Climate Smart Agricultural Technologies,

Innovations and Management Practices for

Cashew Value Chain

TRAINING OF TRAINERS’ MANUAL

Compiled by: Menza M. K., Muniu F. K., Mwashumbe S. K., Ondiko C. N., Danda K. M., Muriuki S.
J. N., Mbuthia A. P., Ndubi J. M., Esilaba A. O., Ndungu J. N., Mwangi H., Wayua F. O, Nasirembe W.
W., Wambua J. M., Otieno M., Ndambuki J., Kirigua V. O., and Wasilwa L. A.

MARCH 2020
 Climate Smart Agricultural Technologies,
Innovations and Management Practices for
Cashew Value Chain

TRAINING OF TRAINERS’ MANUAL

MARCH 2020
Disclaimer
The information presented in this manual is for advisory use only. Manual users should verify site
specific appropriateness with regard to their agro-climatic zones farming systems and the value
chain from their area agricultural extension officers.

© Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization 2021

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in database systems, transcribed
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without
prior written permission of the publisher.

Published by
Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization
KALRO Secretariat
P O Box 57811-00200
Nairobi, KENYA
Email: directorgeneral@kalro.org Tel. No(s): +254-722206986/733333223

Compiled by: Menza M. K., Muniu F. K., Mwashumbe S. K., Ondiko C. N., Danda K. M., Muriuki
S. J. N., Mbuthia A. P., Ndubi J. M., Esilaba A. O., Ndungu J. N., Mwangi H., Wayua F. O, Nasirembe
W. W., Wambua J. M., Otieno M., Ndambuki J., Kirigua V. O., and Wasilwa L. A.

Editors:

Editing and Publication Coordination:

Design and layout: Nyaola E and Mnene N.

ISBN

ii
FOREWORD
Kenya Climate-Smart Agriculture Project (KCSAP) tasked the Kenya Agricultural and
Livestock Research Organization (KALRO) with the implementation of the project’s
Component 2 on ‘Strengthening Climate-Smart Agricultural Research and Seed Systems’.
The component activities are geared towards the development, validation, adoption and
delivery of context specific climate smart agriculture (CSA) technologies, innovation and
management practices (TIMPS). The other responsibility is development of sustainable
seed production and distribution systems for priority value chains to enhance availability
and access to improved seeds, animal breeds and fingerlings by target beneficiaries. This
will be supported under Component 1 namely ‘Up scaling Climate-Smart Agricultural
Practices’. Against this background, KALRO and her NARS partners have developed,
validated and availed CSA TIMPS for dissemination and adoption. The TIMPS have further
been unpacked during the development of Training of Trainers (ToT) Manuals for use in
training public and private extension service providers and lead farmers. The ToT Manuals
are instructional guides to be used for teaching and learning step-by-step procedures of
implementing CSA innovations for each of the 13 value chains being addressed. The
training content is drawn from the CSA TIMPS that support respective value chains.

The contents are arranged in progressive modules supported by extensive information from
research and background data drawn from the TIMPS. Their relevance is based on the needs
teased out of the value chains and the project objectives. The ToT Manuals training design
takes into consideration the delivery system, the partners and their roles, the duration of
training and logical flow of the sessions. Similar content requiring similar delivery systems
are grouped together while the roles of the partners are tapped in the training and planning
of the training sessions. The Manual is divided into modules, which have a uniform outline
that ensures every aspect of the TIMPs are fully covered in way that the trainees can absorb
and relate to. Various delivery methods are deployed and where possible demonstrations
and practical work are incorporated to enable the trainees learn by participating in the
actual field activities. Furthermore, to ensure that the training across various groups is
standardized, trainers’ guidelines, detailed descriptions of the trainees, program, training
methods and a training evaluation have been provided in the manual. Adhering to these
guidelines, therefore, enables possibility to replicate the training in several locations
without loss of details regardless of whether conducted by different trainers.

It is highly advised that the ToT Manuals should be used in conjunction with the respective
value chains’ TIMPs documents and facts sheets in order to provide valuable resource for
both public and private extension service providers. The use of this Manual is expected
to enable achievement of the envisaged ‘Triple Wins’ of increased productivity, enhanced
resilience and reduction of greenhouse gases emissions.

I am greatly indebted to the value chain leaders and all those who participated in the
preparation of the Manual, which is expected to herald a new way of delivering training
content in a changing agricultural environment.

Eliud K Kireger, PhD, OGW

Director General, KALRO
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PREFACE
The Kenya Climate-Smart Agriculture Project (KCSAP) is a Government of Kenya project
with support from both the World Bank and the government. The project is for a five
years and implemented in 24 counties, mainly in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs),
at a approximate cost of KES 25 billion. The project development objective (PDO) is “to
increase agricultural productivity and build resilience to climate change risks in the targeted
smallholder farming and pastoral communities, and in the event of an Eligible Crisis or
Emergency, to provide immediate and effective response.” This objective is to be achieved
through the implementation of five key components, which are: 1) Up scaling Climate-
Smart Agricultural Practices, 2) Strengthening Climate-Smart Agricultural Research and
Seed Systems, 3) Supporting Agro-weather, Market, Climate, and Advisory Services, 4)
Project Coordination and Management and 5) Contingency Emergency Response.

Component 1 involves facilitating the empowering of farmers and communities to adopt

technologies, innovations and management practices (TIMPs) to achieve the Climate Smart
Agriculture (CSA) triple-wins of; increased productivity, enhanced resilience (adaptation),
and reduced Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (mitigation). Component 2 is tasked with the
responsibility of providing the TIMPs. Therefore, it supports the development, validation,
and adoption of context specific CSA TIMPS to target beneficiaries under Components 1
and 3 as well as development of sustainable seed production and distribution systems.

