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o REPORT OF EXPERT COMMITTEE
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o IMPACT OF INTERLINKING OF RIVERS
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WATER RESOT]RCES DEPARTMENT
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Preface
o The Expert Committee constituted by the Govt. of Bihar was entrusted with job of
o studying the effect of the Nationnl elfort of ' Interlinking of the Rivers' on the State of
o Bihar. Previous to this Report the Expert Committee had examined the status of
Bihar with respect to l(ater Availability and its various need for 2050 AD
o
considering conjunctive use. But as the government of Bihar has desired vide its
o Notification No.5/ PMC-921 dated 04.09.2004 that this study should be carried out
o only with respect to available water Resources and shouW give its recommendations
o on some specrfc term, the Committee considered it essential to project the need of
o irrigation as well as non-irrigational need till 20s0 AD. The requirement o.f

o available water hds variation in both space and time, where as, there is surplus of
water in monsoon month, there is acute shortage in non-monsoon months. The
o
committee took this opportunity to deal with and commenting on all the six Pre-
o Jbasibilitlt report of interlinking scheme prepared by NWDA, related to Bihar.
o Suggestion with respect to KosiGhaghralink Canal, Sone-Dam STG
o I'ink Canal and Chunar-Sone Barrage. :'nk Canal have been dealt in details.

I Emphasis has been given to mitigate the flood peaks so to give some respite.from
recurring -flood havocs.
o The South Bihar admittedly has shortage of water but even North Bihar is
a unable to meel the projected requirement in non-monsoon month. The State is in
o ur]em need rc srcre monsoon water, which otherwise is going to drain down the

o sea, and there is urgent need of provision of more flow in Ganga so cs to remove

o any de-facto re striction on use of Ganga water in Bihar. 'fhe study also reveals that

a .for the ever- increasing popttlation in Bihar by the year 2050 AD, the proposed
intensity o-/'irrigation is a necessity. Coverage af all possible land under irrigated
o agriculture v'ith shortage o-f water in non-monsoon month in North Bihar may be
o met with use of'ground water in that zone, but that in South Bihar will need special
a efort. Various suggestions have been given in the report by the Committee to enable

O reducing the g,ap. Conjunctive use of surface and groundwaterwith special efort to
enhance the recharge of ground water blt surplus monsoon water of North Bihnr
o
may have to be adopted, in absence of sfficient additional storage reservoirs to
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store monsoon surplus before transfer to other part of the country.
o Da
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( K.N.Lalffi. q.z{'
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Chairman
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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o The Government of Bihar vide Notification No. 5/PMC (Hydrology)9-8193

o PNt-7 - 921 dated 04.09.2004, constituted a Technical Committee of

o Engineers to study the effect of Interlinking of Rivers on Bihar and for
o advising the State Governmsnt accordingly. The notification is enclosed as

o Appendix-I.

o
o 2. The Committee held several sittings and we,nt in great depth for about more

o than seven months. In the mean time Sri. S.C.Sinha after attsnding frst two
o meetings went on a Foreign assignme,nt. Thereafter, another learned member

Sri. Ram Ratan Prasad underwent a surgery. In the month of February

O
assembly election of Bihar state was held which also affected the progress of
o
the work to a great extent necessitating the Committee for extension of time
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and number of sittings.
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5. The Committee held its first meeting on 9.09.2004. Suggestion was given to
o
o constitute a cell of engineers under the leadership of the Chief Engineer,
Hydrolory & Project Planning to assist the Committee on the advice and
o
direction of the Committee.
o
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a 4. By the office order no. P.M.5 (International) 2-15/2003- part-Il 1037, Patna
dated 6.10.2004 the Government of Bihar constituted a cell with Er. K.D.
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Singh, Director, Hydrology Directorate, Pafila, Er. Satyendra Kumar Sinh4
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Executive Engineer, Investigation and Project Preparation Division, and four
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Assistant Engineers viz. Er. Nagan Prasad, Er. Arti Sinhq Er.Timir Kanti
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Bhaduri and Er.Manoranjan Verma to assist the Committee in its

computations and data collections.

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a Acronyms
a AD Ante Dommine
I ALT.
Av.
Alternative
Average
o BCM Billion Cubic Meter
CC
a CCA
Cement Concrete
Culturable Command Area
o CD Works
cumec
Cross Drainage Works

I cusecs
Cubic Meter per second
Cubic feet per second
C-SB
o cwc
Chunar-Sone Barrage
Central Water Commission
o DG
DPR
Director General
Detailed Project Repon
o D/s Downstream
EL
o EMC
Elevation above mean sea Level
Eastern Main Canal
FSD
a FRL
Full Supply Depth
Full Reservoir Level
o GCA Gross Command Area
G&D Gauge and Discharge
o GDP Gross Domestic product
GOB
a GOI
Government of Bihar
Government of India
o GW Ground Water
HW Hot Weather
a rrw High Yield Variety
I IWD
JTF
Integrated Water Resources Development
Jogigho pa- Ti sta-Farakka
o KFID KosiHigh Dam
Km. Kilometre
o Km3 Cubic Kilometre
o KW Kilo Watt
L.ha Lakh Hectare
I Lls Longitudinal Section
I LUP
m'
Land Use Planning
Cubic Metre
t MAF
MCM
Million Acrefeer
Million Cubic Metre
o MDDL Minimum Draw Down Level
m Metre
a M ha. Million Hectare
a MI Municipal and Industrial
MP Madhya Pradesh
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o REPORT
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o tMpAcT oF |NTERLINKING OF RTVERS ON BTHAR
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D
o CONTENTS
o CHAPTER. I TIIE PROJECT FOR INTER LINKING OF RTVERS

o page no.
Preface
a . Acknowledgement
o 1.1
Acronyms
The Background I-l
o 1.2 Th'e Interlinking Schemes l-2
1.2.1 National Perspective Plan
o ;.. 1.2.2 The Peninsular Rivers Component I-3
t 1.2.3 The Himalayan Rivers Component
1.2.3.1 Link Canals directly related to Bihar
I-5
I-6
o 1.2.3.2 Link Canal having impact on Bihar
1.3 Policies, Objectives and Approaches I-8
? 1.3.1 National Perspective Plan
t 1.3.2 Approach Advocated by NCIWRD (1999)
1.3.3 Concept of optimisation
I-9

o 1.3.4 Objectives of Interlinking ofRivers I-10

1.4 Approach Adopted by the Present Expert Committee I-11
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o CHAPTER.II RESOURCE PROFILE OF THE STATE

o 2.1 General lI-1

') ') The Physiography
o 2.2.1 North Bihar II-2
o 2.2.2 South Bihar II.3
2.3 Climate and Rainfall It-4
I 2.4 Agro-climatic Regional Planning ( I 989)

t 2.5
2.4.1 Agro Climatic Sub-zone
Land Potential
II-5
TI-6
o 2.5.1 The Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission (199a)
2.5.2 Soils Of Bihar 11-7
o 2.5.2.1 Soils-Their category and Status
2 5.2.2 Reconnaissance soils Survey
o 2.6 Water Resources
O 2.6.I Water Resources of India
2.6 l.l Water Availability
a 2.6 1.2 Utilisable Water Resources II-8
t 2.6.2 Water Resources of Bihar
2 6 2 | Surface Water Availability
II-9

o 2622 UtilisableWater TI.12

2 6.2.3 Disparity in water availability in different region ofBihar
o
Chapter-Ill THE PROBLEMS AI\D PROSPECTS
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o 3.1 General n-t
3. l. I Geographical Reason TII-2
o 3.1.2 Historical Reason

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o 3.1.3 Physical Features IU-3
o 3.1.4 Socio-EconomicFactors m-4
3.2 The Problem of the State ofBihar
o 3.2.1 Flood Problem
3.2.2 Drainage problem III-6
o 3.2-3 Problems oflow Flow in River Ganga during Lean period
o 3.2.4 Problem of Drought III-8
3.2.5 Slow Development of Irrigation potential
o aa
J.J Technical Measures Taken so Far m-9
3.4 Prospects of Development from Interlinking ofRivers ru-I1
o 3.5 Need for Widening of Objectives of Interlinking of Rivers m-r2
o 3.6 Flood Moderation Through Interlinking schemes
3.6.1 Construction of Embankments- A Short Term Measure
ItI-14

o 3.6.2 Reservoirs as Long Term Measure

3.6.3 Need for More Reservoir on other Rivers of North-Bihar
o 3.6.4 Need for Provision for Flood Cushion III-16
o 3.6.5 Comments on Proposed Kosi Dam m-I7
3.7 Drainage Improvement through Interlinking Schemes III-1 8
o 3.7.1 Approaches
a\ 3.8
3.7.2 Remedial Measures
Augmentation of flows in major Rivers during Lean Flows
3.8.1 Assessment for the requirement of minimum flow
m-19
m-20
o 3.8.2 Requirement for Navigation III-21
o 3.8.3 Commitment to Bangladesh
3.8.4 Allocation of Ganga water to co-basin states
o 3.8.5 Augmentation of Lean Flow in pre and post Interlinking lll-22
o 3.9 Inigationlntensity
3.10 Conservation of Water ITI-24
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cHApTER-rV SURFACE WATER BALANCE STUDY (TOR_l)
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o 4.0 Assessment of Water Requirement
4.1 Demand for agriculture sector IV-I
o 4.1.1 Potential for Development
4.1.2 Agro-climatic Zone& Sub-Zone IV-8
a 4.1.3 Proposed Cropping & Irrigation Intensity for Future
o 4.1.4 Ultimate Irrigation Potential IV-IO
4.1.4.1 Agroclimatic sub zone wise Irrigation potential
o 4.2 Demand of water IV-lI
4.2.1 Demand for agricultural Need
o 4.2.2 Demand for Non-Agricultural Need
4.3 Water Balance
a 4.4 Conclusion IV-I3
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CHAPTER. V FOCUS ON FLOOD MODERATION KOSI.GHAGHRA LINK SCHEME
o (TOR-2)
o 5.0 Kosi-Ghaglrna Link Canal Project (As prepared by NWDA) v-l
o 5.1 Objectives
5.2 Salient Features
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o 5.3 General Outline ofthe Scheme
a 5.4 Water Balance Study by NWDA
O 5.4.1 Yield Computation
5.4.2 Water Balance
o 5.4.3 Water transfer through the Link
v-3
v-4
o 5.5 Water Requirement v-5
5.5.1 Details of Command Area
o 5.5.2 WaterRequirement v-6
5.6 Observation and Findings by the Expert Committee
o 5.6.1 Provision ofMissing Structures
v-7

o 5.6.2 Irrigation Intensrty

5.6.3 Water Demand and Availability
o 5.6.4 Problem of flood v-8'
5.6.5 Flood Diversion from the Link Canal
o v-9

o 5-6-5.4 Proposal for making the part of Kosi-Ghaghra Link canal

as flood diversion channel v-10
o 5.6.6 Flood Moderation in Bagmati-Adhwara group of Rivers v-l I
5.7 Conclusion v-r2
o
CHAPTER- VI
o STUDY FOR PROVIDING ASSURED IRRIGATION IN SOUTH BIHAR
THROUGH CHUNAR-SONE BARRAGE AND STG-LINK SCHEMf,
o (roR-3)
AND
o STTIDY OF PUMP CANAL SCHEMES TO CATER FOR SOUTH
O EASTERN PARTS OF BIHAR (TOR 4)
6.1 Chunar-Sone Barrage(C-SB) Link Project Vl-l
o 6.1.1 NWDAProposal
6.1.1.1 Objectives
o 6.1.1.2 General outline of the Scheme
a 6.1.1.3 Water Balance studies w-3
6.l.l.3.lWater Availability at Chunar for downstream utilisation
o 6.l.l.3.2GCA and CCA of Link Canal and Water requirement VI-4
6.1.2 Observation on NWDA proposed of the Committee
o 6.1.2.1 Ecological needs for use below chunar Headworks
o 6.1.2.2 Water Balance Study VI-8
6.1.2.3 Take over of western Command by the Chunar-Sone-
o Barrage (C-SB) Link Canal VI-IO
6.1.2.4 Conclusion VI-I3
O 6.I.2.5 Study of possibility of covering the proposed Command
I through a Gravity Canal from Chunar in addition to
pump Canal(C-SB Link Canal VI-I4
a 6.1.2.5.1 Proposal
6.1.2.5.2 Water demand and Availabilitv
o 6.2 Sone Dam Southern tributaries of Ganga(STG ) Link project
VI.15
VI.I6
o 6.2.1 NWDA Proposal
6.2.1.1 General Outline of the Scheme
o 6.2.1.2 Hydrology w-17
6.2.1.3 Yield Computations
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o 6.2.1.4 Water Balance Studies
o 6.2.1.5 Water Transfer through Sone Dam STG Link
VI-I8
t 6.2.1.6 Enroute Command of STG Link project
6.2.1.7 Proposed Crop Intensity
VI-I9
6.2.1 .8 Water Requirement
O 6.2.2 Observation of the Committee VI-20
w-21
o 6.2.2.1 On Water Balance Study by NWDA
-stuay
6-2-2-zRevised water Barance by the committee
o 6.2.2.3 Other Comments
w-22
6.3 Study for Stabilising Irrigation in South Bihar
o 6.3.1 General w-23
o 6.3.2 Alternative proposal
w-24
6.3.3 water Availability and Demand in composite basins of South Bihar
o 6.3.4 Alternative for each Composite basin
vt-26
o 6.3 .4.1 Sone -Karmnasa-punpun(part)-composite
6.3 -4.2 Punpun(part)-Harohar-Kiu(part) composite
basin
basin w-27
o 6.3.4.2.1 Water Availability vis_a vis D-emand
6 3 4,.2.2 Barh(Ganga)-Laundh Barrage Multipuqpose
scheme w-28
o 6.3 .4 .3 Kiul(part)-Badua-Belharna-Bilasi-chandan-chir
Ganga Stem Composite Basin
o 6-3-4.3.r Requirement ofwater for the composite Basin
VI-3I

o 6.3 5
6.3-4.3.2 Proposal for meetinfthe shortag" of Wut", in this
Alternative-Il propoasr for each composite basii'
Basin
VI-33
o 6 -3 5 . I Karmnasa- s one-Kao-Gangi-punpun(part)-composite
.
basin
6. 3 5. l . l Karmnasa- Sone-Kao-Gangi-punpun(part)-composite
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basin in the North ofthe Chunar-Sone Gravity banal

o 6. 3. 5, l 2Karmnasa-sone-Kao-Gangi-punpun(part)-composite
.

basin at Higher Contour South of Chunar_Soni

o Gravity Canal VI.35
t 6 -3 s . l 3 Karmnasa- Sone-Kao-Gangi-punpun(part)-composite
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basin falling in the east of river Sone upto Riveipunpun

o 6.3-5.1.4 water to be diverted from river Ganga at chunar
VI-36
6.3 . 5 .2 Punpun(part)-Harohar-Kiur(part) composite
basin Yl-37
o 6 -3 -5 -z.l Upper portion of punpun(part)-Harohar-Kiul(part)

a Composite basin
6 .3 5 .2.2 Lower portion of punpun(part)-Harohar-Kiul(part)
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o Composite basin VI-38

6-3-5.2.3 water Required to be diverted from river Ganga
at Barh VI-39
o 6.3 . 5 .3 Kiul(part)-Badua-Belharna_Bilasi_Chandan_Chir_
Ganga Stem Composite basin
o w-40
93 6 Quality of Water required to be ensured in river Ganga
t 6.4 Recommendations
6.4.1 Recommendation on providing VI-45
assured Irrigation in
o South Bihar through Chunar Sone Barrag"lC_Sn;
Link and Sone dam Southern tributaries of Gangu'
o (SD-STG) Link Canal (TOR-3
o 6.4-2 Recommendation ofpump canal Schemes to caterfor the
South Eastern part of Bihar (TOR-4)
o 6.4.3 General Recommendations VI-46

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o CHAPTER-Vtr PER CAPTTA WATER AVArLABrr,fry rN BrHAR pER YEAR (TOR-5)
o 7;l The Norms Of Water Availability per Capita VII_I
o 7.2 Analysis of the situation on National Levll
7.3 Analysis of the situation on StateLevel VII_2
o ' 7.3.1 Present and Future population
7 3.2 Available Water Resources
a 7.3.3 per Capita Water Availability VII_3
7.3-4 Quantity of water Required for the State of Bihar to achieve the National
o Level of Water Availability During 2050 VII_4
O 7.4 Conclusion VII_5
o CHAPTER.VIN COMMENTS ON SCHEMES PREPARED OF IVWDA AFFECTING
o BIHAR AND THEIR IMPACT ON DRAINAGE AND EN\'IRONMENT
(TOR-6)
o 8.1 Gandak-Ganga Link project
VIII-1
o 8.1.1 The Scheme as prepared by NWDA
8. l.l. I
General Outline of the Scheme
o 8.t.1.2 Objectives
o 8.1.1.3 Water Balance Study by NWDA
8. 1.1.4 Water Transfer Through the Link Canal
VIII-2
VIII-3
o 8.1.2 Cultivable area
8.1.2.1 CCA assessed by NWDA
o 8-l-2.2 CCA assessed by the Bihar State Irigation Commission
VTII-4
o 8.1.3 Oservations and finding ofthe Committee VIII-6
8.1.3.1 Culturable Command Area
I 8.1.3 .2 Irrigation Intensity
8.1.3.3 Demand and Availability of Water
o 8- l -3.4 Water Balance at Gandak Barrage for use in Bihar
and diversions
VIII-7

o 8. 1.3.5 Storage facilities

8.1.3.6 Long Term Storage for Flood Moderation
VIII-9
o 8.1.4 Recommendations
8.2 Kosi- Mechi Link project
o 8.2.1 The Scheme as proposed by NWDA
VflI-I I

o 8.2.1.1 General Outline of the Scheme

8.Z.l.Z Benefits
o 8.2.1.3 Water Balance Study Made by NWDA
VITI-12
I 8.2.2
8.2.1.4 water Transfer through the Link Canal
Observations and Finding of the Committee
VIII-14
I 8.2.2.1 CCA to be Covered by the Link Canal
8.2.2.2 Availability of Water
v[I-15
o 8.2.2.3 Water Balance at Kosi Dam as per revised yield
VIII-I6
8.2.2.4 Availability of water for use in Bihar through Kosi-Mechi Link
o as per NWDA proposal
o 8.2.2.5 Water Demand and Availability
VIII-I7
8.2.2.6Review ofprovisions ofFlood Moderation in the Scheme
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8.2.2.7 Navigation System
VIII-zI
Recommendation
a wtr-22
8.3 Manas- Sankosh- Tista- Ganga (MSTG) /
Jogighopa - Tista- Farakka (.[F) Link Canal
o 8.3.1 The Scheme as prepared by NWDA
VIII-23
I 8.3.1.1 General Outline ofthe Scheme

I 8.3.1.2 Benefits
8.3.1.3 Water Balance by NWDA
vllr-24

o 8.3.1.4 Water Transfer through the Link Canal

8.3.2 Observations and Finding of the Committee
VIII-25
I 8.3.2.1 Water requirement for Irrigation in Bihar
as Assessed by the committee
o 8.3 .2.2 problems apprehended

o 8.3.2.3 Proposal for meeting the shortage in the basin

8.3.3 Recommendations
wII-26
wII-27
o 8.4 Impact of the Schemes of Interlinking of Rivers
8.4.1 Impact on Drainage
o 8.4.2 Impact on Ecology and Environment
VIII-28
wIt-29
a CHAPTf,R-D( Summary of Recommendations
o 9.1 General
IX-I
o 9.2 Surface Water Balance
tx-4
o 9-3 Focus on Flood Moderation Kosi-Ghaghra Link scheme (Tor-2)
TX-6
I 9.4 chunar-Sone Barrage and STG Link scheme as well as pump canals

I for South Eastern part of B.ihar (TOR-3 - TOR-4)

t 9.5

9.6
Per Capita water Availability in Bihar (TOR-5)
IX-9
Comments on other schemes ofNWDA affecting Bihar
,
and their Impact on Drainage and Environment(ToR_6)
I 9.7 Intra-State Linking to be given priority
IX-lI
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o LIST OF AI\INEXIIRES

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o l.l Details of component of Interlinking of Rivers Directly related to Bihar. I-r3

t 2.1 Geographical Area of Composite River Basins of Bihar TI-I3

2.2 Agro-Climatic Sub-Zone Wise Culturable Area
o Il-14
2.3 Assessment of culturable area under Existing, ongoing, proposed and
o area not covered by any Irrigation Scheme in different
o Agro-Climatic Sub-Zones. II-I5
o 2.4 Area under different types of soil II-I6
o 2.5 Surface Water Resources in River Basins of Bihar II-I7
o 2.6 Land & Water Availability in Different Regions of Bihar II-I 9

o 2.7 Land & water Availability in different Agro-climatic sub-Zone II-I 9

4.1.4 Irrigation Potential from Surface and Ground Water
o ry-r5
4.2.1 Season wise water Requirement for ultimate Irrigation potential IV-I6
o 4.2.2 Basin wise Non-Irrigation Surface water Requirement for 2050 IV-I7
o 4.3.1 Surface Water Resources in River Basins of Bihar tv-18
o 4.4 Surface Water Balance TV-20
o 5.6.3 Assessment of water requirement in proposed Kosi-Ghaghara Link canal
o for Irrigation & Non-inigation needs v-13
o 6.1.2.3 Assessment of water Requirement in Sone-Karmnasa-punpun (part)

O composite basin Irrigation and Non-Irrigation need VI-48

o 6.3.3.2 Assessment of water requirement in punpun (part)-Harohar-Kiul (part)

o Composite basin Inigation and Non-Irrigation Need VI-49

6.3.3.3 Assessment of Water Requirement in Kiul (part)-Badua-Belharna-Bilasi-
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Chandan-Chir-Ganga Stem composite basin Inigation and Non-Irrigation Need u-50
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6.3.5.1. I Assessment of water Requirement in Sone-Karmnasa-punpun
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(part) composite basin ALTERNATIVE-II Irrigation and Non-Irrigation Need VI-5I
o 6.3.5.2.1 Break up of water Requirement in punpun (part)-Harohar-Kiul (part)
o composite basin Irrigation and Non-Irrigation Need From STG canal Yt-52
a 6.3.5.2.2Assessment of water requirement in punpun (part)-Harohar-Kiul (part)

o composite basin ALTERNATIVE-II Irrigation and Non-Irrigation Need VI-53

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a 7.1 Per-Capita Water Availability in River Basins of India wr-7
o 7.2 Basin wise Population of Bihar and its projection for zoz5 &2050 AD VII-8

a 7.3 Surface Water resource in River Basins Basins of Bihar VII-9

7-4 Water Availability (Per Capita Per Year for different river Basins for Bihar)
o VII-IO
8 1.3.3 Assessment of water Requirement in proposed Gandak-Ganga
o Link canal for Irrigation & Non-irrigation Needs VIII-3I
o 8 2.2.5 Assessment of water Requirement in proposed Kosi-Mechi Link canal
o for Irrigation & Non-irrigation Needs VIII-32
o 8.3.2.1Assessment of Water Requirement in proposed Manas-Sankosh-Tista-Ganga

o Link canal for Inigation & Non-inigation Needs VIII-33

o 9l Surface Water Requirement for Bihar TX-17
92 Surface Water Resources in River Basin ofBihar
o IX-20
93 water Availability (Per Capita per year for different river basins for Bihar) IX-2r
O
94 Per-Capita Water Availability in the River Basins of India tx-22
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O LIST oF FIGI.JRES AND MAPS
O l.l Index map of schemes of Interlinking of rivers proposed by N.W.D.A

O 2.1 Agro-climatic-Sub-Zone of India

O 2.2 Agro-climatrc-Sub-Zone under Zone-4-Mrddle Gangetic Plain

) "t Broad Soil Association Map ofBihar
o
2.4 River Basur Map of Bihar
o 6.1 Schematic Diagram of Barh(Ganga) - Laundh Barrage Multi Purpose pump Scheme

6-2 Schematic Diagram of Barh(Ganga) - Nawada Barrage Multi purpose pump Scheme
'O 63 L-Section of Master Channel of Barh (Ganga) -Laundh Barrage/Nawada Scheme showing

O location of Barrages

O 6.4 Location Map Master Channel of Proposed Barh(Ganga)-Laundh Barrage

7.1 Per-capita avarlability of water in river Basins of Bihar
o
7-2 Water Avartability (on75o/oDependabilrty) in different River Basins in Bihar
O in m3lCapita.ryear
O ptate No

O Chapter V

O I Index Map of Kosi-Ghaghra Link Canal Prqect (NWDA Proposal)

a lA Index Map of Kosi-Ghaghra Link and Proposed Flood Diversion Channel(Committee's proposal
)
Chapter VI
O
2 Index Map of Churar-Sone Barrage Link Canal Project (l.nVDA Proposal)
o 2A Index Map of C-SB Link Project with Chunar -Sone Gravity Canal(Committee's proposal)
3 Index Map of Sone Dam-STG Link Canal project G\IVDA proposal)
'O 3.A Index map of Proposed Barh(Ganga)-Laundh Barrage multipurpose Scheme and

O other Ganga Pump Schemes to cover CCA East of Punpun upto Bihar Jharkhand Border
(Committee's Proposal) Alt-I
O
O 3B Index map of Proposed SD- STG link canal, Barh (Ganga ) - Nawada Barrage Multipurpose
Scheme and other Ganga pump Schemes to Cover CCA. Rest of Punpun upto Bihar -Jharkhand
O
Border (Committee's Proposal) Alt- II
O Chapter VIII
O 4 Index Map of Gandak-Ganga Link Canal Project (NWDA Proposal)

O 5 Index Map of Kosi-MechiLink Canal Project (NWDA Proposal)

O 6 Index Map of MSTGLink Canal project (NWDA proposal)

O 6A Index Map of Proposed MSTGLink Canal Project (Committee's Proposal)

7 Index Map of Jogrghopa-Tista-Farakka link Project (NWDA Proposal)
O
Note: All Figures and Maps are attached at the end of respective Chapters
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CHAPTBR-I
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o THE PROJECT FOR INTERLINKING OF RryERS
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o CHAPTER.I
o
THE PROJECT T'OR INTERLINKING OF'RryERS
o
o I.l The Background

a The following few facts describe the scenario prevailing in the country in the field
of water resources, its stafus of development as well as problems and prospects as
o visualized today.
O
India receives over 4000 cubic Km of water annually from average annual
o precipitation of ll7 cm.,The precipitation varies from 10 cm in western Rajasthan
and Ladakh to over 1000 cm in parts of Meghalaya. The variation results into flood-
O drought-flood Syndrome.

o The annual water resources, both surface and ground, have been assessed as 1953
BCM and 431 BCM, respectively out of which utilisable water resources have been
o assessed as 1086 BCM which comprises 690 BCM from surface and 396 BCM
from ground water.
o
o The estimated water resources of the country is only 4o/o of the fresh water of the
rvorld, with which it has to support about 760/o population on 2.4o/o land of the
o world.

o The estimated water requirement ofthe country would be between 644 to733 BCM,

o 861 to lo27 BCNI{ and l22l to 168l BCM by the year 2010,202s and,2050
respectively. Irrigation would continue to have the highest water requirement
o between 832-llglBCMby the 2050which is about 70o/o ofthe total requirement.
(As peTNCIWRD report Janl999)
o
There arc large disparities in the availability of water between different river
o Basins. Per-capita utilisablc water availability-based on 1991 population varies
from 182 M3 insatrarmati Basin to 2,500 wtt itr Mahanadi,
o -O SO8Z M3 in
Narmada Basin. Utilisable water availability per ha of culturable area varies
o from 1244 M3 in sabarmati Basin to 832oi" rvr' Mahanadi and 7669 M3 in
Narmada Basin.
o
out of total geographical area of 328.7t M ha of the country (land area being
a 297.319 M ha.), the culturable area is 1t4.376 M. ha.

I over one million sqrure kilometre i.e. nearly one third of the country, is drought
o prone, while 40 M ha i.e. l2o/o area of the country was considered flood prone at
that time by the Rashtriya Barh Aayog (1980).
o
With concerted efforts for developing water resources the total irrigation potential is
o expected to increase from22.6 M ha (9.7.M.ha from major & medium and 12.9 M.
ha from minor irrigation schemes) during pre-plan period to an estimated 106.61
o Ivl. ha. (42.77 M. ha from major and medium and 63.84 M. ha. from minor
o
a
o
a
o
o
 o
o
o
irrigation schemes) by the end of Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2A02), rryhich is
76-20/o of the revised ultimate inigation potential of 139.g9 M ha.
o
- Notwithstandrng the impressive achievement in the creation of potential, the o
irrigation projects suffer from the following deficiencies:
o
- lag in utilisation of irrigation potential (about 12.6a/,tatnational level)
o
- low water use efficiency (less than 40%)
- low productivity of irrigated agriculture (average- Z.33Tftra). o
- The production of food grains increased from 5l Million tones (MT) in 1950-51 to o
203 MT in the year 1998-99
o
- In view of the rising trends in population, recent trend in food consumption and
o
considering other socio-economic factors the total food requirement of thi country
has been assessed as 450 MT. Considering the feed requiremen! losses in storage a
and fransportation, seed requirement and carry over for years of monsoon failures in
the country (which has been estimated al12.5%o of the food grains production) the o
total demand for the food grains have been estimated as 605 MT for the year 2050
when the population of the country is expected to stabilise around 1640 million as o
per NCIWRD Report (1999).
o
1.2. The Interlinking Schemes
o
Being faced with the daunting challenge of producing enough food grains to feed
the ever increasing population and of meeting the exorbitantly increasing demand
o
for water in all sectors, the project for interlinking of rivers of the country has been o
conceived and is being planned in the background of vast disparity in
availability of water in different river Basins.
ttre
o
The Interlinking Schemes envisage to conserve water in the basins
a
considered surplus by constructing dams and transfening the surplus water after
meeting all demands in that basin, to drought prone areas through link canals as
o
conceived in National Perspective plan detailed below, a
1.2.1. National Penpective Plan o
The National Water Poliry has underlined the need for making water avulable to
o
water short areas by transfer from water surplus areas including transfers from one
river Basin to anotheq based on a national perspective, after taking into account the
o
requirements, of the areas/basins. The Ministry of Water Resources has prepared in a
1980 a National Perspective Plan for development of country's water resources,
disregarding political boundaries of States. This National Plan is in trvo parts o
namely, (i) development of Peninsular Rivers which is entirely within the control of
the central and state Govemments and (ii) Himalayan Rivers Development which o
calls for cooperation of Indi4 Nepal, Bangladesh and Bhutan. The Himalayan and
Peninsular River Plan would add to the presently estimated ultimate irrigation
o
potential besides providing large quantum of hydropower, flood control and in o
some reaches, navigation. Development and transfer of waters on inter-state and
I-2 o
o
o
o
a
o
o
 intemational rivers will require new policy initiative by the Govemment in hammering out
acceptable plans and financing trem later on.

