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Biosensor Presentation
Presentation · September 2021
DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.11500.28801
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BIOSENSORS
Prabhat Dhakal
National College
M.Sc. Food and Industrial Microbiology
II semester
CONTENTS
1. Introduction to biosensor
2. Parts of biosensors
3. Working mechanisms of biosensors
4. Types of Biosensors
5. Application areas of biosensors
6. Advantages and disadvantages of biosensors
7. Recent trends and future of biosensors
What is Biosensor?
“A self-contained integrated device which is capable of providing specific
quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using a biological recognition
element which is in direct spatial contact with a transducer element.” (IUPAC)
Father of Biosensor :-The first and the most wide spreadly used commercial biosensor: the blood
glucose biosensor – developed by Leland C. Clark in 1962
History of Biosensor
•Tooth enamel
biosensor
•Sweat micro-fluidic
biosensor
Immuno-sensor Glucose test strips •Integrated biosensor
Glucose biosensor
1962 1975 1987 Now
1956 1969 1980 2000s
Oxygen electrode
Potentiometric biosensor
Optical biosensor Nano-biosensor
(urease immobilized on an
ammonia electrode to detect
urea )
Working principle :-
Output
Process
Input(Analyte) (Electronic
(Transducer)
system)
The key component of a biosensor is the transducer
Elements of biosensors :-
1. SAMPLES: The biological component or analyte which is under study.
2. TRANSDUCER: A transducer is more generally defined as a device which
converts energy from one form to another. It consist two units :-
Bio-receptor: The sensitive biological element a biologically derived
material or biomimetic component that interacts (binds or recognizes) the
analyte under study.
Electrical Interface: Detector element detects the signal resulting from
the interaction of analyte and bio-receptor and converts it to the electrical
signal .
3. ELECTRONIC SYSTEM :- Combination of electronic devices i.e.
Amplifier
signal processer and
display device
Properties of good biosensor :-
1. Selectivity: highly selective for the target analyte
2. Sensitivity: able to measure in the range of interest for a given target analyte
3. Linearity of response: The linear response range of the system should cover the
concentration range over which the target analyte is to be measured.
4. Reproducibility of signal response: When samples having same concentrations are
analyzed several times, they should give same response.
5. Quick response time and recovery time: The biosensor device response should be
quick enough so that real time monitoring of the target analyte can be done
efficiently.
6. Stability and operating life:The biological element used should be interfaced such
that the activity is retained for a long time so as to make the device marketable and
practically useful in the field.
Types of biosensors
Biological transducer Physical transducer
Optical Thermal Electrochemical
Enzyme based Piezoelectric
transducer sensors transducer
Whole cell
based Potentiometric
Affinity
biomolecule Amperometric
based
Calorimetric
Biosensors Mechanism Analyte
Polarographic oxygen Electrode based Oxygen in Blood
electrode or Clark electrode
Electrochemical Enzyme electrode (Glucose oxidase) Glucose
Potentiometric Enzyme electrode (Urease) Urea
Amperometric Electrode with immobilised glucose oxidase Blood glucose
- -
Optical Fluorescence pCO2 /pO2 in fluids and gases
Amperometric Dual enzyme electrode system Organophosphorous pesticides
Immuno- Charge coupled device Methyl parathion
chemiluminescence
Optical FRET (Forster resonance energy transfer) Formaldehyde
Immuno- Dipstick Vitamin B12
chemiluminescence
Microbial Whole cell immobilization Caffeine
Optical microbial biosensor Bioluminescence Heavy metals and pesticides
Aptasensors Aptamer Vitamin B12
Application of Biosensor
1. Food Analysis
2. Study of bio-molecules and their
Food
interaction Pharmaceuti
Analysis Study of bio-
molecules
3. Drug development cals and their
interaction
Detection
4. Crime detection system for
Drug
biological
5. Medical diagnosis warfare
development
agent Application of
6. Environment field monitoring Biosensor
Industrial
7. Quality control process
Crime
detection
control
8. Industrial process control
9. Detection system for biological warfare Quality Medical
control Environment diagnosis
agent field
monitoring
10. Pharmaceuticals
Application of
biosensor in Food
industry
Food sampling
Processing Pre-enrichment
(0.5 – 24 hrs) (4-24hr)
Integrated management Microbiological methods
system (1-3 days)
Bio-sensor Biochemical analysis (2-
(0.5 to 2 hr) 8 hrs)
ELISA ,PCR, Flow-
Pathogen identification
cytometry, Ribotyping
Pathogen identification
Biosensor in food industry
• Quality assessment and safety of food during the manufacturing process are the essential requirements in the
food industry.
Glucose and sucrose biosensor in On-line monitoring process of Biosensors for pesticide
sugar mills and fermentation monitoring in food samples
Confectionery industries (Immuno-
chemiluminescence
Future of biosensors
• Lab on chip
• Wearable sensors
• (nano)biosensing
• DNA chips for expression analysis and
enzyme polymorphisms
• DNA/RNA-based biosensors can replace
limitations of PCR techniques
S.N Advantages Disadvantages
.
1. Portable and small size Sometimes may give false
positive result
2. Cheap and lab on chip Initial design cost is high
3. Continuous monitoring Need special man power to
operate
4. Highly selective to targeted Need special sample
analyte preparation step
5. Fast result Can be affected by
environmental factors
References :-
1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3671056/
2. https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/8/3/1400/htm#b3-sensors-08-
01400
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