To catalyze uptake of TIMPs, Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization

(KALRO) in conjunction with partners in the National Agricultural Research Systems
(NARS) and Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) compiled
inventories of TIMPs for the prioritized value chains. The crop-based value chains are 19
and include roots and tubers (cassava, potato), pulses (Cashew, green gram, pigeon peas,
garden peas), vegetables (tomato, onion, indigenous vegetables, kale), cereals (sorghum,
millet, teff, maize) nuts (Cashew), fruits (banana, mango, water melon) and fibre (cotton).
Those that are animal production based are five (5) and include apiculture, indigenous
chicken (meat and eggs), dairy (cattle and camel), red meat (cattle, sheep and goats) and
aquaculture. Also, there are three (3) cross cutting themes on pastures and fodder, natural
resource management, and animal health. The TIMPs were categorized into those ready for
upscaling and those requiring validation. Furthermore, gaps that required further research
and development of TIMPS were identified. Training of Trainers’ (ToT) manuals focusing
on TIMPs that are ready for upscaling for each of the value chains were subsequently
developed to form the basis of training county extension staff, service providers and lead
farmers. Those trained are in turn expected to cascade the training to beneficiaries in the
targeted smallholder farming, agro-pastoral and pastoral communities in the 24 project
counties of Marsabit, Isiolo, Tana River, Garissa, Wajir, Mandera, West Pokot, Baringo,
Laikipia, Machakos, Nyeri, Tharaka Nithi, Lamu, Taita Taveta, Kajiado, Busia, Siaya,
Nyandarua, Bomet, Kericho, Kakamega, Uasin Gishu, Elgeyo Marakwet and Kisumu.

KALRO, having the mandate of implementing the activities under Component 2, has been
instrumental in using its information resources and those of partners and collaborators
to come up with the inventories of TIMPs and corresponding ToT Manuals. The use of

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these information resources coupled with the accompanying training and the contribution
of the other project components, will go a long way in enabling the KCSAP to meet its
development objective.

The National Project Coordination Unit is grateful to all who participated in the development
and production of this Training of Trainers Manual for Cashew value chain. It is my hope
that counties and other users will put this resource to good use as they transform and reorient
their agricultural systems to make them more productive and resilient while minimizing
GHG emissions under the new realities of a changing climate.

Francis Muthami
National Project Coordinator
Kenya Climate-Smart Agriculture Project

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword...........................................................................................................................iii
Preface.................................................................................................................................v
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms.................................................................................ix
Introduction........................................................................................................................1
PART I.................................................................................................................................1
SECTION 1: Background....................................................................................................3
SECTION 2: Training Content............................................................................................6
SECTION 3: Training Design.............................................................................................9
SECTION 4: Facilitator Guidelines..................................................................................11
PART II: Cashew Training Modules.................................................................................15
MODULE 1: Climate Change and Climate Smart Agriculture..........................................16
MODULE 2: Farmer Field and Business School (FFBS) Approach in Cashew Value
Chain (VC).........................................................................................................................20
MODULE 3: Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and Food Safety Management
Systems (FSMS).................................................................................................................25
MODULE 4: Cashew Nuts Production Niches and Climatic Requirements.....................33
MODULE 5: Cashew Variety Selection............................................................................37
MODULE 6: Cashew Seed Systems..................................................................................40
MODULE 7: Climate Smart Agronomic Practices for Cashew.........................................44
MODULE 8: Integrated Soil and Water Management Practices for Cashew Production...48
MODULE 9: Crop Protection and Health Management for Cashew................................54
MODULE 10: Cashew Harvesting and Post-Harvest Management...................................61
MODULE 11: Cashew Value Addition...............................................................................65
MODULE 12: Mechanization of Cashew Production Activities..........................................70
MODULE 13: Cashew Business and Markerting...............................................................74
MODULE 14: Cashew Cross-Cutting Issues (Agricultural Innovation Platforms,
Policy, Gender Mainstreaming and Social Inclusion)..........................................................79
SUB-MODULE 14.1: Cashew Agricultural Innovation Platforms....................................79
SUB-MODULE 14.2: Cashew Gender, Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups
(VMGs), Socio, Environmental Concerns and Cohesion...................................................84
SUB-MODULE 14.3: Climate-Smart Agricultural Policy Options...................................89

ANNEXES.......................................................................................................................94
ANNEX 1: Training Program.............................................................................................94
ANNEX 2: General Reference Materials.........................................................................112
ANNEX 3: FFBS Learning Materials .............................................................................114

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 1: Summary of Module outlines for the cashew value chain.................................6
TABLE 2: Description of Training Methods......................................................................12
TABLE 3: Planning Schedules and Guidelines for ToTs Preparation................................12
TABLE 4: Individual Sample Evaluation Form.................................................................13