The National Perspective Plan would be one of the greatest water development
o projects of the world. It envisages the construction of about 180 BCM of storages which
alongwith the interlink will facilitate additional utilisation of nearly 240 BCM oiwater for
o beneficial use in India. This will enable irrigation over an additional area of 25 Mha by
o surface water and besides 34,000 MW of substantial hydropower generatio4 flood control
and other multifarious benefits. The distinct feature of the scheme is transfer of water
o essentially by gravity and only in small reaches by lift not exceedng 120 m. The
technology proposed in the scheme is already known and tried successfi.rlly in lndia and,
a therefore, does not involve experimentation or research.

a In formulation of the National Perspective Plan two important aspects namely, the
o economic aspect and the socio-economic and environmental aspect are required to be taken
into account. The economic aspect is to study the comparative economics of in-Basin
o water development and inter-Basin transfer. The socio-economic and environmental aspect
comprises the consideration of socio-economic factors, including displacemeni of
o population and their seftlement that would be required to be dealt with whiie resorting to
inter-Basin transfer of water.
o
The National water Development Agenry NWDA) set up by the Govemment of
o India to carry out necessar)' surveys and prepare inter-basin transfer of water has
a completed pre-feasibility studies of 16 links in Peninsular component and l4links in
Himalayan component. It has also undertaken field surveys and investigation for
o preparation of feasibility reports. The feasibility studies of 3 links in Feninsular
component namely Ken-BetwaLin( Par-Tapi Link, and Pamba-Achankovil VaipparLink
a have already been completed and the remaining are being taken up in a phased manner.
The implementation of the inter-Basin transfer proposals would require great
o understanding and cooperation among different states and financial support from Central
Govemment.
O
o The cost of implementing the inter Basin transfer proposals prepared by NWDA, at
2002 pice level, is roughly Rs. 5,60,000 Crores for both Himalayan and peninsular
o components. The cost of power components is Rs. 1,35,000 Crore while the remaining
cost of Rs. 4,25,000 Crore is for irrigation and water supply.
o
o The scheme of Interlinking ofrivers has two components comprising 30 link canals
(i) Peninsular Rivers development comprising l6 link canals
t (ii) Himalayan Rivers Development comprising 14link canals
(vide Fig. l.l )
O
t 1.2.2 Feninsular Rivers Component

The proposal of Peninsular River Development will enable additional use of about
a 84 kn' of water to benefit the states of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra,
o kamataka, Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh etc. This will provide additional irrigation
benefits of over l3 million ha. It comprises 16 link canals as described below:-
o r-3
o
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o
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o
o
(D Amongst the Peninsular rivers, the Mahanadi and Godavari are considered to have
o
sizeable surpluses after meeting the existing and projected needs of the states within
these Basins .ll is, therefore, proposed to provide terminal storages on Mahanadi
and Godavari rivers to divert surplus flows of Mahanadi to the Godavari system and
o
to further transfer surplus from the Godavari System to water short rivers namely, o
Krishna, Pennar and Cauvery The link from Mahanadi to Godavari will be along
the east coast and will not involve any lift. The link between Godavari and Krishna o
will be partly by gravity and partly in the ultimate stage, by lifts of the order of 120
m (maximum) The transfer of waters would enable irrigation in drought prone o
areas of Maharashtra . Kamataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu bv successive
exchange.
o
o
(iD The Second component of this proposal is to divert apart of the water of the west
flowing rivers of Kerala to the east for inigating the drought prone areas of Tamil o
Nadu, apart from bringing new areas under irrigation in Kerala.
I
(iii) The third component is to construct storages and inter- link small rivers flowing O
along the west coast, north of Bombay and south of Tapi" This will enable partial
release of water from Tapi and Narmada that may allow extension of inigation to
Saurashtra and Kutch areas. It will also enable provision of extra water to meet the
o
growing needs of metropolitan area of Bombay as well as providing irrigation to the o
coastal areas in Maharashfra.
o
(iv) The fourth component envisages inter-linking of the southem tnbutaries of the
Yamuna like the Ken and the Chambal in addition to construction of small storages o
on intermediate tributaries and a dam on the Yamuna at Panchnad. This will enable
inigation in Madhya Pradesh as well as in Rajasthan.
o
o
The Peninsular component of link canal comprises the following four
systems of link canal as described above. a
(l) The Mahanadi-Godavari-Krishna-Pennar-Cauvery-Vaigai Link rururing a
through the eastem region of the peninsular India and inter-connecting all
the major east flowing rivers of the southem lndia is the main link of the
o
peninsular rivers component. This link system has been divided into several o
parts as follows:
i) Mahanadi to Godavari a
(a) Manibhadra- Dowlaiswaram Link
o
ii) Godavari to Krishna
a
(a) Inchampalli-Nagarjunasagar Link
(b) Inchampalli-PulichintalaLink o
(c) Polavaram-Vijaywada Link
o
iii) Krishna to Pennar
(a) Almatti Pennar Link o
(b) Srisailam-Pennar Link o
(c) Nagarjunasagar -Somasila Link
I-4 o
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o iv) Pennar to Cauvery
(a) Somasila- Grand Anicut Link
I
o v) Cauvery to Vnigai
(a) Kattalai Regulator- Vaigai- Gundar Link
I Par- Tapi- Narmada and Damanganga -Pinjal links under the component of
a inlerlinking of small west flowing rivers along the west coast south of Tapi and
North of Mumbai.
o
o 3. Ken- Betwa and Kalisindh- Chambal links for inter-connecting the southem
tributanes of Yamuna.
o Pamba-Achankovil-Vaippar. Netravati-f{emavati and Bedthi-Varada links for the
a diversion of surplus waters of the west florving nvers of Kerala and Karnataka to
the east
o
1.2.3 The Himalayan Rivers Component.
o
The Himalavan Rivers Component envisages constructlon of storages on the main
o Ganga and Brahmaputra river and their prirtcipal tributanes in India, Bhutan and Nepal so
o as to consen'e monsoon florvs for flood.control, hydroporver generation and irrigation.
Inter-linking canal s,vstems will be provided to'transfer so called surplus flows of the Kosi,
I Gandak and Ghaghra to the west. ln addition, Brahmaputra-Canga Link will be constructed
for augmenting dry lveather flows of the Ganga. Surplus flows available on account of
O inter-linking of Ganga and Yamuna are proposed to be transferred to the drought prone
areas of Haryalrr4 Rajasthan anC Gujat'at. The scheme will also enable large areas in South
a Uttar Pradesh and South Bihar to obtain irrigation benefits from the Ganga witir a moderate
O lift of less than 30m. Further, all lands in Terai drea of Nepal rvould also get irrigation apart
from generation of about 30,000 MW of'hydropower in Nepal urd India. It will also
o provide flood moderation in the Ganga - Brahmaputra system. Through these Link
proposals. about 140 km3 of additional rvater would be made available from the Himalayan
I rivels system for irrigating an estimated22 million ha, in the Ganga- Brahmaputra plains,
apalt from Haryana, Punjab, Raiasthan and Gujarat. It would also provide 1,120 cumecs
o (40,000 cusecs) to Kolkata Port and wouid provide navigation facilities across the country.
The scheme will benefit not only parts of lndie but also neighbouring countries of Nepal
o and Bangladesh (NWDA, 1998).
o
The Himalyan River Components of the Interlinking of rivers comprises the
t following 14 link canals:
i. Kosi-Mechi
O ii. J(osi-Ghaghra
a iii. Gandak-Ganga
iv. Ghaghra-Jamuna
a v. Sharda-Jamuna
vi. Jamuna-Rajasthan
o vii. Rajasthan-Sabarmati
viii. Chunar-Sone Barrage
o I-5
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ix. Sone Dam-Southem Tributaries of Ganga (STG) o
x. Brahmputra-Ganga (MSTG)
xi. Brahmputra-Ganga(JTF)-(Altemative) o
xii. Farakka-Sunderbans
xiii. Ganga-Damodar-Subemarekha o
xiv. Subemarekha-Mahanadi
o
1.2.3.1Link Canals directly rclated to Bihar o
Of the 14 Himalayan components, 6 river-link canals are directly related to Bihar. o
They are :
o
Brahmaputra - Ganga (MSTG) / Brahmaputra-Ganga (JTF) - Alternative
Kosi - Mechi
o
Kosi-Ghaghra
Gandak - Ganga
I
Chunar - Sone Barrage o
Sone Dam-Southem Tributaries of Ganga (STG)
o
The above schemes envisage construction of three dams across Kosi. Gandak and
Sone river besides the concemed link canals. The Gandak - Ganga link canal is partly o
related to Bihar although it will not pass through Bihar as it will have significant impact on
water utilisation and flood moderation in Bihar. o
1.2.3.2. Link Canals Having Impact on Bihar
o
o
Besides the above six link canals of the Himalayan Components the following link
canals will also have impact on Bihar . o
i. Ghaghara -Yamuna
o
ii. Sharda -Yamuna
o
a
iii. Yamuna -Rajasthan
o
iv. Rajasthan- Sabarmati
a
Though these rivers and these link canals do not pass through Bihar, they are going
to have significant impact on water resources and issues related to Bihar as they are located
o
on the tributaries of Ganga. Bihar is already seriously affected by low discharge in Ganga
during lean period. These schemes will have significant impact on the already dwindling
t
discharge of Ganga in lean period. These link canals envisage to transfer water to some o
other Basin and finally to Rajasthan and Gujarat. They will thus adversely alfect the
discharge in Ganga, which is already dwindling during lean period. o
1.2.3.3 The salient features of the schemes direcfly affecting Bihar are available in
o
Annexure l.l and they are described below in very brief. a
I-6 o
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a
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a i. Brahmaputra - Ganga (Manas-Sankosh-Teesta-Ganga Link Canat) :

a It envisages constructron of 457 km long link canal and a dam on river Manas and a
dam and a barrage on river Sankosh in Bhutan. There would be 7 numbers of falls on the
o canal, out of which 4 nos. of falls are located in Bihar. A total hydropower to the tune of
I 718 MW will be generated on these falls, out of which 393 MW will be generated on falls
located in Bihar. The link canal wrll provide inigation benefits to an area of 6.53 Lakh ha.
o out of which2.64 Lakh ha are in Bihar.

I ii. Kosi-Mechi Link Canal :

o The I12.55 km. long canal will mainly pass through the'Terai'area in Nepal. It will
start from the left side of Chatra barrage and fall into river Mechi after crossing over three
o small rivers Bakr4 Ratuwa and Kankai through syphon aqueduct. The canal's receiving
o capacity will be 1407.80 cubic metre per second (cumec) and discharge rate will be 97.64
cumec. The canal would provide irrigational facility to 4.74 Lakh hectares of land. Out of
a this, 1.75 Lakh hectares shall be irrigated in Nepal md 2.99 Lakh hectares in Bihar.
Besides this, provision of 24 MCM water has been made for domesljc and industrial
o requirements of the tou.ns falling in between. As proposed, it would divert 883 MCM waler
at the rate of 28 cumec to nver Mechi for increasing the water in river Mahananda. The
o canal would also provide navigational facility from Chatra to Ganga via Mechi and
I Mahananda rivers.

a iii. Kosi-Ghaghara Link Canal :

o T\e 428.76 km long canal, lvhich will start frorn the right side of the Chatra barrage, will
fall in Gaura river, a tribuhry of river Ghaghara, in Utar Pradesh after crossing over
I Tiljug4 Khanro, Bagmati and Lalbakeya rivers in Nepal area and river river Gandak in
Bihar. The canal's receiving capacity will be 1021 cumecs while it will discharge 67 cumec
It in river Gaura. The total benefitted area through this link canals is 10.58 Lakh hectares. Out
o of this, 1.74 Lakh hectare area shall be of Udaipur, Saptari, Mahoitan, Sartahi and Bara
districts in Nepal and 8. I 7 Lakh hectare and 0.67 Lakh hectare of area of North Bihar and
t Uttar Pradesh, respectively. The canal would also provide 48 MCM water for domestic and
industrial requirements of the lowns on its way.
t
iv. Gandak-Ganga Link Canal :
a
o The 639 km long canal, which would start from the right side of the proposed dam
across Gandak river in Nepal, wrll fall in Ganga river near Mustafabad in Rai Bareli district
O of Uttar Pradesh. lt wrll run through Nepal and various districts of Uttar Pradesh. Though
this canal would not cross through Bihar it would make a big impact on the State by taming
I the flood waters of Gandak. There will be no irrigational facility in Bihar from this canal.

t Y. Chunar-Sone Barrage Link Canal :

o The 149. l0 km long canal will start from the right side of Ganga river near Chunar
O Tehsil of Mirzapur district in UP. It will fall into river Sone near lndrapuri barrage in
Rohtas district. There would be lift of 38.8 meters, 16.10 meters and 4.4 meters at three
o t-7
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o
o
fitrerent places en route. In addition to taking over entire command areas of westem sone
high level and low level canals i.e. 5,12,03t ha. This link
o
canal will provide *gation in
52792 hectares of new uf-u i" Mirzapur, varanasi
hectares of new area in Bhabhu4 Rohtas, Buxar
and Gazifur districts of Up and 14001 o
and Bhojpur districts of Bihar.The total
benefited area is thus 5,7g,g25 ha. o
vi. sone darn-southern Tributaries of Ganga Link canar :
o
The 339 km long. canal.will begin from the nght side
o
of the proposed dam across
sone river near Kadwan in Jharkhand. ihe canal would
crossing over Morhar,Lilajan, Dhanarjayi, Sakri and
fall into Badua left bank canal after o
Kiul rivers. Two hydel projects of 3.5
MW and 1.5 MW capacities are also pioposed ar km. 222.25
& 22g.s0 of the link canal o
besides 90 Mw at Kadwan dam. The total benefired
Lakh hectares in patn4 N{anda, Gayq Jehanabad,
area through this canal will be 3.07
Munger, Bhagarpur, Nawad4 Jamui
o
and Aurangabad districts of Bihar palu-u distnct orrtarlnanol
-d a
1.3 poLrcIES, OBJECTTVE AND APPROACHES
o
Interlinking
?f ly"o is the biggest water resources development project of the
country and one of the biggest water Resources Development pro.;ects of the world.
o
It is
very important to review briefly the policies recommended
as National water Policy (2002),Irrigation commissio
by different Commissions such o
n llvizl,National commission on
Agriculture (1976\' Rastriya Barh Aayog (19s0) and National
Commission on Integrated
o
water Resources Development (1999i. It is imperative that the
of rivers should be defined *
lnterlinking of the policies
objective for the o
Jighl suggested by these
Commissions. Accordingly the approach for plaining,
be adopted.
aolg; unO implementation should a
o
1.3.1 National penpective plan
o
The conservation of water by creating storages and inter
constructing carrier canals, from surmised zurplus river
Basin transfers of water by a
basins to deficit Basins has been
the guiding objective of projects of Interlinking of rivers
adopted in the National perspective plan is as follows:
of India. The broad approach a
I
- Existing uses have to be kept undisturbed
- Normally-water development under the existing legal
and constitutronal
o
-
framelvork is assumed to take.place futy by the tu- orae
The development envisaged is within the framework
century. o
of all tbi existing
-
agreements between the states. a
while planning inter-Basin and inter-state transfer of water, reasonable
needs of the Basin states for the foreseeable future
have to be'kept ln nier" o
and provided for.
- Most efficient use of land and water in the edsting irrigation
and hydro
o
power stations should be a principar objective to
be ichieied. o
a
I-8 o
al
o
o
a
o
o
F
l.
o
a
o 13.2 Approach advocated by NCIWRD (1999)

a The National Commission for lntegrated Water Resource

Development (NCIWRD,
1999) have studied the project for Interlinking of rivers
o suggested and adopted by them is as follows:
of India and trre basic approact

o
.. 'ln approaching this complex issue, we begin with fte assessment that it will nor be
o possible to persuade a state to spare water till its
own demands are met to the maximum
possible extent- ln Basins with possible surpluses,
near saturation utilisation of land and
o water has firs to be aimed at subject to the iondition that
such utilisation is not based on
impractical engineering, f9r example storage requirements for
o which reservoir sites are nol
available or involve very high liffs or wasieful use, for example,
very row efficiency and
o excessive water application. This would include first prioriq,
environmental uses and then irrigation use. Provision must
domlstic, industrial land
also be made for minrmum
O flows during lean season to meet environmental requirements
for maintaining water qua5h,
and for customan'use by people living on river banks.',
O
"A-fter meeting all these essential requirements, if there is
surplus water available jn
o the Basin' its transfer to other Basins rnuy 6e considered.
suctr gasi.rs should first arm at
efficient utilisation of all the in-basin resources. For deficit
o meet domestic and industrial demand in firll, but to achieve
basins, the aim would be to
a lower cropping and imgatron
o intensity than that in case of well - end-owed or ,.r.plrrr- g**.. rr,.'oui.uri afprourt
should be that economic development of no part of the
,o*iry should be constrained b1,
o shortage of water at the same time the pattem of development
could be different stares
having adequate water and those to *hi.tt water may
have to be transferr"o ut 69l, 'r .ort.
o Food self- sufficiency is essential for the country "as
a *hole but not necessanlv for
individual river Basins. Nevertheless, it has to be Lome in
o endowed with ample water resources" almost two-thirds
mind that even i, B";il
"
;;i
of the population is dependent on
agriculture and sharp reduction in their numbers may not
o can be improved only through increased agriculturi productivity
be teasiute. hei, quat,ty of life
for which the first basic
o requirement is water. Hence, in all basins of peninsular
has to be substantially increased".
rivers, the present irrigated area

o
"Based on these. considerations, we have worked
o projected demand of various sectors in the year 2o5o
ou1 the water availabiliw.
and the water balan ce forsix of the
major east flowing rivers of the peninsula".
o
o The NCTWRD have also observed that irrespective of present or future
constitutional provisions, it would not be practical to transflr
water without concurrence of
o donor states and such conculrence would be facilitated
by some form of q'rd pro-quo

o f JJ Concept of Optimisation

o In the various re^ports prepared by NWDA viz Preliminary

water Balance study &
o Pre-feasibility Reports for different components of
has been made for optimum use of water resources
the r inking of Rivers project, attempt
and mention to this effect has been
o made in the reports at several places. ln the first place
optimization is a very good concept
and the attempt to optimize the important resource like
water must be appreciated
o I-9
and is

O
o
o
o
o
 o
a
a
worth attempting. However, the most predominant use of water is for agriculture and
hence optimum use of waterhas to be considered along with the opfimization of land. As a
o
matter of fact the optimization study should be carried out jointly for both the resources- o
water and land. Secondly, regional /local problems are becoming more serious day by day
and regional disparity and / or lack of development are getting reflected in form of social I
unrest / mass agitation ultimately breeding discontent leading to undemocratic and violent
manifestation. Therefore, the small pockets of regional / local area remaining neglected so
o
far, has to be given due importance and priority in optimisation of most important natural
resources-water and land. Thus optimisation should include another most important
o
resources i.e. land besides water and it should focus on the local / regional areas hither to o
neglected due to many reasons including absence of political force. Thirdly, after certain
level of optimisation important aspects like sustainabitity, robustness and resilience should o
be given more importance over further optimisation. These are generally not to be found in
the present reports.
a
1.3.4 Objective of Inter{inking of Rivers
I
o
The prime objective of the proposed mega project of Inter linking of rivers of India
is to transfer water from water rich Brahmaputra and lower Ganga Basins towards the west, o
finally conveying it to water short southem UP, Haryana, Punjab and to arid Rajasthan and
Gujarat and also to the Basins of peninsular India. The scheme has been formulated in the o
background of large disparities in availability of water in different Basins of Indi4 and the
objective is to achieve equitable distribution of available water resources for increased o
economic efficiency, self sufficiency of food, providing livelihood and employment
opportunities in site etc.
o
The objective as enumemted in various studies and reports prepared by o
NWDA is no doubt quite appropriate. However, it gives stress on the development of
so called water deficit basin inespective of its present level of development cbmpared o
to that prevailing in surmised surplus basins. It completely ignorcs the problems
rclated to water nesources development in the Basin fium which surplus water is O
prcposed to be transferred. It also does not take into consideration the prcsent level
of development in the fietd of water nesources, which may be too much below and far
a
too low than that prevailing in the so called deficit Basin in which the water is o
proposed to be transfened. While talking of equitable distribution of water nesounces,
it is quite appropriate and logical to take into considemtion the lag in development of o
water nesounces in the donor Basin / states. Ignoring this issue will lead to further
inequality and regional disparities. Since this present mega project of inter{inking of a
rivers is going to be the biggest and the final plan in water nesources development,
any mistake in its planning and implementation will lead to very adverse and serious
o
consequencesr which will have no remedial measures and will be almost impossibte to a
rcctify in futurc.
o
In this backgrcund the objective of the project should be broadened to include
all the problems related to the development of water and land in the donor Basin as o
well. In the context of Bihar, the objective should be expanded to include the solution
of the burning problems in the fietd of water nesources, such as flood, drainage o
congestion, augmenting lean flow in river Ganga and its tributaries, drcught pnone O
arca and rapid development of irrigatio"i-r'
o
o
O
o
o
o
o
o
a
o
o Besides these objectives, it should also endeavour
development of water resounces in different river Basins
to bring equity in level of
of the country. rt is very
o relevant to note tha!
lhe perception of surplus or shofiage of water in particular
a
Basin is vely much linked with the level of development and quantum of utilisation.
a
ln view of these discussions, the objectives of the project of interlinking
o should be as follows:
of rivers

O
I Equity in level of water resources development in different
Basins - The
O developmental activities in the Basins regions/ states,
which are lagging behind
should be accelerated.
o
o 2 Equitable distribution of water resources: This should
be in accordance wrth the
potential for.ultimate development in light of
available important .esources tit e
O land and its characteristics, water and population
etc.

o 3 comprehensive Approach: The approach adopted should

be comprehensive and it
should include all problems related to water in the Basins.
ln the context of Bihar it
o would be as follows -
i.Flood moderation
o ii.
Removal of drainage congestion and water logging.
iii'
Augmenting lean fl"ow in
"riu"r
Cunga and its major tributaries
O iv.
Development of drought prone area.
a v.Rapid development of balance irngation potential .

o 1.4 Approach Adopted by the present Expert Committee

o The approach adopted by the present Expert Commiftee

in preparing & finalising
its reports is as follows:
o
o - The Director General NWDA informed in the 32nd meetrng
of the TAC held on
8'9'2003 at New Delhi under the chairmanship of
Chairman C.w.C it was decided
o that the ground water should not be considered in the
rvater balance studies as done
by the N'w'D'A. Accordingly this Committee has also
o availability for its study.
considered only surface rvater

o - Availability of water of river in Bihar has been taken

at their outfall points except
o those rivers in which Bihar gets imported/ ailocated
water.

a - Examining the possibility of Kosi-Ghaghra Link canal

for utilising it also as flood
diversion channel to divert Kamala and bagmati flood
*,ater as and when needed.
o
- Examining the possibilities of relieving water stagnation
o Bagmati, Kamla and Kosi by divertinglt irrto G*iu
at the confluence point of

o - Identifying the problems related to water resources

development, as prevarling in the
o state.
I-r I
o
o
a
o
o
o
o
 o
a
o
Assessing the most important resources related to agriculfure-
bas-is of the report.of the NWDA report to the extent
land & water mostly on o
$e available and the,"poi or
Second Bihar State lrrigation Commission (lgg4) o
Examining the future cropping/irrigation intensities in light
of available land and
o
water resources with special reference to proposed watJr
resources development
through construction of dams in Nepal on tributaries of Gangaflowing
o
througlinrhar
and on their sub tributaries. o
Assessing future demand for agricultural needs for the year
2050. o
Elamrrilrg the adequacy or otherwise of the provision made in
schemes for Linking
o
of rivers related to Bihar.
o
Suggesting suitable measures, wherever considered necessary,
redressal of problem, meeting the needs and mitigating
specifically for o
the sufferings.'

Elamrl'ns / studying
o
99 r"portr prepared by NWDA for the component of Linkinge
related to Bihar from Bihar's point oiview and suggest
improvements rvherever considered necessary.
modffications/ changesr o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
a
a
o
o
o
a
t-12 o
o
o
o
o
a
O
o
o
o
o Annexure 1.1

o Details of Components of Interlinking of Rivers Dircctly Related to Bihar

a SI
No
Particulars Kosi-
Mechi
Kosi-
Ghaghara
Gandak
-Ganga
Chunar-
Sone
Sqrs dam-
Southern
Ndanas-
Ssrkostr
Joggtropa-
Smkostr
o Barrage Tributaries
ofGanga
Tista-
Ganga
Tista-
Ganga(Alt)
a I a ) 4 5 6 7 8 9
t Location of In Nepal In Nepal In Chunar in Indrapuri Mdtas Jogoghopa
o control
structur€/dam
Nepal Mirzapur
(nP)
Dam (old
name
Smkosh Assam
Smkosh
@hutan)
o Kadwan
@ihar-
Bhutan

o 2 Live Storage 9370 9370 1960

Jharkband)
Manas 8950 4930
a J
rMcNf)
Installed 3000 300 90
Sa*osh 4390
Manas NA Jogrghopa
300 Mw
o Capacity
(Mw)
Sankosh 1400
Sankosh
l,mo MW
o 4 Length of t12.55 428.76 533 149 339 457 4N.53
Canal fKm)
o 5 Capacity of
t804.t7
Canal Head r4'70.8 1021 1680 405.9 tm.43 137012355
o Tail(curnec) 97.64 6-7 987 85.1 8 14.02
6 Area
o Benefrtted
rLrtu)
o Nepal
Bihar
r.75
2.99
1.74
8.17
2.4r
9.14(New) 2.99 2.64| 2.64*
o Jharktrard
5.12 (old)
0.08
o U. P. o.67 34.99
(old)
0.53(l.Iew)

o 3.00
(New)

o Total 4.',l4 r 0.58 40.44 0.67(Nerv)

5.12(old)
3.O'l 6.516 5.94

1i
o 7 Water Supply
0\4CM)
48 700 360

& l.s
o 8 Installed
Capacity in
180 3.5 805
(In Bihar
805

o 9
canal tMW)
Lift of 3 8.8, 16.1
399)
t00
Pumping & 4.4
o involved (Mt

o r In Assam 1.3 Lha. and West Beneal 2.00 Lha.

o
o
o
I-13
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
lo Fig. 1.1

o PROPOSED IITTER BASII{ WATER TRAIYSFER LIITTKS

O
o \ I
o II
I
o
o 5 '-r
../i
I
o " "7
?.t
o
o
o
a
o €,c"
o
a
o
a
o
o
INOIAN OCEAN
o
o HIMALAYAN COIIPO'{ENT
1. Mana3 -S!nko!h - Tilts - Osnga
PENINSULAR COMPONENT
15. Mahsnadl (Manibhadra) - Godavari (Oowlaiswaram) '
2. Kosl - Ghagra - Kri€hns (p!rlichintal.)'
o 3. Grndak - Cangr
l6.Godaveri {lnchampallil
'l7,Godavari {tnchanrpallll - Krtshna (Nagariunaaagay)'
4 Ghagrs - Yamuna ' lE,6odavsri (Polavdram) - Krishna (Vl,sydwada) '
O 5. Sarda * Yamuna ' 19. Krishna (Almallii - Pennar
*
6, Yamuna - Ralarthan 20. KrishnB (S(isallaml - Pennar '
o 7, Ralarthan - Sabarmatl 21. Krisho€ (Nagsriunasagar) - Ponnsr (Somasila) '
Pennsr {Somaslla}-P6lar- Cauvery (Grind Anicur) '
8. Chunar- Sone Ba.Bg€ 22.
o L Son€ Oam - Southcm Trlbtnarlc. ol Ganga
10. Ganga (Far.kkr) - Dsmodar - Subornsrekha
23,Cauvery (Kattatai! - Vaigai- Gunda?'
24. Ken - Belwa '
25. Parbati - K€laslndh - Chambil '
o ll.Subarnafethe - lrehanrdl
I 2. Ko3i - Mshl 25. P6r - Tapi - Narmada '
l3.Farakkr - gunde,bsnr 27. Demanganga - Pinlal '
a 14.Joglohopr - nrla - Frnkks (Attamatc) 28. Bedfi - Vsrds
' FR Compl€ted 29,llolraYall - Hemavatl
o 30. P6mba - Achankovil - ValDDar '

o
o
a
a
o
a
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
a
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
a
o
o
o
O
o
o
o
o
o CHAPTER-II
o
a
RESOURCE PROFILE OF THE STATE
o
O
o
a
o
o
O
o
o
o
I
o
o
CHAPTER-II
o
O RESOURCE PROFILE OF THE STATE
o 2.1 General
o
The Following few facts describe the general situation in Bihar in field of Water
a resources and related aspects.
o - After formation of Jharkhand State, Bihar with a geographical area of 93.81
Lakh Ha and a population of 8.29 crore (2001 Census), is the seventh largest
a State in respect of area and the third biggest State in respect of population.

o - The density of population (2001) is 883.7persons per Sq. Km. against 324
o persons per sq. km. for the country.

O - The State's economy is predominantly agricultural as it contributes about 47.6%

towards GDP, against25Yo for the country on the whole.
O
- The State has plenty of plain & fertile cultivable land of 64.41 Lakh ha which is
O almost 70oh of the geographical area.
o - The soil is mostly alluvium and very fertile, most suitable for multiple cropping
o and irrigated agriculture.

o - The State has to support about 8% population on 285% area of the country
o with 16oh of surface and 6.5Yo ground water resources of the country.

o - The soil is very fertile and the climatic factors are very favourable to
o agricultural practices.

o 2.2 The physiography

a The State of Bihar, lies between latitudes 24020'10"N and 27031'15"N and longitudes
o 83019'50"E and 80017'4A" E. The total reported geographical arca of the State is about Ninety
four thousand Sq.Km.
o
The State is bounded by Himalayan foot hills and terai region of Nepal on the north,
o West Bengal on the east, newly created State of Jharkhand on the south and part of Uttar
Pradesh on the west.
a
o The State comprises alluvial plains of Indo-Gangetic Basin in the north and Kaimur
plateau in the south. The alluvial plain is divided into two by the river Ganga flowing from
o west to east. The State, therefore, can physiographically be divided into two regions viz. North
o Bihar and South Bihar.

o
a
o
o
o
 o
o
o
2.2.1 North Bihar
o
o
It of alluvial plains north of Ganga, falling between the Ganga and
comprises the tract
Indo- Nepal border having general slope from north- west to south- east and is drained by the o
rivers Ghaghra, Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Kosi and Mahananda etc falling into the Ganga and
Bagmati- Adhwara, Kamla-Balan etc. which also drain into the Ganga through the Kosi.
o
o
The Ghaghra, Gandak and Burhi Gandak rivers of North Bihar are now more or less
stabilised. It is believed that river Gandak has traveled from near Burhi Gandak on the east to o
its present course on the west in course of last several hundred years. In this process of
shifting, it has created numerous chaurs (saucer like depressions) and mauns (deep horse- shoe
o
shaped water bodies formed due to avulsionslcut-otrs) in the Basin. The other North Bihar o
rivers such as the Bagmati, Adhwara group of river, Kamla-Balan and Kosi are still very
unstable due to steep slopes in their upper reaches and high silt charges and are always t
exerting tremendous pressure on the embankments within which they are presently contained
at enormous cost and efforts. The river Kosi also shifted from near Purnea on the east to its
o
present course on the west where it has been contained between the embankments. In its lateral
travel of about 120 Km. in course of about two centuries, the Kosi has created a number of
o
depressions chaurs & mauns in the Basin, apart from depositing coarse silt and sand in almost a
entire area.
a
The major rivers of North Bihar have Himalayan origin and considerable portion of o
their catchments lie in the glacial region. They are, therefore, snow-fed and perennial in flow.
These rivers have catchments in the Himalayan region in Nepal. Some of them have O
catchments even in Tibet region. They receive very copious rainfall during monsoon when
discharges of these rivers are about 80 to 90 times larger than fair weather flows. This causes
o
frequent flooding of a large portion of North Bihar. Despite existence of flood embankments o
on most of them, about 73.63 per cent of the geographical area of North Bihar is considered to
be prone to flooding, liable to be flooded if spill occurs from higher contour in India & mainly a
in Nepal.
o
The soil of North Bihar is sandy alluvial, rich in lime and often contains high o
proportion of clay. There are pockets where soils are calcareous with high proportion of
calcium carbonate. The soils are among the most fertile in India and can support a variety of o
crops with appropriate land and water management.
The country slopes from north- west to south- east with general elevations falling
o
froml00 m at Valmikinagar in West Champaran distria to about 23.5 m at Mathurapur in i o
length of about 550 Km.
o
The total geographical area of North Bihar is 53,741 Sq Km which is 57.3 percent of
the area of the State and supports 63.5 percent of State populations and is covered by
o
administrative divisions of Saran, Tirhut (Muzaffarpur), Darbhanga, Purnea and Kosi e
(Saharsa) and three CD blocks of Bhagalpur division.
About 1.92 percent land of this zone is covered by forest as per l99l reports of the
o
State Directorate of Statistics and Evaluation.
o
fr-2
a
O
O
a
o
O
I
o
o
2.2.2 South Bihar
I
Prior to the formation of Jharkhand State, this portion of Bihar was called Central
o Bihar. It comprises of the flat alluvial plains having the Ganga on the north and the area to the
o west of Rajmahal hills and north of the Kaimur-Chotanagpur-Santhal Pargana plateau.In
between, there are a few isolated hills namely Kaimur hills part of Vindhya Range in Kaimur
o & Rohtas, the Barabar hills in Gaya , the Rajgir hills in Nalanda and Kharagpur hills in
Munger districts. The hills of Rajgir have an average elevation of 445 m. while the Kharagpur
o range has an average elevation of 300 m above MSL. This tract of land is drained mainly by
o the rivers Karmnasa" Sone, Punpun, Kiul,Badua Chandan etc all falling into the Ganga. These
rivers are rain fed, having their origins either in the Vindhyachal hills or in thd hills of
O Chotanagpur and Rajmahal. Hence, these rivers are either dry or carry scanty discharges in
o non-monsoon months.

a The eastern portion of the alluvial plain of this region is intemtpted by the Kharagpur
hills extending north south and, therefore, a portion of the alluvial plain lies on the east of
o Kharagpur hills and extends up to Rajmahal hills in Jharkhand which forms its eastern
boundary. The plain is far more extensive on the west and extends up to Bihar-U.P border. The
o western portion of this alluvial plain slopes from southwest to northeast. Central and eastern
o part of the plain slopes from south to north. The elevation of the region varies from 300 m
down to 40 m above MSL.
o In the central portion of this region, the southern bank of the Ganga is naturally formed
as a levee obstructing the drainage of the land on the south of it, which extends up to the foot
o of Chotanagpur hills. The natural slope of this land is from south to north from foothills of the
o Chhotanagpur hills to Ganga. There are several rivers in this tract which drain the rain water of
the tract and accumulate them behind the high bank of Ganga. This has resulted in formation
O of tals viz. Mokama Tal the area just on the south of the high Ganga bank, which comprises a
group of Fatuha Tal, Bakhtiyarpur Tal, Barh Tal, More Tal , MokamaTa|Barahtya Tal and
o Singhaul Tal. These tals also receive backwater of the Ganga when it is in high spate.
O Therefore, the tals get submerged in water during monsoon season and are thus deprived from
Kharif cultivation in part of the area. Even after the monsoon season, entire area does not get
o drained into the Ganga quickly. However bumper Rabi & HW crops are grown in the Tal area
that gets freed from water in time. Recent alluvium soils of non-calcarious and non-saline type
a suitable for growing vegetables and melons, are found along the banks and diara lands of
o rivers of this region. The soils of tal areas and in their vicinity are medium to heavy textured
and slightly to moderately alkaline in reaction and are of good fertility status. Old alluvium
o heavy textured or grey catenary soils are found in the rest of the area that crack heavily on
drying. These are fertile soils fit for cultivation of a variety of crops with irrigation. There are
o pockets of alkaline soils in the west and the foothills have yellow catenary soils of poor
a fertility.
The geographical area of South Bihar is 40,070 Sq.Km which is42.7 percent of the
o area of the State and supports 36.5 percent of the State's population and is covered under
administrative divisions of Magadh (Gaya), Patna, part of Munger and Bhagalpur.
o About 21.43 percent of land is covered by forest as per 1991 reports of the Directorate
o of Statistics and Evaluation of the State
II_3
o
a
o
o
o
 o
o
o
o
2.3 Climate and Rainfall
o
Bihar has monsoon type tropical climate with high temperature and medium to high
rainfall. The temperatures are lowest during December-January with an average minimum of
o
8'C to l00C and maximum of 240C to 250C. The temperatures in the hottest months of April to o
June are minima 23oC to 250C and maxima 350C to jgoC. Gaya is the hottest place (a60i) and
May is the hottest month. Bihals positional location within narrow limits of latitudes and o
longitudes precludes large variation in temperatures in its different regions.
o
The mean annual rainfall for the State is about l27O mm varying from ll70 to 1580 o
mm in North Bihar and 990 to 1480 mm in South Bihar. Mosr of the rainfall (50% to 90%) is
received from mid-June to mid-October. The late September-October rains (locally known as o
'Hathia'), though only 50 to 100 mm in quantity, are very crucial to agriculture in the region
and their timing and distribution make all the difference between plenty and scarcity. fhey fail
o
once in 4 years in North Bihar and once in 3 years in South Bihar pointing towards necissity o
of construction of storages. Winter rains, though only about 40 mm are most beneficial for
winter crops specially in rainfed areas. o
There are, however, considerable inter-district variations in the quantum of rainfall o
received. There are also large variations within the season and from year to year which cause
considerable instability in agricultural productivity and production. Even in the years when the
o
total rainfall is normal, long drought spells or inadequate rainfall in crucial months of o
transplantation and plant growth adversely affect production.
o
Ganga plains have the least rainfall with largest variation (30%) along the river which
diminishes both towards the northern border and over the plateau region in the south. Large
o
areas in the districts of Nawada, Rohtas, Kaimur and small part of Monghyr comprising neatly a
l0% of the total area of the State , often suffer from calamitous droughts. As a result otttea,.y
seasonal rainfall, the region is also prone to floods. Climatic factors have endowed the regron
I
with a comparative advantage to develop mainly a foodgrain (particularly rice) dominated
agrarian economy. Bounties of nature, however, have led to complacency in the development
o
of infrastructural facilities like irrigation and drainage and have made agriculture unduly o
dependent on rainfall.
o
2.4 Agro- climatic Regional Planning (19S9) O
With a view to achieve more scientific utilisation of available resources and maximum o
exploitation of potential for growth and diversification, the strategy of agro-climatic planning
has. been adopted by the Planning Commission. The country has been divided into 15 Regions
o
delineated on the basis of a coillmonality of agro-climatic factors like soil type, rainfall, o
temperature, water resources etc. Each of these 15 primary agro-climatic zones was not
considered adequately homogeneous for the pulpose of detailed operational planning. Hence a
within each of them, sub-zones were delineated on the basis of their characteristics of soil,
topography, climate and water resources. Districts generally formed the lowest unit of
o
reckoning. o
II-4
o
a
o
o
o
O
o
o
o According to the Report, Bihar falls under Zone- IV Middle Gangetic Plains. The
o Agro-climatic zones of India are shown in Map available at Fig 2.1. The Zone has been
population pressure
characterised by rich water and soil resources, low productivity level, high
o on land and increased proportion of problem soil.
o ,,Zone 12 districts of Eastern Uttar Pradesh and 27 districts of Bihar
IV consists of
o plains. This zone of Bihar has been further sub-divided into three sub-zones to take care of
in this note,
heterogeneity in soil, land use, topography and climatic factors. Strategy presented
o however refers to aggregatea suU-ion-e. This Zone with a geographical area of 16.5 million
hectares and population of 84 million presents a picture of high population
density (530
a population) and low
persons/sq. kr ), second highest poverty ratio (abour 45 pe.r cent in rural
O iand productivity in spite of ri.tr soil resources and favourable climatic factors.
Rainfall is high
and iirigation is fairly developed (39 per cent of GCA) with cropping
intensity of 142 per cent'
a Inigation is more ieuelopei in Eaitern UP and correspondingly cropping intensity is also
o higher

