enrolling in this
science track will later place them in high-salary jobs and successful career.

Being proficient alone in science and technology would be inadequate if one is in

pursuit of human flourishing. It would make sense if it is pursued holistically, for instance,
reflecting on our inner self. The eudaimonic person denoted by Aristotle is someone who
is knowledgeable not only about science but also on other equally significant matters. A
true eudaimonic person is aware that in order for someone to flourish, he must not focus
on one facet alone but also must excel in different aspects such as aesthetics, humanities
and linguistics.

6
The Modern Challenges of Human Flourishing

In 2015, heads of state gathered in New York to sign United Nations’ new
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that targets to eradicate poverty by the year
2030 by establishing global partnership for development. As much as the organizations
impose such act to do in good faith, the primary goal to achieve ‘growth for all’ might be
putting our planet at risk in the long run.

Growth is the primary indicator of development as supposed by economists.

Technology has been a significant tool in aiding them to achieve such goal by making use
of natural resources, production of machineries and industry. What is missing here is that
the world’s bio-capacity to sustain all these efforts that will lead to our ‘growth’ is limited.
Studies have shown that we’re consuming the world’s resources rapidly. This is what
Joseph Hickel is pondering in his study, suggesting that instead of pushing poor countries
to catch up with the rich ones, the latter should ‘catch down’. Developed countries should
not push for more growth but rather make policies where developing countries and the
nature can cope up, or else we’ll suffer in the long run. The rapid technological
advancements leaves no room for nature to cope up to the world’s growing demand,
which may result in exploitation and permanent damages to nature. Today, we are
experiencing the result of the said exploits as the world experience climate change, which
may hardly affect the planet’s flora and fauna. We can’t just ignore the laws of nature. If
we do not act soon, all of our efforts in combating poverty will be put in vain and we might
even put ourselves in the brink of extinction.

______________________________________________________________________

Technology as a Way of Revealing

The discoveries, success, and advancements in science surely contribute to

human’s field of knowledge. Possibly, the need to know more about our self, tracing back
for some proofs of our existence is what has taken us into those discoveries. Our liking
to search for the unknown in this universe may lead us to uncover more about our

7
existence. It is in this matter that human flourishing is deeply interlinked with goal setting
relevant to science and technology.

The latter is deemed significant in this case as a tool in achieving Human

flourishing supporting Martin Heidegger’s statement, “technology is a human activity that
we excel in a result of achieving science”. Meaning to say, the end goals of science,
technology and human flourishing are associated, wherein the good is inherently related
to the truth.

In his essay “The Question Concerning Technology,” he describes technology and

its essence to human. He talked about its effect to man and its environment. It is also
discussed on how man should properly manage technology. Moreover, he revealed that
despite of the benefits that man can have from technology, it can work against him and
bring danger.

Man, challenges forth today wherein he uses and manipulates the resources
nature gives to manufacture to create or reveal technology that is man-made. The idea
of coal mining and farm cultivation are examples where man challenges resources; when
man challenges nature, he wants the maximum yield at minimum expense. The
perception of man to resources is no longer of what they really are; instead, sees them
as ways to fulfill his needs. Heidegger used Rhine River, European River, as an example:
people tend to not see it as a huge body of water but instead a hydro-electric plant. Man
does not see its natural tendency but the power he could benefit from it, and see it as a
standing reserve.

Humans always have the nature that “nature should fit with them”, instead of
perceiving “humans fit with nature”. Humans constantly enframing everything around
their environment. When they enframe, they unconceal the standing reserve. As a result,
man abuses the Earth’s natural resources, and continuously destroys it for his selfish aim.
Once man continuously enframe without care to the environement, technology can work
against him. Heidegger states, “Where enframing reigns, there is danger in the highest
sense;” therefore, trouble against man and his environment could arise.

8
 According to Heidegger, escaping from the fate of technology is impossible;
however, questioning technology can save humans from catastrophic events that it could
lead upon. We must question how to use technology without hurting the world around us.
We need to open up the possibility of relying on technologies while not becoming
enslaved to them and seeing them as manifestations of an understanding of being.

______________________________________________________________________

When technology and humanity cross

Robotics and AI (Artificial Intelligence)

poses ethical dilemma

“Humans, limited by slow biological evolution, couldn’t compete and would be

superseded by A.I.”—Stephen Hawking, 2014

AI is our “biggest existential threat,” Elon Musk, 2014

“I am in the camp that is concerned about super intelligence.” Bill Gates, 2015

These comments have initiated a public awareness of the potential future impact
of AI technology on society and that this impact should be considered by designers of
such technology to develop the best design future intelligent system that will lead to
positive technological transitions on human and society.

The technologies that surround us take many shapes and have different levels of
developmental progress and impact on our lives. A coarse categorization could be the
following:

1. Industrial robots: these have existed for many years and have made a huge
impact within manufacturing. They are mostly preprogrammed by a human
instructor and consist of a robot arm with a number of degrees of freedom (Nof,
1999).

9
 2. Service robots: a robot which operates semi- or fully autonomously to perform
useful tasks for humans or equipment but excluding industrial automation
applications (IFR, 2017). They are currently applied in selected settings such as
internal transportation in hospital, lawn mowing and vacuum cleaning.

3. Artificial intelligence: software that makes technology able to adapt through

learning with the target of making systems able to sense, reason, and act in the
best possible way (Torresen, 2013). There has, in recent years, been a large
increase in the deployment of artificial intelligence in a number of business
domains including for customer service and decision support.

Ethical Societal Challenges Arising with Artificial Intelligence and Robots

Ethical perspectives of AI and robotics should be addressed in at least two ways.

First, the engineers developing systems need to be aware of possible ethical challenges
that should be considered including avoiding misuse and allowing for human inspection
of the functionality of the algorithms and systems (Bostrom and Yudkowsky, 2014).
Second, when moving toward advanced autonomous systems, the systems should
themselves be able to do ethical decision making to reduce the risk of unwanted behavior
(Wallach and Allen, 2009).

The following are potential challenges from future highly intelligent systems
regarding jobs and technology risks:

1. People may become unemployed because of automation.

Fewer jobs and working hours for employees could tend to benefit small elite
and not all members of our society.

2. Losing human skills due to technological excellence.

With the introduction of robots, and information and communication technology,
the need for human knowledge and skills is gradually decreased. This lessens

10
 our need to train and utilize our cognitive capabilities regarding memory,
reasoning, decision making etc., this eventually could have a major impact on
how we interact with the world around us.

3. Artificial intelligence can be used for destructive and unwanted tasks.

Surveillance cameras are useful for many purposes, but many are skeptical of
advanced tracking of people using artificial intelligence. It might become
possible to track the movement and behavior of a person moving in a range of
interconnected surveillance camera and position information from the user’s
smartphone. Disclosures (e.g., by Edward Snowden in 2013) have shown that
governments can leverage technology in the fight against crime and terror at
the risk of the innocent being monitored.

4. Successful AI can lead to the extinction of mankind? Almost any

technology can be misused and cause severe damage if it gets into the wrong
hands. It is important that systems have built in mechanisms to prevent human
errors and help to predict risk of mechanical failure to the extent possible.

______________________________________________________________________

Assessment:

Poem Reading

Read the poem below and answer the question that follows. Comprehensively
discuss your answer in a one whole sheet of paper.

GENESIS IN REVERSE
Author: Benjamin, Leon Fransceco

In the beginning was the earth.

It was beautiful and man lived upon the earth.
And man said: “Let us build skyscrapers and expressways”.
And man covered the earth with steel and concrete.
And man said: “It was good”.

11
On the second day.
Man look upon the clear blue waters of the earth.
And man said: “Let us dump sewage and waste into the water”.
And man did. The waters become dark and murky.
And man said: “It is good”

On the third day.

Man gazed at the forest on the earth.
They were tall and green.
And man said: “Let us cut the trees and build things for ourselves.
And man did. And the forest grew thin.
And man said: “It is good”.

On the fourth day.

Man saw animals leaping in the fields and playing in the sun.
And man said: “Let us trap the animals for money and shoot them for sport.
And man did. And animals become scarce.
And man said: “It is good”.

On the fifth day.

Man felt the cool breeze in his nostrils.
And man said: Let us burn our refuse and let the wind blow away the smoke and debris.
And man did. And the air becomes dense with smoke and carbon.
And man said: “It is good”.

On the sixth day.

Man saw many kinds of people on the earth.
Different races, color and creed. And man feared and said:
“Let us make bombs and missiles in case misunderstandings arise”.
And man did. And missiles site and bomb dumps checkered the landscape.
And man said: “It is good”

On the seventh day.

Man rested. And the earth was quiet and deathly still.
For man was no more.
And it was good.

12
Assessment 1:

Essay Questions:

1. What lesson/s can be applied in the present time where science and technology are
deemed significant in achieving the ultimate good or “human flourishing”?

2. Have the world become successful in achieving human flourishing through Science
and Technology? Why or why not? Give examples

3. What general truth in life is being depicted in the poem?

Assessment 2:

Essay Questions:

Read “Is Google Making Us Stupid?” by Nicholas Carr. From his article, enumerate the
changes that happened to ones reading behavior by browsing the web. Were the reading
behavioral changes mentioned in the article relevant to your experiences when browsing
the net? Why or Why not? Give examples. As a student what advise can you give your
fellow students every time they browse the net.

Assessment 3:

Essay Questions:

Watch the movie AI (Artificial Intelligence) directed by Steven Spielberg and then answer
the following questions:

1. At the beginning of the movie, Professor Hobby states that “to create an artificial
being has been the dream of man since the birth of science.” There’s probably an
element of truth to this. Why do we have this fascination?

13
 2. In a documentary on the movie, Steven Spielberg states that the story is set at a
time when humans and robots are on the brink of civil war. This is graphically
depicted in the “Flesh Fair,” where old or unregistered mechas are rounded up and
destroyed gladiator-style before a cheering crowd. One of the mechas explained
that the Flesh Fair was an attempt to cut back on the numbers of mechas so that
humans could "maintain numerical superiority." From the opposite perspective,
one of the humans at the Fair said that mechas should be destroyed since they
will take over. Why can't we just live in peace with robots?

3. Steven Spielberg states that a key issue raised by the movie is the extent to which
we have a moral responsibility to the intelligent robots that we will someday create.
What are these moral responsibilities?

______________________________________________________________________

Rubrics for Essay Questions:

Clarity of content – 30% (essay clearly state a position, provides support for the position,
does not contain irrelevant information, leaves no surface questions)

Organization – 30% (has a compelling opening informative middle and satisfying

conclusion)

Originality – 30% (positions are persuasive and original, drawn from the students own
observations)

Conventions – 10% (few errors, if any, are present in grammar, usage, spelling and
punctuation, but the errors that are present do not interfere with meaning)

______________________________________________________________________

Supplement

Artificial Intelligence – refers to the simulation of human intelligence in machines that

are programmed to think like humans and mimic their actions. The term may also be

14
applied to any machine that exhibits traits associated with a human mind such as learning
and problem-solving.