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viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
AEZs Agro-ecological zones
AIP Agricultural Innovation Platform
ASALs Arid and Semi-Arid Lands
B Boron
Ca Calcium
CA Conservation Agriculture
CAN Calcium Ammonium Nitrate
CCPs Critical control points
Cl Chlorine
CLs Critical limits
COPMAS Community Production and Marketing System
CTT Core Team of Trainers
Cu Copper
ESMF Knowledge on environmental and social management framework
Fe Iron
FFBs Farmer-led Field and Business Schools
FSMS Food Safety Management System
GAP Good Agronomic Practices
HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
IDM Integrated Disease Management
INRM Integrated Natural Resource Management
IPM Integrated Pest Management
ISFM Integrated Soil Fertility Management
K Potassium
KALRO Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization
KARI Kenya Agricultural Research Institute
KCSAP Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Project
Kg Kilogram
LF Lead Farmers
MAP Modified Atmosphere Packaging
Mg Magnesium
Mo Molybdenum
N Nitrogen
P Phosphorus VMGs vulnerable marginalized groups
POs Producer organizations
S Sulphur
TIMPS Technology and Innovation Management Practices
ToTs Training of Trainers
Zn Zinc

ix
INTRODUCTION
About this manual
This training of Trainers’ Manual consists of two parts; namely Part I and Part II. Part I
comprises notes for the facilitators while Part II is made up of the training modules in the
value chain.

PART I
This part consists of four sections including the Background of the Cashew Value Chain,
Content of the Training, Training Design and Facilitators Guidelines.
2
 SECTION 1: BACKGROUND

1.1 The Role of Cashew Value Chain in the Kenyan Economy

Cashew is a tree crop scientifically known as Anacadium occidentale L. It is also commonly

referred to as cashew. Locally, in Swahili it is called ‘Mkorosho’ or ‘Mmbibo’, and in
Mijikenda it is called ‘Mkanju’, ‘mbibo’, or ‘mkorosho’. Cultivation of cashew in Kenya
dates back to the 16th century when the Portuguese introduced it into the East African coast.
In Kenya, Cashew has considerable economic importance particularly in the Coast region of
Kenya where majority of farming households grow Cashew. The Cashew is predominantly
grown by smallholder producers with less than 2 ha of cashew per household. In most
cases, Cashew is intercropped with other tree and food crops such as coconut, mango,
citrus, maize, cassava and legumes.
Major Cashew producing counties are Kwale, Kilifi, Tana River and Lamu counties. Some
production also takes place in Taita-Taveta and Tharaka-Nithi counties. Other emerging
Cashew growing areas in Kenya include Embu, Meru and Makueni counties in Eastern
region and Busia County in Western region. Cashew does well in well-drained sandy loam
soils. It can be grown in elevations of between 0 and 1000 metres above sea level with
an ideal elevation of 600 meters above sea level. The rainfall requirement for cashew
ranges from 600 to 1200 mm per year . Cashew does well in tropical climate with high and
constant temperatures of between 24oC and 28oC but can thrive even in temperatures of
40oC. Cashew is therefore an ideal cash crop for Arid and Semi-arid areas where majority
of Kenya’s resource poor farmers are found.
The area under the crop is estimated at 23,034 hectares with an estimated annual production
of 15,000 metric tons annually valued at KES 397.4 million annually against a potential
of 45,000 metric tons with an estimated value of KES 1 billion. The sub-sector has the
potential to create employment through value addition and fetch the exchequer billions of
shillings through exports.
Apart from being a source of useful products and by-products for food, medicinal and
industrial applications, cashew is also a useful shade tree, while ornamental and alley
trees are suitable for the control of soil erosion. Despite the immense potential, Cashew
productivity is low at averages of 20 kg per tree per year against yields of 30-45 kgs per
tree per year on local research stations and potential yields of up to 70kgs per tree per year.
The main constraints include: reliance on aged tree crops; use of unimproved varieties,
poor agronomic management, prevalence of pest and diseases, fluctuating market prices
and weak farmer organizations.
Climate Smart Technologies, Innovation and Management Practices for Cashew can be
up-scaled to increase productivity and build resilience to climate change risks in Kenya’s
smallholder Cashew farming.

3
1.2 The Role of Cashew in Food and Nutrition Security

Cashew is grown for its fruits as well as nuts. Cashew trees are grown primarily for their
kernels, which when roasted have a pleasant taste and flavour. The kernel is obtained by
shelling the roasted nuts. Cashew ranks amongst the important and valuable edible nuts in
world trade. The kernels are often one of the ingredients in various kinds of dishes. They
are also used for confectionary purposes and in the preparation of many sweets. Cashew
nut shell liquid (CNSL) is used in manufacturing products such as paints, plastics and
brake linings. A wide array of different by-products (around 30) which can also be obtained
from cashew apple include fresh apple, juice, canned apple, processed pulp, jam and jelly,
dried apple prunes or raisins, sweet mass, syrup, candied fruit, chutney, alcoholic and non-
alcoholic beverages (such as fermented juices, soft drinks, brandy, vinegar) and cashew
apple meal for livestock.
The cashew nut shells produce oil which is used as medicine, preservative and water
proofing agent. The oil is also used in the manufacture of insulating varnishes and acid
proof cements, tiles and inks. The raw cashew apple is edible and is a valuable source
of sugar, minerals and vitamins. Nutritive values of cashew apple and nut are very high.
Cashew apple is a very good source of Vitamin C. It contains 12.3% carbohydrate and 10%
phosphorus and calcium. Cashew nut (kernel) contain protein (21.2%) and fat 46.9%) and
carbohydrate (22.3%). It also contains comparatively good amount of minerals, iron and
phosphorus. The wood and shells are used as fuel.
Cashew value chain offers a wide range of employment opportunities along the various
nodes including for women, youth, the vulnerable and marginalized.

1.3 Cashew as a Climate Smart Innovation

Cashew is an exceptionally suitable crop for upscaling climate smart technologies and
building resilience to climate change among the smallholder growers in the cashew growing
areas due to the following key factors:

• Cashew is a perennial tree crop that has good tolerance to water stress.