,,Cropping is cereal- based (79 per cent in Eastern UP and 70 per cent in Bihar Plains)
o in Bihar
with predominance of rice (a little over 70 per cent in Eastern UP and 48 per cent
o plains) productivity of rice i, on" of the lowest in the country particularly in- Bihar Plains (less
Haryana in
than il qtls. per ha. in 1984-85) which, however, is increasing matching that of
o case proper irrigational & other support are made available. Productivity
of other cereal crops
in
O like maize and wheat is close to that of national average, maize productivity being higher
Bihar plains. Stabilization and improvement of productivity of Kharif rice along
with crop
o diversification and substitution in areas not suitabie for rice will form the important
ingredients

o of crop production strategy in this zone."

o 2.4.1 Agro-climatic Sub-Zone

o The entire Bihar falls under following three agro-climatic Sub-Zone 4,5,6 of
Zone -IV
in these three sub-
o as shown Map available at Fig. 2.2. The Bihar Plains have been divided
factors:
zones, to take care of heterogeneity in soil, land use' topography and climatic
o
(a) Sub-Zone no. 4 -
o comprising the districts of Paschimi Champaran, Purbi Chmparan, Gopalganj,
Siwan'

o Saran, Vaishali, Muzaffarpur, Sitamarhi, Madhubani, Darbhanga and Samastipur.

o (b) Sub-Zone no. 5 -

Araria'
comprising the districts of Begusara\, Khagaria, Madhepura, Saharsa, Purnea,
I Kishanganj and Katihar.
a
(c) Sub-Zone no. 6 -
o comprising the districts of Rohtas, Kaimur, Bhojpur, Buxar, Aurangabad,
GaYa, Patna,
Nalanda, Nawada, Munger and Bhagalpur.
o
a II-5

o
a
o
o
o
 o
o
o
o
t{ Land Potential o
2.5.1 The Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission (1994)
o
o
The land use pattern of the State has been studied by SBSIC. The Commission has
studied the land use pattern river Basin/sub-Basin wise. The river Basin/sub-Basinwise o
geographical area and Cultivable area is available in Annexure 2.7 and 2.2 respectively..
According to the Annexure 2.2 the cultivable land of the State works out to 64.41 Lakh ha,
o
which is 68.67 oh of the geographical area. The abstract of cultivable area for different agro- o
climatic Sub-Zones is given below :
o
Agro-climatic
Sub-Zone
Geographical Area
in Ha.
Cultivable Area Percentage
in Ha. GCA
CCA to t
Sub-Zone-4 25,19,309 18,23,358 72.38 o
Sub-Zone-5 28,54,777 20,87,922 73.14
Sub-Total 53.74.086 39,1 1,280 72.78 o
Sub-Zone 6(a) 20.93.828
Sub-Zone 6(b) 1 9.13.1 90
14,07,592
11.22.948
67.23
58.7
o
Sub-Total 40,07,018 25,30,540 63.1 5 o
Total 93,91,104 64.41-820 68.67
o
The total cultivable area of the State falls under following categories : (i) Existing
Irrigation Scheme (ii) On-going Inigation Schemes (iii) Proposed Irrigation Schemes and (iv)
o
Not covered under any Inigation Scheme which is the balance cultivable area where irrigation o
has to be provided. Annexure 2.3 shows the cultivable area under these categories composite
Basin-wise under different agro-climatic Sub-Zones. The abstracts are as follows :
o
a
Categories Sub-Zone Sub-Zone Sub-Zone Sub-Zone Total %
No.4 No.5 No. 6(a) No 6ft) o
(i)Existing 4,76,390
Irrieation schemes
10,09,780 8,97,321 4,71,861 28,55,352 44.33
o
(ii)On-Going 3,21,600 1,48,628 53,613 5,23,847 8. l3 o
Irrieation schemes
(iii)Proposed 1,28,700 3,43,551 61,850 2,20,838 7,54,939 tt.72 O
Irrigation Schemes
Sub-Total (i) to (iii)
o
11,38,480 11,41,541 t1,07.799 7.46.312 41.34.132 64.18
(iv)Area not 6,84,879 9,46,381 2,99,793 3,76,636 23,07,699 3s.82 o
covered in any
Schemes O
Total 18,23.358 20.87-922 14,07,592 11.22.948 64.4t.820 100 o
o
TI-6
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o
I
o
o
o
O
o
o
t 2.5.2 SOILS OF BIHAR
I 2.5.2.1Soils- Their Categories and Status.
o
t Land use pattern in our country has been tradition based. With modernisation of
agriculture, land use based on agro-climatic conditions and more so, in relation to the
O suitability of soil resources has been realised for sustainable development. Cropping pattern

t based on soil resource inventory has been recommended for every river Basin. The basis for
land use planning rests on the capability of soil in relation to unique set of relevant
O characteristics and qualities. Such characteristics of Bihar soils have been identified and
published by the following sources.
o
i. A reconnaissance soil survey of the State was conducted during 1954-66 to
o identi$, describe and classify the soils of Bihar. The soil survey organisation of
o the Rajendra Agricultural University has divided the State in 24 broad Soil
Association Groups based on common but important and striking soil
a characters. The soil map of the State has also been published.

o ii. The National Bureau of soil survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS & LUP), an
organisation established by Govt of India in 1958 and restrucfured in April
o 1969, has conducted detailed soil survey of the State. The detailed soil survey
o reports contain alauge body of basic and derived data.

o The features of soil contained in two types of survey throw a floodlight of information
for use in agriculture, irrigational projects and schemes of ecological management.
a
o 2.5.2.2 Reconnaissance Soil Survey

o Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission got soil association studied and compiled.
Basin-wise delineation are marked and shown in map at frg. no. 2.3 and are summarized
o showing the area and type of soil at Annexure 2.4
o
2.6. WATER RESOURCES
a
o 2.6.1 Water Resources of India

t It will be of interest to discuss the water resources of lndia before discussing the water
resources of Bihar. This will provide an opportunity for a comparative study, in the back
O ground of surplus and / or shortage.
a 2.6.1.1 Water availabilitv
o
Total amount of water on earth has been estimated as 1400 million Km3. However only
o 27Yo of this is available as fresh water. Further majority of this lies frozen in polar region or is
o in deep aquifer, not available for use. Only a small fraction of total water is thus available for
II-7
o
a
o
a
o
o
 o
o
o
use. With India's population as much as 1604 of the World's population,
o
it has only roughly 4%
of world's fresh water resources. That makes the situation in country all the more critical. Even o
this availability of fresh water is very unevenly distributed. The average annual rainfall in
India is about 1170 mm, which corresponds to an annual precipitation (including snowfall) of
o
4000 billion cubic metre (Bcluf) However there is considerable variation in rainfall both o
temporal and spatial.
o
Nearly 75Yo of tlns, that is, 3000 BCM occurs during the monsoon season confined to
three to four months (June to September) in ayear, necessitating creation of large storages for
o
maximum utilisation of the runoff. Regional variations are also extreme in the country *a tn" o
rainfall varies from 100 mm in Western Rajasthan to over 11000 mm in Meghalaya in north
eastern India. The impact of the temporal and spatial variation is so critical that some part of o
the country is reeling under drought while some other part is suffering from the vagaries of
floods and drought. Flood-drought syndrome haunts the country.
I
O
2.6.1.2 Utilisable Water Resources
o
Average annual surface water resource potential of the country is estimated as 1953
BC_ry Considering the constraints of hydrology, topography and geological limitations, only o
690 BCM of this resource can be utilised by conventional storage and diversion structures.
Ground water is another important source of water. Its potential has been estimated on the
o
basis of water table rise from rainfall and recharge ftom oihe, sources and the specific yield of o
the formations that contain the ground water. On an average annual replenishable ground water
has been assessed as about 431 BCM out of which 396 BCM is utiliiable. The total utilisable o
water resources, both from surface as well as ground water, are about 1086 BCM ie., about
28Yo of the precipitation the country receives. The availability of utilisable flow in the
o
country
is very skewed. The Ganga-Bhramaputra-Meghna system accounts for as much as 6Tyoof the o
available water resources whereas it's geographicat area is only 33.5Yo of the countries
geographical area. It is therefore imperative to optimally utilize ttre available water resources o
so as to minimise the stress conditions and maximise per hectare output. o
National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development plan
CNCIWRDP)
a
in its recent report has indicated total annual water resources of thi country as 1953 BCM.
Out of this, the Commission has assessed that utilisable water resources will be 10g6 BCM o
comprising of 690 BCM from surface flow and 396 BCM from ground water (out of total
replenishable ground water resources of 431 BCM). In addition to the above availability
o
the
National Commission has observed that there is considerable utilisable return flow from a
irrigation, domestic, municipal and industrial uses. The Commission has estimated that with
increased agricultural and other activities, the return flow available for reuse will
substantiallv
o
increase from present value of 90 BCM. This can be to an extent of about 169
BCM in2050 o
Td this quantity will be available over and above the utilisable water resources of 10g6 BCM,
but this will necessarily mean augmentation of utilisable water during lean period. o
a
o
TI-8
o
o
o
a
o
o
o
o
o
o 2.6.2 'Water Resources of Bihar
o
2.6.2.1 Surface Water Availability
o
a i As Assessed by Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission (1994)

o The Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission (1994) has studied the water resources
of the State. They have worked out Basin wise water availability of both surface and ground
o water. For rational, comprehensive and integrated planning of land and water resources, the
commission has divided the state into fourteen river Basins. Of these fourteen Basins seven are
o in North Bihar, six are in South Bihar and Ganga Stem has been dealt as a separate Basin.
a Some of the Basins have been further divided into sub-Basins. These Basins / sub-Basins have
been reglouped into 15 composite Basins taking into considerations the inter-Basin use of
o water. The BasinVsub-Basins have been shown inEig-2.4. The surface water availability in
o different Basins / sub-Basin with the contribution from the catchments area outside and within
the state as worked out by SBSIC, is tabulated in Annexure 2.5. The geographical area of the
t composite river Basins as regrouped by SBSIC is given in Annexure 2.1.

I The abstract of water availability assessed by SBSIC is as follows vide Annexure 2.5.
Surface water (75% dependability)
o
I i)
ii)
from catchment area outside
from catchment area within
state
state
2,83,655 MCM
32.238 MCM
I Total 3,15,893 MCM

a ii As Assessed by this Committee (2005)

t The above figure of available Surface Water resources for Bihar amounting to 315893
t MCM was assessed in 1994 by the SBSIC and does not represent true availability due to major
changes in upstream utilisation of water resources that was treated as available from outside
a catchhents especially that of Ghagra basin and Ganga Stem basin where they are either fully
{' consumed or proposed to be fully utilized by upper riparian States. The surface water
availability has been, therefore, reassessed by this Committee as explained below:
I
o i. Ghaghra Basin

t The total water availability at 7 5Yo dependability as assessed by the SBSIC works out
to 68,855 MCM Comprising of 68015 MCM from catchments outside State and 840 MCM
O within the State. But it is found that Ghaglra water is no more available at the border of Bihar
because if full diversion of its water in U/S catchments by the State of U.P. for its use through
a the construction of several Dams, Barrages and Pump Canal scheme on Ghaghra and its
O tributaries inside U.P.
In view of above only 840 MCM of water from catchments inside the State has been
o treated as water available from catchments inside the State has been treated as water available
o in Ghaglra basin.
rt-9
o
e
O
a
o
 o
e
o
ll. Gandak basin
o
o
The SBSIC assessed 50810 MCM of water available from catchments outside the State. But
as per study done by NWDA.the availability from outside catchments comes
to 45109 MCM
o
only as detailed below. o
a) Available flow at proposed Gandak dam after utilisation o
in Nepal as per water balance study ofNWDA 50576MCM
a
52,146 - (368 + 507 + 1395) + 700: 50576
a
b) & Nepal as per SBSIC report (1994)
Less utilization in UP
Vol III Western Main Canal UP- 4383MCM o
Nepal 325 MCM a
4708 MCM
Eastern Main Canal -Nepal- 759 MCM a
5467 MCM (-)5467 MCM
Available flow from outside catchments 45109 MCM I
iii. Kosi Basin o
Water availability assessed by SBSIC in Kosi Basin from outside catchments is 47065
o
MCM whereas it works out to 36461MCM as worked out below. o
a) 75Yo dependable yield at Kosi High Dam as per simulation e,
study vide annex 5.2.2 ofPre-feasibility Report of
Kosi-Mechi Link Project
a
40377I0i{CM
o
b) Less utilization in Nepal through Chatra Canal System
Net availabilitv below Dam
(-)3e16 MCM
36,46lMCM
o
o
Ganga Stem Basin

As per assessment of SBSIC 85000 MCM of water is available in Ganga stem Basin at
t
75oh dependability from catchments outside the State up to Buxar. But in reality this much of o
water is not available for Bihar. As per NWDA study at page 13 of Pre-feasibility study Report o
on Chunar-Sone Barrage Link project, only 1.08 Lakh MCM of water is available at Varanasi
at7syo dependability while requirement of UP alone up to this point is l.25LakhMCM. t
This means that no surplus water is available at Varanasi from its own catchments. a
This situation continues up to Bihar border at Buxar since there is no major intake of o
water in between.
o
Thus water availability from outside catchments in Ganga Stem has been
treated as nil by the Committee and only 2793 MrCM available by catchments inside
a
State has been treated as available. o
II-10
a
a
o
o
o
o
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a
o
a
I v. Mahananda Basin

a 5612 MCM of water has been assessed as available water from outside State
catchments in Mahananda basin by SBSIC. But the water available in Mahananda basin and
o that from Bharamputra tributaries brought to Mahananda through MSTG Link project is
proposed to be diverted to Ganga to meet the needs of Farraka and further diversion to the
a *uih orily 4027 MCM of water out of 43208 MCM of water available is earmarked for
o inigation in en-route CCA of 6.536 LHa. out of which 2.64 LHa. of CCA lie in Bihar. The
proportionate utilisation in Bihar for inigation of 2.64 LHa. works out to 1627 MrCI:s'd which
o only would be available from MSTG Link Project.

o In view of above, water available from outside State catchments in Mahananda

o basin has been treated as 1627 MCM as against 5612 MCM assessed by SBSIC'

o vi Sone Basin

o 17600 MCM of water has been to be available from outside State catchments
assessed

o in Sone basin by SBSIC. But its actual availability is limited to only 7709 M:CM as per
Bansagar Agreement on Sone waters as per details below:
o
a) Total Share of Bihar including
o Jharkhand as per Bansagar Agreement
gsse MCM (7.7s MAF)

o b) Less utilization in Jharkhand (-) 18so MCM (1.s0 MAF)

o Balance for Bihar 770e MCM (6.2s MAF)

o vii. Karmnasa Basin

o
487 MCM of water is assessed to be available from outside State catchments in
o Karmnasa basin by sBslc. But it has been kept limited to 308 MCM (0.25 MAF) that is
available from Ganga at Zamania for diversion to this basin as per Bansagar agreement apart
o from that as per inter-state agreement on Musakhar dam -Latifsah barrage with U-P.
O
viii. Revised Surface Water Availability
o
In view of aforesaid modification in the surface water availability at 75oh dependability
o from catchments outside the State, the revised surface water availability as assessed by this
o committee comes to 1,32,175 MCM only against 3,15,893 MCM assessed by SBSIC as shown
in detail in Annexure 2.5. The breakup of which is as below.
o
i. From catchments area outside State- 1,00,726 MCM
o ii. From Catchments area within State- 31.449 MCM
1,32,175 MCM
o Total-

o
o II-tl
o
o
o
o
o
 ol
o
o
o
2.6,2.2 Utilisable water
o
It is evident from the above figures that about 76.2yo of yield of surface water is from
t
the catchments area outside state and only 23.8Yo of the yield of surface water is the o
contribution from the catchments area located inside state. Again about 76oh of the yield
is

available during monsoon period and there are no suitable sites available in North Bihar for o
construction of durn for conservation of water. As a result of this the quantity of utilisable o
water without backup of storage dam is very limited. According to an assessment made by the
SBSIC, 1994 the utilisable *ut.t is about 37000 MCM which works out to 28Yo of available o
surface-wat er (1,32,175 MCM). There are several international rivers like Kosi & Gandak and
interstate rivers like Sone for which international and interstate agreements have already been
o
exectrted and accordingly water has been allocated for use in Bihar. This has also resulted into o
limiting the utilisation of surface water.
o
2.6.2.3Disparity in Water Availability in different Regions of Bihar:
o
The land and water resources of the three distinct regions of the state viz - North Bihar, o
Ganga Stem and South Bihar - have been tabulated in Annexure 2.6. This brings out very
clearly the disparity in availability of water in the different regions of the state. Out of total o
cultivable area of the state 36.82% lies in South Bihar. But as regards availability of water,
only l3.87Yowater resources is available in the region. Even within South Bihar the disparity o
between Sone Basin & other Basins is more glaring. Figures for cultivable land and available o
surface water in different river Basin of South Bihar are given in Annexure 2.7. This shows
that while 24.09% of cultivable area lies in other Basin (excluding Sone Basin) the water o
available is only 6.42% of the State. In other words, for eastern sub-region of South Bihar
surface water availability is only 60/o for about 24o/o of cultivable area. It is important to note
o
that most of the draught prone area lies in this sub-region. a
This clearly brings out the need for transfer of water to this sub-region from other o
regions and Basins.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
TI.T2
o
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o
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o
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a
o
a
o
Annexure 2.1
a
o Geographical area of Composite river Basins of Bihar

O SN Name ofBasin Geographical area

(ha)
o NORTH BIHAR
o IA Ghaghara-Mahi- 648728
Western Crandak comDosite
o IB Upper Eastern Gandak- 882398
Uoper Burhi Gandak composite
o 1C Lower Eastern Gandak-Baya- 675666
o Lower Burhi Gandak comoosite
2 Baemati-Adhwara 649985
o a
J Karnla-Balan 448767
4 Kosi l14l0l9
o 5 Mahananda 615006
o Total North Bihar 5061569
6 Gansa Stem 547327
o SOUTH BIHAR
o 7
8
Karmnasa
Sone-Kanhar (306480),
512688

719360
O Kao-Ganei (412880)
9 Punpun 804670
o 10 Kiul 990070
o 11 Harohar 262950
t2 Badua Belharna 22r500
o l3 Bilasi- Chandan- Chir 260970
o Total South Bihar
Gran d Total
3772208
9381 104
o
Source : The second Bihar Irrigation Commission (1994)
o
o
o
o
a
a
a TI.I3
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o
o
o
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o
o
o
Annexure 2.2
Aero Climatic Sub-Zone wise cultivable Area (In ha.) o
of
o
o/o
sl. Name of Basin Geo. Nst Cul. Current Other Area under Cul. area
No ar€a Sown wast6 Fallow Fallow current Geo.
GCA Area fallow +
other fallow
Area o
+ culti. o
waste
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 o
I
IA Ghaghra-Mahi 648728 482423
Aproclimatic Sub-zone 4
1983 223t4 t2434 36731 5 19154 80.03
o
Westem Gandak
Composite
o
IB Upper Eastern 882398 547355 5492 36703 9484 s1679 599034 67.89 o
Gandak Lower Burhi-
Gandak Comoosite o
1C Lower Eastern 675666 459916 1402 26465 5865 33732 493648 73.06
Gandak Baya Lower a
Buhi Gandak
composite o
ztt522
2 Gansa Stern
Sub-Total
3r2517
2519309
t71462
l66l
3573 26040
t2450 ttt522 38230
156
t0447 40060
r62202 1823358
67.68
72.38
o
II Asroclimatic Sub-zone 5 o
)
a
BaBrnati-Adhwara 649985 43t852 llll 41713 7691 50515 482367 74.2r
4 KamlaBalan 448767 27940r 773 37t73 4971 429r7 3223t8 71.82 o
5 Kosi l 14l0l9 709209 7086 90052 3t753 128891 838100 73.45
6 Malnnanda 615006 365766 3582 59821 15968 79371 445t37 72.38 o
Sub-Total
Total I+tr
2854777
s374086
1786228 t2552 228759
3447384 25402 34028r 98613
60383 30t694
463896
2087922
39t1280
73.t4
72.78
o
UI Agroclimatic Sub-zone 6 a a
7 Karmnasa 5 12688 289955 7884 24377 4493 36754 326709 63.72
8 Sone & Kao Gangi 719360 463802 t769 19510 8040 293t9 493121 6E.55 o
9
comoosite
Punpun 804670 4t6270 5893 98585 28359 t32837 549r07 68.24
o
l0 Ganea Stem
Sub-Total
571l0 3t333 653 4759
2093828 r201360 16199 t47231 42802
l9l0 7322
206232
386s5
1407592
67.69
67.23
o
ry Agroclimatic Sub-zone 6 b o
ll Harohar 990070 516196 7467 42180 24833 74484 590676 59.56
T2 Kiul 262950 73184 6215 26t37 t5421 47773 t20957 46.00 o
l3 Badua-Belharna 221500 98781 5148 9292 33749 t32530 59.83
l4 Bilasi Chandan Chir 260970 106801 7253
19309
26508 17942 5 1703 1585 l3 60.74
o
l5 Ganea Stem 177700 97494 2032 14806 5940 22778 120272 67.68 o
Sub-Total l9l3 190 892456 28115 128940 73428 230483 rt22948 58.70
Iotal III+IV 4007018 2093816 443r4 276t71 116230 4367t5 2530540 63.r5 o
Grand Total 938 I 104 554n40 693r6 6r6452 2r4843 I 644t820 68.67
90061
o
tr-14 a
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
a
o
o
a Assessment of cultivable area under Existing, On-going & Proposed schemes
Annexure 2.3
and area not
a covered under any hrigation scheme in different Agro. climatic sub-zone.

o sl. Name of the Basin Total CCA

In ha.
Uncovered
No
o CCA CCA
Existing On- Proposed Total
o going
I 2 J 4 )
o I Agroclimatic Sub-zone 4
6 7 8

o 1A Ghaglua-Mahi Western 519t54 449080 0 0 449080 70074

Gandak Composite
o IB Upper Eastern Gandak Lower 599034 385000 0 21700 406700 192334
o Burhi-Gandak Composite
IC Lower Eastem Gandak Baya 493648 175700 0 90000 265700 227948
o Lower Burhi Gandak
Composite
o 2 Ganga Stem 2t1522 0 0 17000 r7000 194522
Sub-Total
o II Agroclimatic Sub-zone 5
1823358 1009780 0 128700 I r3848C 684878

o J Bagmati-Adhwara 482367 0 I I 8300 87100 205400 276967

Kamla Balan
o 4
5 Kosi
3223t8 36490 179142 0 2t5632 106686
838100 439900 24158 0 464058 374042
O 6 Mahananda 445137 0 0 256451 256451 188686
a Sub-Total
Total I+II
2087922 476390 321600 343551 It4t541 946381
391 1280 t486170 32t600 472251 228002r 163t259
o m Agroclimatic Sub-zone 6 a
o 7 Karmnasa 326709 210681 49058 0 259739 66970
8 Sone & Kao Gangi composite 493t21 41 1565 0 r2040 423605 69516
o 9 Punpun 549t07 245945 99570 44294 389805 159302
o 10 Ganga Stem 38655 29r30 0 s520 34650 4005
Sub-Total 1407592 897321 148628 61850 rt07799 299793
o ry Agroclimatic Sub-zone 6 b
o n Harohar 590676 199441 0 205742 405 I 83 I 85493
t2 Kiul 120957 722t5 19200 0 91415 29542
o l3 Badua-Belharna r32530 66249 12800 9496 88545 4398s
a t4 Bilasi Chandan Chir l 585 t3 t02236 2t6t3 5600 t29449 29064
l5 Ganga Stem 120?72 31720 0 0 3r720 88552
o Sub-Total rt22948 471861 53613 220838 746312 376636
o Total III+IV 2s30540 1369182 202241 282688 18541 I I 676429
Grand Total 6441820 2855352 523841 754939 4134132 2307688
o
a II-r5
o
o
o
o
o
 O
o
o
o
Annexure-2.4
o
Area Under Different Soil Association o
Soil Association Group Area in Location o
Sq. Km
l. Sub-Himalayan Hill & forest soil 825 Very small upper exteremity of
o
Gandak Burhi-Gandak and Mahananda o
Basins
2. Recent alluvium terai soil 5,849 Small upper most parts of Burhi- o
3. Recent Alluvium non-calcareous 15,813
Gandalq Bagmati and Kamla
Entire Kosi and lower part of
o
non-saline soil Mahananda Basin. o
4. Young alluvium non calcareous 6,446 Upper & Middle part of
Burhi-
non saline soil Gandalq Bagmati-Adhwara and Kamla
o
Basins
5. Youn alluvium calcareous soil 17,590 Mahi, Gandalq Baya & lower part of
o
Burhi-Gandak Basin. o
6. Young alluvium calcareous 2,413
saline & saline alkai soil o
7. Non-Calcareous soil 371 Small part of Ghaghra Basin in o
Western part.
8. Recent alluvium Calcareous soil. 5.519 Entire length of Ganga stem. o
9. Recent alluvium yellowish to 2,640 Land strip on both banks of Sone river.
reddish yellow non-calcareous o
saline soil O
10. Tal soil 2,877 Mokama Tal in lower portion of
Harohar, Punpun on both side of Falgu o
river (Harohar Basin) and Central o
portion of Kao-Gangi Basin.
I l.
Old alluvium grey greyish yellow 5,849 o
heaw textured crackins soil
12. Old alluvium reddish yellow, 13,773 Large pat of Punpun, Harohar and a
yellow grey catenary soil.
13. Old alluvium saline and saline 5,519
Kao-Gangi Basin
Upper position of Punpun and Harohar
o
alkali soil and Kao-Gangi Basins. o
14. Old alluvium yellowish red yellow 825 Most part ofKarmnasa Basin
soil of foot hills o
15. Red yellow light grey catenary
soil
29,507 Badua-Belharna, Bilasi-Chandan-Chir o
Basin besides Ajay, Damodar Barakar
& Subernarekha in Jharkhand o
o
II-16 o
o
o
o
o
o
I o
o
a
o
a
Annexure 2.5
o
Surface Water Resources in river Basins of Bihar
a
O
sl. Name of Basin Catchments Area TSYoDeoendable water availabilitv in MCM
o No. (Sq. Iftn.) As assessed bv SBSIC As assessed by the
Committee
o )utside Within Iotal )utside Within lotal Jutside rl/ithin Iotal
o fate State itate State rtate State
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I 10 11
o I ihaehra 124955 2995.4 127950 68015 839.7 68855 * 840 uo
o \dahi
) Sandak
2507.8 2507.8 0 799.1 799.1 799 799
36610 4187.7 40798 50810 1173.9 51 984 451 09* 1174 46283
o Baya 2775.7 2775.7 0 1467.2 1067.2 1 067 1067
J Burhi-Gandak 2420 9601.4 12021 813.3 3226.7 4040 813 3227 4040
o Bagmati-
o 4 Adhwara 7884 6499.9 14384 5080.9 2184.4 7265.3 5081 2184 7265
5 (amla Balan 27M 4487.7 7231.7 1741.3 1508.1 3249.4 1741 1 508 3249
o 6 (osi 62615 11410.2 74025 47065 5',154 52219 36461 5154 * 4161s
7157.7 6150.1 1 3308 5612.4 4267.9 9880.3 1627* 4268 5895
o 1 Vlahananda
fotal North Bihar 24/,38s 50615.9 295001 179138 20221 t99359 90832 20221
I 8 Karmnasa 2665.2 5126.9 7792.1 487.1 937 1424.1 308* 937
11
124s
1053

a 9 Sone 67163 3064.8 70228 17600 335 1 7935 7709* 7709

l0 (ao-Ganei 4128.8 4128.8 0 884.4 884.4 B84 884
o 1l lunpun 979 8046.7 9025.7 244.4 2009.1 2253.5 244 2009 2253
o t2 Cul 421 2629.5 3050.5 98 612.3 710.3 98 612 710
t3 farohar 4272.3 9900.7 14173 994.7 2305.3 3300 995 2305 3300
o T4
Sadua-
2215 2215 0 736.8 736.8 0 737 737
o Selharna
BilasiChandan
15
o lhir 1483.3 2609.7 4093 540.4 950.7 1491.1 540 951 1491
lotal South Bihar 76984 37722.1 114706 19965 8770.6 28735 8435 18329
9894
o l6 Ganga Stem 5473.3 s473.3 85000 2793 87793 2793 2793
321369 93811.3 415180 284102 31785 315887 100726 314/'9 132175
o Grand Total
Source: The Second Bihar Irrigation Commission (199a)

lo
l. Note:-
* Flows of river Ghaghra and Ganga from catchmerfi area out side are considered not to be
available for use in Bihar.

lo * + Flows of river Gandak and Kosi from catchment area out side state is taken as indicated below:
lo
to TI.I7
o
o
o
a
o
\o
 o
o
o
A. Gandak river basin: o
Available flows at proposed Gandak regulatory dam after utilization in Nepal, according to Water
Balance study of NWDA 50576 MCM.
o
Utilisation in U.P. & Nepal wide SBSIRC 1994 (page 18 Vol.III)
i. Western Main Canal U.P.(4383 MCM)+ Nepal (325 MCM)=
o
4708 MCM
ii. Eastern Main Canal Nepal (759 MCM)= 759 MCM a
Total utilization in U.P.& Nepal below barrage 5467MCM
Thus nst available flow for Bihar at Barrage 45109 MCM o
B. Kosi river basin: o
Accordingto I.IWDA simulation srudy of Kosi High Dam
waterto below dam = 40377 MCM
o
Use in Chatra Canal system (58,000 ha CCA;:
Net availability below dam
3916 MCM o
MCM
*+* In case of river Mahananda, a flow of 1627= MCM of water is proposed to be made 3646ravailable a
from MSTG Link. Hence only this very flow is considered to be available as flow from
catchment area out side state. o
# In Karmnasa Basin, apart from Musakhand agreement, 30S MCM (0.25 MAF) from Ganga at
7-amma as per Bansagar agreement is available for use and is considered from outside state. o
## In case of river Sone, no water from catchment below Indrapuri Barrage is considered to be
available for the Sone canal Command. In this river basin the water available will b€ limited to o
7709 MCM (6.25 MAF) as details given below:
i. Total share of Bihar including Jharkhand = 9559 MCM (7.7s MAF)
o
ii. Use in Jharkhand
Balance for Bihar
= 1850 MCM (1.50 MAF)
=7709 MCM (6.25 MCM)
o
Break up berng 592 MCM (0.48 MAF) in U/S of Banage andTllT MCM(5.77 o
MAF) from Barrage.
o
o
a
o
o
o
o
O
o
o
o
o
tr-l8
o
o
o
o
o
o
e/
o
I
o
o
Annexure 2.6
I Land and Water availa in dill-erent Resions of Biharr
a SI Particulars North Ganga South
Bihar
Total
No. Bihar Stem
o I 2
a
J 4 5 6

o I Land
(i) Geopraphical Area (ha) 5061569 547327 3772208 9381 104
o (%) 53.96 5.83 44 21 100.00
fii) Cultivable Area (ha) 3699758 37A449 2371613 6441820
o (%) 57.43 5.75 36 82 100 00

o 2 Pooulation (Yr. 2001) in Lakh 489.88 63 05 275 8s 828.78

100.00
Pooulation (7o) 59.1 I 7.6 33 29
O J Water Resources (MCM)
1

18329 r32r75
o Surface Water
(%\
I I 1053
84.02
2793
2.t1 13.87 100.00

o 4 Water Availability Surface

Water
o (i) Per-capita (Yr.2001)(Cubic 2266.98 442.98 664 45 1594.83

o metre)
(ii) Per ha (Cubic metre) 21940.43 5102.98 4858 96 14089.49
o
Annexure2.T
a Land & Water availa n South ljihar
a sl. Particulars Sone Basin
(including
Other
Basin
Total
No.
o Karmnasa)
I 2 J 4 5
o I Land
o (i) Geographical (ha) 1232048 2540160 377220
8
o (%) 13 13 27 08 40 21
819830 1551783 237161
o (ii) Cultivable (ha)
J
o (%) 12 73 24.09 36 82
2 Population (2001) in Lakh 85 64 190 21 775.85
o Population (%) 10 33 22 95 33.29

a J Water Resources
8491 18329
Surface Water (MCM) 9838
a (w 7.44 642 13.87
Water Availability Surface W: er
o 4
(i) Per - capita (cu.m) t149 446.4 657.31
o (ii) Per ha (cu. m) 7985.08 3342.70 4858 96

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CIIAPTER -III
a
o
THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
I
o
a
a CHAPTER.III
a
I THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS
a
3.I GENERAL
o
The situation in Bihar can be described as poverty among plenty. It is bestowed with
o two most important natural resources- land and water. It has plenty of plain fertile land with
o alluvium soil and abundant surface and ground water. The climate is also very conducive to
farming and agricultural practices. There are laborious and progressive farmers and there is no
o dearth of farm labourers. Traditionally, the State as well as the Eastern Region had been on the
o fore-front of agriculture production in the country. Notwithstanding all these, the State is
economically backward. A comparative statement of important socio-economic indicators of
I Bihar and India is available at Table 4.lwhich shows how Bihar is lagging in different fields.