Bushido – (Japanese: “The Way of the Warrior) the code of conduct of the samurai, or
bushi (warrior) class of premodern Japan. The precepts of Bushido were made the basis
of ethical training for the whole society, with the emperor replacing the feudal lord or
daimyo as the focus of loyalty or sacrifice.

Confucianism – or the Way of life was propagated by Confucius in the 6th and 5th century
BCE. It has become the substance of learning, the source of values, and the social code
of Chinese.

Eudaimonia – in Greek philosophy, it means to achieve the best condition possible for a
human being, in every sense – not only happiness, but also virtue, morality and a
meaningful life.

Enframe – state of unconcealing or using/utilizing the standing reserve, abusive and

unguarded enframing may lead to exploitation of the natural resources.

Phronesis – the habit of making the right decisions and taking the right actions in context,
and relentless pursuit of excellence for the common good

PAGASA – (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services

Administration) is the Philippines’ national institution dedicated to provide flood and
typhoon warnings, public weather forecasts and advisories, meteorological and
astronomical, climatological, and other special information and services primarily for the
protection of life and property and in support of economic productivity and sustainable
development.

Robot – a machine resembling a human being and able to replicate certain human
movements and functions automatically

SDG – (Sustainable Development Goals) are the blueprint to achieve a better and more
sustainable future for all. They address the global challenges including those related to
poverty, inequality, climate, environmental degradation, prosperity, and peace and
justice.

15
Standing reserve – are the resources nature gives to manufacture to create or reveal
technology.

STEM – is an educational program developed to prepare primary and secondary students

for college and graduate study in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics. This also aims to foster inquiring minds, logical reasoning and collaboration
skills.

______________________________________________________________________

References:

Amadio, A., Kenny, A. ”Aristotle –Greek Philosopher”

https://www.brittanica.com/biography/Aristotle

Blitz, M. (2014) “Understanding Heidegger on Technology”

https://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/understanding-heidegger-on-technology

Cambe, M. (2016) “Martin Heidegger: The Question Concerning Technology

Presentation”

Dayrit, F.M. (2011). “Sustainable Development: An Evolving Paradigm for the 21 st

Century.” Stellar Origins Human Ways. Ed. Ma. Assunta C. Cuyegkeng, 231-57

Ferngren, G. (Ed.). (2000). Encyclopedia of the History of Science and Religion in the
Western Tradition. New York: Garland

Feyerabend, P. (1975) “How to Defend Society Against Science.”

Radical Philosophy 11 (1): 3-9

Heidegger, M. (1977) The Question Concerning Technology. New York: Harper and Row

Hickel, J. (2015) “Forget ‘Developing’ Rich Countries, It’s Time to ‘De-Develop’ Rich
Countries.”
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-
network/2015/sep/23/developing-poor-countries-de-devlop-rich-countries-sdgs.

Livejournal (2009) “Genesis in Reverse”

https://guru-vaj.livejournal.com/13104.html

Managing Research library (2013) “Aristotle’s Causality”

Mc Cormick, B. (2006) “Es Gibt”

16
Moore, C. (2019) “What is Eudaimonia? Aristitotle and Eudaimonic Well Being”
https://positivepsychologyprogram.com/eudaimonia/

Philosophy Terms (2018) “Eudaimonia”

https://philosophyterms.com/eudaimonia/
Pletcher, K. “Bushido – Japanese History”
https://www.brittanica.com/topic/Bushido

Reason and Meaning (2013) “Aristotle on the Good Life”

https://reasonandmeaning.com/2013/12/19/aristotle-on-the-good-and-meaningful-life/

Serafica, J., Pawilen, G., Casilib, B. Jr., Alata, E., (2018) “Science, Technology and
Society” Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.

Weiming, Tu (2019) “Confucianism”

https://www.brittanica.com/topic/Confucianism
https://managingresearchlibrary.org/glossary/aristotle-
causality?fbclid=IwAR0Brh9ba0nM43gICUrpVCzXpuyr7IuWIkSgmP20aZpLmfGjXwXtO
KaDHXU
http://web.utk.edu/~sophia/readings/heidegger/heidegger.txt?fbclid=IwAR1Jv-
NyV6j_Kw-NdoEw6ctp__BR8pt0nD6OhF3RFyk9ZEcGIfmn5cQ7lIw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fbuTSzXKgIA
http://www.users.cloud9.net/~bradmcc/EsGibtExplained.html
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2017.00075/full
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6432307.stm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6425927.stm
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2008/07/is-google-making-us-
stupid/306868/
https://www.edge.org/discourse/carr_google.html
https://www.cc.gatech.edu/computing/nano/documents/Joy%20-
%20Why%20the%20Future%20Doesn't%20Need%20Us.pdf
https://reasonandmeaning.com/2016/02/15/summary-of-bill-joys-why-the-future-doesnt-
need-us/
https://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/0_0_0/whatisscience_12
https://climateandcapitalism.com/2012/04/02/four-laws/
http://www.philfilms.utm.edu/1/artificial.htm

17
 Module # 5 The development of Information Age

Intended Learning Outcomes:

The students will be able to:

1. Describe the development of communication and information technology from

ancient time up to present;
2. Depict the impact of the development of information technology to society;
3. Describe how social media have impacted our lives.

Introduction:

The Sumerian was the first civilization that invented the first writing system called
cuneiform. It is a set of word pictures depicted in symbols made of triangular marks
around 3100 BC. Pictograms or drawings representing actual things were the basis for
cuneiform writing.

Sumerian clay tablet was used as a writing medium, especially for

writing in cuneiform. They use a wooden stylus to place simple
shapes, lines and wedge-shaped markings into moist clay, which
were then baked until hard. It contains the Sumerian historical
information and culture. It began as record keeping for trade and
evolved into the use of symbols for writing down laws and stories.
The Sumerians had enormous libraries of clay tablets containing their laws, business
transactions, and literature.

Egyptian writing wrote with ink and brushes on paper made of papyrus reeds; their
writing was in the form of pictorial symbols known as hieroglyphics.

The oldest known printing press was invented in China during the Tang dynasty
(618-906AD). The Diamond Sutra, a Buddhist book from Dunhuang, China from around
868 A.D. is said to be the oldest known printed book. Chinese printing relied on blocks
cut from wood, used to print textiles and reproduce Buddhist text. By 10th century book
printing seems to have become established and was carried in many parts of China. This
technique of woodblock printing was also used in Japan and Korea at the time and spread
throughout Asia. Then later on, a moveable type, which replaced panels of printing blocks
with moveable individual letters that could be reused, was developed by Bi Sheng from
Hubei, China.

Content:

During Renaissance time, the most important technological innovation was the
invention of the printing press by Johann Gutenberg. The printing press is a device that
allows for the mass production of constant printed matter, mainly text in the form of books,
pamphlets and newspapers. By 1400s, movable type was being used in Europe as began
printing the Bible in everyday language. Soon millions of books were in circulation.

This invention led to a higher literacy rate among people,

and helped with the spreading of Renaissance ideas. The
inventions of mechanical printing press made possible the
dissemination of knowledge to wider population that lead to
a gradually more egalitarian society and able to dominate
other cultures. The worldwide spread of the printing press
meant a greater distribution of ideas among members of the community and throughout
the world.

In the early 20th century, the electronics industry was

advanced to the point where a complex device, such as a
computer was invented. The electronic computer has
become one of the key tools of modern industry.
Electronics has also been fundamental in developing new
communications devices such as radio, television, cellphones, laptop and other devices.

2
 A computer is an electronic machine that accepts information, stores, and
processes it according to the instructions provided by a user and then returns the result.
Today, computers have become part of our everyday activities. Computers become
quickly more powerful. By 1970 it became possible to squeeze all the integrated circuits
that are part of a single computer on a single chip called a microprocessor. Personal
computer was introduced in 1975. The term Wi-Fi becomes part of the computing
language and users begin connecting to the Internet without wires in 1999. YouTube, a
video sharing service, is founded. Google acquires Android, a Linux-based mobile phone
operating system in 2005. Facebook gains 1 billion users on October 4, 2012.

The Internet was the work of dozens of pioneering scientists, programmers and
engineers who each developed new features and technologies that eventually merged to
become the “information superhighway” we know today. It started in early 1900 when
Nikola Tesla toyed with the idea of a “world wireless system”. Tim Berners-Lee invented
the World Wide Web in 1990. The web served as the most common means of accessing
data online in the form of websites and hyperlinks. The web helped popularize the Internet
among the public, and served as a crucial step in developing the vast supply of
information that most of us now access on a daily basis. This technology paved way to
the emergence of social media.
Social media is a modern communication tool started with computers and internet.
It is interactive and collection of online communications channels or platforms that
facilitate the creation, sharing and collaboration of information, ideas, interests and other
forms of expression.
The users engage with their electronic or mobile devices as they create highly
interactive platforms through which individuals, communities, and organizations can
share, co-create, discuss, participate and modify content posted online via virtual
communities and networks. In business, social media is used to market products, promote
brands, connect to current customers and foster new business. It is also often used
for crowdsourcing. Customers can use social networking sites to offer ideas for future
products or tweaks to current ones.

3
 Some of the prominent examples of social media platforms are:
Facebook/Messenger, YouTube, WeChat, Instagram, QQ, Weibo, Twitter, Tumblr,
LinkedIn, LINE, Snapchat, Pinterest, Viber, Wikipedia, Tiktok etc. Facebook is a free
social media networking website that allows registered users to create profiles, upload
photos and video, send messages and keep in touch with friends, family and colleagues.
Wikipedia which is the most used platforms especially in research is a free, open content
online encyclopedia. While Youtube allows users to upload, view, rate, share, add to
playlists, report, comment on videos, and subscribe to other users.

Social media sites have grown in numbers by leaps and bounds. TikTok which is
the recent sites is a short-form, video-sharing app that allows users to create and share
short videos, on any sounds and song snippets, along with the option to add special
effects and filters.

One of the advantage of social media is that It provides a free of charge avenue
for learning through conversing with experts, teachers or professionals online and helps
as an effective communication tool for staying in touch with friends and family, however
if there are pros there are also disadvantages like it can serve as a platform for misleading
information and inappropriate actions. People might do or say things they wouldn’t in real
life because there are minimal rules for communication in social media.

4
Assessment:
Name: _______________________________________ Section : ________________________

Assessment 1. Complete the table. Give the correct usage of the following social
media platforms.
Platforms Usage

1. Youtube

2. Pinterest

3. Wikipedia

4. Twitter

5. Instagram

6. Google+

7. LinkedIn

8. Gmail

9. Spotify

10. Tiktok

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Name: _______________________________________ Section : ________________________

Assessment 2. - PROS and CONS of Social media

1. Identify five (5) advantages and (5) disadvantages of using social media
2. Give possible suggestions on how to deal or treat the given situation; and
3. Present your discussion to the class (3-6 minutes).