• Cashew is amenable to intercropping with short duration crops. There is high and
increasing demand of cashew nuts and cashew products locally and internationally.

• There are diverse value added products that can be obtained from cashew

• There are many opportunities for economic participation of women, youth,

marginalized and vulnerable groups along various nodes in the Cashew value chain.

1.4 Objectives of the Training

The purpose of this training is to provide farmer trainers with knowledge and skills on
how to facilitate and support Farmer-led Field and Business Schools (FFBs) for increased
productivity through adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP). Specifically, the
objectives of this training manual are:

4
 (i) Providing farmers’ trainers with relevant altitude, knowledge and skill in farming
as a business and market assessment techniques for market led production.
(ii) Providing farmer trainer’s knowledge on improved cashew varieties, GAPs as
well as establishment and management of cashew orchards.
(iii) Providing farmers trainers with knowledge and skills in the potential in value
addition at individual or group level as post-harvest Cashew management and
processing.
(iv) Providing farmer trainers with knowledge and skills in participatory techniques
for effective facilitation of adult learning processes and developing inclusive
stakeholder partnership development for sustainable up scaling.

After the training, the Trainer of Trainers, as facilitators, will train lead farmers (LF) in
various aspects of cashew value chain. The training will involve providing the LF with
techniques in participatory preparation, mobilization, planning, implementation, monitoring
and evaluation of training sessions.

The lead farmers and county extension personnel will thereafter up scale the adoption of
GAPs through farmer groups in their villages and those in the neighbourhood.

5
 SECTION 2: TRAINING CONTENT
2.1 Orientation of the Modules
The training content is organized in 14 modules that are targeted and orientated to ensure
the technology and innovation management practices (TIMPs) are adopted to improve
productivity through improved cashew value chain competitiveness in a market driven
production. The purpose of these modules is to enhance the knowledge and capacities of
trainers in understanding and disseminating the climate-smart Cashew practices to the
intended beneficiaries, who are primarily the farmers.

2.2 Modules Outline

Each of the 14 modules consist of 8 parts. These parts are:
• Introduction– context and background to training needs as well as knowledge and
skills gaps being addressed.
• Module learning outcomes – what trainees are expected to learn in each module
• Module target group - trainee categories.
• Module users –facilitators, master trainers
• Module duration –minimum number of hours of training and exposure to materials
• Module summary –sequence of sessions, training methods, materials and duration
• Facilitators’ guidelines –detailed sessions, training methods, materials and session
guides
• Participants’ Handouts – detailed notes and reference materials for trainees.
The outline of the 14 Cashew modules is presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Summary of 14 module outlines for the cashew value chain

No. Module Name Need Addressed Expected Training Duration
Outcomes
1 Climate change The impact Master trainers 4 hours
and climate of climate made aware of the
smart agriculture crisis to potential impact of
Cashew climate change on
production Cashew production
The climate Master trainers
smart updated on climate
technologies smart techniques for
for Cashew Cashew
value chain
2 Farmer Field Skills/ Improved 4 hours 30
Business technologies technologies/ minutes
School (FFBS) for production, innovations and
approach processing and agronomic practices
marketing for Cashew availed

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3 Good Enhance food Techniques for 6 hours
Agricultural safety through determining 30
Practices (GAP) lowering pollutants in food minutes
and Food Safety presence of material explored for
Management hazardous adoption in Cashew
System (FSMS) solids/ value chain
- Hazard organisms/
Analysis Critical and pollutants
Control Points pathogens
(HACCP) Plan
4 Cashew Identify areas Master trainers learn 4 hours
production niche are suitable of Cashew niche
and climate for Cashew in the respective
requirements production counties
5 Cashew Awareness Master trainers made
variety on improved aware of the new 4 hours
selection cashew improved varieties
varieties
6 Cashew seed Both formal The formal and 4 hours 30
systems and informal informal seed supply minutes
seed systems systems analyzed.
operations.
7 Cashew climate Options for Both water and 4 hours
smart agronomics innovating input manipulations
practices increased Cashew analyzed along
production benefits
8 Integrated soil and Soil water All techniques 5 hours
water management and fertility analyzed for possible
practices for enhancing benefits
Cashew production techniques
availed.
9 Cashew Crop All major pests Reduction of yield 5 hours
Health (invertebrate loss of Cashew by
and vertebrate) the major pests and
and diseases diseases
organisms
control
mechanisms
availed to the
master trainers.

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10 Cashew harvesting Storage Trainees sensitized 3 hours
and Post- harvest technologies to on proper harvesting
management reduce losses techniques and storage
in quantity and facilities, hygiene and
quality monitoring
11 Cashew value Various Cashew Value addition and 6 hours
addition products, for Cashew products 30
human and identified for the minutes
animal feeds farming communities
and business entities
Opportunities
Identified and
Prioritized
12 Mechanization of Adaptation of Options of 4 hours
Cashew production mechanized mechanization for
activities operations increased yield availed
of cashew to farmer groups.
from crop
establishment,
crop
management to
post-harvest
13 Cashew business Review what Type of aggregations 4 hours
and Marketing business options by farmers availed
are available in for considerations.
Cashew Contract farming
14 Cashew Cross Articulate Opportunities for 12 hours
cutting issues how voluntary marginalized groups
(i) Innovation marketing groups identified and gains
Platforms can draw benefits made
(ii) Gender from cashew Farmers get access
mainstreaming value chain. to more information
and social Options of on Cashew
inclusion employment production
(iii) Policy opportunities
in cashew
production
Sites for
information
profiled at the
county levels
Total Duration 71 hours
30
minutes

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 SECTION 3: TRAINING DESIGN
3.1 Delivery System
The delivery system designed for this training consists of two stages:
1. Establishment of a team of facilitators
a) A Core Team of Trainers (CTT) for training farmer master trainers (service
providers) as facilitators of a ToT course. This is done using this manual and
modules contained therein.
b) Each of the Master trainers will facilitate farmers to acquire knowledge and skills in
facilitating Farmer-led Field and Business Schools through practical demonstrations.