I Table 3.1

I Socio-Economic Indicator
I sl. Item Bihar India Reference
t no.
Population below poverty 38.4 million 322 million UNDP 1993-94
t I
line Published by

I (i) Rural
{ ) Urban
92%
8%
76Yo
24Yo
Planning
Commission
a 2 Literacv 4't.530/0 65.38% Based on 2001
(i) Male 60.32% 75.85Yo census
o (iil Female 33.57% 54.160

a J Agricultural yield Rate 1.37 TlFla. 2.47 TlHa. Based on

1999-2000
o 4 Mortality Rate (Health) 8.8 per 8.5 per Based on 2001

t f (i) Rural Population

Thousand
89.53Yo
Thousand
73%
census
Based on 2001
t (ii) Urban Population l0.47Yo 27% census

t 6 Population Density 883 per sq. Km. 324 per sq. Km. Based on 2001

I 7 Irrigation Potential 40% 7lo

census

o Created in Percentage

a
o Bihar is, predominantly an agricultural State and it has become more so after separation
of Jharkhand. Agriculture contributes about 47.6o/o towards Gross-Domestic Product (GDP) of
o the State, while the share of agriculture in GDP of the country is only 25o/o.In such a situation,

o
o
O
O

io
[!
 o
o
o
agriculture holds the key to the economic and bverall development of the State. Further, the o
development of water resources (including the moderation of flood and soMng the surface
drainage congestion and water logging along with the development of irrigations) acts as the
I
corner stone for the same. As a matter of fact, .the economic development of any state/ region o
bears a very close and direct relation with the development of water resources. This is still
more pronounced in case of Bihar. o
The reasons for economic backwardness of Bihar, as usual, is not confined to a few
o
spheres, rather they extend over a wide spectrum of geographical, historical, physical feature ,
(topographical), political besides several socio-economic aspects. Technical aspect & the
technical measures implemented so far are also to be blamed to some extent.
o
3.1.1 Geographical Reasons
o
I
The State of Bihar is situated in the middle Gangetic plains. The northern boundary of
the State is the international boundary with Nepal. All the rivers of North Bihar (except Burhi
o
Gandak) e.g. Ghaghr4 Gandak, Bagmati, Kamla-Balarq Kosi and Mahananda originate in the
Himalayas and flow for considerable length in Nepal before entering Bihar. They have
I
considerable catchment area in Nepal. Suitable reservoir sites on these rivers and their
tributaries are not available in Bihar. They are available only in Nepal. This is a major
I
constraint in the development of water resources in Bihar for both flood management and a
irrigation. Optimum development of water resources of North Bihar, which contributes about
80% of the total surface water resources of the State cannot be achieved without full co-
t
operations and active support and involvement ofHMGNepal. I
3.1.2 Historical Reason o
The following extracts from the report of the Committee on the Agricultural
a
Productivity of Eastern India (Reserve Bank of India, 1984) very briefly summarizes the a
historical reason for economic backwardness ofthe Eastern India including Bihar.
t
"Eastem India comprising West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar and East U.P. is one of the ynost o
fertile regions in India. Historically it was the most prosperous agricaltural tract in the
country .lt lost its pre-eminence due to a variety of reasons such as exploitation of the
peasantry under the system of zamindari, taluladnri and nb-infeudstion, growing pressure of
t
population on land and fragmentation of holdings, inadequate provision of bridges. Culverts I
and siphons in railways, roods and canals which interfere with natural flo* of water and odd
to monsoon floods, water-logging, pesls and diseases, neglect of inigation, drainage and
t
water mandgement programmes and consequent dfficulty in adoption of modern technologt in
agriculture. The Green Revolution which started in the mid 1960s in the wake of the adoption
t
of HW seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, etc., and transformed agriculture in Punjab and Harycma o
has not made any significant impact in the eastern region." o
Notwithstanding the historical reasons in the distant past during British period, the o
Reports further reveals the reasons how not only Bihar but whole of Eastern India could not
m-2 o
o
I
o
o
o
I
 o
D
o
o keep pace with the development in the field of agriculturg which has taken place in other
I regions of the country. The following elrtracts illustrate the point.

a " Historical record, however, provides a sharply contrasting picture of Fnstern India.
One snd a half centuies ago, it wcrs a very prosperous and agricatturally advdnced region in
o the ccruntry. Its improvisation began furW the British rule, but even at the time of
a Independence, its agricalture maintained a lead over other regions in the country. During the
triennium ending 1950-51, the fustern Regron hod recorded highest food-grains yield.
o However, since then and especially after the introduction of the new HW seed and fertilizer
technologt in the country, the region, with the exception of l{est Bengal, has steadily lost its
o relative position. The Northern Region crossed the fod-grains yield levet of the Eastern
o Regron by early 1960s and the Southern Regron in 1970s,. It appears ironical that
programmes and policies during the planning era, which have induced an acceleralion in the
o pace of agricaltural development in other regtons, could not make nffcient impact in the
Fnstern Regionswhichwas agricalturally so prowerous in earlier time."
o
o 3.1.3. Physical Features

o Physical and topographical features of the State particularly North Bihar are also
responsible for slow developments of water resources. Some of the features are described
o below:-
o (D It is a playground of many rivers, particularly in the alluvial belt. These rivers
carry discharges much in excess of their channel capacity along with
o considerable amount of sediments from fragile slopes of the foothills of the
Himalayas.
o (iD On emerging from the hills, their slopes remain fairly steep which become
o gradually flatter lower down in the plains which is associated with decrease in
velocity and consequent deposition of more and more silt & sediment.
o (iii) The heavy sediment deposition on the riverbed in flatter reaches reduces the
capacity of the river to carry the flood discharge, which ultimately results in
a overtopping of the banks and inundating the adjoining area.
o (iv) Due to silting up of the river bed, the river acquires tendency to erode its bank
and change course abruptly. In such situation new spill channels are formed
o causing immense damage to the adjoining area.
(v) Delta formation takes place at the mouths of the tributaries near their outfall in
o the main river Ganga. A number of important towns and habitation are situated
o on the delta. These towns suffer from the problem of flood very frequently
necessitating adequate flood protection measures for their safety and futurb
o grofih.
(vi) Because of continuous deposition of sediment in the bed and spilling of the
o rivers, the banks of the river have acquired the shape of ridge.
o (vii) Due to the above phenomenon and also due to existence of saucer shaped
topography with large number of low pockets in the shape of chaurs, mauns and
o jheels (lakes), the floodwater gets entrapped and thus the problems of drainage
congestion of surface water and water logging are prevailing.
o III-3
o
o
o
o
,o
\r
 o
e
o
(viii) The situations of flood, drainage congestion and water loggrng get further O
aggravated due to high stage of water in the main Ganga river at the outfall
points of the tributaries.
t
O
3,1.4 Socio-Economic Factors:
o
There are several socio-economic factors that are working as constraint for
development of Bihar in general and agriculture and water resources in particular. Most
o
important among them are explosive gowth of populatiorq low productivity of agricultural o
produce, fragmentation of land holding, poor records of land reforms etc.
o
3,2 The Problems of the State of Bihar
o
The State of Bihar is situated in the middle of Gangetic Plain and River Ganga flows o
through the State dividing it into two parts- North & Souttr, popularly called as North Bihar &
South Bihar (before bifurcation of Jharkhand this part was called Central Bihar). The State is o
abut with foothills of Himalayas in the north. Rivers originating from the Himalayas in the
north and from Chhotanagpur Hills and the Vindhya Ranges in the south traverse the State and o
join the river Ganga which is the master drainage channel of the State.
o
The State of Bihar is predominantly an agricultural State. Agriculture contributes about o
47.6% towards Gross Domestic Products (GDP) of the State, while the share of agriculture in
the GDP of the country is only 25 Ya. The state has pler$ of plain and fertile land and o
sufficient water resources. Significant developments in the field of water resources have taken
place. Notwithstanding all these facts, the state continues to remain one of the most
o
economically backward states. o
The main problems in the field of water resources with which the state is confronted
o
and which are acting as deterrent for the overall economic development of the State are as o
discussed below in brief:
o
3.2.1 Flood Problem
o
Bihar is the worst sufferer state on account of flood. According to the assessment of the o
Rashtriya Barh Aayog (1980), 40 Mha. (about l2.5yo of total area is flood prone in the country
and data show that on average 7.563 Mha. area is affected by flood annually with a minimum o
of | .46 M ha and maximurh of 17 .5 M ha . As per reports of Rashtriya Barh Aayog ( I 980), the
flood prone area in Bihar was 42.6 M ha. The Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission
o
(1994) has assessed the flood prone area in Bihar as 68.8 Lakh ha which is about 73%o of total o
area of the State and 17.2o of total flood prone area in the country. The flood problem is more
severe in North Bihar. The total flood prone area in North Bihar (excluding the stem of River o
Ganga) is 37.53 Lakh ha, which is 82.8Yo of the total drainage area of the different tributaries
joining river Ganga from the north. In a single year the maximum affected area in Bihar was o
42.9LaY'h ha (during 1971) and the minimum was 7.1 Lakh ha (during l9S9) which are about o
62.4% and l0.3Yo respectively of the total flood prone area of the State. These are much higher
Itr-4 o
O
o
o
o
o
o
a
o
o than the corresponding figures for maximum & minimum flood affected area at national level
t which are 43.8%o and 3.6 o/o respeclively.

area) area is flood affected annually in the

On an average 17.5 Lal& ha. (26% of flood prone
State, while at national level only 19% of the total
a flood prone are is flood affected annually.

o The severity of the flood is more in term of damages to the property, loss of human life
and cattle compared to the extent of flood afleaed area. The Second Bihar State lrrigation
o Commission (SBSIC) has analyzed the data for flood damages for the period 1968-1991,
o according to which the maximum value of flood damage, on the price level of 1991, was of the
order of Rs. 1698.56 crore during 1987 and the minimum was of the order of Rs. 12.62
o crore during 1989. The average annual damage due to flood in the State is of the order of Rs.
300 to 400 crore. It may be noted that for the period 1953 to 2000, the average value of
o damage due to flood at national level at constant price of 1982, was Rs. 1039 crore and the
o maximum is Rs. 3232 crore (during 1985). These figures are very much lower than actual
danages as the loss in agricultural damages as computed shows only loss of input and not that
o of possible production

o In this context the flood of 2004 demonstrates the severity of flood problem when a
o vast area of 23.49lacs ha was badly affected by the floods of Bagmati, Kamala & Adhwara
groups of rivers causing loss of about 800 human lives, even when Gang4 the master drain
a was flowing low.

o There is possibility of diverting early floods of small rivers into major rivers which are
o not in flood. For example the floods of Kamla,Bagmati etc may be partly diverted into
Ghaghr4 Gandak and that at confluence of these rivers with Kosi into Ganga by direct links.
o The flood management works carried out so far at National level has provided
reasonable degree of protection to an area of 14.374 M. ha. upto March 1993. The work
o consist of 16,199 Km of new embankment; 32,003 Km of drainage channels; 906 town
o protection works and raising of 4721villages above flood level. This has been achieved at an
expenditure of Rs. 12222.39 crore at current price at the end of Eighth Five Year Plan
o (1ee2-e7).
o In Bihar as flood protection measures 3435 Km of embankment and 47 town and
o village protection schemes have been implemented at an expenditure of Rs 1162 croretill the
end of Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002), which have provided reasonable degree of
o protection from flood to an area of about 29.8 Lakh ha. out of total flood prone Lrea of 68.8
o Lakh ha.
It is to be noted that frequent flooding of entire North Bihar, main stem of Ganga and a
o part of South Bihar, is not only causing inconveniences and hardship, but is working as a
major constraints in the over all economic development of the region in particular and State as
o a whole. The flood protection measures implemented so far is only in form of construction of
embankment, which is only a short-term measure and does not ensure complete protection
O
from flood. Construction of reservoirs on major rivers like Kosi, Gandak and their tributaries,
o Kamala &Bagmati for multipurpose with appropriate provision for flood cushion is
considered necessary to provide flood protection in the flood prone area ofNorth Bihar. Bihar
o m-5
o
o
o
o
o
o
 o
I
O
has been making efforts since long for construction of dams on these rivers but so far it has not o
been able to achieve any success. It is expected that through the implementation of the Inter-
linking of rivers and construction of reservoirs on the tributaries of Ganga, with sufficient
o
provision of flood cushion in the live storage, success in providing flood protection to a O
reasonable limit will be achieved.
o
3.2.2 Drainage Problem
o
Next to flood, congestion in drainage of surface water resulting into water logging is o
another major serious problem in the state related to the water resource development and
management. About 9.41 Lakh Ha area is affected due to drainage congestion of surface water, o
which is about l}Yo of the area of the state. North Bihar is more severely affected as out of
total area of 9.41 Lakh ha. affected due to drainage congestion about 8.35 Lakh ha lies in
o
North Bihar, this is l|Yo of geographical area and about 23Yo af cultivable area. The balance a
1.06 Lakh ha lies in Mokamah goup of Tal area. The area affected by drainage congestion is
not being properly used for cultivation which is causing great loss to ih" farmers as well as to o
the nation. The problem assumes more severity in light of high percentage of affected area
compared to the cultivated area and heavy pressure of population on scarte land resource in o
the entire State in general and North Bihar in particular. o
The main reasons for the drainage congestion and water logging are the topographical o
feature i.e. existence of a large number of saucer shaped chaurs and marrns; course of rivers
acquiring the shape of ridge due to deposition of silt in due course; and high water level at the
o
outfall of drainage channels in the tributaries and main Ganga river, which is the master o
drainage channel ofthe region.
o
It is expected that reservoirs proposed to be constructed on river Kosi, Gandak and o
Sone, which are the major tributaries of river Ganga, will help in reducing the peak flow, and
lowering the water level in these major tributaries and main stem of river Ganga and the outfall a
condition of different drainage channels will improve. This will facilitate diainage of water
logged area. This will also help in practicing improved cultivation and increase the agricultural o
production benefiting the farmers as well as the nation.
a
3,2.3 Problem of low flow in River Ganga during Lean period o
Another major problem faced by Bihar in the field of water resources, which is linked o
with inter-linking of rivers, is the extremely low flow in river Ganga in its reach in Bihar o
during lean period. This problem is not confined to Bihar only, bui the state is the worst
sufferer on this account. The Ganga is an international river and there is an international o
agreement for ensuring certain discharge to Bangladesh during lean period. According to a
study conducted by CWC during 1982, the anticipated flows in Ganga at Farakka during the O
lean months of February, March and April have been assessed as 1500 cumecs. This
assessment has been based on the assessment of flow in the major tributaries of Ganga at their
o
outfall points. The issue has also been examined by the Second Bihar State lrrigation o
Commission (1994). The contribution of major tributaries of river Ganga during lean months
III-6 o
o
o
o
o
a
o
o
a
o
o February, March and April have been assessed by the Commission on the basis of data for the
period 1959-60 to l99l-92 and it has been found that there are shortfalls of 309 cumecs during
O
February, 469 cumecs during March and 174 cumecs during April from what has been
a assessed by CWC. It is very significant to note that study conducted by CWC is based on the
discharge data of tributaries and river Ganga as available during 1960-1982 and the study does
o not take into consideration the under utilisation of the existing projeas and the future
o utilisation by ongoing and proposed irrigation projects. The study undertaken by the Second
Bihar State Irrigation Commission is based on the data for the period 1959-60 to l99l-92,
o which includes more recent and up to date data. The utilisation of water in different irrigation
schemes located in Ganga Basin has very important impact on the availability of discharge in
o the tributaries of river Ganga at their outfall points especially during lean month of February,
o March and April. In this context it is very relevant to note that the utilisation in the existing
irrigation projects in Bihar is far less than the ultimate irrigation potential of the projects,
o because of many reasons, the most important being the deteriorated conditions of the canal
system. It is expected that once the ultimate irrigation potential of existing inigation projects is
o restored the utilisation will increase and consequently the contributions of tributaries to main
river Ganga will decrease. Besides these existing inigation schemes, there are several ongoing
o (under execution) and a few more schemes in the process of getting sanction for
a implementation. When these schemes will be completed the contribution of the tributaries of
Ganga at their outfall points will get reduced further and consequently the discharge in river
o Ganga will get reduced further. According to a rough estimate the impact of full utilisation by
existing, on going and proposed inigation projects in Ganga Basin in Bihar will result in
o further decrease in discharge in river Ganga by about 732 cvmecs during February, 579
o cumecs during March and 371 cumecs during April. Taking these developments into
consideration the expected discharge will be 459 cumecs during February, 452 cumecs during
o March and 955 cumecs during April, against 1500 cumecs for February, March & April as
assessed by the CWC. The severity of the problem and the gravity of the situation have to be
o realised in the light of the followings:
o
i. The course of river Ganga from Allahabad to Haldia has been declared Nationai
o Waterway No.l. But due to low discharge during lean period, it is not possible to
o maintain adequate depth required for vessels to operate.

a ii. The river Ganga is not only a river representing water body and source of water; rather
deep social, cultural and religious sentiments of the people in the Basin are intimately
O linked with river Ganga and people perform many functions and religious rites along
o the bank of river Ganga. It has become a symbol of faith for the people residing in the
basin. During recent.times, the river almost disappears and very small discharge flows
o into one part of a very wide course of river which causes hardships to the people and
consequently creates di scontent.
o
o iii. Due to extremely low discharge during lean period the water becomes polluted and
unfit for human consumption, while it is source of drinking water supply and other
o domestic purposes for the people living in villages and towns situated on its banks.
m-7
o
o
O
o
o
o
o
 o
a
o
rv' As explained earlier the develop^ment o
irrigation potential to its fullest
of irrigation and the utilisation of created
ls hampered. o
v' As per international agreemen! a
ensured to Bangladesh' In order
minimum water supply during lean
period has to be
I
to fulfill the inte-atiooir **rftrr**,
bv Bihar during lean period tras
ueen ;;;;tdng
the withd rawal o
and allowing other states to such;;;;;;j;" on Bihar only
utilise itr ;;;;;straineo i,
injustice to Bihar which tras resutted u n".y jaring exampre of o
,, n*r;"n"g;iil;;;;;?, ",
vi'
o
In this coniext it is important that
yamun4 yamuna the link canals viz.
- Rajasthan,.and_Rajasthan ir9".,nirrsarda -
yamuna, Ghaghra
- o
." orr*li in such a way
that required water is transferredi"
fl;;;;;;d ;ly and stored in their o*n territories o
fin:*:fn;::U#;"j*::;;;;"#;"ion in tr,e no* in Ganga in ,ean t
3.2.4 problem of Drought o
The second o
lihar state Irrigation.cgmlission (1994) has assessed that l6.o7lha area
is drought prone in tlre
geographical area of the
State. rrrir ii.ortly in souitr
nil;. This works out to rTyo of the
total
o
this works out to 37!"
state' Since
t,:!* Jt"y* tr-"ne area is rocated in South Bihar O
This is despite the fact.o!,thegt;;;hi"
al area and Sg%ortrr" curtivable area of
that tf,e ;";iu8" annuat rainfall south Bihar.
annual rainfall in South Bihar
varies Eetween 990 to r4g0
in ir," sr"r" i.-if;;. the average o
'r""0.mm and ,r," ir"r. has adequate
surface and ground water and
Basin wise drought prone
plenty or phin ano-r.nilf
The following table shows the a
area and its percentage with
respect to total area of the Basin.
o
l. Nort! Bihar basins
o
o
o
6-(a) Harohar
o
5.59
1.97
39. I o
67.2
o
a
J.2.5 Slow Development of Irigation potential o
The development of ultimate irrigation o
potential in Bihar
satisfactory though the state
state is 93'8 L'Ha' and the
it ;;t;water and land resources. The cannot be said to be
geographicar area of the
o
cultivable area has u.rn urr"ruJ
of the geographic at area. The
netr";;;;;;iffi"-#, -as
64,4r,g20 ha whtch is 6g.67%o o
*u, so.bir.ir" *'r,i"r, is about
I
o
o
o
a
a
o
o
I
o
o
o 87% of the cultivable area. The gross cropped area during 1999-2000 was79.46 L.ha and thus
the over all cropping intensity is 142%u There are several constraints in the development of
o water resources. Some of major constraints are as follows:
o
i. Predominance and preoccupation with the problem of flood.
o ii. Lack of adequate and suitable sites for dams.
o iii. Interstate and international issues involving WRD projects.

o The ultimate irrigation potential of the state assessed by the Second Bihar State
Irrigation Commission and the irrigation potential created so far are as follows.
o
(lltimate Irrigation
o Category of Schemes
Potential p.ha)
Irrigation Potential Percentage
Created G.ha)
o l. Maior and Medium Irrigation 53.95 26.80 49.67%
2. Minor Inigation
o (i) Surface 10.05 0.76 7.56%
(ii) Ground water
o Sub total (i) and (ii)
34.80
44.85
22.49
23.25
64063Yo
5r.84%
o Total (l) and (2) 98.80 50.05 s0.66%
( Source: SBSIC Report- 1994 - Vol-l -Table-22 )
o It is very important to note that the assessment of ultimate inigation potential by the
Second Bihar State Irrigation Commission is under constraint. As adequate number of suitable
o site for construction of dam in major rivers are not available, most of the schemes are only run-
o off-the river schemes. These schemes have two major disadvantages viz. (i) schemes fail to
store the monsoon flows which is wasted; and (ii) there is acute shortage of water during Rabi
o and Hot Weather seasons.
o Now when construction of dams on Kosi, Gandak and Sone being major
o tributaries of river Ganga is envisaged in Inter-linking of Rivers Project, it is expected that
monsoon flows of these rivers which is being wasted at present, will be stored and thus
o adequate water will be available for Rabi and hot weather seasons. This will help in bringing
more area under irrigation as well as increasing the irrigation intensity conrmensurate with
o available land and water resources.
a
3.3 Technical Measures Taken So Far
o
Significant developments in the field of water resources development have taken place
o in the State during post independence period. Even during pre-independence period, water
o resources developments projects were implemented which included Sone Canal System and
Tribeni Canal in the field of irrigation and embankment along the banks of river Gandak for
o flood moderation. In post independence period, major projects like Kosi Project, Gandak
o Project, Sone Remodelling (including construction of Sone Barrage in place of old anicut).
Badua Reservoir Project, Chandan Reservoir Project and a large number of medium irrigation
o projects have been implemented. In flood sector also long embankments have been constructed
III-9
o
a
o
o
a
o
 o
o
o
on almost all major rivers of North Bihar to provide protection from flood. There is no denying o
the fact that the State has been benefited from the implementation of these water resources
development projects. However, the postfacto performance evaluations of some of these
o
proJects, both flood protection and irrigatiorq reveal major deficiencies and shortcomings in o
concept of planning design and implementation of these projects as discussed below with a
view to take appropriate measures to avoid their repetition in the present planning of o
interlinking of rivers.
o
i. Only Short Term Measures Taken For Flood Moderation: o
It will not be an exaggeration to call flood as the most burning problem of North o
Bihar. Next to it come the issues of surface water drainage congestion leading to water logging
and inigation. The flood management programmes implemented in Bihar comprises
o
construction and maintenance of 3430 Km of embankments and about 47 town and village o
protection schemes which have provided reasonable degree of protection from flood to an area
of about 29.16lakh ha out of total flood prone area of 68.8 lakh ha. It is evident that these o
measures comprise only construction of embankment, which is only a short-term measure and
is not sustainable on long-term basis. The most effective flood moderation measure consists of o
construction of dam to create reservoir with adequate storage capacity for retaining flood water
and moderate and regulate the discharge to safe bankful capacity of the river. Since there is no
o
suitable site available in Bihar, such sites are available only in Nepal, the flood moderation o
measures are at present not backed by the reservoir schemes. These are associated with all the
disadvantages of embankment as flood moderation measures. In this context the construction o
of embankment with barrage on river Kosi as a flood control and irrigation measures is a o
glaring example of short-term measure implemented for flood protection. Now when dams are
being proposed to be constructed on the major rivers of North Bihar like Kosi and Gandak, it o
is expected that adequate flood cushion will be provided in these reservoir to moderate and
regulate the down stream discharge to safe carrying capacity of the river and make the flood o
moderation measures sustainable on long term basis a
ii. Neglect of Drainage Aspects o
Though drainage is considered an integral part of the irrigation project, it has hitherto, o
been ignored in case of major irrigation projects of North Bihar, where water logging due to
surface drainage congestion is very acute. It has been estimated that out of 58.50 lakh ha being
o
total area of North Bihar nearly 8.35 lakh ha is affected by drainage congestion problems. o
After implementation of major irrigation projects of North Bihar like Kosi Project and Gandak
Project without including appropriate measures for removal of drainage congestion, the
o
problem has further aggravated. As a result of this the accrual of irrigation benefit is not to the
extent as originally envisaged. It is high time that remedial measures should be implemented
o
and the situation should not be allowed to persist. At the same time it should not be repeated in o
future planning in this region.
It has been observed that appropriate measures for removal of drainage congestion was o
not included in the original reports of the major irrigation projects like Kosi & Gandak. Even a
III-r0
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
a
I
o
o to date the schemes for drainage and irrigation are not duly integrated and they are being
o treated separately. The implementation of drainage schemes ur" Iuggtng a.nd they *" noi
receiving due importance and priority in implementation.
a
o iii. Incomplete Implementation

o Another major shortcoming of the water resources development projects in Bihar is

incomplete implementation. Bihar has been a major victim of incompleti water
o development projects. Glaring examples are Kosi Project. Gandak project, Bagmati
resources

o Multipurpose Project etc. Even Tribeni Modernisation Projict could not be completed in
The phenomenon
all
fespe,cts. is likely to be repeated in Sone Modernization project. As a result
o benefits are not accruing as envisaged and expenditure incurred are proving infnraous.

o The construction of canal system in Kosi Project and Gandak project was continuing
o till March 1985, when the construction work in both the Projects was abruptly stopped on th;
suggestion of the Planning Commission on the plea that the projects *ere lirrgering
since long.
o I! was suggested that separate estimate should be prepared for the balance work and thJy
should be implemented as Phase II. It is surprising io not" that precious more
than eighteen
o years have passed but project estimates for Gandak Project Phase-II
and Kosi project pi'ase II
are still under bureaucratic and technocratic hibernation of sanction. Bagmati Multipurpose
o Project, comprising flood and irrigation components v/as started during -seventies,
r;rrf tn.
o construction of embankment was taken up and was partially completed in-a
length oiabout 6l
Km against the total length of 190 Km. The irrigation component comprising barrage and
o canal system was not taken up at all. The project is now aimost abandoned.-
rhe pirtialy
constructed embankments has been a great source of trouble for the people
o cursing the project and agitating for removal of the embankment'Th; partially
and they ur" ut*uy,
constructed
o embankments as a measure for flood moderation, without adequate provisions
for irrigation is
depriving the farmers from the fertilizing effect of silt laden flood water.
The farmers are not
O able to grow crop and they are economically ruined.

o The post-facto performance evaluation studies of several major and medium

irrigation
o projeas in Bihar have also revealed the same story that projects have been
declared coriplete
although significant amount of work especially the tanals system were not
o completed.

o 3.4 Prospects of Development from rnterrinking of Rivers

o The future prospects of development of Bihar are very much dependent

on agriculture,
which in turn depends on water resources development project planned for
flood mocleration,
o drainage and irrigation, with.adequate provision for minimum flow
during lean period to meet
I the requirements for navigation, ecology, pollution control and other
environmental needs, as
well as downstream riparian & perspective rights. The problems of Bihar related
to different
a spheres of water resources development have been discussed briefly
under para3.2 above.
Efforts have been made to identifr the deficiencies and shortcomings of
O the eisting wRD
Projects in Bihar, in the previous sections. The objective and the
apf,roach to be adJpted as
o recommended by various Commissions and Committees have
also been underlined under
ilI-l1
o
I
o
I
o
o
 o
o
o
section 1.3 of Chapter-I. The project for InterJinking of major rivers of India is going to be the o
final plan for the dwelopment of water resources of the country. Thereforg it should envisage
to solve all the problems of water resources in every part, region, statg river basin of the o
country. It is also expected that Bihar will also be benefited from this Project and the Project
will be able to provide solution to the problems of WRD with which Bihar has been struggling
o
so far. It is quite natural to expect that the mistakes in planning, design and implementation, o
committed in the past will not be repeated and all modern / recent concepts, methodology and
approaches will be adopted. Utmost caution is needed, as this being final plan, there witt Ue o
hardly any scope for remedial measure and once any mistake is committed, it will doom the
future.
o
It would be, therefore, essential to widen the objectives of the Interlinking of rivers as o
explained in Succeeding paras in order to achieve the desired results.
o
3.5 Need for Widening of Objectives of Interlinking of Rivers. o
The mega project for Interlinking of major rivers of Indi4 is going to be one of the biggest o
projects of not only the country, but of the world. The project is unprecedented in scatJ and
magnitude and is being considered as ultimate plan for water resources development of the o
country. The project is very big and gigantic, ambitious, imaginative and extends over almost
whole of the country. The information about the concept, planning and programme for
o
implemantation has raised very high hopes among the people, and it has raised their o
expectations very high. Water being State subject and the sphere of the project extends over
several basins involving neighbouring nations like Bhutan, Nepal and several States within the o
country the task of implementation becomes more difficult and challenging, which calls for
making the Scheme socially acceptable and politically compatible besides taking into
o
consideration the usual aspects like technical feasibility, economic viability, e"otogical o
stability and environmental quality.
a
Bihar too is going to be benefitted significantly. The different components of the o
project envisages the construction of dams on major rivers like Kosi, Gandak and Sone, which
is expected to help in conservation of water, and thereby moderate floods and increase the o
utilisation of available surface water. However, several changes / modification in objectives,
approaclq methodology, planning, design, implementation and operation as well as alternatives o
are worth consideration to make it more beneficial and acceptable as detailed below.
o
i Equitable Distribution o
The project for interlinking of rivers envisages and gives stress on equitable o
distribution of water in various river basins of the country. There is need for achieving
equitable distribution of water resources in different regions, in different sub-basins and in thi
o
different parts of the command of the same project. The equitable distribution should not be O
based on the numerical calculation of water resources or land, rather it should be based on the
potential of land for agricultural production and need of food production for the populations o
and available land & water resources.
a
m-12
o
o
o
o
o
a
o
a
I
o
o
o
There is also urgent need for establishing equity and balance in development of water
o resources in different basins, sub-basins, regions and sub-regions. More attention and efforts
are needed for specially backward areas. This is considered essential to check the growing
o social tension turning into the form of violence.
o
In this context it may be mentioned that for equitable distribution water being
a transferred from MSTG Link Scheme to Ganga should first be utilized to meet the need of
Bangladesh and West Bengal before transferring them to South as this will augment the lean
o flow in Ganga for use in Ganga valley and enable Bihar to use it during non-monsoon period.
o
ii Prime objectives
o
o The various water balance studies and the Pre-feasibility Report prepared by NWD,\
reveals that the focus is on the calculation of surplus water in the river basins of northern India
o and main thrust is on the transfer of the balance water as assessed by NWDA to Southern &
Western river basin where as prime Objectives should be to include all problems of water
o resources development as follows :

o - Flood moderation and drainage improvement

o - Augmentation of lean flow of Ganga
- Rabi & Hot Weather crops'needs
o - Ecological & environmental needs
- River morphology improvement
a - Pollution controV abatement
a - Downstream riparian & prospective rights
- Navigation
o - Drought prevention
- Development ofirrigation
o - in entire balance area
t - with increased irrigation intensity commensurate with available resources
- land
I - water and highest density of rural population
o It is not enough to include these objectives in the Project, it is equally essential to
create adequate storages by constructing dams, wherever technically feasible and economically
O viable and provide required flood cushion for flood moderation and adopt an operating policy
which will facilitate abalanced trade ofl between flood cushion and conservation storage.
I For a sustainable development it is also required to take up soil conservation measures,
in the catchment of the proposed reservoirs. This will help in achieving the following.
o
I D Minimise siltation in reservoirs, reducing the requirement of dead storage and
increasing the useful life of reservoirs, and
o ii) Optimise the benefits to Nepal, and
iii) Cater for requirements of non-monsoon period
o
O tII-13
o
o
a
a
o
 o
o
o
3.6 Flood moderation through interlinking Schemes o
3.6.f Construction of Embankments-A Short Term Measure o
As discussed earlier flood moderation measures have been implemented in the form of o
embankments along the banks of the river and town and village protection schemes. It is
claimed that with the implementation of these short term measures out of total flood prone area o
of 68.8 Lakh ha. an area of 29.16 Lakh ha. (42 %) has been provided reasonable protection
against flood. In this regard the following points are noteworthy:
o
i. After more than 50 years of planned development after independence
o
reasonable protection against flood has been provided in less than 50% of flood o
prone area. This is more depressing and contradictory in face of the fact that it
is envisaged to develop all water resources in the country through interJinking
o
ii.
of rivers by 2015.
The protection of area" which is said to be provided with reasonable degree of
I
protection against flood, through temporary measures of embankment, becomes o
vulnerable, when there is a breach, which is very frequent.
iii. The construction of embankment as a short term measure against flood, has o
been adopted under the constraint of non-availability of suitable sites for
construction of dam in Bihar.
o
o
3.6.2 Resenoirs as Long Term Measures
o
Construction of dam to create reservoir with adequate capacity as flood cushion to
store water during high discharge and release the same when critical conditions are over is
o
very effective measure. The flood moderation envisaged to be provided with reservoir is more o
sound as compared to with embankment and is sustainable on long term basis. Thus reservoirs
are very dependable and effective measures of flood management either by itself or in o
combination with other measures.
It is encouraging to note that under the scheme of Inter-linking of rivers dams are
o
being proposed on Kosi and Gandak riveru. While the proposed dam on river Kosi is a O
high dam having adequate capacity to moderate flood, the proposed dam on river
Gandak is a small diversion dam, which will not have enough capacity to moderate flood. o
The suggestions to construct dams on Kosi, Gandak and their tributaries will be a o
welcome step which will help in moderating the flood to a great extent and also ensure
better utilisation of the available water resources. o
3.6.3 Need For More Resenoir On Other Rivers Of North Bihar:
I
The flood problem of different river basins of North Bihar is linked with each other to
o
some extent. The high stage of water in river Ganga at the outfall points of its tributaries from o
north and synchronizing with flood in the tributaries aggravates the flood problem. In the
present case high dam on river Kosi has been proposed. There should, however, be planning to o
have dams on its tributaries viz. Sun Kosi and Arun Kosi also which would be very beneficial a
in all aspect to India as well as to Nepal. This will help in moderating the flood in Kosi basin
m-14 o
o
t
o
o
o
O
a
I
a
O which has a flood prone area of 10.15 lakh ha (27%). Thus out of total flood prone wea of
37.35 Lakh ha in North Bihar, the balance 27.20 Lakh ha (73%) will not have any advantage
-v of flood moderation from the intertnking of rivers and the situation with respect to flood in all
I other river basins of North Bihar except Kosi will persist as usual. There is thereforg urgent
need to consider the possibility of constructing reservoirs on other rivers of North Bihar like
a Burhi Gandalq Bagmati and Kanrla. This will not only provide facility for flood moderation,
but will also provide additional water for utilisation. The SBSIC (1944) has examined the
-v scope of constructing dam on these rivers. The probable sites and other salient features of these
O dam reservoirs are available in Table 3.2.
Table'3.2
a List of probable dam sites on Tributaries of River Ganga in North Bihar
Name of the tributarv and location Catchment Height of Live
o SI
No area in Sq Km dam in M storage
o capacity in
MCM.
o I GHAGHRA
5260 6l 1610
t Rapti at Sikta(Nepal)
Karnali at Chisapani (Nepal) t$48A 106 2990
lsl50 6350
o Sarda at PuniagirifNepal)
(2 GANDAK
175

a 2.\ Kali Gandaki (Nepal)** 9200 214 4480

ii Burhi Gandaki (Nepal)** 6460 135 2652
o iii Marsyanadi (Nepal) ** 7250 140 3824
**
I iv
v.
Seti (Nepal)
Gandak CNepal)**
2780
37.930
140
40.5
2640
1960
I (3 BURHI GANDAK

t River Masan at village Banwari of

Ramnagar block under W.Champaran
350 26 t45.56

I (4) BAGMATI
4 Noonthore Dam on Bagmati in Nepal 2706 115.824 233.60
I (5) KAMLA
66.t4
t 5 Tetaria dam near Chisapani Nepal on
Kamala
1409 1233.5