6
Name: _______________________________________ Section : ________________________

Assessment 3. - Multiple choice. Write the correct letter of your answer on the
space provided before the number.
_____1. It is s a device that allows for the mass production of constant printed matter,
mainly text in the form of books, pamphlets and newspapers;
A Clay tablet B Computer
C oracle bone D Printing press

_____2. Which of the following is the most disadvantage form of social media?
A communication tool B inability to connect
C cyberbullying D inability to order and buy

_____3. Which scientist invented the mechanical printing press?

A. Johann Gutenberg B. Alexander Graham Bell
C. Aristotle D. Lee Hau

_____4. This kind of printing press was introduced first by the Chinese:
A. mechanical printing B. clay table
C. oracle bone D. woodblock printing

_____5. What is the impact of the invention of printing press during Renaissance time?
A. advance reading B. higher literacy rate
C. disseminate entertainment D. lessen boredom

_____6. Which platform allows users to upload, view, rate, share, add to playlists,
report, comment on videos?
A. Wikipedia B. Twitter
C. Youtube D. facebook

_____7. Which platform allows registered users to create profiles, upload photos and
video, send messages and keep in touch with friends, family and colleagues?
A. Wikipedia B. Twitter
C. Youtube D. facebook

_____8. Which of the following should not be the application of social media?
A. social networking B. foster fake information
C. participate in discussion D. market products

_____9. Which of the following is the first inventor of movable printing press?
A. Wan Chen B. Peter Schoffer
C. Bi Sheng D. Johannes Gutenberg

_____10. In what plant material the paper of the Egyptian is made of?
A. abaca reeds B. banana leaf
C. papyrus reeds D. Clay tablet

7
References:

Book: “Alan Turing: The Enigma” (Andrew Hodges and Douglas Hofstadter)
TEDTalk: Julian Assange on “Why the World Needs Wikileaks”
Information: The new language of science (Hans Christian von Baeyer)
Germ Catcher (David J. Ecker, Scientific American, 2014)
Physics of the Future: How science will shape human destiny and our daily lives by the
year 2100 (Michio Kaku, Doubleday, 2011)
Aldea K., Caronan H., & Candido B. Science, technology and Society, 2018
https://www.compukol.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media
https://buffer.com/library/social-media-sites/
https://smallbiztrends.com/2016/05/popular-social-media-sites.html
https://www.tiktok.com/en/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_printing_in_East_Asia
https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/printing-press

8
 Module # 6 Biodiversity and Genetically Modified Organisms

Lesson 1: Biodiversity and Healthy Society (COVID – 19 Issues)

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, student should be able to:

1. Determine the interrelatedness of society, environment, and health.

2. Identify and know the basic information of COVID -19.

Introduction:

The number of species of flora, fauna, and microbial organism, the enormous diversity
of genes in these species, the varied ecosystems of Earth, such as deserts, rainforests
and coral reefs are all part of a biologically diverse planet and all of which together forms
biodiversity. Not only that it refers to those rare and endangered forms of life but these
also must include those that we’re not seen in the naked eye so to speak with different
forms of viruses and bacteria. All of these species together with the genes they have,
and their environment. Thus, we can consider to have biodiversity into three levels

1. Genetic level. This refers to the genetic differences between specific or certain
species
2. Species level. This refers to the place in which specific kind of flora or fauna occur
in varying shapes, sizes and color.
3. Ecosystem level. This refers to a place or environment having number of species
which depend on each other

A proper and suitable conservation and sustainable development strategies attempt

to recognize this as essential to any approach to preserving biodiversity.
Content:

Biodiversity is important in sustaining all forms of life on the planet. The condition
of the natural habitat where we thrive greatly depends on a lasting diversified and balance
environment. If there is one species that have been lost in an ecosystem, then the rest
of the species in that particular ecosystem will be greatly affected by the lost. If a predator
is lost in an agricultural farm then there would be no species who would eradicate small
animals and even pest who eats from the crops that are found in the area. Therefore,
biodiversity plays an essential role in ensuring good harvest and maintain a lasting natural
resource. More over biodiversity safeguards us for a fresh air, enough supply of water
and fertile soil where we can plant our crops.

Essentials of Biodiversity

We may not have realized it but our health highly reliant of biodiversity. Sustaining
food supply, providing us source of supplements, nutrients, various forms of vitamins and
minerals and a lot of forms of medicines are among the essential reasons why biodiversity
is highly essential to us. These are also among the reasons of mankind in supporting the
provisions for fresh water and clean air. Thus, also contributing to economic and cultural
enrichment. Undoubtedly it will be difficult for us mankind to achieve a healthy society
without having us to take care or maintaining out biodiversity. However, there are still
threats to biodiversity that hinders mankind to achieve a universal good health

Abrupt and slow changes in our biodiversity can cause severe and unpredictable
effects on an overall health of living things to include mankind. Clearing of land to provide
additional areas for residential purpose for instance could be a cause for human to be in
closer contact to species of animals that may spread diseases not only to humans but
also to other animals. These may also cause the imbalance for certain ecosystem
reducing the equal distribution of predators that controls disease carrying organism to be
in contact to humans

2
Biodiversity an essential source of medicines and great opportunity for medical
research

Clearing of land may bring about the loss of plants and other organisms useful in
medical research or that may contain substances used as medicines. Biodiversity loss
can impact greatly on traditional medicinal practices that utilize wild animals and plants.
Some modern drugs are also derived from wild species like inter alia pain killers like
Zincinitide from cone snail toxins, anticancer drugs like Taxol from Taxus trees and
treatment for diabetes drugs like Exanitide from Heloderma lizards and many other
potentially important species that has yet to be investigated. Studies of wildlife anatomy,
physiology and biochemistry can lead to important developments of human medicine.

People around the globe is now facing a great challenge on maintaining a healthy
environment and society for mankind due to the loss of biodiversity and these situations
has greatly affect the supply of food and medicines and to include cultural and religious
values of many tribe and various nations around the globe. Statistics have shown that
there have been apparently 80% or majority of the world’s population from developing
countries is directly dependent on plants as their main source for traditional medicine.
Furthermore 25% of prescriptions dispensed by doctors were using plant extracts as
active ingredient for medications they prescribed. Agriculturally speaking crop varieties
have been largely reduced over the past half of the century. Having known that majority
of the calories used by humans came from the different variety of crops, mankind’s diet
has been modified genetically and more preservatives we’re used in creating food to
prolong its shelf life. This has turned out to create nutrition related diseases to increase
with obesity and diabetes in include among those lists. All of these things which in some
way or another is all associated to the disturb or loss of biodiversity.

Biodiversity conservation is important for climate change adaptation

It is now also widely recognized that biodiversity loss and climate change are
mutually reinforcing: the loss of biodiversity hastens climate change, which in turn
threatens biodiversity. This has a negative impact on human health as we struggle to
adapt to the impact of both these environmental challenges. A climate resilient human

3
community will have access to protected ecosystem services, and biodiversity is an
essential component of any climate change adaptation strategy.

Biodiversity brings food security, dietary health and livelihood sustainability

The differentiation or modification of genes in foods that we process provides as a

basis in improving crops and secures production of enough amount of food crops and
food products. Thus, modification of crops can also make it resists or combat varying
environmental conditions like marginal soil, drought, flood, presence of pests and
superweeds. Food and nourishments based on varied food species can promote good
health thus assisting in protecting us from diseases associated with unhealthy diets.
Through eating nutritious food vitamin deficiency problems and recommended dietary
supplements can now be obtained. Agricultural biodiversity indeed can be a threat to
man’s health, food security, and livelihood maintenance if it is destructed or loss.

Biodiversity regulates and controls infectious diseases

The loss of diversified species and the changes that may occur in the environment
can largely increase the spread and the hazards of infectious diseases in many species
of flora and fauna to include humans and species of livestock that are being consumed
largely by majority of the populations. SARS, avian influenza, swine flu, Ebola, Malaria
and COVID - 19 and a lot more are only among those contagious diseases that can risk
the lives of many people around the globe which are associated to loss of biodiversity
due to human activities, illegal wildlife trade and unmanageable land use change and
modifications.

Ecosystem can reduce disaster risk and support relief and recovery efforts

Healthy ecosystem and the diversified species in it can provide important natural
buffer against natural disasters like flood landslide and drought. Habitat loss due to
different reasons is also a contributory factor in desertification and dry land salinity
impacting on livelihoods community stability. Poor communities or those who are sick
and who experience low levels of livelihood security are likely to be at greatest risk of
such events.

4
 Many rural and poor communities are typically more dependent on ecosystem for
their livelihood security and well - being therefore they are the most vulnerable to impact
of disasters if these ecosystems are compromised before by disaster impacts. People
who have been displaced by disaster or conflict may be more susceptible to illness and
more dependent to ecosystem services for their supply of food, shelter, medicine and
other primary needs. Through maintaining a sustainable biodiversity, we can help to
provide important resources for promoting health and rebuilding livelihoods in post crisis
situations.

While it is important for us to fully understand how biodiversity works and the
threats it may lead when it is loss. We can now reflect and cherish all these resources
for they can be loss and at stake at a glimpse without us knowing how these situations
on biodiversity loss can greatly affect our lives in many ways. We can now prepare
contingency plans on maintain and protecting biodiversity and create healthy societies at
all time. Unending hard work, labors and effort must be provided in protecting, revitalizing
and understanding biodiversity in its smallest and largest scale so mankind can feel its
instantaneous and long-lasting benefits.

Here are some ways in which we can protect and restore biodiversity for the benefit of a
healthy society

• Continue learning and knowing the different threats to biodiversity nowadays and
educate others on how to control or avoid biodiversity loss.
• Support local brands as often as possible, these does not only avoid biodiversity
loss but also help local farmers
• Promote good health and protect the air by walking or riding a bicycle
• Reduce carbon gas emission by using your car less often or by taking public
transportation

COVID – 19 Basic Information (Department of Health FAQs)

We are facing a global health crisis - one that kills people, spreads human suffering
and put off people's lives. However, this is much more than just a health issue. It is a crisis

5
that greatly affects individuals, family, economy and the society. With the heavy option of
choosing between to preserve lives while staying at home as a preventive measure of the
government to control the spread of the virus and suffer from the impact of the lockdowns
to our workforce and the negative effect to our economy or let people freely mobilize,
continue with daily life but with a huge risk of contracting the stern virus and transferring
it to their close contacts. This virus causes detrimental effect to the employment status of
the majority of our workforce which has recorded the highest adult unemployment rate of
45.5% in July of 2020. Almost all sectors were greatly affected, even the Oversees Filipino
Workers who were forced to return to the country because of the effect of the pandemic
in the countries where that are working. Also, the following industries are extremely blown
by the effects of the pandemic, industries such as Travel and Tourism (Hotels, Resorts,
Travel agencies and tour guide services), Entertainment (Sports, Performing arts, Movies
and Television), Service industry (restaurants and bars), Clothing industries and
Transportation.