2. Upscaling
This will be done by selecting lead farmers (LF) to be trained in facilitation to reach out
more farmers in the regions of production.

3.2 Partners and their roles

The partners envisioned in this training plan are:

1. Core Team of Trainers – Facilitators drawn from KALRO and State Department
of Agriculture to facilitate initial training of Master Trainers in a ToT course. They
are also to provide mentorship to master trainers during the first year of their farmer
trainings. They should also be available in the evaluations and trainings.

2. County Government Department of Agriculture –Master trainers and their

supervisors referred to as County Coordination Teams (CCT) who will take the role
of trainers, mentors and coordinators at sub county level. They will assist FFBS’s
form partnership with stakeholders for sustainability. They should also participate
in formation of information platforms and support lead farmers (LF’s) form their
network.

3. Lead Farmer Networks - Association of LFs in the target counties to take up

farmer training and upscaling in the future. Lead farmer networks and groups
will conduct exchange visits to learn best practices in other project implementing
counties.

4. Private Sector Service Providers – inputs suppliers, financial and business

development service providers, market players and processors to partner and
support promotion of Cashew.

3.3. Training duration

The ToT course for Master Trainers comprising the 14 modules in the Cashew value chain
shall take 71 hours 30 minutes excluding health breaks in the morning and afternoons.

3.4 Logic Design

The logic of design and flow of each module is that the facilitator, paying attention to the
proposed methods and sessions guidelines, shall: (1) Introduce the module; (2) Draw out
the participants’ expectations; (3) Relate participants’ expectations with module objectives
or learning outcomes; (4) Explore the concept and content, switching to different methods

9
of delivery of the content (group exercise, brainstorming, excursions, plenary discussions,
role plays) as the session progresses; (5) Review the module at the end using participatory
approaches where one participant reads one summary message and its application; and, (6)
Distribute the participants’ handouts.

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 SECTION 4: FACILITATOR GUIDELINES
4.1 Preparation of Training Materials
The training materials suggested require adequate preparations and should be available
before the actual training dates. Further:

a) The facilitators should familiarize themselves and internalize the guidelines

provided by this manual early enough.

b) The stationery required should be available within the training institution 3 days
before the training. These include name tags, writing materials, paper punch and
medium size box files for participants’ Handouts filing.

c) Flip charts and good quality felt pens could be used interchangeably with LCD
projections.

d) Visual aids like field equipment and tools should also be arranged in time before
start of sessions.

e) There should be adequate copies of participants’ Handouts (one per trainee) to be

distributed at the end of each session or as may be suitable.

f) Copies of the modules are distributed at the end of each module.

4.2 Preparation of training venues and sites

The training venue will include the training room and field demonstration sites

a) Training Room – should have adequate space for 20 trainees seated in an

arrangement that will ensure access and unobstructed view of the facilitator. There
should be adequate training materials, flip charts and flip chart holder. The LCD
projector should also be available for the PowerPoint presentations.

b) Demonstration Site – should be within walking distance with adequate field for
the planned demonstrations of technologies and their complementary management
practices.

c) Market Sites – these include retail outlets (open air market and supermarkets),
wholesale and aggregation points and processing sites, if any. The operators
should be informed in advance about the visits. These should not be very far away
preferably less than 20-minutes’ drive distance.

4.3. The trainees

The target trainees are agriculture extension officers with elaborate training background in
agriculture and extension. The facilitator should not lecture but draw out and build on their
knowledge, skills and experience that they shall bring in. As a golden rule, do not lecture

11
them but facilitate and listen and let them feel like equals to each other and the CTT team
members.

4.4. Training Program

The facilitator will require a program that consists of the actual training modules and the
corresponding days and time allocation (Annex 1).

4.5. Training Methods

The training methods proposed for each session are suitable for adult learners and
appropriate for addressing knowledge, skills and attitudes of the participants. The choice of
the methods has been informed by the competency issues being addressed, time available
and experiences of the author of this manual. Depending on time available, the facilitator
can modify these training methods, but as a golden rule no presentation by the facilitator
should take more than 30 minutes continuously; but should be separated by the other
participatory training methods. Table 2 present a list of available training methods.

Table 2: Description of Training Methods

Training Method Description of Method
Plenary presentations Use of PowerPoint or flip charts and plenary discussions
in situations where knowledge and opinion or consensus is
required
Group exercises, buzz To be considered where skills are an issue requiring sharing
groups, visits and and trying
demonstrations
Case studies To be used where there is need to view a problem
objectively and allow free exchange of ideas
Role plays and problem- Plenary discussions have been considered as training
solving exercises methods where attitude is an issue
On-farm practical To be considered where hand-on practical skills are
demonstration acquired through sharing and demonstration

4.6. Planning Schedules and Guidelines for ToT Preparation

While planning for this training, the CTT leader should ensure that the activities in Table 3
are done before the training.