I (6) KOSI
6i. Sapt Kosi river at Barahkshetra** s9539 269.40 9370
t ii Sun Kosi (Tributary
("
of Kosi) t47.00_ 4400 tc.*'

I
Storage)
iii Arun Kosi ")
iv. Tamur Kosi (" ")
I (7) MAHANANDA
7.i Mahananda Goyaban 69.93 45.75 30
o ii Balason Site No.III 222.74 n2.04 120
iii Mechi Site No I r29.50 122.00 t20
a iv W.Kankai Site No.I i 108.52 167.15 880
V **
o Source : SBSIC Report, 1994, Vol. As per NWDA Report
Project (P-17-18 )
on Gandak- Ganga Link

o ilr-15
o
o
a
o
a
o
 o
o
o
List of dam sites on Tributaries of River in South Bihar o
sl. Nasre ofthe tributary and location Catchment area Height of dam in Live storage
No in So Km metre capaciw in MCM o
(1) KANMNASA
li. ChalyaDam r37.5', 22.55 28.38
o
ii. SuaraDam 296.80 o
iii. Kao Dam
iv. AwsaneDam 137,5 o
(2) SONE
2i Sone Dam (Kadwan) 45 4525 lcross storage)
i
(2) PUI\{PT'N o-
2i.
ii.
Jarhi
Jagarnnath
69
45 t
iii.
iv
Bulandih
Baradih irnt I
v Madwar 40.24 c
(3) HAROHAR
3i. Tilaiya Dhadhar Diversion 27.t3 3t.22 t
scheme(Length of diversion
channel 97.26Km.)
I
ii. Khuri a
iii. Sakri Reservoir I 100 29.57 279.98
iv. Lilajan 629 o
v. Mohane r025
(4) BADUA-BELHARNA
o
4i. Sindhwarni Res. 165.82 58.62 o
ii. Amhara Res. t2.96
(5) BILASI.CHANDAN-CHIR a
)1. Kudar Res.
Source: SBSIC Report, 1994
183.96
i
C
3.6.4 Need for Provision of Flood Cushion
a
The role of embankments as short term measure and that of reservoirs as a long term
sustainable measure for flood moderation have already bean ernphasrzed. The proposals for
o
construction of reservoirs as a part of interlinking of rivers have raised high hopes for o
achieving long term sustainable flood moderation. Reservoirs in gureral, play important role in
flood-moderation. However, the role of operating policy and earmarking of flood cushion are
a
-
very important for flood moderation. Three reservoirs one on river Kosi, another on river o
Gandalc, both in Nepal- and third on river Sone have been proposed by NWDA. The proposed
dam on river Gandak and Sone is very small- only diversion dam. Hence, they cannot play o
significant role in flood moderation and there is no scope for reservation for flood cushion. But
proposed Sapt Kosi dam too has not been provided with any flood cushion which should be o
provided for flood moderation as explained in succeeding para. I
IU-16 O
I
I
o
o
a
o
o
D
o
a
o 3.6.5 Comments on proposed Kosi dam

t The subject
1f flold louting and the situation in respect of flood moderation from
o proposed Kosi High Dam (KHD) has been reviewed
proposed Dam is 2!9-m higl having MDDL at Fil. 259
and the following situation emerges- The
n\ the crest oT rpilf*uy at EL 11zt.50,
o FRL at EL 335'25 M and MwL at EL 338.30 M. The computed pMF
is 42475 cumecs (15
lakh cusec).
o
o In the CwC report, which has been referred by NWDA the pMF
lakh cusec) was routed with flood impinging Ievel at tie crest
of 42475 cumecs (15
level of spillway (EL 321.50
o and the routed maximum outflow worked out to be 14,000 W
cumec (5 lakh cusec), thus,
accounting for flood storage of 2.60 MAF (320s MCM)
o 338.30 M).
befween crest level and MWL
@L
I The gross storage of KHD Project has been considered in
NWDA report as 13455
o MCM upto FRL (EL 335.25 M;. Also, it has been mentioned in the
CWC report that the
reservoir level during the flood season is proposed to
be maintained below the crest level
o 321 50 M) bv regulating the releases through rrrri..,
and spillway gates.
@L.

o criteria for fixing spillway capacity (IS:11223) clearly indicates

that in case of large
o dam, the design flood should be taken to be PMF. Hence, in case of Kosi High
Dam, pMF
must be considered as Design Flood and reservoir has
to be- kept empty upio it. crest level of
o spillway (EL 321'50 lvO' In such a situation, the entire storage
betwien-the crest level upto
FRL may not be available for conservation There will be
o reservoir remaining empty.
always some chances for a part of

o
Further, the 100 years flood peak of 24,239 cumec (8.55
o 2nd Bihar State Irrigation commission_1994 vol. v@), page
lakh cusec) as estimated by
574,hasu.touily been observed
o at Barahkshetra in August 1954. This flood has been rouieJutl
M)
flood impin,grng utFRL (EL.
as required-uy-Il 5477 (lY (Flood Storage). The maximum
:35 ?-5 outflow comes out to
o be 9835 cumec (117
]akh cusec) with maximrim' reservoir level at 341.40 lv\ thuq
encroaching MWL (EL 338.30 M) by 3.10 M.
a .

o In the next iteration, the same inflow hydrograph (peak of g.5 lakh
routed with a flood cushion of 4.25 M, correspondlng
cusec) has been
to impinging level being EL 331.M.
o The maximum outflow came to be 8173.ur". (288"lakh
cusJc)-with maximum reservoir
level at 338.68, thus encroaching MWL by 0.3g M.
o
o Further, the same_inflow hydrograph was routed with impinging
a flood cushion of 4-75 M). The maximum butflow -ue
level at 330 50 M (ie.,
came out to zqoo cumec (2.79 laldt
a cusec) with maximum reservoir level al EL 338.39
M, thus, encroaching MwL marginally.
This corresponds to a flood cushion of,\TYo of live
o keep maximum reservoir level around MwL (338 30
oo.ugr which -uy 6" pst sumcient to
*;. totor.over, the past observed
o maximum flood is 25378 cumecs (9.13 lakh ruw;
on 5th October 196g atBarahkshetra. For
want of the inflow hydrograph, it could not be used in routing
study.
o m-17
o
O
o
o
o
 I
I
o
Hencg based on the above analysis, it seems that a flood cushion of 157o of the o
live storage must at least be provided for flood moderation. It will selre two purposes :-
o
D With the improved flood forecasting system, it may be possible to forecast
for PMF and in such a case, reservoir level can be conveniently lowered to
l
crest level of spillway from nortral conservation level (NCL) for o
emergencT operation, and for normal operation, the reservoir may be kept
at NCL during flood season, NCL wilt be corresponding to level as per
o
flood storage of 15%o of live storage below FRL. o
ii) The routed outllow with appropriate valley and channel storages wilt be o
limited to a maximum of 7082 cumecs (2.5 lakh cusec) - the safe carrTing
capacity of Kosi river.
o
O
3.7 Drainage Improvement through Interlinking scheme
o
The extent of surface water drainage congestion and water logging and its severity
have been discussed under para 3.2.2 above. While flood is a temporary phenomenon, warer o
logging persists during Khari{ Rabi and in some cases hot weather also. Flood bestows some
indirect benefits - like spreading silt which increases fertility. But water logging due to surface
o
water drainage congestion withholds the cultivation of otherwise good fertile land in a bigger o
area during Khaxif and comparatively smaller area during Rabi season. Blocked drainages in
all trunk drains hence, must be cleared to optimise the utilisation of entire area.
a
3.7.1 Approaches
o
o
i. Integrated Approach
In view of serious nature of drainage problems, the Second Irrigation Commission (GOI, o
1972) and the National Commission on Agriculture (GOI, 1976) have separately put emphasis
on need to associate drainage as an integral part of an irrigation project. The Second Inigation
a
Commission (GOI,1972) has observed," an area once damaged by water logging and salt a
efflorescence is difficult and costly to reclaim. We, therefore, urge that in formulating
irrigation schemes, the instructions already issued in respect of making adequate provision foi a
drainage should be strictly enforced." a
- Thus an integrated approach with flood moderation, removal of drainage congestion of o
surface water and provisions of irrigation benefits is needed especially for North
area of South Bihar.
Bihar and Tal o
ii. Area to be drained
o
Due to very high pressure of population on land, there is public demand for draining all water- o
logged area. But physically it may not be possible to provide drainage in entire
-ut". logged
are4 as it will depend on the topographical feature, stage of water in the main drainuge riuers o
and also on the slope and other hydraulic characteristics of the subsidiary drainage channels
o
m-tE
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
O
o outfall conditions. In short, it is neither technically feasible, nor economically viable or
a environmentally desirable to drain entire water bodies, chaurs etc. A trade-off for area to be
drained and balance area has to be made considering all aspects. The balance area the
o drainage of which is finally not found feasible should be considered for alternative use like
growing Makhana and developing pisciculture.
a
o
3.7.2 Remedial Measures
o
o The following actions are urgently called for providing remedial measures for solving
the problem of surface water drainage congestion and water logging :

o
i. Comprehensive basin planning not for individual sub-basins of North Bihar but
o all sub-basins of Ganga basin integrating all major problems encompassing
flood, drainage, augmentation of lean flow and irrigation. This will require very
o detailed an elaborate survey for the conditions at the confluence of tributaries of
o river Ganga and the stage of water level in the main stem of Gang4 the carrying
capacity of the subsidiary drainage rivers and the proposed tertiary drains to
o connect the local depressions to the subsidiary drainage channels. It will also
include the delineation of area which can be conveniently and economically
o drained and which cannot be finally drained, where growing of Makhana or
o developing pisciculture can be planned as an alternative to agriculture. It will
also include the study of obstruction of natural drainage by the existing or
o proposed canal system and need for provision of adequate waterway.

o ii. The comprehensive planning can be divided into the following components and
o should be taken up in coordinated way taking into consideration their linkages
and inter dependence.
o
o a) Moderating high water level in major rivers :
This can be achieved by the contemplated measures of flood moderation
o like provision of flood cushion in the reservoirs proposed on tributaries
of river Ganga like Ghaghr4 Gandak, Kosi etc. These measures, will
o facilitate in lowering water level in the major rivers, which will obviate
o spill of water and accumulation in depression and will also facilitate
quick drainage of accumulated water permitted by slope and levels.
O
b) Improving the Carrying Capacity of Subsidiary Channels :
o Improving the carrying capacity of subsidiary drainage channels have
has been reduced due to siltation and/or has been obstructed due to
o several other natural and man-made reasons. There iiurgent
need to improve the carrying capacity of these channels by removing the
silt, and widening and deepening the existing channels.

m-19
 o
a
o
c) Connecting Tertiary Drains : o
The local depressions where rain water, inigation water and / or spill o
from major rivers gets collected and remain stagnant creating the
problem of water loggng, have to be connected to the subsidiary o
drainage channels. This has to be planned in light of existing physical
features and topography as well as the existing and / or proposed canal o
system. o
d) By Flood Diversion : o
A places like waterlogged area at the confluence of Kareh, Kamla &
Kosi rivers, early diversion of flood water into Ganga may relieve o
drainage congestion. o
3.8 Augmentation of flow in major rivers during lean period o
Ganga with its tributaries flowing through northern lndia provided trvo most important
o
natural resources-land and water-which helped in development of the one of the oldest
civilisation of the world and it has also been able to sustain so far. There has been significant
o
development in form of implementation of water resources projects in Ganga basin (like other o
river basins of India) on main river Ganga and almost all major & minor tributaries, which in
conjunction with other activities of people including the discharge of industrial and municipal o
effluents are now threatening the very existence of the mighty river. The utilisation of water in
upper reach of river Ganga & its tributaries has increased to such an extent that the river is
o
almost dry during the lean period before its enters Bihar. It is also evident from the o
computation made by NWDA according to which the total availability of water at Chunar is
1.08 lakh MCM against the proposed utilisation of 1.25 lakh MCM. Whatever flow that is o
available in the river Ganga beyond Chausa in Bihar where it enters the boundary of the State
upto Farakka, the same is the contribution from its tributaries joining it in Bihar & Jharkhand.
a
Even the meagre flow available at present during lean period is bound to decrease in future. o
The problem of dwindling discharge during lean period is serious. Hence there is urgent need
to augment the same. It has been discussed in brief in para3.2.3 above of the report. o
3.8.1 Assessment for the requirement of minimum flow o
o
It has been observed that a provision at the rate often percent oflean season flow has
been made for environmental and ecological purpose. This provision is in general for all the o
components. This is supposed to be reserved in the reservoir to be released during lean period.
It may be noted that the provision of lOYo uniformly for all rivers is not logical. This will
o
largely depend on the quantum of discharge of industrial and municipal effluent besides the o
downstream riparian rights. It is surprising that while planning, designing and operating the
schemes on main stem of Ganga and its tributaries in its upper reach, this aspect has been o
completely lost sight of. Over and above de-facto restriction has been put only on Bihar in
utilisation of Ganga water during lean period, while there in no such restrictioryon any other
o
co-basin states. o
m-20 o
o
o
o
o
a
o
o
o 3.8.2 Requirement for Navigation

o Navigation in River Ganga is very important aspect. During recent time the importance
O of navigation in Ganga has increased in view of the increase in volume of transport in the
background of increase in population and consequent development of trade. The course of
o river Ganga from Allahabad to Haldia has been declared National Waterway No.l. At present,
the operation of vessels is handicapped due to inadequate depth of flow. Great efforts are
o called for to maintain required depth of flow to facilitate hea't y vessels. If the requirement
o duly assessed for ecology, environment, riparian and prospective right as well as the
commitment for Bangladesh as agreed in the International agreement taken together do not
o ensure minimum depth of flow required for plying of vesselg additional water along with
proper river training measures are must for smooth operation of navigation. This quantity of
o water has to be assessed and reserved.
o
3.8.3 Commitment to Bangladesh
o
Ganga is an international river and an international agreement has been executed
o between India & Bangladesh, which provides mechanism for sharing of Ganga water at
Farakka. At present this has been left to be met from the yield from the tributaries of Ganga in
o Bihar only and restrictions has been placed over utilisation of Ganga water by Bihar during
O lean period. Such restriction has not been placed on any other co-basin states in Ganga basin.
This is affecting the development in Bihar and it is going to affect more in future.
o
o 3.8.4 Allocation of Ganga water to Co-basin States

o The prime objective of the present Mega project of interlinking of rivers is to achieve
equitable distribution of water available in different river basins of the country. This mega
o project envisages to transfer the surplus water of Ganga-Brahmputra-basin to Rajasthan and
o Gujarat in the west and Andhra and Tamilnadu in the South. But it is ironical that the co-basin
states of Ganga basin do not enjoy the equitable distribution of water in the basin. The
o anomalies have been discussed above in brief It is expected that with the implementation of
this project, the existing anomalies will be removed. While allocating the Ganga water among
o the co-basin states, it is required to assess the requirement of minimum discharge in Ganga.
o For this purpose the entire stretch of river Ganga need to be divided in different strategic
reaches depending, upon the location of confluence of major tributaries and other important
o features. The requirement of total discharge for each reach has to be assessed on the foilowine
counts.
o i. Ecological and environmental
o ii. River morphology
iii. Pollution control
a iv. Down stream riparian & prescriptive right
o v. Any other specific commitment.
If the combined requirement for either one or all is adequate to provide necessary draft
o for the vessel to operate, then there will be no need for any additional discharge for navigation,
otherwise additional discharge will be required for navigation.
o m-2r
O
o
o
o
o
o
 o
o
o
3.8.5 Augmentation of Lean flow in pre & post interlinking o
The problem of enzuring minimum flow in Ganga and other tributaries as
prevailing at o
present is very critical and serious. It is expected that Jhis problem will be solved once
the
two
o
ir-lo of interlinking is implemented. This expectation is reasonable. However, there are
ro*t irport*t urp6f,r of tiris problem. First, ihere is urgent need to assess the requirement of o
minimum flow in different ieaches of Ganga as discussed above. In absence of such
assessment the problem might persist notwithstanding the measures
proposed to be o
implemented. Second, the implemintation is expected to take long time' eccgr{p to the
o
trpottr prepared by NWDA , a construction period of l5 years have been assumed. The project
*p"".lly the Himalayan component is in very initial stage; it is in pre-feasibility stage. It is- o
likely to take severiyears incoming to implimentation stage. The Himalayan components
of
inte;linking of rivers have international aspects linked in {e thenq which may take some more o
present problem of
time for their resolution. In this background, it is not advisable to allow the o
minimum discharge in different reJches of Ganga during lean period, to persist for long
causing adverse lmPaa. o
3.9 Irrigation IntensitY o
The Second Inigation Commission (GOI, 1972) has recommended the o
inigation poliry according to w[ich the goal for inigation planning in the Indian Gangetic
rul 6n *tti"tt whole or-gihar is situated) with high density of population, good fertile soil, o
and abundant surface and ground water but scarcity of land, should be to secure the
maximum
production per unit of land i.e., there should be no constraints of water. This is o
quite different from and in contrast to the policy for achieving maximum production for unit of o
water and maximum area served recommended for other areas.
The National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development (1999) o
has also recommended that in the basins with possible surpluses, near saturation utilisation
of
land and water has first to be aimed at. This has been considered desirable as it will not be
o
possible to peruse a State to spare water until its own demands are met to the maximum o
possible extent.
The Committee for Agriculture Productivity in Eastern India (RBI 1984) has o
highlighted the potential for development of agriculture in Eastern India including Bihar- tt Bl
observed " the fact that Eastern India has not been able to exploit fully its agricultural
potential o
suggests that existing policies
-
and programmes implementation for agricultural development o
.J-not adequate for efficient utilisation of the regions agricultural resource base. The
committee has observed that Eastern India has the necessary potential to sustain long-run o
agricultural gowth rate at much higher level than at present. It has rich soil, abundant
,iunpo*.r and receives plenty of rainfall. It has large untapped ground water resources, a
o
patent factor in shaping of India's future agricultural growth pattern. o
NCIWRD (1999) has observed that food self sufficiency is essential for the
country as a whole but not necessarily for the individual river basin "Nevertheless it has to be o
borne in mind that even in a basin not endowed with ample water resources reduction in their
number may not be feasible. Their quality of life can be improved only through increased
o
agricultural productivity for which firit basic requirement is water. Hence, in all peninsular O
rivers, the present inigated area has to be substantially increased". Extending the same
rrr-22 o
o
o
o
o
O
o
o argument and logic to Bihar in general and North Bihar in particular having very high density
o of population with plenty of water and scarce land resource deserves a higb cropping and
irrigation intensity.
a However, it has been observed that while preparing the schemes for Interlinking of
Rivers of Indi4 NWDA has not taken the above recommendation and suggestion made by
o NCIWRD (1999), the Second Inigation Commission (GOI, 1972) and the Committee for
O Agricultural Productivity of Eastern India (RBI 1984) into consideration for determining
irrigation intensity. Contrary to these recommendations NWDA has proposed an irrigation
o intensity mere 100o/o in new area which is not covered under any inigation project and
proposed to retain the inigation intensities of oristing inigation projects if it is more than
I 100%. No increase in inigation intensity of existing projects has been proposed by NWD,\ if
o it is more than 100 Yo.
It may be noted that most of the existing inigation projects are run-oFthe river
o schemes (they suffer from lack of support from storage) and have been planned and executed
long back and therefore, the inigation intensity is very low I l5Yo for Kosi Projed., l20o/o for
O Gandak Project Now, when dams are proposed to be constructed on major rivers like Kosi,
Gandalq Sone and possibly on their tributaries, water from these proposed reservoirs will be
o available to support the existing irrigation schemes; the project of Interlinking of rivers
o considered to be ultimate plan for water resource development and near saturation in
utilisation of land and water is supposed to be aimed at in basin considered to be surplus, it is
o not logical to restrict the inigation intensity to existing level and propose an irrigation intensity
o of 100p/o for new area. This assumption is very vital and critical for calculation of demand for
agricultural purpose. If this assumption is allowed to be retained, this will prove a great
o constraint for future development of agriculture in Bihar.
In view of recommendations of various Commission and Committees as
o discussed above and taking into consideration the requirement for food and employment for
o growing population and the potential for development of agriculture in light of available water
and land the following irrigation intensities are proposed for different agro-climatic sub-zones
o in Bihar.
Agro-Climatic Name ofBasin Kharif Rabi Hot Weather Total
o I 2
a
J 4 5 6
o North Bihar
Sub-Zone IV-4 Kosi-Basmati Mahananda 80 95 75 250
I Sub-Zone IV-5 Gandak-Mahi ti 95 80 250
o South Bihar
Sub-Zone IV-6 (a) Sone-Karmnasa 95 95 50 240
o Sub-Zone IV-6 (b) Rest of South Bihar 95 90 45 230

o To achieve the above intensities the shortage of surface water can be met by
o i. Storage Reservoirs &
ii. Improved IrrigationPractices.
o
o
o rrr-23

o
a
 --
e
o
3.10 Conservation of Water o
The conservation of water is one of the prime objectives of the Interlinking of
the Rivers. It is envisaged to achieve the conservation through construction of dam and storage
o
of monsoon water tbr use during non-monsoon period. A part of this stored water is proposed o
to the basin which are considered as Deficit basins. The perusal of the pre-feasibility and
water balance study reports prepared by NWDA suggests that there is enough scope for o
modification and improvement of NWDA proposals on this count. Some of them ilre as
follows:
o
i. Water from en-route rivers o
It has been observed that the water from several major rivers like Kamla,
Bagmati, Burhi Gandak which are crossing Kosi-Ghaghra link canal has not been o
incorporated. In view of the fact that there is acute scarcity of water, and the o
appropriate land crossings have been provided at the proposed crossing, the water from
all the en-route rivers should be accounted for. o
ii. Diversion of Monsoon Surplus only:
With a view to removing regional disparities in Northern States themselves, o
Monsoon water must be stored on major rivers and their tributaries for meeting the
need in Non monsoon in these states and only surplus monsoon flows after meeting all o
needs should be transferred to so called deficit States
iii. Storage in deficit basins:
o
ln view of prevailing monsoon climate in the country, the urgent need of o
storage of water in reservoirs by constructing dams can hardly be over emphasised.
However, there is lack of sites. suitable for construction of dam in North Bihar, o
whatsoever, a few & limited number of sites are available, they are located in o
neighbouring countries Nepal and Bhutan. The first charge on the water stored in these
reservoir will be to fulfill the requirement of these basins and therefore, a limited o
quantity of water will be available for transfer to shortage basins. Thereforg the scope
of locating dam sites in shortage basins in the background of topographical feature,
o
even if there is no water available should be investigated and if available the o
construction of dams should be planned, where flood water during monsoon period
may be diverted and stored. This will considerably increase the quantum of utilisable o
water and will help in overcoming the shortage of water.
iv. Conservation of water in deficit basins: o
Out of total surface water of 1869 BCM annually available in the country at o
present only 690 BCM of water is considered utilisable and thus I 179 BCM of water
being wasted to sea every year (934.42 BCM belongs to rivers in North India and o
244.56 BCM belongs to rivers in Southern India). The scope of storage of thewater,
which is presently being wasted in shortage basins of Southern India, is worth
o
consideration by constructing more reservoirs and/ or suitably increasing the storage o
capacity of existing reservoirs by adopting appropriate measures.
v. Improved practices to achieve Conservation of Water o
By adopting efficient and modern irrigation field applications techniques, o
popularising less water consuming plant breed, improving irrigation efficiency of canal
system, educating farmers encouraging OFD ( On- Farm Development) and PIM o
(Participatory Irrigation Management)
llt-24 o
o
o
o
O
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
a
o
o
o
a
o
a
o

o CHAPTER-ry
o
o SURFACE WATER BALANCE STUDY
o (TOR-r)
o
a
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
CHAPTER.IV
o
SURFACE WATER BALANCE
I STUDY (TOR-l)
o 4.4 Assessment of Water Requirement

o The assessment of water for future demand is an initial step

in planning for water
resources development projects. It assumes much more
o riyers for both types. of basins - surplus and deficit. In
signifi"*". ror irt. interlinking of
case oisurplus basins thl future demand
o when compared with the availability will indicate the quantity
considered for transfer to the deficit basins. For deficii basins,
of surplus water, which may be
o it wiu'gi;e u;i;*
quanlity of water, which is required to be transferred. According to-the recommendations
of additional
the Second lrrigation_ Commission (GoI, lg72), the policy for of
a to be surplus should be- yaximum production per unii area; in other
the basins in Bihar considered
words there should be no
o constraint on water, while the policy for defitit basin should
per unit of water or maximum area served depending on level
be either maximum production
of water availability. However,
a there will be difference in approaches to be adopteJ for assessing
future demand for surplus
and deficits basins. For surplus basins, the approich may be
o a littl-e
deficit basins may be slightly conservative. 'This is considered essential
liberal, while the same for
io ,nru." justice in
both types of basins. This has also been recommended by NCIWR (1999).
a be assessed for all sectors - agriculture and non-agricultural sector which
The demand has to
includes drinking
o water supply (rural & urban), industrial, ecological and environmental, hydro-power]
navigation, recreational etc. It is proposed to ur*.rJ the demand
o when the population
of water roi ttre year 2050,
country is expected to stabilise at 1600 million and by that time
tth_. the
o water for all sectors will also get stabilised.

o 4.1 Demand for Agriculture Sector

o The demand of irrigation for agriculture sector as per National

Commission on IWD is
a vital as it
is the biggest of the demand for all the sectors. At present agriculture
consumes
about 83% of water resources- Because of the pressure of increas.ing
a.raiosror other sectors
o like drinking and industrial water supply, ecology and environment, the percentage
of
consumption for agriculture sector is expected to decrease to 6sYothough
o consumption is expected to increase considerably. Therefore, it -cteserves
in absolute term the
very careful
o consideration.

t 4.1.1 Potential for Development

O The assessment of demand of
.water for agriculture sector will depend on the
a perspective crops, cropping pattern and intensity of irrigation and these, in turn, will depend
primarily on climatic factors and land and soil ih-u"t.irtics,
availability of water besides so
o many socio-economic and agro-economic factors. Though the present
level of agriculture will
be able to reflect these characteristics to some extent but it can not
o system is performing under several big & small, minor & major
be taken as final as the
constraints. Therefore, the
o potential of natural resources like land and water along with
taken into consideration. Besides the requirement oi food and need
the climatic factors has to be
o for generation of
employment opportunity keeping in view thi grourth of population.
It is, therefore, considered
prudent to refer to the comments and recommendations
o of a few Commissions and
o
a
o
o
 ol
o
o
Committees constituted at national / regional / state level to look into the problems related to o
agriculture, irrigation, flood etc.
o
i. The Second lrrigation Commission (GOI,1972) o
While discussing the policies regarding the use of water resources for irrigation, the o
2nd Irrigation Commission has suggested the following policy, which is very relevant for
deciding future cropping pattern and irrigation intensity. These are reproduced below :
o
"Broadly, the goals of irrigation poliry may be classified under three heads viz.,
- maximum production per unit of area
o
- maximum production per unit of water, and O
- maximum area served."
o
"The Brahmputra Basin in Assam has high rainfall and plenty of surface and
ground water but very little land. Kerala has a high population density and tiny holdings
I
but good rainfall. The Indo-Gangetic Plain has a high density of population, good fertile o
soil and abundant surface and groundwater. In all these areas, water resources are
adequate but land is scarce and the aim should be to secure the maximum production per o
unit of area through multiple cropping, high yielding varieties and the latest technology."
o
"In most other parts of the country water resources are insufficient to meet the o
inigation requirements of the cultivated land. About 70 per cent of the cultivated area of India
lies in regions of medium and low rainfall. Even in areas of high rainfall, abundance of water o
is limited to the short rainy season. Unless rainwater is stored for use later, there would
invariably be a scarcity during the dry season. In fact, the only areas with abundant water
t
resour@s are those parts of the alluvial tracts, which have plenty of ground water. In areas o
other than those with ample water resources, which we have attempted to define in the
preceding paragraph, our policy should aim at securing the maximum crop production per unit a
of water." o
"Low rainfall zones will mostly have rain-fed cultivation, and any increase in o
production will have to come through moisture conservation, the use of drought-resistant
varieties, cultivation of pastures etc. But where water can be made availablg either from local o
sources or by transfer from a neighbouring basin, the policy should be to benefit as large a
section of the community as possible and at the same time enable farmers to obtain reasonable
o
yields Surface irrigation systems should be designed to irrigate compact blocks, the blocks o
being dispersed over a large area to benefit large number of farmers. The number of
irrigations can be fewer than are required for high yields. Costly measures to cut down or to t
reduce losses, such as the lining of channels and use of water saving devices like sprinklers
and tricklers, would deserve serious considerations."
a
In view of the above recommendation, the policy of maximum production per unit of o
area is proposed to be adopted for Bihar.
o
ii. The National Commission on Agriculture (GOI, 1976) I
The above policy for irrigation as recommended by the Second Irrigation Commission o
(GOI, 1972) has been fully endorsed by the National Commission on Agriculture also.
IV-2
o
I
o
o
o
o
I
a
o
o iii. The Report of the Committee on Agricultural Productivity in Eastern India
o (RBr 1e84)

o The Committee has studied the problems of agriculture prevailing in Eastern India
comprising West Bengal, Oriss4 Bihar & Eastern UP and had made important observations
o and valuable recommendations which shows the potential for developmint of agriculture in
o this region. The following extracts show the potential for development of agriculture in Biha, -

3 "Eastern India has the necessary potential to sustain long-run agricultural growth rate at
much higher level than at present. It has rich soil, abundant rnanpo*ir and receiives plenty of
o rainfall. It has large untapped ground water resources, a poteni factor in shaping of Indiu,,
o future agricultural growth pattern".

a "The fact, that Eastern India has not been able to exploit fully its agricultural potential,
suggests that existing- policies and programme implementation for agricultural development
o are not adequate for efficient utilisation of the regional agricultural resource base".

o The following extracts from the Report of the above Committee are very relevant for
o judging the potential for agricultural development in Bihar.

o "However, even after nearly two and half decades of this significant shift in
production strategr, the process of intensilication of agriculture throrfth science-based
3 and industry-linked farming has not spread uniformly in all parts of tn" country.
a Eastern India comprising \ilest Bengal, Orissa, Bihar andEast Up is a case in point."