The following facts about Covid-19 which is based on the website of Department of health
are as follows:

• Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses causing a range of illnesses, from the
common cold to more serious infections such as those caused by Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Coronavirus can also
cause a variety of diseases in farm animals and domesticated pets.

• The novel coronavirus is a new strain of coronavirus that has not been previously
identified in humans. The novel coronavirus has caused severe pneumonia in
several cases in China and has been exported to a range of countries and cities.
Last February 12, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the
novel disease is officially called Coronavirus Disease 19 or COVID-19, and the
virus infecting it is referred to as COVID-19 virus.

6
 • Incubation period is the period between exposure to an infection and the
appearance of the first symptoms. According to the WHO, the current incubation
period of COVID-19 ranges from 1-12.5 days. These estimates can change as new
information is being shared with the Department of Health (DOH). Based on what
we know about other coronavirus diseases, such as MERS and SARS, their
incubation period reaches up to 14 days. With COVID-19, WHO recommends to
monitor contacts of confirmed cases for 14 days.

• COVID-19 is transmitted from person to person via droplets, contact, and fomites.
It is transmitted when one individual talks, sneezes, or coughs producing ‘droplets’
of saliva containing the COVID-19 virus. These droplets are then inhaled by
another person. COVID-19 transmission usually occurs among close contacts --
including family members and healthcare workers. It is therefore important to
maintain a distance of more than 1 meter away from any person who has
respiratory symptoms.

• According to WHO, the most common symptoms of COVID-19 are fever, tiredness
and dry cough. Few patients experience aches and pains, nasal congestion, runny
nose, sore throat or diarrhea. Patients usually have mild symptoms that start
gradually. Most patients recover without needing any special treatment. Only
around 1 of 6 patients manifest with difficulty breathing and become seriously ill.

• COVID-19 could be fatal, but this happens rarely. According to WHO, 82% of
infected patients will have mild presentations, 15% will have severe
manifestations, and only 3% will be critical. As mentioned before, older people,
people with compromised immune systems, and people with pre-existing medical
conditions, such as diabetes and heart disease, are more prone to fall severely ill
with the virus. Around 2% of people infected with the disease have died.

As a member of this society, we should adapt and move forward to the changes
brought by the pandemic. Make sure to safeguard yourself holistically. Increase
occurrence in the mental health problems are also evident during these days of

7
uncertainty. Let’s follow the health protocols set by the Inter-agency task force to ensure
the safety of our family which can contribute for the success of our country as a whole.
Collaboration and active participation are pivotal while waiting for an effective and efficient
medication and vaccine that is significant to address the issues of Covid-19. United we
stand, divided we fall…

Activity:

Group Activity “The Biodiversity Protection Jingle”

Mechanics:

Class can be group into a maximum of 10 members each group. Each group must
brainstorm on additional ways in which they can help in protecting and restoring
biodiversity for the benefit of the society in different aspect. After which each group must
create a jingle. Each Group will be given ample time to practice for their performance of
the said Jingle to be performed the following meeting before the teacher proceeds to the
next discussion. The groups can pattern the tune of their Jingle to any of preferred song
the group has agreed on: Example Biodiversity Protection Jingle to the tune of Shallow
by Lady Gaga

Materials needed:

Bond paper and ball pen for writing your jingle draft

Bluetooth speaker/, guitar or any preferred musical instrument

Rubric:

Coherence of the jingle to the topic 30%

Performance 40%

Creativity -30%

8
Assessment:

Essay Questions:

1. Name other more areas in which biodiversity can affect the society briefly explain your
answer each answer with explanation will credit 2 points. You can enumerate 5 areas
to get a maximum of 10 points.
2. What has been the impact of COVID-19 on your life?
3. What are some of the challenges you have faced during COVID-19? If you’ve found a
solution, what is it?
4. What advice would you give to others to keep their spirits up during the pandemic?

References:

http://sciencenetlinks.com/esheets/biodiversity-and-health/

https://www.cbd.int/undb/media/factsheets/undb-factsheet-health-en.pdf

https://www.cbd.int/doc/health/cohab-policy-brief1-en.pdf

https://cnib.ca/en/blog/how-has-covid-19-impacted-your-life?region=gta

https://www.doh.gov.ph/COVID-19/FAQs

9
Lesson 2: Genetically Modified Organisms: Science, Health, and
Politics

Intended Learning Outcomes:

Students will be able to:

1. Understand how genetically modified foods are made.

2. Discuss the ethics and implications of GMOs and potential future impacts.

Introduction:

The dawn of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) started after Watsons and
Crick described the structure of DNA paving the way to genetic engineering studies. Since
then, scientists have experimented with many types of genes, some from animals, some
from other types of plants. They used a variety of mechanisms including mutation,
insertion or the deletion of genes within an organism.

While others view genetically modified organisms as a promising innovation, there

is controversy about their use. In this lesson, you will be introduced to the concept of
genetically modified organisms. You will participate in an activity equipping you with the
ability to analyze the ethical implications of GMOs and potential future impacts.

Content:

USES AND IMPLICATIONS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS

1. Pest Resistance

Some crops such as corn, cotton and soy beans have been genetically engineered
to produce a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that is poisonous to
insects or pests that damages crops, resulting in devastating financial loss for farmers. If

10
plants could produce a shield against pests or insects, farmers no longer have to use
insecticides and pesticides to control insect problems.

Figure 1: Comparison of corn with disease and Bt corn

Photocredit: https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/90620

2. Virus Resistance

In 1980, University of Hawaii developed the genetically modified papaya resistant

to Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV). These new transgenic papaya plants are no longer
susceptible to infection, allowing farmers to cultivate the fruit even when the virus is
widespread.

Figure 2: Papaya with Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV).

Photocredit: https://www.greenlife.co.ke/papaya-ringspot/

11
3. Herbicide Tolerance

Herbicides are weed killers often spray by farmers for increased and quality
production. Glyphosate is an example of herbicide widely used to kill weeds. However,
herbicides do not have the ability to identify plants that are crops or weeds. Therefore,
spraying herbicides are often time consuming and expensive because the agricultural
system can only use “selective herbicides” which are not effective at removing all types
of weeds.

Figure 3: Herbicide Spray Effects on GM crop and Weed

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/Rajdeeepsidhu/genetically-modified-cropsall-aspects

So, tolerance to the herbicide was genetically engineered into agricultural crops,
such as soybeans and corns, allowing farmers to broadly spray (Broad-spectrum or non-
selective herbicides) their farms without killing the crops. Glyphosate- resistant soy bean
and glyphosate- resistant corn, commonly called “Roundup Ready”, are examples of
engineered crops to be glyphosate resistant. These were first introduced by Monsanto
Company, a multinational agrochemical and agricultural biotechnology corporation in the
U.S.

12
4. Biofortification

Biofortification is a process to increase the nutritional value of a crop through

breeding or generic engineering. It is a strategy to eliminate micronutrient deficiencies,
including vitamin A, zinc, and iron that have greatly affected the developing world.

Figure 4. Traditional rice vs. Golden rice

Photocredit: Goldenrice.org
An example is the Golden rice which was developed to address dietary vitamin A
shortages. Vitamin A deficiency if not resolved can cause visual impairment which could
lead to blindness.

5. Production of Human Insulin

Insulin is a hormone made by pancreas that regulates the amount of glucose in

the blood which is important for metabolism and utilization of energy. People suffering
from diabetes are not capable of producing the necessary amount of insulin. So, there
arises a need for such people to take a manufactured version of insulin.

With the help of genetic engineering, the human gene is attached to the DNA of
the bacteria E. coli or baker’s yeast for insulin production. This is called GMO insulin.

6. Use in Gene Therapy

Gene therapy is a technique to introduce genetic material into cells to replace or

inactivate abnormal gene or to add a new gene in an attempt to cure or prevent genetic
disease. The GMOs like some viruses are used in gene therapy. Scientists focused on
the treatment of various genetic disorders and diseases like sickle cell anemia, muscular
dystrophy, thalassemia, hemophiliac and cystic fibrosis.

13
Activity:

So, what genetically modified foods/ crops are grown and eaten today?

MECHANICS:

Go online and search for five (5) GMO foods/ crops available on the market today.
(Note: It must be from a verified source.) Use the table below to list down your answers.

Then as a group, choose the GMO food/ crop that you are “For” and “Against”.
Prepare for a formal presentation. Share what you learned during your research.

BRAND/ PRODUCT GENETIC BENEFITS/ SOURCE/S

NAME MODIFICATION RISKS

Scoring Rubric for Oral Presentation:

Total
Category Scoring Criteria Points Score
The type of presentation is appropriate for the topic and
Organization audience.
(15 points) Information is presented in a logical sequence.
Presentation appropriately cites requisite number of
references.
Introduction is attention-getting, lays out the problem well,
and establishes a framework for the rest of the presentation.
Technical terms are well-defined in language appropriate for
Content the target audience.
(45 points) Presentation contains accurate information.
Material included is relevant to the overall message/purpose.
Appropriate amount of material is prepared, and points made
reflect well their relative importance.
There is an obvious conclusion summarizing the
presentation.

14
 Speaker maintains good eye contact with the audience and
is appropriately animated (e.g., gestures, moving around,
etc.).
Presentation Speaker uses a clear, audible voice.
(40 points) Delivery is poised, controlled, and smooth.
Good language skills and pronunciation are used.
Visual aids are well prepared, informative, effective, and not
distracting.
Length of presentation is within the assigned time limits.
Information was well communicated.
Score Total Points
Adapted from: hplengr.engr.wisc.edu/Rubric_Presentation.doc

Assessment:

I. Answer the following questions.

1. What GMO food/crop did another group present that you found the most
interesting? Why?
2. What is the most interesting aspect of genetically modified organisms you learned
during this lesson?
3. Do we need GMOs to feed the world? Why or why not?
4. Are GMO’s safe for human consumption? Why or why not?
5. Are they safe for the environment? Why or why not?

References
Dubock, A. (2014). The politics of golden Rice. GM Crops & Food. Vol. 5 Issue 3
p 210-222 13p.