Table 3: Planning Schedules and Guidelines for ToTs Preparation

Duration to Activities To Be Done
Training
Three months At least 5 Cashew demonstration plots planted (staggered)
Six weeks Recruit Master Trainers, compose CTT.
Four weeks Send out invitation letters to participants and special guests detailing
purpose, venue and program. Follow up on demonstration sites. Brief
CTT members

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 Two weeks Confirm names of participants; reproduce training materials for
facilitators and package, confirm preparedness of the field sites to
be visited. Hold briefing of CTT members to finalize training plan.
Confirm special guests if any
Four days Confirm training sites preparedness, prepare sitting arrangements and
stationery, and brief assistants
One day Arrange training room furniture, place materials, equipment and
stationery on the tables. Arrange for reception of trainees at residence
proposed
On first day Arrange for reception of trainees at the training venue. Ensure climate
setting is done before the course is officially opened. This includes:
• Registration
• Welcoming to venue by host
• Elaborate introduction of CTT and participants
• Introduction to the project and training course
• Ground rules
• Groups formation

4.7 Evaluation of the Training

Half a day has been allocated for planning for evaluation and way forward of the ToT
Course on the last day of the training. This is as presented in the program in Section 4.4.
The evaluation strategy should take two directions with the first being the individual trainees
filling evaluation forms without conferring or referring to each other. The evaluation forms
are then collected and analysed by the CTT members.

Table 4: Individual Sample Evaluation Form

Aspect / Module Rating
Very useful Useful (2 of limited
(3 marks) marks) use (1 mark)

1 Climate change and climate smart

agriculture
2 Farmer Field Business School
(FFBS) approach
3 Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)
and Food Safety Management
System (FSMS)
4 Cashew production niche and climate
requirements
5 Cashew variety selection
6 Cashew seed systems

13
 7 Cashew climate smart agronomic
practices
8 Integrated soil and water management
practices for Cashew
9 Cashew Crop Health
10 Cashew harvesting and Post- harvest
management
11 Cashew value addition
12 Mechanization of Cashew production
activities
13 Cashew business and Marketing
14 Cashew Cross cutting issues
(i) Innovation Platforms
(ii) Gender mainstreaming and social
inclusion
(iii) Policy

The second direction for evaluation is trainee’s group evaluation. They retreat to one room
and elect a chair and a secretary. Ask them to objectively and constructively evaluate the
training in about 45 minutes in the absence of the CTT members. They then present their
evaluation to the CTT members and as they present, the CTT members should only give
points of clarification, if any misunderstanding occurred, but should not try to be defensive.
The CTT members then use the two evaluation results to write a report highlighting aspects
that went on well and can be replicated, challenges that were encountered, and opportunities
for future ToT’s improvement. This one does not need a guided template but the trainees
should be allowed to use their own format to present their evaluation points.

4.8. Facilitator Reference Materials

4.8.1. List of Publications
Cashew reference material will consist of the following:
a) Cashew production manuals/ guides
b) Pamphlets/brochures
c) Factsheets on specific TIMPs
d) Journal articles
The detailed list of all publications is summarized in Annex 2

4.8.2 Guide on the use of the reference information

The trainers will be advised to issue to trainee Handouts after each module. This will help
them recap on what they learned even after they have left the training.
The list of all individual publications will be stored and availed as electronic copies –
mainly PDFs. The service providers are strongly advised to keep these electronic copies
on a memory stick, CD or portable hard drive, so that trainees can easily access and if
necessary print any of them out at a local cyber café.

14
PART II: CASHEW TRAINING MODULES
This part presents the content of 14 modules of training namely: Climate change and climate
smart agriculture, Farmer Field Business School (FFBS) approach, Cashew production
niche and climate requirements, Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Food Safety
Management System (FSMS), Cashew variety selection, Cashew Seed systems, Cashew
Climate Smart agronomics Practices, Integrated Soil and water management practices
for Cashew, Cashew Crop Health, Cashew harvesting and Post-harvest management,
Cashew value addition, Mechanization of Cashew production activities, Cashew business
and Marketing, and Cashew Cross cutting issues (Innovation Platforms, Policy, gender
mainstreaming and social inclusion).

All the modules will be divided into the following:

1. Introduction
2. Module learning outcomes
3. Module target group
4. Module users
5. Module duration
6. Module summary
7. Facilitator’s guidelines
8. Participants’ Handouts

15
 MODULE 1
CLIMATE CHANGE AND CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE
1.1 Introduction
The impact of climate change and variability in agriculture, food systems and food security
is a serious concern. Kenya’s agricultural production systems is highly impacted upon due
to the low adaptive capacity and the high exposure to climate related risks. The major
agricultural activities are prone to risks and uncertainties of nature, which is affected
by climate change either in intensity, scope or frequency. Climate change is expected to
modify risks, vulnerabilities and the conditions that shape the resilience of agriculture
systems as well as introducing new uncertainties. Adoption of climate smart agriculture
(CSA) through application of tools and technologies and effective communications of
weather information reduces the negative impacts of climate change and enhances access
to food security in a changing environment. Thus, there is need to mainstream suitable
climate resilient technologies, innovations and management practices (TIMPs) to increase
productivity, resilience to climatic shocks and mitigate the causes of climate change.

1.2. Module Learning Outcomes

By the end of the module the following training outcomes should be achieved:
• The concept of climate change and variability discussed and explained.
• Knowledge on the impacts of climate change and variability on agriculture and
food security shared.
• Concept of climate smart agriculture (CSA) shared and explained.
• Future climate scenarios and how to manage, projected and appreciated.

1.3. Module Target Group

This module targets agricultural extension service providers dealing directly with farmer
groups at community level or community facilitators.