I "Eastern India presents a picture of the highest concentration of population and

o the lowest per capita food-grains production. Labour alone, obviously, is not enough for
developing intensive agriculture. It is only when labour along with ihe complementary
; inputs of capital and skills (irrigation, drainage, yield augmenting inputi, efficieni
implementation, research, extension, etc.) are used intensively io mat e up for the scarcity
a of land that conditions are created for sustained increase in productivityi'
o "The application of fertilizers and use of HYV seeds in the Eastern Region (West
o Bengal, Orissa, Bihar and East UP) are still at a low level. Rate of fertilizer application
in 1981-82 averaged around 25 kglha. Coverage of area under cereals with Hyv seeds
o has also been low, less than 40 per cent. Raising the level of application of these two
I inputs alone can considerably improve land productivity of the region."

I "Several other factors, however, are seriously limiting the use and level of application
of these inputs. The most important factor is the lack of adequate and controlled watei supply.
o Less than 40 per cent of the net sown area in the region is at present receiving irrigation,
and
that too, mostly of protective nature. As against this, most of the States In the Northern
a Region (Punjab, Haryana and West UP) are receiving adequate and controlled irrigation.
o Nearly 80 per cent of the net sown area in Punjab is now irrigated. Greater control on the
supply of water through irrigation has helped Punjab to raise agricultural productivity. The
o intensity of irrigation in Punjab is nearly 170 per cent as against alittle ou", iz1 pe,
cent in the
o Eastern Region.
IV-3
a
a
o
a
o
 o
o
o
"In Eastern India" water for crop production is available in relatively uncontrolled o
manners. It is too much and too uneven during monsoon and too little in the dry season.
Heavy and highly uncertain rainfall in most parts of the region causes frequent flooding and o
waterJogging and makes crop cultivation during the Kharif season extremely hazardous. Lack
of adequate drainage facilities and flood control arrangements restrain the farmers from
o
applylng the recommended doses of fertilizers. Even when the recommended doses are used, o
they yield poor results as flooding or waterJogging limit the full realization of the fertilizer
response potential of the high lelding varieties of seeds." o
"Irrigation, coupled with modern inputs and technology, results in transforming a
agriculture of a region in a spectacular manner when farmers have adequate control over its
use and application. This has been the experience of Japan, Taiwan, South Korea and some o
parts of India.
"Tube-wells in Haryana and Punjab are operationally more efficient as bulk of them
o
are under the control of farmers and are also energised with electricity. The energisation of
tube-wells in turn, has been facilitated by the availability of electric power in all villages. In
I
fact, the tube-well boom in Haryana and Punjab is due to rapid spread of rural electrification. I
The situation is different in the Eastern Region. Rural electrification has not made much
progress and, as a result, development of tube-wells has been slow. Private tube-wells are few t
in number and even these are under utilised due to uncertain and erratic power supply."
"Scope for raising labour productivity is also eroding due to excessive dependence of
o
workers on employment in agriculture. The wet rice eco-system of the region induces this o
pro@ss. A number of available studies suggest that the wet rice eco-system of monsoon
regions has an extraordinary elasticity of response to additional inputs of labour and skill. t
Sowing, transplanting, weeding, bunding and a multitude of other activities involved in
cultivating rice during the southwest monsoon period of heavy and erratic rainfall generate
I
heavy demand for labour during critical periods of farm operations." c
"The evolution of the Eastern Region to the present small and marginal farmer
dominated agraian economy is a consequence of this agricultural involution, an extreme form o
of which is seen in East UP and Bihar where 70-80 per cent of farm operators are marginal
farmers holding one ha. or less."
I
"The problem is further complicated by the institutional barriers which the region had o
inherited from the British period. Even with significant land reform programmes carried out
through various legislative measures, concealed tenancy exists and semi-feudal agrarian o
system still operates over large areas."
"Even with these constraints, public investment in infrastructure and supporting
o
services could play a key role in accelerating the growth of agriculture. But the pattern of I
public expenditure reveals that investment on agriculture and irrigation per agricultural worker
has been very low in this region. During 1969-85, expenditure on agriculture, irrigation and
a
rural electrification per agricultural worker was the lowest in Bihar (Rs.l6a5) followed by o
West Bengal (Rs.I730), UP (Rsl870) and Orissa (Rs.2000). In contrast, in Gujarat, it was
around Rs. 3980, in Kerala and Punjab, it was over Rs. 4000 and in Haryana over Rs. 5000." o
"Notwithstanding some progress made in certain sectors benefiting from the various
development programmes undertaken by the State Governments, the region continues to be o
one of the low agricultural efficiency regions of India. it is characterised by a slow growth rate
in crop productivity and farm incomes. Due to limited employment opportunities in the
I
industrial sector, bulk of the labour force looks for jobs in agriculture and remain under o
employed. The region has the highest incidence of poverty in the country."
rv-4 o
I
o
I
o
o
o
a
o
a "Histoical Teco!4 however, provides a shatply contrasting pictare of Eastern India
o and a half centuries ago, it r.os a verJ, prosperous and agrliitnrolly
lne idvanced region
i|t the country- I* imProvisation began nri"g the British iule, but even at the time
a Independcnce, its agriculture maintained a read over other regio,ns
of
in the country. Duing
the triennium ending 1950'51, the Eastern Region had recorcled highest
o However, since then and spgcialty after the inioduction of the food grains yietd.
andfertilizer
o technologlt in the
relalive position "yntry,
the region, with the exception iTwnt""r"uWieed
Bengal, has steadily lost its
Region,crossed tie grains yiia
Region by earb \e
Tooi -It ievel of the Eastern
o -Nonhern
1960s and the Southern Regioi in igzos. appean ironical that
programmes and policies during the planning era, which have induieh
o an acceleration in
tle plce of agriculatral development-in othei regions, could not make sufficient impact
in
o the Eastern Region which was agriculturally ,o p"rorp"rous in earlier
fime.,,
o iv. The second Bihar State rrrigation commission (1994)
o The Commission has studied in detail the land and water resources of the
state and has
o also examined basin-wise existing cropping intensity as well as the
light of available water and land resourCes ind prevailing constraints.
future cropping intensity in

o The Commission has analysed the existin g cropping intensities in different

river basins of the State. The result is available in Table 4 I The data
o show that the existing cropping pattern varies between rc}% to 165%o.It
available in this table
is high in North
Bihar viz- l34Yo to l65yo.In South Bihar the percentage is high in
o while in the rest of basin_ the percentage is low and varieJetween loo %
Sone Basin only (lag%)
to 124 To. Asregards
o the percentages of rainfed and irrigated area, there is wide variation in different
river basins.
The percentage of rainfed cultivation is very high in North Bihar. It
o varies between 79yo to
l23yo' But it is low in South Bihar and variei between 29Yo to 73yo. The percentage
of
o irrigated cultivation varies between 4oYo to 68Yo rnNorth Bihar. In
South Bihar, it is ver5itrigtr
in Sone(l0}Yo) followed by Karmnasa (95Yo), Punpun (s5%), Harohar (74o/o) and in
other
o basins it varies between 39Yo to 59yo.

o Table-4.1
BASII\MISE PRESENT PERCENTAGE OF'NET CULTTVATED AREA \r(llA (r99r-r992)
o SI
No
Name of Basin Intensity of cultivation
Irrieated Rain-fed Total
IA
o 1B
Ghaghra-Mahi-Western Gandak Cornposite
Upper Eastern Gandak-Upper Burhi CanOat<
68.39
55.29
82.95
78.70
151.34
133.99
o IC
2
lqrye. Eastern Gandak Baya-lower eurhi Gandak
Bagmati- A4hwara
57.72
47.25
95.53 r53.25
99.91 147.16
o J
4
Kamala- Balan
Kosi
41.79 123.37 165. l6
63.50 93. l8 156.68
o 5
6
Mahananda
Karmnasa
39.55 107.79 147.34
95. l8 29.21 124.39
a 8
Sone- Kanhar
Punpun
& Kao-Gangi eomposlte 100.01 32.26 t40.27
84.96 r2t.33
o 9
9A
Harohar
r\1u.1
74.28
36.3',1
37.84 l12.t2
39.50
o l0 Badua- Belharna 59.30
62.23
58.84
101.73
ll8.l4
lt f,lrasl- Lnanoan-
-;-- ulur l0
o t2 Ltanga stem
54.
50.07
56.22
49.09
t10.32
99.16
o IV-5
o
o
o
o
o
 o
e
o
The Commission has assessed the prospective cropping intensity for different basin to o
meet the food requrement by the year 2025 in light of available water and land potential. The
details as worked out bv the Commission are available nTable-4.2.
o
Table.4.Z a
BASIN.WISE PROSPECTIYE CROPPING INTENSITY
SI Name of the basin PERCENTAGE OF CULTIVABLE AREATO CROPPING o
No. BE CROPPED IN INTENSITY
Rainfed situation lnieated situation (w o
Ghaehra-Mechi-Western Gandak Comoosite 46 15r t97
2 Upper Eastern Gandak Upper Burhi Gandak 49 r42 l9l o
J
Composite
Lower Eastern Gandak-Bava-Lower Burhi 65 139 204 o
4
Gandak Comoosite
Baernati-Adhwara 59 136 195
o
5
6
Kamla-Balan
Kosi
59
43
r43
162
202
205
o
7 Mahananda
TOTAL NORTHBIHAR
43
50.9
l5l
t4'1.7
t94
198.6
o
8
9
Ganea Stem
Karmnasa
65.0
26
95.0
t62
160
188 o
t0 Sone & Kao-Gangi U/S
(including Kanhar) D/S
s6
27
94
163
150
190
o
n
t2
Punpun
Harohar
48
62
135
118
183
180
o
l3
l4
Kiul
Badua-Belharna
48
39
t28
144
176
183
o
t5 Bilasi-Chandan-Chir
TOTAL CENTRALBIHAR
39
45.2
t44
136.8
183
182
o
o
From the perusal of Table 4.2 it will transpire that the Commission has suggested a
cropping intensity of 204Yo (l3f/o for irrigated & 65% for rainfed) for Gandak Project, 205% o
(162 % for irrigated & 43% for rainfed ) for Kosi Project, and l9OYo (163% for irrigated and
27o/o for rain fed) for Sone Project Command area. This is to be noted that these
o
recommendations are under the constraints that the irrigation schemes are only run-oflthe o
river schemes as no storage sites are available within the State. Thus with only run-oflthe
river schemes an average cropping intensity of 199%o for North Bihar and l82o/o for South o
Bihar have been recommended. With proposal of creation of reservoirs by construction of
dams on major rivers like Kosi, Gandak and Sone. there is considerable scope of increasing the
a
cropping and irrigation intensities over what has been proposed by the Second Bihar State o
Irrigation Commission with only run-of-the river schemes. An other important point is that the
SBSIC has considered planning upto 2025 of where as in this case the planning period has
a
been extended to 2050 as adopted by NCIWR (1999). o
v. The National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development (1999) o
The Commission has recommended that the basins with possible surplus, near o
saturation utilization of land and water has first to be aimed at subject to the condition that o
such utilization is not based on impractical engineering, for example, storage requirements for
which reservoir sites are not available or involve very high lifts or wasteful use, for example, o
very low efficiency and excessive water application.
rv-6
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I

o
o
a
o
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a
o
I vi. Project Report on the Restoration of Eastern Gandak Canal System (2003)
O The Detailed Project Report (DPR) for the Restoration of Eastern Gandak Canal
a System (REGCS), a Project sponsored by the Planning Commission, Government of India, has
been prepared by Water and Power Consultancy Services (I) Ltd. (WAPCOS), a Government
O of India-undertaking. In this report WAPCOS has recommended an inigaiion intensity of
a 228yo. This has been possible, as exploitation of ground water has been undertaken on large
v scale through implementation of Million Shallow Tubewells in the area under a scheme
O undertaken by the Planning Commission and which is still under implementation. According
to the Report prepared by WAPCOS an irrigation intensity of 228Yo is feasible with
O conjunctive ut. of sur ce and ground water. WApCOS has proposed an irrigation intensity of
a 90% with ground water and 138% with surlace water - both to be used conjunctively. The
- inigation intensity adopted by WAPCOS for Eastern Gandak Canal System is available in
O Table - 4.3
Table 4.3
o ion Intensities for Eastern Gandak Canal
sl. Crop lrrigation Intensity (%)
o No Surface water exclusivelv Coniunctive use Total
o Kharif (L)
Paddv (M) l6 16
o Paddv (S) 20 20
Paddy (E) l8 l8
o Paddy l7 l7
o Maize t5 l5
Sub Total 86 86
o 2 Rabi
o Wheat
Oilseeds
l8
6
32
4
50
l0
o Pulses 6 4 10
Potato 4
o Vesetables
4
2 2
o Sub Total 36 40 76
J Hot Weather
o Greengram I 9 l0
o Veeetable 2 6 8
Maize 8 35 43
o Sub Total ll 50 6l
4 Perennial
o Susar-cane 5 5
o Total 138 90 228

o It is very pertinent to note that the above irrigation intensity as adopted by WAPCOS is
o also based on run-of-the river scheme and is not supported by any reservoir. With the proposal
of creation of reservoirs by constructing dam on river Gandak, there is scope of increasing the
o irrigation intensity fu rther.

o rv-7
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o
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O
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O
o
4.1.2 Agro.Clim atic Zone & Sub-Zone o
Aicording to the study conducted by the Planning Commission for Agro-climatic
Regional Planning (1989), the State of Bihar, lies in Agro-climatic Zone-lY ie - Middle
o
Gangetic Plane. Zone-lY. This zone has been further sub-divided into six sub-zones, each o
having adequate agro-climatic homogenity for detailed operational planning according to
which wholi of Bihar falls under sub-zone-4, Sub-zone-5 and sub-zone-6 as shown in Fig 2.3. o
However, taking into consideration the level of development in the field of irrigation and.
availability of water for the purpose of assessing demand for water in the present study, the
o
sub-zone-6 has been further sub-divided into two parts viz sub-zone 6 (a) comprising the o
basins of Karmnasa, Sone & Punpun and Sub-Zone 6(b), comprising all other basins of South
Bihar, east of Punpun. Thus in the background of the division of Agro-Climatic Zones & Sub- o
Zones, this has been slightly modified for the purpose of crop / irrigation planning as follows .
o
i. Sub-Zone-4 Comprising the basins of Ghaghra" Mahi, Gandak, Baya o
& Burhi Gandak - located in the Western part of North
Bihar o
ll. Sub-Zone-5 Comprising the basins of Bagmati, Kamala, Kosi & O
Mahananda - located in the eastern part of North Bihar.
o
lll. Sub-Zone-6 (a) Comprising the basins of Karmnas4 Kao-Gangi, Sone o
and Punpun - located in the western part of South Bihar
o
lv. Sub-Zone- 6 (b) Comprising the basins of Harohar, Kiul, Badua-Belharna,
Bilasi-Chir-Chandan - located in the eastern part of
o
South Bihar o
4.1.3 Proposed Cropping & Irrigation Intensity for Future: o
o
a) The discussions in previous section clearly show that there is enormous
potential for development of agriculture in Bihar, which is located in the middle o
reach of Gangetic plain and which is endowed with plenty of plain and fertile
land and vast water resources both. The following points as discussed above are
a
therefore, very relevant and should be kept in view while deciding the cropping o
/ irrigation intensities in Bihar.
o
i. Maximum production per unit area of land (i.e. no constraints on utilisation of
a
water) as recommended by the Second Irrigation Commission (GOI, 1972) and
endorsed by the National Commission on Agriculture (GOI, 1976) ; o
ii. Inherent potential for development of agriculture in Eastern India as reflected o
by its glorious past as revealed in the report of the Committee on Agricultural
Productivity constituted by the Reserve Bank of India (198a) ;
o
o
iii. The stress on development of agriculture in the middle Gangetic Plain Zone as
proposed by the report on Agro-Climatic Regional Planning by the Planning o
Commission (GOI, 1989) ; o
w-8
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o iv. The cropping irrigation intensities as suggested by the Second Bihar State
Irrigation Commission (1994)
o ;

a The proposed cropping / irrigation intensity as suggested by wApcoS in the

DPR for Restoration of Eastern Gandak Canal Scheme (2003); and
o
o vl. Th9 approach suggested by the NCTwRD (1999) according to which in the
basins with possible zurplus, near saturation utilisation of lind and water has
o first to be aimed at and own demands are to be met to the maximum possible
extent.
o
o In light of above recommendations it was considered prudent to propose a moderately
higher cropping intensity / irrigation intensity.
o
b) Cropping / Irrigation Intensity for different Agro-climatic Sub-zones
o
Taking into consideration available surface water, the soil and land characteristic and
o other socio- agro- economic factors different cropping / irrigation intensities have been
o propo sed for different agroclimatic sub-Zones.

o In view of the discussions in previous sections the following cropping & irrigation
intensities are proposed to be adopted for assessment of demand for agrlcultural sector.
o
o Unit:percentage

o SI Region Irrigation Intensitv

No Kharif
o ) Sub-Zone -4 North Bihar (West) 80
Rabi
95
H.W.
75
Total
250
o ) Sub-Zone -5 North Bihar (East) 75 95 80 250
ii) Sub-Zone-6(a) South Bihar (West) 95 95 50 240
o v) Sub-Zone -6{b) South Bihar fEast) 95 90 45 230
o It may be noted that the proposed irrigation intensity is higher (250%) for north
o Bihar. But irrigation intensity during Kharif in Sub-Zone-4 is higtrer (80%). and it is
loww(75Yo) in sub- Zone 5. However the inigation intensity during Hoi weather in Sub- Zone-
a 4islower (75%) andishigher (80%) inSub- Zone-S. ForRabiseasonitissameforboththe
o Sub-Zones in North Bihar. In South Bihar a total annual inigation intensity of Z40oh for Sub-
Zone 6(a) and 230o/o for Sub-Zone 6(b) have been proposed. The irrigation intensity during
o Kharif is the same 95% for both Sub-Zones 6(a)& 6(b). But in view of Oificit of water a lowei
irrigation intensity for Rabi (90%) & hot weather (45%) has been proposed for Sub-zones-6(b)
O and slightly higher for Rabi (95%) and hot weather (50%) has been proposed for Sub-zone
6(a).Such intensity of irrigated agriculture is essential in view of high-est rural density of
a population as well as likely high rise in population by 2050. This needs maximum produCtion
o per unit area in planned condition of maximum utilization of surface water before transfer.

o
o ry-9
a
o
o
o
o
 o
o
o
4.1.4 Ultimatelrrigation potential
o
o
potentiarorBiharn*"T$""*g;H'ffi lH:;H:f ,#:ff o
Hl'jffi ,XT"#rTf ll'H,
within the agro- climatic Sub-Zone. rhe ultimaie t.r6iti;r potential has been assessed
for
a
each basin / composite basin. These details *" a
irrigation potential includes all categories "ilu'ur.ln
e.g..existing
enne*u re 4.1.4. The ultimate
on-g9ing / proposed projects and the
o
command area presentry not covered
under-any o? trr"e
"fr;;,;;6i", . o
4'l'4'l Agro-crimatic subzonewise rrrigation potential O
The ultimate irrigation potentiar, works
out to r,5.7,3g,20r ha. is proposed to be
o
irrigated from surface water. The details
#gution potential for different agro-
"{.;t*4in ennExu
sub-zones and river basins are availabte
o
fltilT: re q.l.q and the abstract is as
o
Table 4.4
Unit ha
o
Agro-Climatic Sub-zones
UltimateSurfaceffi Percentage o
Kharif Rabi Hot- Total of Total
r . \tuU-Z,0IlC-q
Weather o
14,59,696 17,32,lgo
] Qrrlr 7^^^ < 13,67,519 asJs-:x 28.97 a
1s.65-942 19.83.520 r6,70.337
c, 5,2l,ggo 33.16
30,24,629 37,15,716 30,37,956 97,79,200 62.13 o
13,37.212 13,37.212 7,03,796
4 Srrh-7^^^ ( /L\ 33,79,221 2t.46 o
\u,f 10,66,901
-
Duu-r ulal
10,10,653 5,05,327 25 R) 7e.0 16.41
r ulal"l
24,04,013
54,29,641
23,47,966
60,63,592
12,09,123 59,61,001 n.87 o
o/ ^c 42,46,979 1,57,39,2a1
/o rl r(r[il ulumate hgatlon 34.49yo 38.53% 26.98yo t000A
100
o
lqtential From S.W.
-zo OI UUA
84Yo 94yo 66% 244yo
I
The ultimate irrigation potential is
o
1,57,39,202 ha and the seasonal break
follow: up is as o
Kharif - 54,29,641ha
a
Rabi - 60,63,592 ha o
Hot Weather - 42.46.979 ha
Total . 1,57,39,202ha o
:;?:ifft::t:*.:.:r"g-"y",i6"urug of ultimate irrigation potential as 84yo ror
o
::: ::X ::,TrFj#,1{# * d;#f,T'il;i3i,H3,"l#{,?:
ffifi 3!!;?;X* j":,:T1::i1''-'.?44v:*i;;;:r;ffi
lJffi :,3"f:::"t"?*: #;ffi:"ffi::,:l;:,?:l: o
li.Holiil:t:"::,lT::'1t^::-:*ry:'".y'"^'*'it;H#'"'T'**titr#'T::T:'$T o
XTli:ir"^:""::,y,.T1^:*#1";;il,""p1#;.#[Hr:l;::glJ.ff:'
for Rabil"l.*tJff
i"lilff il,'iilll;I:,:ll;*f
& 66oh for r'j'ur
Hot vvva'er. lr
Weather. perti r;i""d",t.,1ffi;riX??#ff
It rsis pertment 1li*fi n:;
to note that Rabi crop has been proposed
o
cover maximum area as its water to
requirement is minimum. o
IV-10 O
o

:/
o
a
I
o 4.2 Demand ofwater

I 4.2.1 Demand forAgricultural Need

O
The frtal objective of these exercises is to assess the requirement for agricultural
o sector. This will depend on crops, cropping/ irrigation intensity, crop water requirement, which

I again depend on agro-climatic factors and efficiency of irrigation system. For the purpose of
assessing the requirement of the agriculture sector, the crop water requirement & efiiciency
o and other relevant data have been adopted as grven in the report of Second Bihar state
Irrigation Commission (199a). The details and Basin-wise requirement of surface water for
o tlnee crop seasons are available in Annexure 4.2.1 according to which the total surface water
requirement works out to 1,04,706 MCM. The Season-Wise breakup is as follows:
o
o Kharif- 34,381 MCM (32.83%)
Rabi- 28,381 MCM (27.t1%)
o Hot Weather- 41944 MCM (40.06%)
Total- 1,04,706 MCM
o
4.2.2 Demand For Non-Agricultural Need
o Non-Irrigation water needs have also been assessed. It may here be mentioned that non
o irrigation requirernents have not been assessed by NWDA while working out water
needs of the command area. The Non-Irrigational need for the entire command have
t been assessed and placed in Annexure 4.2.2 based upon the following norrns.
a a) Domestic use-urban 200 litreldaylcapita
-rural 7O litre/day/capita
o b) Live stock use 50 litre/daylhead
c) Industrial use Same as total domestic water requirement
I d) For Power, Navigation, Ecology & Evaporation losses etc.- As per
I nonns adopted by National Commission for Integrated water Resources
Development Report( I 999)
o The total non-agricultural need works out to 40,342 MCM as detailed below vide
Table 4.6
o a) Domestic use - 8417.24}l4;C}l4
o b) Industrial use- - 9851.74MCM
c) Power needs- - 5516.00 MCM
o d) Navigational Needs I

o e) Ecology Needs f- 14010.16 MCM

f) Morphological Needs J
o g) Evaporation losses - 428.80 MCM
h) Flushing Dose - 2118.00 MCM
I 40341.92MCM
or Say 40,342 MCM
O 4.3 Water Balance
t 4.3.1 The water balance has been estimated by considering the water availability in different
river basin from catchments inside the State as well as the catchments outside the state
o after deducting upstream uses outside the catchments as worked out by NWDA and
I IV-I1
a
o
o
o
o
 o
o
o
ultimate requirement of water for Bihar by 2050 AD. The water availability at 75 o/o o
dependability has been discussed in detail at Chapter-Il at para2.6.2 wtnch works out
to 7,32,175 MCM (vide details of Annexure 4.3.1). This available water takes into o
account) 1627 M.CM of water to be made available in Mahananda Basin through
MSTG Link Scheme of NWDA. To this, 5566 MCM of water to be transferred to Sone
o
Basin through Chunar-Sone Barrage Link Scheme of NWDA has been added as o
surface water import bringing overall water availability of water to 1,32,175+5,566 i.e.
7,37,741MCM. o
4.3.2 Total water requirement of Bihar consisting of agricultural need and non-agriculture o
need, (i.e. Domestic, Industrial, Hydro-Power need etc.) as worked out at Annexure
4.2.1 and Para 4.2 respectively comes to about 145048 MCM (i.e. 140706 + 40342 o
MCIO . It may be stated that agricultural need is based on CCA as assessed by SBSIC
and at projected irrigation intensity found suitable for the State, considering growth of o
4.3.3
population for the year 2050 AD.
The water balance has been worked out by deducting the total water requirement from
o
the overall availability at 75yo dependability regardless of its being utilisable, detail of o
which are presented below:
Table 4.5 o
Surface Water Balance
unit in MCM
o
1. Availability o
a. Gross Annual yield at 75Yo dependability 1,32,175
b. Surface water Import o
From Chunar-sone Link project
c. Surface water Export
5,566
Nil
o
d. Overall availability at75Yo dependability 1,37,741 o
2. Surface Water Requirement for
i. Irrigation- Kharif - 34381 I
Rabi
HW
2838r
4t944
I
104706 a
ii. Domestic use :
iii. Industrial Use
84r7
9852 t
iv. Hydro-Power 5516
o
v. NavigationalNeeds l
vi. Ecology Needs f- 1401I t
vii. MorphologicalNeeds J
o
viii. Evaporation Losses 429
ix. Flushing Dose 2rt8' a
40342
Sub-Total 1,45,048 1,45,048 o
3. Regeneration Nil
o
4. Surface water Balance (-) 7307
NB: Regeneration has been taken as nil as water availability has been taken at the o
outfall points.
O
tV-r2 o
,
o
o
o
a
I
a
o
a
o 4.4 CONCLUSION

a 1. Assumptions made by N.W.D.A. for aoirios at water balance are not acceptable as
actual culturable are4 intensity of inigated agriculture as well as need of projected
a population have not been assessed properly.
o 2. The surface water Balance study done by the Committee with water need assessed as
o per actual CCA and projected intensity of irrigation shows a net deficit of 7307 MCM
(vide Table 4.5).
O
o 3. Season wise water balance has also been worked out Annexure 4.4 which
that water need assessed by NWDA. for various Link Canals schemes affecting
will reveal

o Bihar is much less than that assessed by the committee. This is because of following
two reasons.
o
a. CCA adopted by NWDA is much less than that assessed by SBSIC for these Basins
o
o b. The crop intensity limited to existing or IAAYo whichever is more adopted by NWDA is
too inadequate in comparison to 230Yo -250% projected by the committee to assess the
o 2050 AD needs.
o 4. The season wise surface water balance at Annexure 4.4 also shows that while there is
o surplus of 63,571 MCM of water during monsoon period (Kharif Season) there is a
deficit of 70,880 MCM during non-monsoon period (Rabi and F{W season). This
o indicates that there is urgent need to store the monsoon water in reservoir to prevent it
from going to waste and utilise it in non-monsoon. If possible the reservoir should be
o over the year storage capacity.
o
J. This study also reveals that water is short in both monsoon and non-monsoon period
o for the South Bihar basins whereas there is surplus component in monsoon period and
o a deficit in non-monsoon period in North Bihar basins.

o 6. Overall surplus or deficit of water in the state does not at all reflect the correct and real
picture. Surplus in monsoon only highlights the fact that 63,577 MCM of water though
o available is not utilisable on account of total absence of facility of storage and transftr
o for later use in other season or even in other region. Overall deficit in the present study
has increased because high rural population density, trend of rise in population and
o surplus labour force necessitates optimum use of land and also highest possible
irri gated agriculture.
o
,7
Even if ground water, which has not been considered in the study, is utilised, the deficit
a shall still remain.
o
8. Some urgent steps may be necessary to even partially store the monsoon surplus water
o to reduce the deficit, since planning of optimum irrigation intensity cannot be reduced.
o
IV-13
o
o
o
o
o
 a
o
These steps may be:- o
a. Transferring surplus monsoon water to other parts, on condition of getting the o
same in non- monsoon period in south Bihar.
o
b. Constructing maximum number of reservoirs to store the same in Nepal, South o
Bihar and Jharkhand with maximum capacity
o
c. Storing partially monsoon surplus as ground water to the extent possible. o
d. Keeping South Bihar reservoirs existing / under construction / proposed as full o
for Rabi and Hot weather irrigation by pumping monsoon surplus of upper
catchments and North Bihar through Ganga o
O
e. Adapting improved agricultural practices and knowledge of modern science for
saving wate/s need for crops & preventing wastages, o
o
a
o
o
o
O
o
a
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
ry-l4 o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o Annexure 4.1.4
tion Potential (unit in lla.
o sl. Conposite Basin ccA Kharif Rabi HW Total

a No.
I 2 3 4 ) 6 7
o I Agro( imatic Subzone 4
IA 3hashra-Mahi t297885
o Western Gandak Composite
JpperEastern Gandak
519154 415323 493196 389366

s99034 479227 569082 4r';9276 1497585

o 1B Jooer Burhi-Crandak Comoosite
,ower Eastern Candak Baya
o rc .ower Burhi Gandak composite 493648 394918 468966 370236 t234120
2 fansa Stem 211522 169218 200946 158642 528805
o iub-Total 182335E 1458686 r732190 1367519 4558395

o I Agro< ;limatic Sub-zone 5

3 laemati-Adhwara 482367 36t775 458249 385894 1205918

o 4 (amla Balan 322318 241739 306202 257854 805795

tusi 838100 628575 796195 670480 2095250

o 5
6 vlahananda M5t37 333E53 422880 3561 l0 ttt28r''3
o iub-Total 2087922 t565942 1983526 1670338 5219805

o foral I+II 391 1280 3024628 3715716 3037856 9778200

m Aeroclimatic Sub-zone 6 (a)

o 7 sanrulas:r 326709 310374 3 10374 163355 't84ro2

o 8 jone & Kao Ganei composite 493121 46846.5 468465 246561 I 183490
52t652 52r652 274554 13t7857
o 9 funpun
t0 iansa Stem
549tO7
38655 36722 36',122 19328 92772
o iub-Total 1407592 t3372r2 13372t2 703796 337822r

o IV Aeroclirnatic SuFzone 6 (b)

TI {arohar 590676 56tt42 53 1608 265804 1358555
o t2 Cul t20957 rt4909 108861 54431 278201

o 13 Sadua-Belharna 132530 125904 tt92'77 59639 304819

l4 lilasi Chandan Chir r58513 150587 1425r2 7t33r 3&580
o l5 ianga Stem t20272 t14258 108245 54122 276626
o iub-Total 1122948 1066801 1010653 50532',7 2582',780

o fOtAI III+IV 2530540 2404013 2347866 t209t23 5961001

Srand Total 644t820 5428641 6063582 4246979 t5739201
o Note: Intensity of Irrigation for
Kharif Rabi Hw Total
o i. North Bihar West 80oh 95oh 75yo
'15oA 95o 80%
250yo
ii. North Bihar Easl 250Yo
o iii- South Bihar West 95% 95oA 50yo 240yo
iv. South Bihar East 95yo 90oh 45yo 230yo
o
o
o IV-15

o
o
O
o
o
f
o
o
o
(In
Annexure 4.2.1 o
Season-wise water reouirement for ultimate Potential for Total Area MCM
il.No Compooite RiverBasin CCAin WaterRequirernent for Addi. req. of water Total Water needed seasonwise
(MCM)
o
Ha krigation (MCM) for Non-Irrig. (taking
1/3rd in each crop
season) (MCM)
a
Kharil Rabi rlw Total Kharil Rabi FIW Kharif Rabi HW Total o
) J 4 5 6 8 9 l0 lt t2 l3 14
Aproclimatic Subzone 4 o
Shagbra-ldahi Western
IA 3andak Comoosite 519154 2700 2333 3933 8965 881 881 88r 3581 3214 48t4 I 1608 o
Upper Eastern Gandak

IB
Upper Burhi4andak
lomoosite 59m34 3l l5 1992 4538 9644 @2
o
361'7 3617 3757 5609 8l 55 t7521
l,ower Eastern Gandak
Baya lower Burhi
o
IC Gandak comoosite 4936/.8 2567 2068 3739 8374 3448 2949 4920
881 881 881 I 1017
O
2 Ganea Sten 56899 296 256 431 983 100 100 100 J96 356 1283

SubTotal 1668735 8677 6648 t2&l 27967 25M 5479 5479 lll8l 12127
531

r8120 4t428
o
l Aercclirnatic Subzone
J lasmati-Adhwara 482367 1809 2016 3898 7723 734
5