Duguet, AM et. al. Ethics in Research with Vulnerable Populations and Emerging
Countries: The Golden Rice Case. Journal of International Law and Commercial
Regulations. Summer 2013, Vol. 38 Issue 4, p979-1013, 35p)

Rubric for debate can be found at: http://course1.winona.edu/shatfield/air/rubrics.htm

15
 Module # 7 Nano World, Stem Cell Therapy and
Climate Change

Lesson 1: Nano World

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the topic, the student will,

1. Describe Nano Science clearly.

2. Considered the contributions of societies to Nano world.

3. Appreciate the uses of Nano Science and Nano Technology.

Introduction:

Thinking of our nation today is just like as rapid development of technology that
modernized societies understanding of the natural world and has countless application in
almost everything that we do, Technologies that can reveal and alter individual atoms are
once again exposing us to the whole new world which is now called the Nano world. It
takes only about 20 years of research and development in the creation of
Nanotechnologies and Nano devices in assisting and transforming many different aspects
of Science and Technology including energy similar to batteries and fuel, transportation
similar to a car we drive, food safety similar to the food that we eat, information technology
similar to different devices that we have, and medicine similar to advance and optimal
treatment just like using Gene Therapy for those patients that do not have any cure. As
with any new development in Nano world study today, it is very important first to scrutinize
the potential unintentional consequences that will exaggerate societies existing most
especially related to our environmental health.
Content:

DEFINING THE TERMS:

1. NANO means the prefix “Nano” denotes sizes of the order of one billionth (10-9) of
a meter use in structure of tremendously small machines.
2. Nanoparticles will reach to a stage of very tiny particles containing 100 to 10,000
atoms with a diameter of 1-150nm denotes divided matter and will end up with an
atom of the substance and can exhibit more or less strength, flexibility, reactivity,
reflectivity, or conductivity
3. Nano Science denotes scientific study of materials of Nanometer size in which it
manipulates matter on atomic and molecular ultra-small scale.
4. Nano technology denotes various technologies to produce materials of extra high
precision and dimensions on the scale of a Nano.
5. Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses gene insertions instead of
using drugs or surgery to treat ailments.

History Nano Science and Nano Technology in the Nano World

Nano science was discussed in 1959 by the renowned Richard Feynman

(American physicist) in his talked entitled “There’s a Plenty of Room at the Bottom” at an
annual meeting of the American Physical Society (APS) at Caltech in which he described
the possibility of synthesis via direct manipulation of atoms when he imagined a day when
things could be reduced, when gigantic amounts of information could be encoded onto
gradually small spaces, and when machinery could be made considerably smaller and
more compact.

In 1960, Mohamed Atalla (Egyptian Engineer) and Dawon Kahng (Korean

Engineer) at Bell Laboratory invented the first MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor-field
effect transistor) transistor with a gate oxide thickness of 100 nm along with a gate length
of 20 um in which it is a semiconductor device that is widely used for switching purposes
and for the amplification of electronic signals in electronic devices and to be able to control
the voltage and current flow between the source and drain terminals. And also they

2
invented a Nano layer base metal semiconductor junction transistors that used gold thin
films with a thickness of 10 nm in 1962.

In 1974, Norio Taniguchi (Japanese physicist), who was the first to proposed the
term “nano-technology” in which he described the processes of creating semi-conductor
structures with nanometer precision using the focused ion beam technique to reveal site-
specific substructure or microstructure, and Atomic layer deposition to provide thin film
coatings and materials features and can be achieved in a very minimal cost.
Nanotechnology mainly consist of the processes of parting, association, and distortion of
material by one atom or one molecule.

In 1986, Kim Eric Drexler (American Engineer and Promoter), who was the first
started in developing the ideas of molecular nanotechnologies in which he Published his
book entitled “Engines of Creation: The coming Era of Nano Technology” in which he
emphasized that the laws of nature leave plenty of room for progress and the pressures
of world competition are even now pushing us forward, for better or for worse, and the
greatest technological breakthrough in history is still to come. He also co-founded The
Foresight Institute (non-profit organization on a vision of coming revolutions in technology
that will bring extraordinary opportunities and challenges and with a mission to pilot those
revolutions thru a common knowledge to catalyze cooperation towards beautiful futures)
to help increase public awareness and understanding of nanotechnology concepts and
implications. In 1991, he defended his thesis then and he reworked in his book entitled
“Nanosystem, Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing and Computation” at Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and received an award for Best Computer Science Book of 1992
from Association of American Publishers.

3
Well Known Discovered and Used Apparatuses made-up of Nano Technologies for
the Societies to Grasp and embrace Nano World

1. Electron Microscope - it uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of

illumination and was founded and built in 1930 by Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll both
(German engineers).

2. Scanning probe microscope – are a family of apparatuses used with the invention
of the scanning tunnelling microscope to make images of Nano scale surfaces and
structures, including atoms. They use a physical probe to scan back and forth over
the surface of a sample with a very sharp tip. During this scanning process, a
computer gathers data that are used to generate an image of the surface in
visualizing nano scale structure, some kinds of SPMs can be used to manipulate
individual atoms, and move them to make specific patterns. It features simple
design, Low cost, Easy to handle, and automatically resolves images founded in
1981 by joint invention of Gerd Binning (German Physicist) and Heinrich Rohrer
(Swiss Physicist) and earned the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.

4
3. Atomic Force Microscope - It is a type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with
demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000
times better than the optical diffraction limit. The information is gathered by
"sensitivity" or "touching" the surface with a mechanical probe.

4. Fullerenes (buckminsterfullerene the “buckyball”) - it is an allotrope of carbon

whose molecule consists of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds
so as to form a closed or partially closed web, with fused rings of five to seven
atoms to make them an appealing subject in medicinal application like
antioxidants, photosensitizer, drug delivery, diagnostics, and have a potential to
be therapeutic agent similar to HIV founded in 1985 by three scientist namely
Richard E. Smalley (American Chemist and Physicist), Robert F. Curl Jr.
(American Chemist), and Harold W. Kroto (British Chemist) in which they earned
the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1996.

5
Initial Commercial Application of Nano Technologies in the Nano World

1. Titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreen, cosmetics and some
food products.
2. Silver nanoparticles in food packaging, clothing, disinfectants and household
appliances such as silver nano.
3. Carbon nanotubes for stain resistant textiles and cerium oxide as fuel catalyst.

Other Potential uses of Nano Technologies in the Nano World

1. Screening and diagnosing diseases (Health Monitoring)

2. Treatment and remediation of water (Controlling water pollution and even air
pollution)
3. Enhancement of agricultural productivity (Detecting and Controlling Pest)
4. Processing and storing food (food safety)
5. Maintenance & storage (construction)
6. Energy Production (Power supply)

Potential uses of Nano technology in Gene Therapy

1. To deliver genetic materials such as DNA, RNA, or small inferring RNA into target
tissues for gene expression.
2. To deliver therapeutic genes without virus using Nano particles at both
extracellular and intracellular levels
3. To easily interact with biomolecules on the cell surface or inside cells
4. To sustain and controlled release of drugs locally
5. To penetrate into deep tissue at the proper site due to Nano scale size

Advantages of Nano Technologies in the Nano World

1. Compromises the potential for new and faster types of computers (computer
upgrade)
2. Added Efficient Power Sources (Electric Post and Transformers)
3. Lifetime Saving Medical Treatments (improved medicines and accessible to all)

6
Disadvantages of Nano Technologies in the Nano World

1. Economic disruption (from Physical to virtual)

2. Potential threats to security (loss or corruption of data)
3. Potential threats to privacy (hacker to gain unauthorized access to a computer)
4. Potential threats to health (Inhaled Nano particles within the body)

7
 Activity (24 points)

Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. Discuss (at
least four) the impact of Nano technology in various aspects of the society given in the
table. Put your BEST ANSWER in the spaces provided for and use black ball pen only.
Strictly NO erasure and Strictly NO superimposition. No occurring points to those violate
the directions.

Heath

Environment

Economy

Ethics

Privacy

Security

8
Assessment:

A. Multiple Choice (10 points)

Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. Put your
BEST ANSWER in capital letter before the number and use black ball pen only. Strictly
NO erasure and Strictly NO superimposition. No occurring points to those violate the
directions.
1. What is Nano Science?
B. It is a broad interdisciplinary area of research and development activity
C. Manipulation and engineering of matter
D. It has been a potential for revolutionizing
E. Nota

1. The following below are not the features of Nano particles except.
A. Divided matter
B. Addition matter
C. Multiplication matter
D. Subtraction matter

2. How many years by assessment would it takes for research and development in
the creation of Nano technologies and Nano Devices?
A. 4 years
B. 5 years
C. 10 years
D. 20 years

3. What is the prefix “nano” denotes?

A. Sizes of the order of one billionth of a meter
B. (10-9) of a meter use in structure
C. 0.000000000 of a meter in structure
D. Aota

4. The main goals of Nano technology are _______ except.

A. It uses Nano size components in useful products
B. To control of matter on the atomic scale
C. To reveal not site-specific substructure
D. To used focused ion beam technique

9
5. Which of the following is not all about Richard Feynman?
A. He discussed Nano science in 1959
B. He is an American Physicist
C. He imagined a day that thing could be reduced
D. He imagined machinery could be made considerably bigger and compact

6. Who among the following is an American Engineer and promoter that publish a
book entitled “Engines of Creation: The coming Era of Nano Technology” and
earned for Best Computer Book?
A. Richard Feynman
B. Kim Drexler
C. Norio Taniguchi
D. Mohamed Atalla

7. It is the initial commercial application of Silver Nano particles except.

A. Clothing
B. Household Appliances
C. Cosmetics
D. Disinfectants

8. Who founded the Electron microscope in 1930?

A. Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer
B. Richard E. Smalley and Robert F. Curl Jr.
C. Peter and Marie
D. Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll

9. What is Science and Technology?

A. Counterfeit and Liability
B. False and Untruth
C. Same and Opposite
D. None of the above (NOTA)

10
I. Matching type (10 points)
Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. Match
Column A with Column B with your corresponding answer and Use black ball pen only.
Strictly NO erasure and Strictly NO superimposition. No occurring points to those
violate the directions.

Column A Column B
1. Atomic Force Microscope A. Demonstrated resolution on the
2. Fullerenes order of fractions of a nanometer
3. Screening and diagnosing B. Controlling water pollution and
diseases even air pollution
4. Treatment and remediation of C. Detecting and Controlling Pest
water D. Health Monitoring
5. Enhancement of agricultural E. From Physical to Virtual
F. Gadgets
productivity
G. Batteries and fuel
6. Processing and storing food
H. To deliver therapeutic genes
7. Gene therapy without virus
8. Energy Production I. Food safety
9. Information Technology
10. Economic disruption
11. Potential therapeutic agent to HIV

11
 II. Essay (20 points)
Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. Explain
the following questions below in your own understanding and site substances in this
particular module topic only to support your answer about 45-50 words answer
requirement. Choose only two (2) question to answer base in your capability. Ten (10)
points each only regardless of answering all five (5) questions.

1. Explain the connection of Gene therapy and Nano technology in Nano world and
site at least four (4) examples?
2. How can Nano technology address difficulties in the environment?
3. How can Nano Technology be used in the management and avoidance of
ailments?
4. What is another example of Nano technology that you have right now or in your
house or in your school and how does it work to you now? Explain.
5. As of this time, what is your realization of life about Nano technology that you have
right now as you compare and contrast advantages and disadvantages lessons
that you have learned from this particular module topic amidst covid-19 pandemic?