1.4. Module Users

This module is intended for use by Master trainers who are members of the Core Team of
Trainers (CTT) and Lead Farmers in the Cashew value chain target counties. The facilitators
using this module should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the participants’ handouts
(training materials).

1.5. Module Duration

The module is estimated to take 4 hours

16
1.6. Module Summary
Module 1: Climate Change and Climate Smart Agriculture in Cashew
value chain
Sessions Training Training Materials Time
Methods
1.6.1 Introduction to • Plenary Presentation • Projector 30 minutes
climate change and • Plenary discussions • Laptop
variability • Flip charts
• Participants’
Handouts
1.6.2. Impacts of • Plenary Presentation • Projector 1 hour 30
climate change • Case study videos • Laptop minutes
and variability on • Plenary discussions • Videos
agriculture and food • Flip charts
security • Participants’
Handouts
1.6.3. Concept • Plenary Presentation • Projector 1 hour
of Climate smart • Plenary discussions • Laptop
agriculture (CSA) in • Flip charts
Cashew • Participants’
Handouts
1.6.4. Projected future • Plenary Presentation • Projector 40 minutes
climate scenarios • Case study videos • Laptop
affecting Cashew and • Plenary discussions • Videos
how to manage • Flip charts
• Participants’
Handouts
1.6.5. Module review • Participants’ • Module review 20 minutes
questions and
comments
• Facilitator’s
summary
TOTAL 4 hours

17
1.7 Facilitator’s Guidelines
Module 1: Climate Change and Climate Smart Agriculture in Cashew
value chain
1.7.1. Introduction and Levelling Expectations Session Guide
(1 hour)
(The facilitator introduces the trainees to this module and • PowerPoint
invites them to state their expectations). presentation
Trainees’ expectation (30 minutes) • Distribute participants’
Module Objectives (30 minutes) handouts on module
(The facilitator presents modules objectives on objectives and
PowerPoint). expectations.
By the end of the training module the trainee should be
able to:
• Explain climate change and adaptations.
• Define ‘climate smart agriculture.
• Describe and explain available climate
smart crop management practices in
cashew production.
• Project and explain the benefits of
selected climate smart crop management
practices in cashew production.
1.7.2. Introduction to Climate Change and Session guide
Climate Variability (45 minutes)
(The facilitator proceeds to introduce the module basics • PowerPoint
Plenary Presentation presentation
• Basic terminologies used in the module (weather, • Plenary
climate, variability, adaptation, coping) discussion
• Climate change and climate variability • Participants’
handouts
• The causes of climate change
• Climate risks impacting agriculture
• Proposed adaptation measures.
Case study videos and plenary discussion (15 minutes)
Facilitator presents a video on impacts of CSA
1.7.3. Concept of Climate Smart Agriculture Session Guide
(CSA) (1 hour)
(The facilitator presents to the trainees the principles • PowerPoint
underpinning CSA and the link to deliverable of project presentation
objectives). • Participants’
Plenary Presentation (45 Minutes) handouts
• Definition of the CSA approach and their • Plenary
• characteristics discussion.

18
 • The three pillars of CSA (productivity, adaptation
and mitigation)
• Why CSA is needed

Plenary Discussion (15 minutes)

Discussions on the CSA concept
1.7.4. Projected Future Scenarios that will Session Guide
Impact Productivity (40 minutes)
(The facilitator presents and leads the trainees in discussing • PowerPoint
future climatic projections focusing on rainfall and Presentation
temperature which directly impacts on crop yields). • Video
PowerPoint Presentation and Plenary discussion (20 presentation
minutes) • Plenary
Discussion
• What are the long term rainfall and temperature
projections as impacted by climate change?
• Project impacts on food production and needed
adaptation measures especially for Cashew.
Video presentation (20 Minutes)
• Short Video on showing projections of rainfall and
temperature
1.7.5. Module Review (20 minutes) Session Guide
(The facilitator leads the trainees in summarizing the key Plenary
points discussed in the module). discussion
• Let the trainees recall what they learned and discuss
any Issues that may arise.

1.8 Reference Materials

1.8.1 Participants’ Handouts

Fact sheets on climate change

1.8.2 References
Esilaba, A.O.et al. (2019). KCEP-CRAL Climate Smart Agriculture Extension Manual.
Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya

19
 MODULE 2
FARMER FIELD AND BUSINESS SCHOOL (FFBS)
APPROACH IN CASHEW VALUE CHAIN (VC)
2.1. Introduction
This module is designed for training and exposing trainees to the Farmer Field and Business
Schools (FFBS) approach and concepts. In addition, practitioners of FFBS need to have
knowledge of this methodology in order to transfer the various Technologies, Innovations
and Management Practices (TIMPs) in Cashew VC to farmers. The trainees will thereafter
facilitate farmers in the Common Interest Groups (CIGs) to learn by doing the available
technologies, innovations and management practices (TIMPS) from a common FFBS
field and then implement what they have learnt at their individual farm level in order to
meet the KCSAP project objective of increased productivity and building resilience to
climate change. FFBS also empowers the learners with various skills such as leadership,
communication and agri-business. Since the methodology is participatory, it improves the
learners’ observation skills and creates linkages with other value-chain players, thereby
making Cashew VC profitable and sustainable.

2.2. Module Learning Outcomes

By the end of the module the following training outcomes should be achieved:
• Concept of Farmer Field and Business School approach, teaching and facilitating
described and explained.
• Approaches to effective facilitation and participatory learning for FFBS
demonstrated and explained.
• Knowledge and analytical skills to design simple experiments for testing options
identified and demonstrated.
• Shift from the traditional focus to improving productivity to farming business
proposition explained and facilitated.