734 734 2543 2750 4631 9924

o
4 fumla Balan 3223t8 1209 1347 2604 5160 514 514 514 1722 l86l 31 l8 6701 o
5

6
tusi
Matnnanda
838100 4086 4379 6772 t5237 832 4866 4866 491 8 9245 I 1638 25802 o
445t37 2170 2495 3597 8262 488 488 488 2658 2983 4085 9726
7 ianga Stern 154623 804 695 ttTr 2670 272 272 272 1076 967 t443 3486
o
iubTotal 224254s tw77 10932 18042 39052 28r',0 68'74 6874 12917 17807 249t6 55640 o
total I+II 391 1280 t8755 17581 30682 67018 5344 12353 t2353 24099 29934 43035 97068
o
m Agroclimatic Sub-zone 6 (A)
8 Gnnnasa 326709 2017 1428 1666 5l I I 231 z5l 231 2249 1659 l 898 5806
o
9
Jone & Kao Gangi
;omposite 493r21 3045 2 155 2st5 7715 616 ll16 il16 366r 327r 363 r 10563
a
l0 lunpun 549107 339t 24W 2800 8591 557 557 557 394'l 2956 3357 1026r o
1l llanea Stem

lub.Total
38655

t407592 8692
239 169

6151
t97
7t79
605 68 68

t972
68 307

t0r64
23'1 265 809
o
22022 la tz 19'72 8123 9t 5l 27437
ry Asroclimatic Subzone 6 (B o
t2

l3
Jarohar

Kiul
590676 3U7 2445 2148 8241 854 854 854 4501 3299 3001 10801 o
t20957 747 50r 440 1687 r35 t35 636 2092
t4 ladua-Belhama r32530 818 549 482
135 882 s75
a
1849 135 155 155 953 704 oJ/ 2293
l5 Silasi Chandan Chir t58513 979 6s6 576 22tl 264 284 284 1243 940 860 3044 o
l6 3anga Stem n4272 743 498 437 1678 212 212 2t2 954 709 u9 2313
o
Jub-Total n22948 6934 4649 4083 I 5666 I 599 I 639 I 639 8533 6288 5722 20543
Iotal III+IV 2530540 15626 10800 n262 37688 3071 361 I 361 I 18697 14411 14872 47980
o
frand Total 5441820 34381 28381 41944 to4'706 8415 t5964 r 5964 42796 44345 57908 r45048 o
o
o
IV-16
O
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
O Annexure 4.2.2
Basinwise Non Irigation Surface Water requirer nent for 2050
a sl. Name of Basin Domestic Industrial & Power Navigation/ Flushing Evaporation Anticipated
Total water
a No. Use Commercial
Use
Ecology/
Dose for River
Dose l,osses
Consumption
Momholoev
O I 2 J 4 ) 6 7 8 9

o I
Ghaghra-Mahi Westen
AerGclirnatic sub-zone 4

a IA Gandak Composite 865.87 1013.43 567.42 151.99 44.t1 2642.82

Upper Eastern Gandak
o Upper Burhi-Gandak
IB Composite 669.69 783.82 438.86 5950.00 34.t2 7876 48
o Lower Eastern Gandak
Baya Lower Burhi
o IC Gandak comoosite 865.61 l013.l3 567.25 t51.94 44.10 2642.03

o 2 Sanga Stem 98.35 ll5.lt 64.45 17.26 5.01 300. l9

lub-Total 2499.51 2925.49 1637.99 6271.2 0.00 t27.33 t3461.52
O II Asro-clirnatic zub-zone 5

o .J Baprnati-Adhwara 721.34 844.27 472.71 t26.62 36.75 220t.69

4 Kamla Balan 504.81 590.84 330.81 88.61 25.72 1540 78
o Kosi 868.09 1016.03 568.88 5950.00 2l l8 44.22 10565.2l

o 6
'l
Mahananda 479.89 561.68 314.48 84.24 24.4s t464.74
Ganea Stem 267.27 312.82 t75.15 46.92 13.62 815.78
o iub-Total 284t.40 3325.64 1862.03 6296.38 2l l8 144.75 16588.21

o total I+II 5340.91 625t.t3 3500.02 12567.59 2l l8 272.08 30049.72

III Agro+limatic sub-zone 6 (West)
o 8 sarmnasa 227.49 266.26 149.08 39.93 I1.59 694.35
o 7
ione & Kao Gangi
;omDosite 642.29 . 751.75 420.91 1000.00 32.72 2847.68
o 9 funpun 54',1.O',| 640.30 358.51 96.03 27.87 1669."78

o l0 Sansa Stem 66.79 ?8.17 43.77 tt.72 3.40 203.8s

Sub-Total 1483.64 t736.49 972.26 tt47.69 0.00 75.58 5415.65

a IV Affo-climatic zub-zone 6 (East)
o ll Harohar 839.00 981.98 549.81 t4'7.27 42.74 2560.81
t2 Kiul 132.53 155.1 I 86.85 23.26 6.75 404.51
o l:l Badua-Belharna t40.62 164.58 92.r5 40.00 7.16 444.51

o I.l Bilasi Chandan Chir

l5 Ganea Stem
272.62
20'1.92
319.08
243.36
t78.66
136.26
47.85
36.50
13.89
10.59
832.
634.63
l0

a iub-Total t592.69 t864.t2 t043.72 294.88 0.00 81. l4 4876.55

o Total III+IV
3ran d Total
3076.33
8417.24
3600.60
985t.74
2015.98
5516.00
1442.57
140 10. l6
000
2l 18
t56.72
428.80
10292.20
4034t.92
o Note: 100olo of Urban and 50% of Rural domestic demand is to be met tiom SW. Only 50% of Rural domestic dernand and
100% of live Stock demand is to be met from GW. as per NWDA report.

o For Rivers Gandak & Kosi, Navigation and Morphology demand is kept @ 283 cumecs for non-monsoon season (8 months)
only since adequate water is available during monsoon months and not required to be released.

o IV-17

O
o
o
o
o
 o
o
o
o
Annexure 4.3.1
o
Surface Water Resources in river Basins of Bihar
I
sl. Name ofBasin Catchments Area TSYoDependable water availabilty in MCM o
No. (Sq.Km.) As assessed by SBSIC As assessed by the
Committee o
Outside within Iotal
;tate itate
)utside Within Iotal
;tate
)utside Within lotal o
State ;tate State
I 2 a
J 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll o
Shaghra t24955 2995.4 t27950 68015 839.7 68855 :r
1

\dahi 2507.8 2507.8 0 799.r 799.1

840
799
840
799
o
2 Sandak
3aya
36610 4187.7
2775.7
40798
277s.7
50810 1173.9 51984 45109**
0 1067.2 1067.2
tt74 46283 I
1067 1067
-J lurhi-Gandak 2420 9601.4 12021 813.3 3226.7 4040 813 3227 4040
o
Bagmati-
4 Adhwara 7884 6499.9 14384 5080.9 2t84.4 7265.3 508 I 2184 726s
o
5
6
Karnla Balan
Kosi
2744
62615
4487.7
tt4t0.2
7231.7
74025
174t.3 I508 I 3249.4 t74l 1508 3249 o
47065 5154 52219 36461** sl54 41615
7 Mahananda 7157.7 6150. I 13308 5612.4 4267.9 9880.3 1627*** 4268 5895 o
fotal North Bihar 244385 50615.9 295001 179138 20221 199359 90832 20221 u1053 o
8 Karmnasa 2665.2 st26.9 7792.r
9 Sone 67t63 3064.8 70228
487.1
17600
937
335
1424.1
17935
309" 937 t245 o
7709## 7709
l0 Kao-Ganei 4128.8 4128.8 0 884.4 884 4 884 884 o
1l ?unpun 979 8046.7 9025.7 244.4 2009.1 2253.5 244 2009 2253
t2 fiul 42r 2629.5 3050.5 98 612.3 710.3 98 6t2 7t0
o
l3 farohar
ladua-
4272.3 9900.7 14t73 994.7 2305.3 3300 995 2305 3300 a
t4
lelharna 22t5 2215 0 736.8 736.8 0 737 737
o
lilasiChandan
l5
lhir 1483.3 2609.t 4093 540.4
1491 I950.7 540 951
o
1491
fotal South Bihar 76984 37722.1 114706 19965
287358770.6 9894 8435 r8329 o
t6 Sanea Stem 5473.3 5473.3 8s000 87793 2793 * 2793
Grand Total 321369 93811.3 415180 284102 31785 315887 100726 31449
2793
t32175
o
Source: The Second Bihar Irrigation Commission (199a)
a
Note:-
o
*
o
Flows of river Ghaghra and Ganga from catchment area out side are considered not to
available for use in Bihar.
be
o
* * Flows of river Gandak and Kosi from catchment area out side state is taken as indicated below:
o
O1
o
IV-l8
o
o
O
o
o
o
O
o
a A. Gandak river basin:

o Available flows at proposed Gandak regulatory dam after utilization in Nepal. according to Water
Balance study ofNWDA 50576 MCM
o Utilisation in U.P. & Nepal wide SBSIRC 1994 (page l8 Vol.III)
o i. Western Main Canal U.P.(4383 MCM)+ Nepal (325 MCM): 4708 MCM
o ii. Eastern Main Canal Nepal (759 MCM): 759 MCM
o Total utilization in U.P.& Nepal below barrage 5467MCM
Thus net available flow for Bihar at Barrage 45109 MCM
o
B. Kosi river basin:
o
According to NWDA simulation study of Kosi High Dam
o water to below dam = 40377 MCM
o Use in Chatra Canal system (58,000 ha CCA):
Net availability below dam
3916 MCM
3646r MCM
o *** In case of river Mahananda a flow of 162l MCM of water is proposed to be made available
o from MSTG Link. Hence only this very flow is considered to be available as flow from
catchment area out side state.
o
# In Karmnasa Basrr, apart from Musakhar agreement, 308 MCM (0.25 MAF) from Ganga at
o Zamana as per Bansagar agreement is available for use and is considered from outside state.

o ## In case of river Sone, no water from catchment below Indrapuri Barrage is considered to be
o available for the Sone canal Command. In this river basin tlre rvater available rvill be limited to
7709 MCM (6.25 MAF) as details given below:
o i. Total share of Bihar including Jharkhand : 9559 MCM (7.75 MAF)
o
ii. Use in Jharkhand = 1850 MCM (l.50MAF)
o
Balance for Bihar =7709 MCM (6 25 MCM)
o
o Break up being 592MCM (0.48 MAF) in U/S of Barrage and 7l l7 MCM (5.77 MAF) from Barrage

o
o
o
o
o
o
o IV-19

o
O
o
o
o
o
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I
a
o
I CHAPTER V
I
FOCUS ON FLOOD MODERATION- KOSI-GHAGHRA LINK
O
SCHEME (TOR_2)
o s.0 Kosi-Ghaghra Link canal project (As prepared by NWDA)
o 5.1 Objectives
)
The Kosi- Ghaghra link Canal project envisages transfer of 7482 MCM of water
o annually from right bank of the river Kosi at Chatra in Nepal to Ghaghra river in India in
order
o to extend irrigation to un-irrigated portion of the region north of thJ Ganga lying between the
west of the Kosi and east of the Ghaghra. The quantity of water that proposed to be transferred
I through this link, as indicated above, will cater to the en route watei requirement of 7339
MCM, which includes irrigation, domestic & industrial use. A provision of ti: MCM of water
o has been made towards transmission losses.
An index plan showing the layout of the scheme is enclosed at Plate no. l.
o
o 5.2 Salient Features

o The salient features of the Kosi-Ghaghra rink canal are as follow :

o i. Otr-takes with FSL I 13 m at Chatra barrage having proposed pond level I 13 4 m.
ii. Out-falls into river Gaura ( a tributary of river Rapli which in turn joins the river
o Ghaghra) at FSL 74.51m.
iii- Length of the link canal - 428.76 Km of which 278.29 Km lies in Nepal and 150.47
o Km in India (76.19 Km in Bihar and 74.2g Km in uttar pradesh).
o iv. En route inigation to about 10.58 lakh ha. of CCA (l 74 lakh ha. in Nepal and g.g4
lakh ha in India)
o v. With intensity of irrigation 100% water needs for irrigationisT2gl MCM (1200 MCM
in Nepal and 6091 MCM in India). Additional provision of 48 MCM for industrial and
o domestic water supply.
o vi.
vii.
Bed Slope l:20,000
Lined lV: 1.5 H
a viii There is no major or medium reservoir project en-route to the Kosi-Ghaghra link canal.

o 5.3 General Outline of the Scheme

o 5.3.1.The proposed link canal takes off from right bank of Chatra barrage on river Kosi with
I FSL of 113 m and travels 428.76 Km to outfall into river Gaura in U.P.
lwhictr later joins river
Rapti a few km downstream) with FSL of 74.51m. There is no lift involved and the link canal
a flows under gravity with a bed slope of l:20000. The link canal initially passes through Nepal
o up to 278.29 km after which it enters Indian territory near village Basanipur about 2 Km east
of Mainatand where the canal crosses the Mainatand Bettiah PWD road at Km 2g0.40. The
o link canal thereafter runs through west Champaran district of Bihar crossing Ghorasahan
Branch Canal, Triveni Canal just as it enters Bihar. It then crosses the distribuiion system of
o Triveni Canal on its way and finally crosses Trihut Main Canal near about villaee Belwa
o
o
O
a
O
a
 O
O

before it turns in southerly direction to cross river Gandak at Km. 333.67, at village Rajwatia.
The link canal thereafter passes through West Champaran distria of Bihar upto km. 356.54
and then runs for 72.22 Km. in Deoria and Ghorakpiur District crossing western Gandak Canal
on its way at Km. 357.81 near village Fakirahwan in UP before dropping finally in river Gaura
at Km. 428.76.

5.3.2 En-route the link canal there is proposal to construct three barrages on major rivers
namely i.)Kamla at 121.00 km, ii) Bagrnati at 202.79 km and iiD Gandak at 333.67 km with
head regulator and silt ejectors for flexibility of canal operation

5.3.3 On other river/canal crossings 82 nos. of C.D Works are proposed as below
Aquaduct l6 Nos.
Syphon Aquaduct l7 Nos.
Canal Syphon 43 Nos.
Super Passage 6 Nos.
Total 82 Nos.

Salient crossing points of the link canal are described below:

i. Km. 12.7 to Km. 18.7 -Runs through tunnel in Nepal
ii. Km 121.00 -Level crossing on river Kamla near village Betaha (Nepal)
iii. Km 202.79 -Level crossing on river Bagmati near village Hararia (Nepal)
iv. Km. 251.55 -Birganj Amlakhganj Rly line crossing near Birganj(Nepd)
v. l<m.29999 -Darbhanga-Narkatiganj Rly line crossing near Pakri
W.Champaran)
vi. Km 304.08 -Narkatiganj-Bagaha Rly line crossing near village Salempur
(W.Champaran)
vii. Km. 317.43 -Super Passage on river Masan near village Raibari Mahuawa
(W. Champaran)
viii.Km. 333.67 -Level crossing on river Gandak near village Rajbatia
(W.Champaran)
ix. Km.357.81 -Canal Syphon on Western Gandak Main Canal near
Farikahwan U.P.

5.3.5 The link canal is designed as lined canal with cast-in-situ C.C. lining of Ml5 Grade. Its
discharge at head reach 0 to 90 Km. is l02l Cumecs which tapers down to 67.20 Cumecs in
tail reach (Km. 330-Km.428.76). Its bed width varies from 74 m at head to 26 m at tarl while
FSD varies from 8.0 m to 3.0 m

5.4 WATER BALANCE STUDY BY NWDA

5.4.1 YieldComputations
NWDA has assessed the water availability of the Kosi river upto proposed Kosi High
Dam at Barahkshetra. The annual flows available for the period from 1947 to 1990 (44 years)
at Barahkshetra G&D site maintained by the CWC have been utilized for working outtheTsYo
v-2
 and 50yo dependable flows. The 75Yo and the 50% dependable yield at Kosi High Dam site at
Barahkshetra are given below in the water balance computations.

5.4.2 Water Balance

a The annual water Balance has been worked out by NWDA considering yield available
from river Kosi only at Barahkshetra dam site after accounting all needs i.e. upstream
a requirements as well as downstream requirement for existing Eastern and Western Kosi canals
I at Hanumanagu Barrage including Eastern and Western Chatra canal as envisaged in the
feasibility report of Kosi High Dam prepared by CWC. The Balance water available from
o en-route river basins viz. Kamla-Balan, Bagmati, Burhi-Gandak & Gandak have not
been included for diversion through the link since as stated by IYWDA the link canal
o traverses in the central region of the catchments where surplus water in the rivers are
o not anticipated or studied and further detailed study has to be done to firm up the
surplus at these crossing points.
o
The water balance thus worked out shows an annual surplus of 19253 MCM at
o dependability as computed below
75%o

o Table'5.1
o Surface \ilater Balance of river Kosi upto Kosi high Dam
o A. Surface Water Unit:MCM
o I. Availabilitv

a a) Gross annual Yield

i. At7\%dependability
o ii At 50Yo dependability
46727.00
52020 00
o
b) Surface \ilater export (-)
o i. Existing-Kosi Project- 3303 65
ii. On-Going- Nil
a iii. Proposed-
o Kosi High Dam Project
Eastern Chatra Canal- 897.79
o Western Chatra Canal- 6071.04
For increasing inigation intensity
o of Kosi Project command by 35.5%o 1358.49
o Existing Kosi Project 822.64
Sub-Total 12453.61 (-) 124s3 61
a
c) Overall Availability
o 1. At 7 5o/o dependability 34273.39
o 1i. At 50Y" dependability 39s66.39

o v-3
o
o
o
a
o
o
 o
o
o
IL Water Needs a
a) Irigation Use
o
2897.65
o
i. Existing-Kosi Project-
ii. On-Going- Nil o
iii. Proposed-
Kosi High Dam Project
o
Eastern Chatra Canal- 2344.76 o
Western Chatra Canal- 2415.36
For increasing inigation intensity a
of Kosi Project command bY 35.5% 884.68
8s02.45 8502.45
O
Sub-total
a
b) Domestic Use 42.00
o
c) Industrial Use Nil
o
d) Hydro Power(For evaporation) 238.00
o
e) Flushing Dose 2522.00 o
f) Upstream utilization for Nepal
o
o
i. Domestic 330.00
ii. Industrial 330.00 o
3584.00
iii. Irrigation
4244.00 4244.00
o
Subtotal 15845.45 a
III. Regeneration from upstream utilization 528.00 a
fV. Surface Water Balance
o
i. At75% dependability t92s2.94 o
ii. At 50% dependability 24545.94
a
5.4.3. Water Transfer Through the Link o
Out of annual surplus of 19253 MCM at 75oh dependability worked out above, o
7482MCMI of water is proposed to be transferred through this Kosi-Ghaghra Link Canal to
meet the irrigational, domestic and industrial uses of Nepal and India portion which are lying o
still un-inigated. Out of 7482 MCM of water 7339 MCM is for en-route irrigation, domestic o
and industrial purposes while 143 MCM is for transmission losses.
o
v-4 o
o
o
o
o
o
o
 s.s WATER REQUTREMENT

5.5.1 Details of Command Area

The culturable area proposed to be commanded by the link canal has been worked
out by deducting the CCA of existing/ongoing/proposed Major/IVledium Projects from the
CCA bounded by the link canal between west of Kosi and east of Ghaghara and north of
Ganga since no provision for irrigation requirement has been made through this link canal for
the existing/Ongoing/proposed projects command as it has been assumed by NWDA that there
is sufficient water available in the command river system to meet the irrigation requirement of
o these projects having irrigation intensity more than rcA%. Accordingly the area to be
o commanded by link canal comes to 1058135 ha as per details below:
Table- 5.2
o Details of CCA of Link Canal (in IIa
CCA of
I sl.
no
Country/ G.C.A.
State
c.c.A.
covered
CCA of Existing/ongoing
Proposed Projects Link
by link Canal
e Canal col.4 (-)
o col.5

t I
I
2
Nepal
J
345410
4
276328 Kamla Barrage
5
(existing) 25000
6

o (existing)
Bagmati 37000
Proposed- 30,000
o Chandra Canal (renovation) 8750
Chandra Canal extension 1460
o Total 102210 t7 41 t8
a 2 India
i. Bihar 331916 2586695 Western Kosi Canal(on-going) 2,24,200
o Balan I
o Kamala Irrg. Proiect (exising) 39900
Basmati Irrig.Proiect(poposed) 110000
a Lalbakiya Weir Scheme (existing) 14500
Burhi C'andak Barrage (existing) 90000
a Gandak Project (existing)
t Eastern canal
Western Canal
696000
591215
I Total 1769415 817281
243522 Western Gandak Canal (existing) 176785 66736
o ii. u.P.
Grand
286517
394834] 3 I 06545 2048410 1058135
a Total

o Source: Annexure 7.2 of NWDA Report of Kosi- Ghaghra Link Project

o v-5
o
o
o
a
O
a
O
 o
o
o
5.5.2 Water requirement o
i. The new un-irrigated culturable area of 1058135 Ha. of the link canal is proposed to
be commanded with l00oh intensity of inigation. As per suggested cropping pattern based on o
climatological approach the weighted delta works out to 0.690 m. Accordingly the water
requirernent for the link canal has been computed below:
o
o
* Irrigation requirement = 0.69m x 1058135 ha.: 7291 MCM
* Domestic Requirement 24IN dC}l4
o
* Industrial Requirement 24MCM o
7339 MCM
t Transmission Loss 143 MCM O
Total water requirement 7482 MCM
ii.
The monthwise water requirement for the purpose of canal operation at l}}yo o
irrigation intensity works out as below o
Table.5.3 a
Month
Month
Water
Water Demand
Domestic Industrial
Unit: MCM
Transmission Total Demand in t
need for
en-route
Need Need Loss water
Demand
Cumecs
o
Irrisation a
I 2 J 4 5 6 7
June 8t4.76 02 02 15 93 834.69 322.03
o
Julv 2433.7 02 02 47.6 2485.3 927.90 O
Auzust t460.23 02 02 28.56 1492.79 557.34
September 772.44 02 02 15.1 792t.54 30s.38 o
October
Kharif
52.91
5534.04
02
l0
02
l0
1.03
108.22
57.94
5662.26
21.63
42E.34
o
November 455.00 02 02 8.9 467.9 180.52 I
December
January
296.28
380.93
02
02
02
02
5.79
7.45
306.07
392.38
rt4.z7
146.50
I
February 402.09 02 02 7.86 413.95 17t.tl o
Rabi 1534.3 08 08 30.00 1580.3 r52.42
March 95.23 02 02 I.86 101.09 37.74 o
April
Mav
63.49
63.49
02
0z
02
02
1.24
t.24
68.73
68.73
26.52
25.66
I
HW 222.21 06 o6 4.34 238.55 30.01 a
Total 7290.5s 24 24 r42.56 7481.11
say 7291 say 7482 237.25
o
o
Source: Annexure 7.1 of NWDA Report of Kosi-Ghaghra Link Project
o
iii. From the above table the Season-wise water requirement works out as below:
o
v-6 o
a
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
) Table- 5.4
o Season-wise Water uirement {Unit MCM
Sl.No. Season Irrigation requirement Transmission Loss' Total
o I 2 3 4 5
Kharif
o I
2 Rabi
5554
1550
109 5663
30 I 580
o a
J HW 235 4 239
4 Total 7339 143 7482
O
o 5.6 OBSERVATIONS AIYD FINDINGS BY TIIE EXPERT COMMITTEf,

o 5.6.1 Provision of missing Structures

A perusal of the Pre feasibility report of link canal reveals that structures on crossings
O of Ghorasahan Branch Canal and Triveni Canal just after crossing Indo-Nepal Border and on
o crossing of Trihut Main Canal just before it joins Gandak are missing. These should be
included while finalising the scheme.
o
5.6.2 Irrigation Intensity
o The proposed irrigation intensity for the new area being commanded by the link canal
is only 100%. While, no provision has been made for increase in irrigation intensity of the
o existing/On-going/Proposed projects falling en-route. This appea.r grosly inadequate.
o As already explained in Chapter-Il of this report the projected inigation intensity
should not be less than 250% by 2050 AD for this area in order to meet the food and fodder
o needs of growing population and growth of irrigation facilities with backup of storage
reservoir. The water requirement should therefore be revised to achieve 250% intensity -of
o irrigation. This is essential in view of fact that "Maximum Production per unit Area", muit be
o achieved before transferring water.

o 5.6.3 Water Demand and availability

o a. The water requirement in Kamla-Balan and Bagmati Basin falling in the command of link
o Canal has been thus re-estimated as follows
i. As part of Kamla-Balan basin and Ganga-stem basin is covered by proposed Kosi-
o Mechi Link Canal and Gandak-Ganga Link Canal respectively, the same has been excluded.
o Accordingly the net CCA covered by the Kosi Ghaghara Link Canal comes to g52.622 ha. as
worked out below
o Table-5.5
sl. Name of Basin Total CCA CCA covered by CCA in Command of
o No. in Ha. other scheme in Ha. Kosi Ghaehara in Ha.
o I 2 J 4 5
I Kamla-Balan 3.22_318 1.06.686 2,15,632
o 2 Bagmati 4,82,367 nil 4,82,367
o J
4
Ganga-Stem
Total
3,70,449
11,75,734
2.15.826 1.54.623
3,22.512 8,52,622
o v-7
o
a
o
o
o
o
 o
o
o
ii. Crop intensrty of 25ff/o (Khatif 75o/o, Rabi 95%, FIW 80%) has been adopted as I
explained in chapter-IV of this Report, at Para 4.1.3
iii. Non inigation needs have also been assessed as per norms explained in Chapter-Il.
o
iv. In accordance with above the water requirement has been computed in enclosed o
Annexure 5.6.3 This annorure shows the demand as below.
Table 5.6
o
Water Demand (in NlCIvl O
Sl.No. Particulars Monsoon Non-Monsoon Total
I 2
a
) 4 5 o
I
2
Irrieation demand
Non-Irrisation demand
3422
1349
10423
2698
13845
4047
o
Total 4771 t3121 t7892 o
v. Annexure 5.6.3 also shows that against above water demand, the water available is o
9,544 MCM in monsoon and only 1,061 MCM in non monsoon i.e. 10,605 MCM in
total. The net result, therefore, is that while there is surplus of 4,774 MCM in monsoon
o
there is huge shortage of 12,06l MCM in non-monsoon. o
vi. To offset the shortage of water in non- monsoon period, provision of storage
reservoir on Kamla at Chisapani and on Bagmati at Noothore and Masan dam on o
Masan, Burhi-Gandak tributary, should also be incorporated in the Scheme. This
will also provide some flood moderation in these basins.
o
a
5.6,4 Problem of Flood
o
The proposal of construction of
storage reservoir as part of interlinking of River
o
scheme have raised high hopes for achieving long term sustainable flood moderation. But the
pre-feasibility report prepared by NWDA reflects that while planning the Kosi-Ghaghra Link o
Canal, the prevailing problem of flood of the river basins lying en-route has been completely
ignored whereas all the river basins lying en-route viz. Kamla Balan, Bagmati (with Adhwara o
group of rivers), Burhi Gandak and Gandak basins are badly affected by flood. In fact the area
covered by the link canal is the worst flood affected area of Bihar.
o
On the major river crossing points viz. Kamla Balan (at Km 121.00). Bagmati (at Km a
202.79) and Gandak (at Km 333.67) there is provision of constructing barrages only, which is
not going to solve the problem of flood in any way. The other rivers lying in between are o
planned to cross the Kosi-Ghaghra Link Canal through Cross Drainage works although some
of them carry substantial discharge during monsoon. The monsoon discharge carried through
o
these rivers aggravates the problem of flood in major part of North Bihar o
It is again to be added that out of the total geographical area of 58.50 L Ha of North
Bihar 44.46 LHa i.e. 76.020A area is flood prone. As yet only 25.08 L Ha area has been o
brought under reasonable/short term protection by constructing embankment. On some of the
rivers lying en-route of Kosi-Ghaghra Link Canal either there is no embankment or the
o
embankments constructed are in part only. For example the Bagmati river is embanked in part o
and there is no embankment on the Adhwara Group of rivers which frequently cause
catastrophe in the basin from flood water during monsoon. At the same time the basin suffers o
from drought for want of any irrigation system.
v-8
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o The embankment constructed (under short term
measures) is meant to check the spill
water only, but due to zubsequent aggradation
of river u.a uy silt deposition (in Bihar portion)
O the meandering tendency of the riiJrs has
accelerated and trre emuantmenis are often
put
o under erosion rezulting frequent breaches. As
solved, any attempt.to provide irrigation
such *
,ont as the problem of flood is not
will be of no use. The problem of flood as well as
o irrigation of the basins in questionlnill hun.
to be solvJsimultaneously. whereas the study
made by the NWDA does not include any
device rorlrre solution o"itr,. more pertinent
o problem of flood particularly of the river
basins llng en-route to the proposed Kosi-Ghaghra
a Link Canal that needs to be addressed in the schem
.
-
o It is, therefore, suggested that proposed dams on Kanrla, Bagmati and Burhi-Gandak
o [mT"?H]Jf"to
also form pu.t oi rosi-crraghara li* ,"t .r. io r.,rmi its objective of
O
5.6.5 Flood Diversion from the link Canal
o
5'6'5'l under certain conditions flood moderation can
be accomplished by transferring flood
o water from one catchments to other. In such cases
a flood way can be ur.d fo, transferring
or part ofthe discharge from one river to another full
o river.
As the area falling in the command of the link
canal covers the major flood prone area
o of Bihar lying between Kosi on east and Gandak on
provides a golden opportunity of utilising it
west as explained above, this link canal
to function as a flood diversion channel also
o besides functioning as inigation channel

o 5'6'5'2 The feasibility of using the link channel as

a flood diversion channel has accordingly
o been examined and it was found that it is possible
part of Kamla
to utilize the link channel for transferring
flood to the extent of 960 cumecs into Bagmati
o flood to the extent of 850 cumecs to either Gandak
and thereafter Kamla or Bagmati
o, bh-ghra river which get flooded later
than the flood of Kamla and Bagmati. A look
o at the dominant flood discharge of these rivers
and discharge that can be diverted through the proposed
link canal as giu*Lro* will show
o that a good percentage of flood water can be diveried
during high stage of these rivers which
will bring immense rerief to the flood affected peopre
of these basins.
o
o Name of the River FIood
Discharge that
o can be Diverted
o 3000 cumecs
o
o 5'6'5'3 As explained above the link canal capacity
shall have to be 960 cumecs between Kanrla
crossing (l2l Km') to Bagmati crossing (202.7g-rtn.; i.". between
o t1T:"1-b:tween Bagmati crossing to Gandak crossing
Kms l2l to 202.79and g50
(333.67 Kms) i.e. between Kms 202.7g
o - 333'67 for required flood diversion. But the p."r*n,i"rlgn.o
than the discharge required for flood diversion of the link canal is less
as detaired b"erow "upucity
o v-9
o
o
o
o
o
o
 o
a
o
o
Reach in Km 0-90 90-150 tsa-n4 t74-230 230-333.67 333.67-428.76
Discharge in cumecs l02l 900.20 460 346.80 t26 67.20
o
say 900 sav 350 o
Bed width (m) 74.00 65.00 55.00 40.00 30.00
F.S.D (m) 8.00 8.00 6.00 6.00 4.00
26.O0
3.00
o
It is thus evident that the present designed capacity of the link canal will have to be
o
increased from Km l2l i.e. Kamla crossing to Km lil.oi i.e. upto Gandak
crossing as below.
o
Reach Present Capacity in Cumecs
o
Required capacity in cumecs
Km. l2l-150 900 960 o
Km 150 -202.79 460/3s0 960
Km.202.79-230 350 850
o
Km 230-333.67 126 850 o
It is '
capacity, it
however, seen that if present channel itself is widened to cater to the required
may lead to siltation of the channel when the canal will be running with low
o
discharge varylng from 460 cumecs to 126 cumecs for irrigation purposes
in a channel having o
capacity of 960 cumecs to 850 cumecs.
o
5.6.5.4 Proposal for making the part of Kosi-Ghaghra Link canal as flood o
diversion channel
o
a For making the Kosi Ghaghra Link canal below km 101.0 as flood diversion channel
it is o
proposed that the present designed capacity of the link canal beyond Km. 121.00
be
increased by providing an additional parallel channel for the balance discharge
as detailed o
below for use during flood diversion in conjunction with the irrigation channel
o
I Km. t2l to 150 -The present capacity of link canal itself be increased from 900
o
cumecs to 960 cumecs
2 Km 150 to 202.79 -a. The link canal should continue with 460 cum@ o
beyond 174 Kms upto 202.79 Kms
-b. A parallel channel for balance 500 cumecs capacity should be o
provided so that a total of 460 + 500 - 960 cr*e"i can be diverted o
during flood.
3. Km.202.7-333 67 -a The link canal should continue witn rso@ a
beyond Km.230 upto Km 333.67
-b. A parallel channel f6r balance 500 cumecs capacity should be o
provided so that a total of 350 + 500 i.e g50
"rr-e"i
cun be diverted o
during flood.
4 Km. 0 to 121 and No change is required. o
333.67 to 428.76
o
o
v-10
o
o
a
o
o
o
o
O
o
a
O b) In accordance with above, additional FI/I( for parallel channel shall have to be provided at
l2l Km., 150 Km. and 202.79 Kms. The FI/R for irrigation purposes shall also have to be
o suitably modifi ed accordingly.

o 5.6.5.5 The above proposal will have to be investigated and examined in detail with flood
o hydrograph and frequenry of floods in Kamla, Bagmati and Gandak which could not be done
by this committee in absence of required data.
o
O 5.6.6 Flood Moderation in Bagmati- Adhwara group of rivers

o 5.6.6.1 A rough study was made on the possibility of flood moderation in river Bagmati
through Intra-State River Linking i.e. by linking of river Kosi-Bagmati with Ganga near
o Mansi.
o It is seen that combined flow of Kosi and Bagmati near Badlaghat takes eastward
direction and flows parallel to the Ganga for about 28 Kms. before joining it at Kursela. Before
o joining Kosi, the river Bagmati is joined by Kamla, Kareh, Gehua etc. and carries the
combined flow into Kosi. But due to long travel of Kosi between Badlaghat to Kursela with
o very flat slope, the evacuation of floodwater of river Bagmati is delayed even if outfall
condition is favourable i.e. Ganga.is low as wits noticed during floods of 2004. Bagmati
o generally gets flooded very early in July itself when Ganga is very Low. There is, therefore,
o possibility of its quick drainage into Ganga if the travel of floodwater draining into Ganga
between Badlaghat to Kursela can be shortened. This appears possible by providing a suitable
o and well oriented cut in the river Kosi near Mansi for linking it with river Ganga. The length
of this channel or cut will be much less than the present length of 28 Kms between Badlaghat
o to Kursela and slope of link/cut will also get steeper thus helping in quick drainage of flood
o water ofBagmati into Ganga.