References:

https://eng.thesaurus.rusnano.com/wiki/article24441
https://www.slideshare.net/adryanval/science-technology-society-the-nano-world-w10-
236550540?qid=6ca23fcd-d777-4572-9955-621b4554d8e0&v=&b=&from_search=38
https://www.slideshare.net/liwaycruz/the-nano-world-177413019
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/21691401.2014.971805
http://www.emm-nano.org/what-is-nanoscience- nanotechnology/ •
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/06/0 90610192431.htm •
https://www.ntnu.edu/nano/nanostructured- materials •
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30672766 •
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages- disadvantages-nanotechnology-37398.html •
https://en.unesco.org/news/eighth-unesco- medals-contributions-development-nanoscience-
and-nanotechnologies

12
Lesson 2: Gene Therapy (Stem Cells)

Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Differentiate various forms of gene therapy and describe how each process works.
2. Identify some diseases that could be possibly cured with gene therapy.
3. Discuss the ethical considerations involved in gene therapy and how humans
needed to carefully look into and reflect on its impact to human health.

Introduction:

Slowing or stopping the effects of any disease in the body could be the next holy
grail of our present society. People keeps on searching ways on how to prevent future
diseases before it could take place. Gregor Mendel discovery of the basic hereditary
processes on his pea experiments in 1866 paved way to more revolutionary researches
on genetic material including the very building block that shaped each and one of us—
the DNA, the double helical biomolecule as proposed by Watson and Crick’s model in
1953 through the x-rays of diffraction images taken by Rosalind Franklin in 1951.

Now, our present age promises a lot of science-based medicine that cure even
those incurable and inherited diseases with the use of stem cells and harmless viruses
as vectors for the delivery of gene copies to target cells of our body.

Content:

Gene Therapy Action

Science depends on experimentations. It is a process in the scientific method that
tests the hypothesis of an identified problem. Human experimentations served well
science-based medicine as various clinical trials provided numerous results and
interpretations whether a particular research is feasible and possible for wider
applications to improve human lives. For this reason, gene therapy become a very
essential pillar in science-based medicine. A foundation of the present endeavor to

13
empower and strengthen the human body from its natural limitations such as diseases
that can be inherited throughout the generations.
Gene therapy is established to treat or prevent diseases. It is the genes of the body
that are mainly targeted where the process of cure could be possibly made. Genes carry
information about our internal and external attributes. Made up of DNA, genes provide
clues regarding enzymes and proteins that are processed and built. For humans, we have
genes between 20,000 and 25,000 that usually comes from our parents, two copies for
each gene. Anything that adjusts our genes can actually change the entire attributes we
have as a person because the processes that maintain our characteristics depend on
nature of how proteins work in our bodies. Diseases work similarly in that fashion. The
nature of a disease is dependent on how the genes processes the genetic information
when it comes to protein functions. Changes in a gene could be due to mutation caused
by chemical, radiation exposure, or biological such as bacterial or viral infections. Any
faulty nature caused by the change results to a particular disease that can be inherited
because these defective genes have chances of being passed throughout the generation.

Scientists work very hard on finding out successes behind replacing a mutated
gene causing the disease with a healthy one, or by inactivating it, or introducing another
gene into the body. It is usually diseases that have no cure are the only ones where this
therapy is applied and being tested at present. It needs a series of experiments until
proven having full potential for future use. Diseases may include certain cancer types,
some inherited forms of disorders, or even those severe combined immune-deficiencies
(SCID), HIV, Parkinson’s disease, hereditary blindness, blood diseases such as beta-
Thalassemia, sickle cell disease, hemophilia, and fat metabolism disorder.

Gene therapy is usually carried out first with a clear understanding the nature of
the identified causative gene. This is done by having a copy of that working gene together
with the determination of the specific cells requiring the treatment. This information is
important in order to establish a link how gene therapy could be performed.

Various Approaches to Gene Therapy

A vector is necessary for gene therapy to work. A vector is a vehicle that delivers
a working copy of the gene to the targeted cells. The vector however must be accustomed

14
to the unique nature of the disorder or disease needing treatment. Characteristics of a
good vector must include: (a) it is capable of targeting the appropriate cells; (b) it can
integrate the genes it deliver in the cells; (c) it can activate the gene by being able to go
to the cell nucleus so that it can start transcribing and translating protein that influences
a certain cell process to function properly; and (d) it can avoid potential harmful impacts
or effects by the immune system that may distinguish it as potential risk to the entire body.

A. Viruses as Vectors. Vectors may include harmless viruses where their own genes
were previously removed and replaced with the copy of a working human gene. Because
viruses are capable inserting this human gene into the genetic material of target cells, it
is possible for the transplanted gene to start or initiate an instruction once activated or
“turned on”. It is expected that the treated cell can now perform normal processes such
as protein synthesis, which were previously faulty or abnormal that causes the disease.

However, due to the small sizes of viruses, they could carry only limited amount
of genetic material. Also, there is possibility of being recognized by the immune system
as foreign material and could be acted upon by it by getting being blocked once it is in
the body or by killing the target cells with transplanted genes.

B. Stem cell and Plasmid Vectors. Other vectors include non-viral vectors like stem
cells or cells, which have not differentiated yet into specific body cells. These cells could
behave in such fashion that they accept new genes by manipulating them in the
laboratory. In the case of cancer treatment, stem cells with inserted genes are
transplanted into patients that undergoing chemotherapy. The inserted genes in stem
cells can withstand the impacts of the chemotherapy process that usually kills even the
healthy cell.

Another non-viral vector are plasmids or a circular DNA molecule common in

bacterial cells. Bacteria naturally share genes through these parts. Using this technique,
a liposome or a membranous pouch is needed to contain the gene therapy plasmids.
Normally any membrane-based material like a vacuole could fuse with the cell membrane.
The gene therapy approach here works similarly by fusing with the cell membrane of
target cells. Plasmids containing the gene to be transplanted are packaged inside the

15
liposomes that will then attach and fuse with the cell membrane, thus delivering the gene
into the cell. Because they are larger than viruses, they can carry larger genes and
unlikely acted upon by the immune system. They are not as efficient though as the viruses
as vectors in delivering the genes into the target cells.

C. Synthetic Vectors or Virosomes. These are liposomes covered with viral surface
proteins. Virosomes are developed as a possible answer to the limiting capabilities of
both viruses and plasmids in gene therapy.

D. In vivo and Ex vivo Techniques. In vivo involves direct injection of the vector so that
it can be aimed directly to the target cells of the patient. It is as if a medication is injected
into an affected part of the patient. Ex vivo is putting back cells which are previously
removed in the body. These cells are grown in culture. The gene will be delivered by
these cultured cells when they are placed back into the patient’s body.

In comparison to both efficiency and drawbacks of in vivo and ex vivo procedures,

ex vivo causes less immune system response because the cells also came from the
patient itself. Most success stories of gene therapy were of ex vivo. It became an option
for bone marrow transplants, which is a usual choice for treating genetic disorders like
sickle cell disease, SCID, and single-gene disorders like ADA (adenosine deaminase)
deficiency damaging the immune system

E. SMaRT™ or “Spliceosome-Mediated RNA Transplicing. This is a technique that

repairs a target mRNA (messenger RNA). mRNAs are essential for the synthesis of
proteins that influence normal cell functions and processes. Instead of replacing a gene,
this technique intends to repair the mRNA that has the mutation.

F. Gene Silencing, Gene Editing, and Oligonucleotide Gene Therapy. In Gene

silencing, the DNA or the mRNA transcripts of the gene is mainly targeted to prevent it
from making proteins. It is as if “silencing” or “turning it off”.

A mutation in the gene may be repaired by introducing another mutation through

gene editing. This halts the DNA from normally producing protein influence the
manifestation of a disease.

16
 A series of technical processes such as triple-helix-forming oligonucleotide gene
therapy delivers oligonucleotide, which is a short single strand DNA. The triple helix
formed when these DNA strands bind in the channel between a gene’s two DNA strands
prevents the transcription of DNA into mRNA in making proteins.

G. RNA Interference and Ribozyme Gene Therapy. In RNA interference, a nucleotide

sequence that comes from an RNA short strand, which is also complimentary to the target
gene’s mRNA transcript is brought together with its complimentary sequence. This forms
a double-stranded RNA that the cell usually destroys. It is likened to a cell’s tendency to
eliminate a double-stranded RNA common among viruses.

The ribozyme gene therapy prevents production of proteins from a mutated gene.
The ribozymes are also RNA molecules act as enzyme that could “cut” the RNA. It begins
by locating the mRNA from the faulty gene and then it somewhat “cuts and destroy” the
mRNA causing the malfunction in the gene that manifests the disease.

H. Genetically-modified Immune System Cells. This involves isolation and genetic

engineering of the immune system cells in the laboratory. Because immune system cells
can recognize a potential threat in the body such as an antigen or certain foreign
molecule, scientists took advantage of this property to fashion the same ability to their
genetically engineered cultured cells. These cells will be reintroduced to the patient’s
body and expected to locate, recognize, and destroy target cells that usually carry the
antigen.

Ethical Considerations on Gene Therapy

Science and technology will always have positive and negative impacts to human
health. We ca not avoid this idea that humans needed to work hand in hand in order to
become responsible individuals that can assess and evaluate the real significance of
technologies we introduce and utilize for ourselves. Nikola Tesla, a famous physicist that
even Albert Einstein deemed genius more than him once said, “The scientists of today
think deeply instead of clearly. One must be sane to think clearly, but one can think deeply
and be quite insane…. Our virtues and our failings are inseparable, like force and matter.
When they separate, man is no more.” These words from Tesla himself is a gentle

17
reminder to all of us who are living at the present time. Values and virtues when lost leads
the entire humanity to nothing.
This is where you will have to contribute as a student. How do you react on the
matter of human-based experimentations where gene therapy is involved to? It may
sound good to each of us wherein this process intends to treat various human diseases
that debilitates normal functioning. Gene therapy can only target somatic or body cells for
the treatment. Because it works only to that level, the treated gene cannot be passed on
to the next generation. Similar diseases can still appear in the future. This limitation
become always a pretense in the conduct of deeper and maybe furious studies that would
require tremendous effort on human experimentation.

What kind of mind does each and one of us need in order to think clearly on the
possible consequences of gene therapy to our humanity? Will it destroy our values as
humans? Are there other alternatives we might not have discovered yet, which are more
conservational in the manner of treating human diseases?

Several studies showed that gene therapy can have detrimental impacts to our
health such as toxicity, inflammation, and even development of forms of cancer because
of this treatment. There are unpredictable impacts and risks to human life since the
technology is just quite new at this time. Although, medical researchers say that they
practice as much as possible the highest form of regulation and careful experimentation,
humans nevertheless needed to have clear understanding of what gene therapy is all
about. There are various forms of laws and regulations being implemented in different
parts of the world such as that of the U.S. that said to ensure protection and safety among
its citizens when it comes to their participation even to experiments and clinical
researches. There is a regulation that requires permission from FDA (U.S. Food and Drug
Administration) even of the gene therapy products before it is to be tried on people)

According to the study of Padilla and Cutiongco-de la Paz on genetics and

genomic medicine in the Philippines in 2016, the country still faces a lot of challenges in
the delivery of services and the conduct of genetic and genomic researches which include
shortage of geneticists and genetic counselors. The limitation of resources allocated for
public health system is a matter of consideration. The geographic nature of our country

18
in this regard you also have to look into because it definitely plays a vital manner in the
introduction and education and enlightenment of our fellow Filipinos of the pros and cons
of genetic studies such as gene therapy.

Filipino-American doctor-lawyer Samuel Beltran cautions Filipinos who engage to

stem cell therapy without clear understanding of how it really works. Most Filipinos are
heightened by the promises they hear from anti-aging rumors on stem cells therapy. He
said that stem cell therapy intends to try the body to heal itself not become a longevity-
anti-aging program. Being a lawyer, he understands cases on medical malpractice,
medical product liability, including the regulations in the testing, approval, advertising, and
marketing of health products. People need clear understanding he said because stem
cell treatment or any gene therapy procedures requires a careful analysis at the molecular
level such as what causes the problem or what can be done to prevent the problem. Many
Filipinos must have been hearing that nowadays, there are services, which offer
embryonic stem cells from aborted fetus, or any genetically-altered animal sources.
These products are not readily available in any ordinary clinics or a mall. Hoaxes spread
in communities making people believe that stem cell therapy can be done without hassle.
These procedures and together with their products are mainly performed in major
hospitals

As a student, you need to have a sound judgment that will enable you to weigh
any possible impacts of genetic technology such as the gene therapy to us as humans. It
is not impossible that this choice of treatment might be introduced to you or to your family
in treating certain diseases which are inherited over time. But you also have to consider
the possible risks that may be also brought about during the treatment process. What is
the responsibility that we humans need to reflect upon? These are just few of the
perplexing questions that will always keep us vigilant and abreast of the future impacts
that gene therapy may inflict to us as humans at present and in future years to come.

19
Activity:

The Client Advocate (A Role Play)

The objective of this activity is to allow the students to synthesize information about
genetic technology such as gene therapy that have changed the way humans behave on
it.

Work with groups to plan and design the role play that will be portrayed. It is
preferable to make the role play medically-inclined and hospital-based in order to portray
medical practitioners such as doctors and nurses develop a conversation with a patient
and their families that shows proper understanding of the benefits and consequences of
gene therapy in treating diseases and the appropriate responsibilities that each need to
consider so that people becomes accountable to every decision made on the practice,
performance, and acceptance of gene therapy to one’s self.

Rubrics for Actual Presentation:

CRITERIA 5 POINTS 4 POINTS 3 POINTS 2 POINTS 1 POINT TOTAL/
REMARKS
Topic mastery Complete A lot mastery of Good mastery Little mastery of No mastery of
(This reflects the mastery of topic. A lot of the of topic. topic. Little topic. No
clarity and how the topic. All concerns of the Concerns of the concerns of the concerns of the
assigned topic is concerns of the topic is topic is topic topic is
communicated) topic is communicated communicated communicated communicated
thoroughly
communicated
Posture and tone Excellent Very good Good posture Posture and tone Posture and tone
posture and posture and tone and tone could be better need to improve
tone
Creativity Unique Very creative Creative Somewhat creative Needs to be
more creative
Organization Excellent Very good Good Organization could Organization
organization organization organization be better needs
improvement
Behavior Excellent Very good Good behavior Behavior could be Behavior needs
(This is the over-all behavior behavior better improvement
confidence and
cooperation among
members)

20
Assessment:

Check your knowledge and understanding by answering the questions below. Encircle
the letter of your choice.
1. Who is the Austrian monk who discovered the basic processes of hereditary?
A. James Watson B. Rosalind Franklin C. Gregor Mendel D. Nikola Tesla

2. The double helix model is attributed to

A. Rosalind Franklin B. Nikola Tesla C. Watson & Crick D. Gregor Mendel

3. The DNA comprises which part that contains the external and internal attributes of a
person?
A. Cell B. Nucleus C. RNA D. Gene

4. What biological factor may cause mutation to a gene?

A. Chemical B. Bacteria C. Radioactive substance D. Water

5. In order for gene therapy to work what does it need to deliver the gene to be
transplanted?
A. Bacteria B. Vector C. Chemical D. Cells

6. Which property makes viruses good vectors of choice for gene therapy?
A. Viruses have small sizes C. Viruses move faster in the body
B. Viruses can integrate the gene to a cell D. Viruses are not easily attacked

7. Which approach in gene therapy requires a liposome?

A. SMaRT™ B. Stem cell C. RNA Interference D. Plasmid vectors

8. In this gene therapy approach, it works as if it is a “molecular scissors” that “cuts” the
mRNA.
A. Genetically-modified Immune System Cells C. Oligonucleotide GT
B. Ribozyme GT D. Ex vivo

9. This approach works by repairing the mRNA of faulty gene.

A. Oligonucleotide GT C. SMaRT™
B. In vivo D. Gene editing

10. Which has to be considered if ever gene therapy will be introduced to people?
A. People need to have clear understanding about how gene therapy works.
B. People need to know the health benefits and risks and carefully reflect on them.
C. People need to be responsible if ever they would decide on gene therapy.
D. All of the choices.

11. Which is not a blood-based disease?

21
A. Hemophilia B. Sickle cell disease C. beta-Thalassemia D. HIV

12. Which is not a good characteristic of a vector for gene therapy?

A. It must be capable delivering the gene fast.
B. It can avoid potential damage from the immune system.
C. It can deliver genes efficiently to the target cells.
D. It can activate the gene that it delivers.

13. Which is considered challenge on the conduct of genetic studies in the Philippines?
A. People have hard understanding of what gene therapy is and they are not aware of it.
B. There are few geneticists and genetic counselors’ expert for this field.
C. It is very difficult to introduce the research in the country since it is a difficult field.
D. There are limited talents and skills that could have interest on genetic research.

14. Who is the scientist reminding us that we needed to be have clearer understanding
of scientific procedures or one must be sane to understand clearly?
A. Albert Einstein B. Gregor Mendel C. Samuel Beltran D. Nikola Tesla

15. A federal agency in the U.S. that issues the permission on the use of gene therapy
products.
A. Bureau of Food and Drugs C. Food and Drug Administration
B. Department of Science and Technology D. Center for Disease Control

22
References:

Centre for Genetic Education. (30 September 2015). Fact Sheet 23/Gene Therapy.
[PDF file] Retrieved April 20, 2019 on https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/

De Jesus T.V. (2013). What we should know about stem cell treatment in the PH.
Retrieved April 22, 2019 on https://business-inquirer-
net.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/business.inquirer.net/105075/what-we-should-know-
about-stem-cell-treatment-in-the-
ph/amp?amp_js_v=a2&amp_gsa=1&usqp=mq331AQCCAA%3D#referrer=https
%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&ampshare=https
%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.inquirer.net%2F105075%2Fwhat-we-should-know-about-
stem-cell-treatment-in-the-ph

Genetic Science Learning Center. (2012, December 1). Approaches to Gene Therapy.
Retrieved April 18, 2019 from
https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/genetherapy/appraoches/

Genetic Science Learning Center. (2012, December 1). Challenges in Gene Therapy.
Retrieved April 18, 2019 from
https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/genetherapy/challenges/

Genetic Science Learning Center. (2012, December 1). Gene Delivery: Tools of the
Trade. Retrieved April 18, 2019 from
https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/genetherapy/tools/

Genetic Science Learning Center. (2012, December 1). Gene Therapy Successes.
Retrieved April 18, 2019 from
https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/genetherapy/success/

Goodreads. (2019).Nikola Tesla Quotes. Retrieved April 22, 2019 from

https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/278.Nikola_Tesla

Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications. (16 April 2019). Genetics
Home Reference Help Me Understand Genetics Gene Therapy. [PDF file]
Retrieved from https://ghr/nlm/gov/primer/therapy.pdf

Padilla, C.D. and Cutiongco-de la Paz, E.M. (2016). Genetics and genomic medicine in
the Philippines. Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine 4(5). Retrieved
from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mgg3.247

U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2018, December 21). Genes and Gene Therapy.
Retrieved April 22, 2019 from https://medlineplus.gov/genesandgenetherapy.html

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Lesson 3: Climate Change

Intended learning outcomes:

At the end of the topic, the student will,

1. Understanding climate change and Its Effect to the Society/Environment.

2. Analyze how Nano technology and its nanomaterial are being used to fight climate

change.

3. Apply the awareness to protect the Society/Environment in the future from global

warming.

Introduction:

Thinking of our environment today, global warming is the major ecological alarm
by each and every society must address seriously because this will most likely to continue
for a long period of time. This is usually caused by carbon emission coming from
combustion of fossil fuel such as automobiles and other transportation vehicles, industrial
facilities, coal, oil, and gas in power plants resulting to vast ecological alarm. Along with
this ecological alarm, Nano technology and its products will give a positive impact on
global warming because it will possibly decrease the need for fossil fuel in the application
of renewable energies similar to solar and hydrogen fuel cells which may result in nearly
zero carbon emission. Society must decrease the consumption of current fuels and at the
same time Increasing the use and efficiency of Nano technology to slow down and
eventually stop global warming. But the society must be responsible enough in enabling
the use of Nano Technology because it may also have a negative impact on global
warming.

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Content:

Defining the terms:

1. Climate is measured over a long period of time.

2. Weather can change from day to day or even from year to year.

3. Greenhouse Gases (Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Ozone, Nitrous

Oxide, and Chlorofluorocarbons) are burned materials that traps heat from the

sun’s rays inside the earth’s atmosphere.

4. Climate change is a gradual change in all the connected weather elements.

5. Global Warming is the rise of temperature worldwide.

6. Atmosphere is a layer of gases which surrounds the Earth.

7. Fossil fuels are formed over a long time from material containing carbon.

8. Industrial Revolution is the rapid growth of industry which started in the late

18th century.

We should know at first that weather and climate are not of the same meaning.

Weather can change rapidly, difficult to predict, and literally what is happening to your

doorsteps or window right now, whereas Climate is a long term, Seasonal changes,

dominating a wide area, and the average of many years of weather observation. Climate

is affected by many factors around the globe and these includes Distance from the sea

(Continentality) similar to coastal areas are cooler, wetter than central areas, and

Temperature in summer can be very hot and dry as moisture from the sea evaporates.

Ocean Currents similar to increase or reduce temperature. Direction of Prevailing winds

similar to winds that blow from the sea often bring rain to the coast and dry weather to

25
central areas. The shape of the land similar to Mountains received more rainfall than low

lying areas because as air is forced over the higher grounds it cools causing moist air to

condense and fall out as rainfall and this happens as altitude increases. Distant from the

equator similar to climate is much cooler further from the equator, Day length varies, the

poles also experience difference between summer and winter day lengths (In the summer

there is a period when the sun does not set at the poles, nevertheless the poles also

experience a period of total darkness during winter). El Niño similar to irregular warming

of the pacific in which the warmer water pumps energy and moisture into the atmosphere,

altering global winds, and rainfall patterns. All of this phenomenon causes tornadoes in

Florida, smog in Indonesia, and forest fires in Brazil. The cold counterpart of El Niño is

known as La Niña and this also affect climate.