o 5.6.6.2 Besides providing quick drainage of early flood in Bagmati- Adhwara group of rivers
this linVcut will give following benefits
O
o i. It will help in drainage of base flow of river Kosi-Bagmati, thus decreasing the
drainage congestion of the area during flood and accelerate the drainage of water
o logged area after monsoon
o The water logged area at the confluence of Bagmati, Kamla and Kosi in
o Kuseshwarsthan and Madepur Block which remains affected by water accumulation
almost throughout the year will get an outlet for quick drainage.
o
The flow of Kosi diverted through the cut may be utilised for generation of hydel
o power by utilizing the differential head available at the outfall.
o
5.6.6.3 This proposal will involve provision of bridges on the NH 31 and Barauni-Katihar Rly
a line of NE railway, locks for navigation and hydro-power unit. Its effect on morphology of
o river Kosi also needs to be studied.

o v-l I
O
o
o
O
o
 o
o
a
The Committee, therefore, suggests that proper survey, investigation, design and model
o
tests may be conducted before embarking on the proposal to find out its real utility and o
benefits. It is, however, felt that the aforesaid problem viz. quick drainage of early flood in
Bagmati-Adhwara goup of rivers, removal of acute drainage cbngestion in ttris zone as well
as
o
generation of hydropower are very-very vital and pressing needs of State of Bihar. The
proposal should, therefore, be purzued to its logical end.
o
o
5.7 Recommendations
o
In view of observations and findings discussed in foregoing paras following o
recommendations are made
o
The Kosi Ghaghra r jnk Canal as proposed by NWDA may be accepted with a proviso
that it should cater for irrigation intensity of 250Yo for both un-irrigated area and area o
under existing/ongoing/proposed Irrigation Schemes falling in the en-route command.
Water demand should be worked out accordingly.
o
2. To offset the shortage of water in the non-monsoon period and for flood moderation,
o
provision of storage reservoir on Kamla at Chisapani and on Bagmati at Noonthore o
and Masan dam in Burhi-Gandak basin should be incorporated in the scheme.
o
J. Suitabie structure on its crossing with a.) Ghorashan Branch Canal, b.) Triveni
and c.) Trihut Main canal. which is missing in the proposal should be provided.
Canal o
o
4. The Link Canal can be utilised for diversion of flood of river Kamla and Bagmati
some alteration and additions in the scheme as suggested in para 5.6.5.4.
with o
NWDA should consider these proposals and carry out detailed survey and
investigation for this purpose.
o
a
5 The feasibility of Kosi-Ganga link at Mansi to mitigate flood problem in Bagmati-
Adhwara group of rivers and drainage congestion at the confluenie of Bagmati,
o
Kamla
and Kosi needs to be examined in depth after detailed survey and inveitigation and o
model tests
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
v-12
o
o
o
o
a
o
o
o
o
o
o Annexure: 5.6.3
I Assessment of waterrequirement in proposed Kosi-Ghaghra
link canal
a for irrigation & Non-irrigation needs

o sl. Name of basin Total Part of

No CCA CCA in
o (Ha) KGLC
o command Total area to be irrigated in ha Water demand irrigation
(MCM)
to be
o irrigated
o I 2 J
CrIa)
4 5 6 "7
8 9 l0 il 12
o Kharif Rabi H.W. Total
Kharil Rabi H.W Total
lntensiE 0.75 0.95 , 0.8 0.44 l.0l
o I Baemati 18236',1 482367
Delta
0.5
,61775 +58249 385894 1205918 I 809 2016 3898
2 Karnla balan 3223t8 2t5632 t61724 20485C t72506 539080 809
o Intensitv 0.80 0.95
901 1742 3452
0.75 Delta 0.65 0.473 l.0r
o J Ganga-Stem r54623 1s4623 123698 146892 tt596i 386558 804 695 I 171 2670
Total 959308 852622 647r98 809991 67436C 2131555 3422
o 3612 681 l I 3845

o
o
o Non- irrigation Demand (MCM) Total Demand Season
(MCM)
wise

o Kharif Rabi H.W Total Kharif Rabi H.W Total

l3 l4 l5 l6 t7 l8 l9 20
o Bagmati 734 734 734 2202 2543 2750 4632 9925
o 2
3
Kamla balan
Ganga-Stem
343
272
343
272
343
272
to29 1152 1244 2085 4481
816 1076 967 t443 3486
o 4 Total t349 t349 1349 4047 4770 4961 8160 17892
o
o
water deficit/surplus
o water Available (MCM)
(MCM)
o Kharif Rabi H.W Total Kharif Rabi H.W
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
o Ba.qmati 6538 363.5 363,5 7265 3995 -2387 -4268
Kamla balan
o Ganea-Stem
1957
1049
108.5
58.5
108 5
585
2174 805
a1
-l 136 -1977
1166 -908 -1 385
o Total 9544 530.5 530 5 I 0605 4774 -4431 -7630
o v-13
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
 o
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o
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a CHAPTER- YII
o PER CAPITA WATERAVAII,ABILITY IN
BIHAR - PER YEAR
o OoR-s)
7.1 The Nonn of water availability penCapita
o
o water availability per person is a broad indicator
development potential ofa region. In this
for security of health and sustainable
connection, ,h;;; are two standard norns,
o world-wide acceptance. These norms, are's mentioned
berow:-
having

o A ffwater avaitability per capita per year is

o i' r00 0-2000m3, the region is considered as ,,water
stressed,,
o ii. <1000 m3, the region is considered ,,
water scarce.,,
o
The Second situation puts severe constraint
o on production
economic development and protection of nafural -' of food,
,Vrt"*r.
o B. If water availability per capitaper year is
o
i. r 000-1 700 m3,the region is considered
o
a ii $fqtb'frTftJi:;,""?:l
water stressed.

:il:,3n1,.r'#*;:l;'us"
This situation begins to hamper health, economic
deveropment and
a
iii. i!ffiy,"#1,'::f;ppry becomes a primary constraintto rife.
o
The National commission for Integrated water
o considered the
Resources Development plan, has
second norm and has analysed the situation
taking.i;;;;, as a basic
o hydrologic unit.

o 7,2. Analysis of the sifuation on national level.

o The Indian water Resources society, in its theme

paper on,' Water :Vision
2050" for water Resources Day, 1999, have presented
o availability' This is reproduc"i in table at Arrn"*ur"
basin wise per capitawater
7.1. This table is based on
a population of the country pertaining to yearl991.
According to this table the water
availability per,capita per year in Gaig?river basin
in which tt gilru, s*" i, situated,
o is onlyl47l m3, while the same for the country
* u *t ot" is "2214m3. This situation
wll further deteriorate, with rise in population in the
O noted by the society in its theme paper on
next five decade. It has been
" River Basin Management: lssues and
o options 'water Resources Day 1 gg7, thatthe
Ganga rilrer basin which is presently in
"water stressed" zone wilr go tL "water scarce,, zone"by
the year 2a25.
o
O
o
O
o
a
 -l
O
o
7.3 Analysis of the situation on state level. o
7.3.1. Present and Future population.
o
o
The population of the state has increased from 6.45 Crores in the year l99l to
8.29 Crores in the year 2001. This gives a growth rate of 2.54 per cent per year. o
The National Commission for Integrated Resources Development Plan has
made a population fore cast for the country as a whole for two alternative scenario i.e.
o
High Urban Projection and Low Urban Projection. Accordingly, the population of the o
country has been indicated as given below.
nit Crores a
High Urban proiection
Year
2000 AD 102.2
Low Urban Proiection
99.5
o
2025 ND t39.2 133 3 o
20s0 AD 164.0 1 58.1
o
Taking only High Urban Projection scenario, the growth rate during the period
2000-2025 is 1.24o/o per year and that during 2025-2050 as 0.657o per year. This
o
growth rate is applicable for the country as a whole which includes Kerala and o
Tamilnadu also where TFR (Total Fertility Rate) of 2.1 has already reached while for
Bihar it is likely to be attained in the year 2032. a
Ruddar Dutt and KPM Sundhran in their Book on "Indian Economy" (1998
publication) has estimated annual growth rate of population for Bihar as 1.75 percent
o
tbr the period from 1996 to 2016. o
Population of Bihar has increased from 6.45 Crores in l99l to 8.29 Crores in
2001 This shows an annual increase rate of 2.54. This is perhaps the highest rate of o
population growth which is expected to decline with the mass awareness of family
planning scheme and education programme.
a
a
ltis considered that the population of Bihar will stabilise in the next five
decades with an average annual growth rate of 1.85o o
Accordingly the population of the state has been estimated at l3.li Crores and
20.79 Crores coresponding to years 2025 and year 2050 respectively. The basin wise
o
population of the state corresponding to the year 2025 and 20-50 is shown in table ar o
AnnexureT 2 This table also indicates break up of Urban and Rural population The
ratio of urban and rural population considered for the year 2025 is 37.63 and that for o
the year 2050 is 46:54.
o
'7.3.2. Available Water Resources
o
As per assessment made by this Committee 75oh dependable flow of the State o
has been estimated as 1,32,175 MCM vide para 2.6.2.1 (ii) and Table 2.4 af chapter II.
r.vhich is reproduced at Annexure 7.3 of this chapter for ready reference. This
o
availability is inclusive of an inflow yield 1 .00,726 MCM to be available from the o
catchnrents area
VII-2 o
o
o
o
o
a
o
 outside the state as shown inAnnexure 7.3. Based on this reassessment, the region wise
inflow yields available for use in Bihar is as given belorv.

Unit MCM
o S.N. Region Flows available from Catchments Total
o area
outside state Mtnln state
o I North Bihar 90.832 20.221 I ,l I ,053
Gansa Stem 2.793 2.793
o South Bihar 9.894 8-43 5 t8.329
O Total 1,00.726 31,449 |,32,17 5

o 1.3.3. Per Capita water availability:-

Per capita water availability for different river basins of Bihar has been worked
o out for populations of 1991 ,20A1 ,2A25 and 2050 ( shown in Annexure 7 .2) and inflow
yield ( shown in Col.ll of Annexure 7.3). The results are shown in Col.8 to ll of
o Annexure 7.4. Ctraphical presentation of per-capita availability for different river basins
o in Bihar ia shown in Fisure 7.1 and7.2.
A review of the result indicates that.-
o The river Kosi is the only river which has got its water availability more than
1700 m3 per capita per year throughor.rt rhe period fiom l99l to 2050. Thus this
o river basin is water surplus basin throughout the period under cosideration.
o The Gandak river basin is, though, surplus upto the year 2001, comes in the
category of water stressed basin (1000-l 7_00 m'' per capita per year) in the year
a 2025 and water scarce basin (500-1 000 m' per capita per year) in the year 2050.
iii sone-Kao-Gangi, Mahananda and Bagmati river basins are already in water
o stressed (1000-1700 m'per capita) condition. The situation in these basin
further gets deteriorated during the year 2a25. when these are converted to
o water scarce river basin. The situation in Mahananda and Bagmati river basin
o further worsens in the year 2050, when the availability of water in these two
river basins goes even below 500 m3 per capita.
a The other river basins such as Kamla Balan(North Bihar), Ganga stern
(central Bihar), Karmanasa, Punpun, Kiul, Harohar, Bilasi-chandan Chir, and
o Badua-Belhama (all of south Bihar) were already in water scarce category
o in the year 1991. out of them situation in Ganga stem, Karmanasa, punpun and
Harohar basins gets critical as per capita availabiliry, in these basins drvindle to
o even less than 500 m' per year which means, these will get converted into the
category where water availability becomes primary constraint to life, in the year
a 2001 and beyond & The river basins of Ksmla Balan,Bilasi Chandan Chir,Kiul
and Badua-Belhama will also get converted in the same category in the year
o 2425
o ln the year 2050, the Kosi river basin is the only basin which may be
considered as surplus. The other two river basins such as Gandak and Sone -
a Kao-Gangi remain in the rvater scarce category. The remaining river basins of

o VII-3

O
o
a
o
o
 the state will have to face acute water scarcity condition where water availability shall o
vi.
be less than even 500 m3 Per caPita.
In terms of population it may be inferred that in the year 2050
I
o
a) Out of 20.79 Crores of population in the state, only 2. l5 Crores population (ie
about l}Yoof total population) may remain in a comfortable position with a
respect to water availabilitY.
o
b) 7.52 Crores population (5.93 Crocres of Gandak +1.59 Crores of Sone-Kao- o
Gangi) may be having water supply in the range of 500-1000 m3 per capita
which is a siruation of water scarcity- o
c) l.12 Crores (Which is about 55o/o percent of total
Resr of the population i.e. I
o
population) will have to face acute water scarcity (availability<5O0 m' per
capita).
I
o
Situation of (b) and (c) are indicative of a very grim situation and needs immediate steps
to be taken to provide security to food, fibre and health of 18.64 crores of likely o
population of Bihar in the year 2050.
o
7.3.4. Quantity of water required for the state of Bihar to achieve the national level of o
water availability during 2050
a
Total water resources of the country has been assessed as 1952.87 BCM of which o
utilisable surface water is only 690 BCM and the population in the year 2050 for high
urban as well as low urban population projection as 1640 million and 1581 million o
respectively. Considering the higher population projection the per capita utilizable
water availability on national level will be 420.73 m', Taking this very availability to o
be applicable for Bihar, this state will require 87,469.76 MCM of utilisable water in the
year 2050 whereas its total utilisable water deducting surplus monsoon flow (Annexure
I
4 4) is 74,173 MCM. This is maximum possible ultimate utilisable water in Bihar, It o
can by 2050 be augmented by storing monsoon flow in Gandak basin to the tune of
13,596 MCM maximum (Table 3.2 of Chapter III) i.e. total utilisable surface water a
becomes 87,766 MCM( i.e.7,37,741 - 63571 + 13596 ) which is no better but almost O
the same stressed condition as that of the nation.
o
Regional disparity in availability of utilisable water in the state is glaring,
which is apparent from Annexure.7.2
o
The availability of overall per capita water is far short in the state if it is
o
compared with the national average of availability of overall surface water projected o
till 2050: which is revealed in Annexure No. 7.5
o
o
VII.4 o
o
O
o
o
o
o
I

lo
lf
lo Annexure No. 7.5
lo Additional quanfity of water required for Bihar to achieve the National Level in
2050
lo SI
No
Region Water Population National level . Water required Balance

loo availability
on7 5o/o
dependabilitv
in Lakh water availabilitv
in m3/ capita
projected for
to achieve the
national level
water
water
required
for Bihar
MCM 2050 availabilitr' MCM
o (MCM)
2 J 4
o I North Bihar r, I I .053 1229.0 I t9t
5
146.374
()

35.321
1
o L. Gansa stem 2,793 158.0 I t9l l8.8 t8 t6.025
J. South Bihar 18329 692.0 il91 82.117 64.396
o Total 13217 5 2079.0 I l9l 247.609 I L5.741

o In this background it is suggested that this state may be assured to get an aclditional quantit-r,of
1,75,747 MCM of water through River Inter Linking Schemes, in addition to the state's own
a resources, in order to get the national level of water availability per capita for its sustainable
development and securib of food, fibre and health of its population expec.ted in the year2050.
o
o 7.4 CONCLUSION

o l- In the scenario of 1991 the Ganga river basin stands in the l0'h position so far
as per capita water availability is concemed. This is as high as I 661 7 M3 for the
O Branrhaputra-Barak river basin, which stands at the highest position whereas
o only 1471 Mr per capita is available for Ganga nver basin ranking at the lOtl'
from the top vide Annexure 7.1 .

o The other main rivers of the nation, which has got per caprta water
availability of more than l47l M3 are
o l. Indus upto border
I ii. Godavari
iii. Mahanadi
iv. Barahmani and Baitami
ioo v. Narmada
vi. West flowing river from Tapi to Tandra
t vii. West flowing rivers from Tapi to Kanyakumari
viii.Minor rivers draining into Bangladesh
a 2. The Per Capita water availability in all the rivers in south Brhar excepting Sone
lo Karmanasa Composite basin and even in the Kamla river basrn in the north
Bihar, is less than that in Krishna, Cauvery and Pennar basins which are being
o considered as shortage basins and where water is proposed to be transferred.
As such diversion of Ganga rvatei's to anl- oihe :' ri','ei basins of Soiiili india doe s
a not appear justified.
O vu-s
o
o
o
a
o
 o
o
o
3. with rate of fast groTng population in the Ganga river o
basin, this basin is
expected to come into the category of water scarce river basin by
Hence it would be proper that before diversion
the year 2025. o
of Brahmaputra waters to o
southern India, its watei must be diverted in
sufficient quantity to Ganga river
basin, being adjacent one.
o
4. Bihar is situated in Ganga river basin and the scenario of water o
availability per capita lhis-very
in this itate is-strown in taute at ,qnn.*ur" 7.4.This
indicates that the availability of water in various table O
river basins of the state is very
poor. By the year 2050, all the river basins
and sone-Kao-Gangi basin will fall in the
of the ,,ur"
"*""pid K;;, Gun'4"ii o
category of severe _water s",uce
basin' This means about 55olo of tr," iotut population
will face the situation in a
which water availability becomes primary
About 35yo
consrrainr to hearth.
the^state popurition 1 i e popuraiion tiuing
in Gandak
I
basin and Sone - .of G*gi basin) rvilr
{.ug..
condition (water availability per capita being
have io ,u-iu. in water scarcity o
in tt. ru'g, oisoo M, to 1000 M3
per capita per year.
Only l0% of the state population (i e. population
o
of Kosi basin onlv)
will be in ease situation. o
The above situation obviously indicates
that the future of about 90zo of the
o
state population in the year 2050 is very grim
as far as water avairability is O
concerned.
o
In order to provide^availability of expected ultirnare
figure of 421. m3 in the year 2050,
utilisable water at the level
the srate
o
McM utilisable water Attempt *uy u" made ro utirisewilr require
_ofrrational g7,469.76

non-monsoon & enhancing storage capacity

dr ;#;1"";;;;. i, a
of monsoon surplus to the I
maximum extent. This can juit be aclieved.

6. Simultaneous attempt must be made to

reduce the rapid rate of growth of
o
population, trying to keep it static i.e no
28o/o as against I l%o of Kerala.
growth which has unfbrtunately been o
o
1 The fact remains that Bihar being armost
authority or control over Gangu-*ut.. rvhich
at tair end of Ganga, wil have no o
r.r,iil definitery be used up and
lifted.by upper riparian state, arid in non-monsoon
month, there wilr be extreme o
scarcity. Unless Nepar & u p. co-operate
in storing monsoon water and
making it availabre to Bihar. Soutrr gita,
rvilr need "n.ip or Jharkhand ror o
storage and self herp for augmenting ground
from the Gansa.
water by pumping monsoon flow o
o
a
vu-6 o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
O
o
o
I
a Annexure 7.1
o S
Per Capita Water Availa
Name of the River Basin
in The River Basins of India
Per Capita Available Rank
o N Surface Water (M3)
I Indus (upto Border) t7 50 D(
o 2 (a) Ganga l47r X
o (b) Brahmaputra,Barak & Others t6617 I
1
J Godavarr 2048 VM
o 4 Krishna 1285

I 5
6
Cauven
Pennar
728
652
o 8
East flor"ing rivers between Mahanadi
East flowing rivers between Pennar &
& Pennar 954
364
o 9
Kanyakumari
Mahanadi 25t4 VII
o 0 Brahmani & Baitami 2915 VI
Subarnarekha
o I

2 Sabarnrati
I 308
360
o l4
J Mahi
West flowing rivers of Kutch, Saurashtra
I 052
683
o including Luni
t5 Narmada
o l6 lqp,
3105
I 005
V

o T7 West flowinq rivers from Tapi to Tadri 33 88 IV

l8 West flow ng rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari 3483 m
o l9 Area of Inland Drainase n Raiasthan desert

o ZU Nlinor river Basins draining into Bangladesh &

Burma
t4 t|o2 tr

o Source : Thenre Paper on "Water Vision 2050".water resources da., '99. Indian \.,.atcr rescurccs
I Societr.(Tablc I l)
o
o
o
a
o
o
o
I VII-7

o
o
a
a
o
 o
a
o
Annexure 7.2 a
ll.
Basin wise uonulation of Bihar and its
Name of Basin
proiection for 2025 & 2050 AD in Lakh
Population Population Population in2025 Population in 2050
t
Vo in 1991 n 2001 o
LJrban Rural fotal Jrban Rural lotal
I 2 J 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0 o
I Asroclimatic Sub-zone 4 o
ihaghra-Mahi Western
IA 3andak Composite 66.3t 85.2: 49.9i 85.08 135.04 98.4( I 15.51 2t3.91 o
Upper Eastern Gandak
Lower Burhi-Gandak
o
IB lomoosite 51 34 65.9t 38.62 65 8( t04.4: 76.tC 89.34 165.44 o
-ower Eastern Gandak
3aya Lower Burhi I
IC Sandak composite
iansa Stem
66.3(
l.5t
8s.23
9.68 5.68
85.0:
49.95
9.6(
135.0(
15.3t
98.31 115,4t
rl.lt l3.l
213.8t
24.3(
o
n
iub-Total 191 62 246.11 t44.24 245.55
Aeroclimatic Sub-zone 5
389 83 284.0: t33.45 617.4t t
4 Basmati-Adhwara 55.3 7t.02 41.63 70.88 112.5( 81.91 96.23 t78.2( o
s7.3i 67.34 t24.71
5
6
Kamla Balan
Kosi 66
38.?
55
49.7C
85.4
29.1
50.09
49.6C
85 3C
78.73
135.39 98.6: 115.81 214.4C
o
I Mahananda
Sanga stem
36.75
20 49
4"t.2:
26.31
27.6t 47.1
15.4t 26.2(
74.8:
41.6t
54.5t
30.31
64.02
35.6(
118.5(
66.0
t
Sub-Total 217.84 279.7',, 163.9', z79.tt 443.1 322.9( 379.0: 70t.9: o
fotal I+II 409 4: 525.8', 308.2( i24.7t 832.9t 606.94 712.5C 1319.41 a
UI Aeroclimatic Sub-zone 6 (a
9 (armnasa 17.4t 22 4C l3.l 22.3: 35.4t 25.8: 30.35 56.2( o
Sone & Kao Gangi
l0 :omoosite 49.7t 63.U 37.0C 63.1 I 100.1 72.95 85.68 158.6t
I
l1 Punpun 41.9t s3.8i 31.5t 53.7: 85.32 62.1 72.98 1 35.1 5 o
3ansa Stem 5 12 6.5t 3.85 6.5( 10.42 7.59 8.91 16.5{
Sub-Total 113 74 r46.0t 85.6i r45.7E 231.3t 168.6( t97.92 366.52 o
IV Asroclimatic Sub-zone 6 (b o
tz Llarohar 643 82 61 48.41 82.41 l 30.8J 95.34 lll.9 207.2't
l3 Cul l0l( 13.0: 7,6: 13.02 20.6i 15.0( 17.6t 32.7a a
t0 7E
t4 ladua-Belharna
l5 lilasi Chandan Chir 20t
13 85 8.1 1 13.8i
26 84 t5.73 26.79
21.93
42 5t
15.9t 18.7(
30.9t 36.3',
34 7a:
67 3:
a
Sanea Stem 15 94 20 41 12.0( 20 4: 32.4: 23.63 27.7t 51.3t o
iub-Total t22 156.8i 91 91 1564! 248.4( 180.9s 272.4', 393.4(
total III+IV 235 8z 302 9( 177 5 ,02.2', 479 7t 349.6( 410.3t 759 99 o
jrand Total 645 2S 828 71 485.73 327.4: t3t2.7i 956.54 1122.8 2079.4 o
Note a) Popuf ation in 2025 - Urban 3TYo,Rural 630/o
b) Population in 2050- Urban 46ok. rural 54oh a
VII-8
o
O
o
o
a
o
o
o
a
o
I
I
o SurfaceVater Resources in River Basins of Bihar
Annexure 7.3

o st.
No.
Name ofBasin Catchnents Area (Sq. Km.) 7 5o/oDgoendable rvater availabilitv in MCM
As assessed by SBSIC As assessed by the
o futside i/irhin Iotal ]utside /Yithin fotal
Committee
futside Within total
I I z
itate
3
itate
A
5
;ult€
6
Jtate
'7 8
;tate
9
Jtate
l0 II
o I ihaehra 124955 2995.4 127950 6801 5 839.7 68855 * 840 840
VIahi 2507.8 2s07.8 0 199.1 799.1 799 7qq
o 2 Sandali 36610 4t87.7 $798 50810 1173.9 51984 15109*t tt74 46283

I -l
Sara
lurhi-Gandak 2420
277 5.7
9601.4
27757
12021 813.3
U 1067.2
3226.7
t067 2
4040 813
t067
3227
t06l
4040
o z
J
laenati-Adhwara
fumlaBalan
7884
2744
6499.9
4487.1
14384
7231.1
5080.9
t74r.3
.2184.4
I 508. I
7265.3
3249.4
5081
t7 4l
2184
1508
726s
3249

o A

5
(osi
vlahmmda
62615
I151 .1
| 14t0.2
6 1 50.1
74025
I 3308
47A65
5612.4
5154
4267 9
52219
9880.3
16471*1
1627**1
5154
4268
416t 5
5895
o Iotal North Bihar 244385 5061 5.9 29500t
'7792.1
179138 20221 r 99359 90832 20221 I I 1053
lil (armlasa 2665 2 i r 26.9 487. I 937 1424.1 30g# 937 1215
o 6 ione 67161 30(14 8 10228 I 7600 335 17935 77Agt+ 7709
(ao-Gansi 4l 28.8 4128.8 0 884.4 884.4 884 884
o 7
8 )unpun 979 8046.7 9025.1 244.4 2009. l 2253.5 aiA 2009 zz) 5

o 9 fiul
l0 larohar
421
4212.3
2629.5
9900.7
3050.5
t4t'73
98
994.7
6t2.3
2305 3
710.3
3300
98
995
6t2
2305
710
3300
o ll ladua-Belharna
lilasi Chandan
22t5 2215 0 736.8 7:16.8 0 737 t-)t

I t2
lhir
oul South Bihar
1483.3
76984
2609.7
37122.1
4093
I r4706
540.4
19965
950.7
8'770.6
I49 l .l
28735
544
9894 8435
951
I
1491
8329
o iansa Stem 5.173.3 5473.3 85000 2193 87793 * 2793 279
Grand Total 32 I 369 9381 I 4l 5180 284102 31785 3 1 5887 100726 31449 13217 5
o Note:-
3

* Flous of river Ghaghra and Grurga frorn catchment area out side are considered not to be available tbr use in Bihar
a * *Flos's of river Gandali and Kosi tiorn catchment area out side state is taken as indicated below:
A. Gandak river basin:
o Available llolvs at proposed Gandak regulabn' dam zrller utilization in Nepal, according to Water Balance studv

t of NWDA 50576 MCM.

Utilisation in tl.P. & Nepal u'idc SIISIRC 1994 (page l8 Vol III)
i Western Main Canal U.P.(4383 MCM)+ Nepal (325 MCM)= 4708 MCM
I ii. Eastem Main Canal Nepal (759 MCM)=
-lotal
759 MCM

t Lrtilization in U.P.& Nepal belon'barrage

Thus net available llou' tirr Bihar at Barrage
B. Kosi river basin:
5467MCM
45109 MCM

{t Accordurg to NWDA simulation str-rdv of Kosi tligh Dam

:
water t0 below darn 40377 MCM
a {Isc in Chatra Canal sr,'slem f58 000 haCCAi = 3916 MCM

o
I
t
o
a
a
a
o
 o
o
o
## In case of river Sone, no water from catchment below Indrapuri Barrage is considered to be available for the
Sone canal Command. In this river basin the water available will be limited to 7709 MCM(6.25 MAF) as details
t
given belou'. o
i. Total share of Bihar including Jharkhand = 9559 MCM (7.75 MAF)
Jharkhand
ii. Use in :
1850 MCM (1.50 MAF) o
BalanceforBihar :7'7S9MCM (6.25MCIvf)
Break up being 592 MCM (0.48 MAn in U/S of Barrage and 7117 MCM (5.77 MAF) from o
Barrage.
Annexure 7.4 o
Water Availabili Per Canita Per Year for different river Basins for lllhar o
SI, Name of Basin Total Population (vide Annex-ure 7.2) Lakh Water Availability Per Capita in m3
No surface
\\'ater ln
o
I z
MCM
I 5 6 "l 8 9 l0 l1
o
I {ORTH BIHAR
3haghra-Mahi Western
l99l 2001 2025 2050 l99l 2001 2025 2050 I
IA 3andak Comoosite l6-5+6 66.38 85.25 135.04' 213.91 c
Jpper Eastern Gandak Upper
IB 3urhi4andak Composite
.nwer Eastern Gandak Bava
l9{ l6 51.34 65.94 104.'+5 165.44 o
Lower Burhi Gandak
IC :omoosite t^t061 66.36 85.23 135.00 213.84
o
lub-Total Gandak 53029 18408 236.42 374.49 593. l9 2881 2243 l4l6 894 o
Jaemati-Adhwara 126i 55.30 71.02 I12.50 t'78.20 r3t3.7 4 1022.89 645.',t1 407.68
2
., (amla Balan i ?J9 38.70 49.70 '78.73 124.',7 | 839.53 653.67 412.67 260.52 o
-t
)
(osi
vlahananda
{ l(r l-5
589,5
66.55
36.79
85.47
47.25
135.39
74.85
2t4.46 6253.19 4868.80
r 18.56 t602.34 t247.60
3073.71
787.62
1940.49
197.24
t
total North Bihar I I 105:i l8l.-12 489.87 7',7 5.96 1229.1 29lr.57 2266.98 143 1. l7 903.52 o
II ianga Stem
lansa Stern in Sub-Zone 4 129 7.54 9.68 15.34 24.30 a
iansa Stem in Sub Zone 5
iansa Stem in Sub-Zone 6a
r 166
791
20.49
s. l2
26.32
6.58
4r.68
10.42
66.03
16.50
I
3anga Stern in Sub-Zone 6b
iub-Total Ganga Stem
gr)7
2i93
15.94
.19.09
20.47
63.05
32.43
99.87
5t.3'7
158.2 568.95 442.98 279.66 t76.55
o
III louth Bihar o
6 (armnasa l2l-i 17.44 22.40 35.48 56.20 713.88 555.83 350.90 22t.53
"l
ione & Kao Gangi compositc
l3i9-1 {9.2+ 63.21 100.l7 158.67 1745. l3 1358.77 857.81 5+1.55
o
8 funpun "t 1.94 53.87 85.32 135.15 537.20 418.27 264.06 166.70 I
I l(x) 252.19
9 {arohar
l0 Kiul 710
64.32
l0 t6
82.61
13.0-5
130.85
20.67
207.27
32.74
513.06
698.82
399.47
544.11 343.50
159.21
2t6.86 a
ll Badua-Belhama
t2 lilasi Chand.tn Chir lr9l
r0 78
20.90
I 3.8-s
26.84
21.93
42.52
34.74
67.35
683.67
713.40
532.32
555.46
336.06
350.67
212.16
221.38
I
fotal South Bihar
fotal Bihar (I+II+III)
Iti329 2t4.'t8
I32 I 7-i* 645.29
275.85
828.77
436.95 692.12 853.38 664.45
13t2.7 2079.4 2048.30 1594.83 1006.8-r
419.48 264.82
635.63
o
* of this only 70879 MCM is marimum ultimate utilisable. and rvith construction of resenoir ma), go o
rupto 84872 MCM marirnum
VII-IO t
o
I
a
o
o
o
o
o
a
o
a Fig7.'l
o
Per Gapita availability of water in
a
o river Basins of Bihar
o
o
o 6000
=
L
o o
o E sooo

=
C)
o t 4000
.;L
o
*r 3000
o 'd.
tE
o O 2ooo

o L
o
o O- looo

o
o
o
Basin
o
I Ghaghra-Mahi Westem Gandak Composite
o 2 Upp€r Eastem Gandak Lower Burhi4andak Compcite
3 l,ower Ea-stern Gandak Baya Lower Burhi Gandak c.omposite
o 4 Bagmati-Adhwara
o 5 Kamla Balan
6 Kosi
o 7 Mahananda
8 Ganga Ston
o 9 Karnmasa
l0 Sone& KaoGangicomposite
o 1l Punpun
12 llarohar
o l3 Kiul
l4 Badua-Belhama
o l5 Bilasi Chandan Chir
o vil-11
o
a
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o WaterAvailability (on 75o/oD.ependability) in different River Basins
in m3/Capita/Year '5'9fi3,
a
o
o
O 1 Kosi Basin
a
o 2 Gandak Basin
O 3 Sone-Kao-Ganoi Basin
o 4 Mahananda Basin
5 Basmati-Adhwara
6 Kamla-Balan Basin
7 Bilasi-Chandan-Chir Basin
8 Kiul Basin
9 Badua-Belharna Basin
10 Ganoa Stem Basin
11 Karmnasa Basin
12 Punpun Basin
13 Harohar Basin

Year

Water stressed Local & Rare Shortage

Water Scarce, Begins to Hamper Health,

Economic development and Human well

val-12
 o
a
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o
o
o
o
o
O
O
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o
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e
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
CHAPTER-VIII
o
o COMMENTS ON OTHER SCHEMES OF NWDA
o AFFECTING BIIIAR AND THEIR IMPACT ON
DRATNAGE AND ENVTRONMENTS (TOR-6)
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
 o
o
o
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SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS
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