With all of this mentioned factors above that affect the climate indeed, we must not

forget the impact of the society on our climate as human population increased (in 1750,

there were fewer than 800 million people on Earth, whereas now we are over 7.5 billion),

increasing energy demand and production (mainly from fossil fuels), and trees are cut

down in large numbers (Trees utilized carbon dioxide and produce oxygen that

human/animals utilized to breath. A reduction in trees will therefore have increased the

amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere) then this will eventually lead to climate

change in the surroundings.

Climate change is a gradual change in all the connected weather elements on our

globe over about 30 years. The evidences show Worldwide Temperatures (from the mid-

20th century to present) and Aquatic Levels (melting of glaciers) are rising, Smog, Fires,

Drought, Appearance of more violent weather occurrences, Dead of humans/animals and

26
plants, and Destruction of the food chain and economic resources. We cannot be avoided

this climate change but to mitigate its effects and adapt to its consequences.

Many environmental specialists agree that the Industrial Revolution starting at the end

of the 19th century was the turning point of emission of greenhouse gases entering the

atmosphere began to rise. The invention of motor engine and the increased burning of

fossil fuels have increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The main

impact was the increased in the worldwide temperature of the globe which has risen 1.1

degree Celsius since this period and about 2.7 degree Celsius will rise by the end of the

present century. This rise in the globe temperature is called global warming which have

a great impact to local and regional climates.

Global warming is caused by the greenhouse effect allowing the earth to continue the

essential condition to host life. Without the greenhouse effect, the average temperature

of the earth would be down to -18 degree Celsius. But Human Activities maximizes the

greenhouse effect resulting to earth temperature to increase even more at a much faster

rate now.

10 facts about climate change today (2020):

1. NASA data show that average global temperatures in 2019 (second warmest year

on record) were 1.8 degrees F (0.98 degrees C) warmer than the 20th century

average. In fact, the five warmest years in the 1880–2019 record have all occurred

since 2015.

2. Eleven percent (11%) of all global greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans

are due to deforestation (creates about 6 billion tons of CO 2 per year) comparable

to the emissions from all of the passenger vehicles on the globe.

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3. Nature is an available solution (Tropical forests are incredibly effective at storing

carbon, providing at least a third of the mitigation action needed to prevent the

worst climate change scenarios. Yet nature-based solutions receive only 3% of all

climate funding).

4. Fight climate change (improve livelihoods naturally) such as restoring degraded

forest could create as many as 39 jobs per million dollar spent. This job creation

rate is more than six times higher than the oil and gas industry.

5. About 800 million people (Eleven percent) of the world’s population is currently

vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves,

extreme weather events, and sea-level rise.

6. About 800,000 hectares of mangroves lost every year, if we continue to lose

mangroves at this rate, they may disappear within the next century. This loss,

removes an important buffer from extreme weather for coastal communities and

releases immense amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

7. Save nature (It’s cheaper). Conserving ecosystems is often more cost-effective

than human-made interventions. In the Maldives, preserving the natural coral reef

is four times cheaper than building a sea wall for coastal protection, even after 10

years of maintenance costs.

8. One hundred eighty-nine (189) countries have ratified the 2015 Paris Agreement,

agreeing to limit global warming and adapt to climate change, partly by protecting

nature.

28
 9. Heat waves caused by global warming present greater risk of heat related illness

and death, most frequently among people who have diabetes who are elderly or

are very young.

10. Since 1870, global sea levels have risen by about 8 inches.

Many researchers worldwide are developing nanomaterial (Efficient Catalyst and

Mostly Recyclable) that resourcefully convert too much greenhouse gases similar to

carbon dioxide from air, capture toxic pollutants from water, and degrade solid waste into

more valuable products. Nanotechnology and its nanoparticles have a big potential to

resolve ecological alarm but we have to be strictly cautious in using it, especially about

society’s health and its negative impacts to the environment because long term effect of

using its nanomaterials have not been evaluated yet. The following below are list of

Nanomaterials/Nanoparticles that can help to fight and probably end climate change.

1. Lightweight nano-composite materials – it reduces carbon emission in vehicles

by reducing their weight in order to decrease fuel consumption. It is estimated

that a 10% reduction in weight of the vehicle corresponds to a 10% reduction

in fuel consumption, leading to a proportionate fall in emissions.

2. Nano-coatings – It can be applied to aircraft to make it smoother, reducing drag

and also protect the materials from the special conditions of the environment

where they are used (instead of the conventional bulk metals such as steel).

Carbon Dioxide can be reduced by making the airplane lighter and maximizing

29
 clean energy production. Hydrophobic Nano-coatings can also improve the

energy produced from solar panels.

3. Nano catalysts – It uses oxygen storing cerium oxide nanoparticles to promote

complete fuel combustion resulting in reducing fuel consumption.

4. Nano-structured Materials – Nano structured materials like silica aerogel

(lightest solid material known with excellent thermal insulating properties, high

temperature stability, and high surface area) are used for tires of cars in which

it consume approximately 7.5 % less fuel than those with tires of minimum

standard, Nanostructured materials such as aerogels (nanoporous super-

insulating material with extremely low density) have the potential to greatly

reduce heat transfer through building elements and assist in reducing heating

loads placed on air-conditioning systems. Residential and commercial

buildings contribute to 11% of total greenhouse gas emissions. Space heating

and cooling of residential buildings account for 40% of the total residential

energy use.

5. Improved Renewables – Applying Nano-materials like graphene (Nano-

engineered one-atom thick layer of mineral graphite that is 100 times stronger

than steel) similar to Refining photovoltaic (solar panels) and Wind turbines

that will enable light and stiff wind blades that spin at lower wind speeds than

regular blades.

6. Batteries – Nanotechnology improvement in batteries may increase battery

power, allowing intermittent sources such as solar and wind to provide a larger

share of overall electricity supply without sacrificing stability, and also increase

30
 the efficiency of hybrid vehicles (electric car) by significantly reducing the

weight of the batteries.

7. Nanotechnology Sensors – This could be used for the Smart Grid to detect

possibly degrading of underground cables and which already available for

transformers to combat climate change in the easiest and most cost-effective

ways.

8. NanoCO2 harvester- It is to use to suck atmospheric carbon dioxide and deploying

it for industrial purposes similar to converting atmospheric carbon dioxide into

products like alcohol, engine fuel, solvent, and an antifreeze agent.

9. Magnetic Nanomaterial (Cleansing water) – It is used for removing heavy metals

(arsenic, lead, chromium and mercury) and dyes from wastewater. This could get

to natural source of water similar to groundwater or deep wells if left untreated.

31
 Activity: (32 points)

Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. The
following given in the table below are the factors that affect climate. Fill-up the possible
kind of environment present. Answers may vary. Put your BEST ANSWER in the spaces
provided for and use black ball pen only. Strictly NO erasure and Strictly NO
superimposition. No occurring points to those violate the directions.

Distance
from the sea

Ocean
Currents

Direction of
Prevailing
winds

Shape of the
land

Distant from
the equator

El Niño

La Niña

Society

32
Assessment:

I. Multiple Choice (10 points)

Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. Put your
BEST ANSWER in capital letter before the number and use black ball pen only. Strictly
NO erasure and Strictly NO superimposition. No occurring points to those violate the
directions.
1. What is weather?
A. Measured over a long period of time
B. Rise of temperature worldwide
C. Can change from time to time
D. Layer of gases which surrounds the Earth

2. The following below are the characteristics of weather except.

A. Change rapidly
B. Seasonal changes
C. Difficult to predict
D. Literally what is happening to your doorsteps or window right now

3. What is climate change?

A. Decreasing of worldwide temperature
B. Decreasing sea level
C. Increasing polar ice caps or Glacier
D. Destruction of economic resources

4. If possible, at least, how can we avoid climate change?

A. Alleviate its effect and Adjust to its concerns
B. Mitigate its effects and Adapt to its consequences
C. Lessen its belongings and familiarize to its consequences
D. Aota

5. The main impact of global warming are ____ except.

A. Rising of 2.1 degree Celsius during this period
B. increase of about 2.9 degree Celsius at the end of this present century
C. Has no controls to local and regional climates
D. Nota

6. Which of the following are beneficial effect of greenhouse gases?

A. It prevents the earth temperature down to -18 degree Celsius
B. Not allowing the earth to continue the essential condition to host life
C. It can be utilized by Animals and Plants only.
D. It will not cause harm to human

33
7. In what year was the warmest year recorded?
A. 1880-2019
B. 2015
C. 2019
D. 2020

8. Human Activity that causes about 11% of all greenhouse gas emission.
A. Increased of Population
B. Mining
C. Deforestation
D. Fishing

9. What is the only available solution needed to prevent the worst climate change
scenarios?
A. Planting lot of trees.
B. Planting lot of mangroves
C. Forest conservation
D. All of the Above (AOTA)

10. It is caused by global warming at present resulting to heat related illness.

A. Southwest Monsoon
B. Heat waves
C. North east monsoon
D. East West Rembo

34
II. Matching type (10 points)
Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. Match
Column A with Column B with your corresponding answer and Use black ball pen only.
Strictly NO erasure and Strictly NO superimposition. No occurring points to those
violate the directions.

Column A Column B
1. Lightweight nano-composite A. Improved the energy produce
materials from solar panels
2. Nano coatings B. Used for removing heavy metals
3. Nano catalysts from waste water.
4. Nano-structured Materials (silica C. Converting atmospheric CO2 into
aerogel) industrial product.
D. To detect possibly degrading of
5. Improved Renewables
underground cables
6. Batteries
E. Increase the efficiency of hybrid
7. Nanotechnology Sensors vehicles
8. NanoCO2 harvester F. Refining photovoltaic (solar
9. Magnetic Nanomaterial panels) and Wind turbines
(Cleansing water) G. Used for tires of cars
10. Hydrophobic Nano-coatings H. To promote complete fuel
combustion
I. Making the airplane lighter and
maximizing clean energy
production
J. it reduces carbon emission in
vehicles

35
III. Essay (20 points)
Directions: Read the directions carefully and follow the directions thoroughly. Explain
the following questions below in your own understanding and site substances in this
particular module topic only to support your answer about 45-50 words answer
requirement. Choose only two (2) question to answer base in your capability. Use
black ball pen only. Strictly NO erasure and Strictly NO superimposition. No occurring
points to those violate the directions. Ten (10) points each only regardless of
answering all five (5) questions.

1. What would happen to Earth's temperature if the energy absorbed from the sun

was less than the emitted energy leaving the Earth?

2. In your own practical way to probably avoid climate change, kindly list down ways

(at least 5) how to mitigate in its effect and adapt to its consequences. Support your

answer by integrating Nano technology.

3. What factors influence the circulation of the Earth's atmosphere, thus producing

our weather?

4. What are greenhouse gases? And what would the theoretical global average

temperature be without the greenhouse effect? Answer scientifically.

5. Will clouds improve or reduce the warming due to future increases in greenhouse

gases? Explain systematically.

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