2.3. Module Target Group

This module targets agricultural extension service, private extension service providers
dealing directly with farmer groups at community level and lead farmers based at sub-
county and ward levels.

2.4. Module Users

This module is intended for use by Master trainers who are members of the Core Team of
Trainers (CTT) and Lead Farmers in the Cashew value chain target Counties. The facilitators
using this module should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the participants’ handouts
(training materials).

2.5. Module Duration

The module is estimated to take 7 hours.

20
2.6 Module Summary
Module 2. 6 Farmer Field and Business School Approach

Sessions Training Methods Training Materials Time

2.6.1 Introduction, • Trainees • PowerPoint 30 minutes
climate setting, introduction, setting
leveling of of training norms • Flip charts, Mark
expectations and and commissions pens and Projector
objectives. and group
discussions on
expectations
2.6.2 Overview of • Plenary • PowerPoint, 1 hour
FFBS Presentations and Pictorials and
key activities discussions projector
2.6.3 Introduction to • Plenary • PowerPoint, 1 hour
Communication and Presentation and Projector, Flip
communication skills group discussions charts felt pens
2.6.4 Facilitation and • Plenary • PowerPoint, 1 hour
leadership skills Presentation Projector, Flip
charts and felt pens
2.6.5 Organization and • Plenary • PowerPoint, 1 hour 30
management Presentation Projector, Flip minutes
in FFBS charts and felt pens

2.6.6 Developing • Group discussion • PowerPoint 1 hour 30

FFBS Curriculum for and plenary Projector, Flip minutes
the Cashew presentation charts and felt pens
2.6.7 Module review • Discussions • Flip charts, 30
Conclusions and PowerPoint Minutes
way forward presentations and
projectors
TOTAL 7 hours

2.7 Facilitator’s Guidelines to FFBS establishment and operations

2.7.1 Introduction, climate setting Leveling expectations Session Guide

and Objectives (1hour)
(The facilitator welcomes trainees to the module invites them • Provide checklist
to introduce themselves and share their expectations). for introduction of
trainees to help them
Facilitator introduces the module objectives
build confidence in
Module Objectives
The facilitator presents modules objective in PowerPoint participation

By the end of the module training the trainee should be able

to:

21
 • Describe and explain concept of Farmer Field and • Summarize and
Business School approach, teaching and facilitation. display trainees
• Demonstrate and explain approaches to effective expectations
facilitation and participatory learning for FFBS. • Form and assign
• Identify and demonstrate knowledge and analytical roles to the Sub
skills to design simple experiments for testing groups
options. • Set Norms and
• Explain and facilitate shift from the traditional nominate leaders
focus to improving productivity to farming business • PowerPoint
proposition. presentation on
the Objectives of
the FFBS training
module
2.7.2 Overview of FFBS key activities (1hr) Session guide
Plenary presentation and Discussion • PowerPoint
The facilitator presents on the main concepts and pillars of presentation on the
FFBS: overview of Key
• The definition of FFBS activities in FFBS,
• Participatory technology development (PTD) for Handouts
Cashew value chain TIMPS
• Agro ecosystems Analysis (AESA) of Cashew VC
• Concept of what is this what is that
• FFBS principle of integrated production and pest
management (IPPM)
• FFBS concept and opportunities in Cashew value
chain
2.7.3 Introduction to Communication and
Communication skills (1hr) Session guide
Group exercise to gauge the understanding of trainees on: Group exercise and
• What communication is presentations on flip
• Communication channels charts and PowerPoint
• Barriers to effective communication and presentation
• How to effectively communicate. Handouts
Plenary presentation
Communication and communication skills
2.7.4 Facilitation and leadership skills (1hour) Session guide
Plenary presentation PowerPoint presentation
• Definition of facilitation, facilitator and effective on facilitation and
facilitation. leadership skills
• Qualities of a good facilitator. Handouts
• Golden rules of facilitation.
• Roles and responsibilities of FFBS Facilitators.
• Difference between facilitation and teaching

22
 • Definition of leadership
• Elements of leadership
• Types of leadership
• Characteristics of a good leader
2.7.5 Organization and management in FFBS (1 hour 30 Session guide
minutes)
Plenary presentation on FFBS implementation framework PowerPoint presentation
in the FFBS steps; Handouts
• Ground working.
• Training of Facilitators.
• Establishing PTDs at the FFBS.
• Season long FFBS sessions.
• Evaluation of PTDs.
• Field days.
• Graduation.
• Establishment of Lead FFBS.
• Follow ups.
2.7.6 Developing FFBS Curriculum for Cashew Session guide
production (1hour 30minutes)
Plenary presentation Group exercises on
• pair wise matrix
Steps to Participatory technology development on cashew ranking
production • curriculum
• Identify the major constraints to increased yields of development based
cashew on the VC growth
• Ranking of constraints in order from highest to the stages
lowest • Presentations of the
• Identify list of TIMPS to address the highest group exercises on
ranking constraints flip charts
• Rank the TIMPS in order from the most preferred •
• Develop PTD on the most preferred TIMP • PowerPoint
• Decide on the parameters for AESA presentations on
• Develop FFBS curriculum using crop growth stages PTD and curriculum
in Cashew production development
Group exercises and Discussion • Handouts
• Constraint identification and ranking • Annex 3
• TIMPS options identification and ranking
• Identification of the growth stages of the Cashew
nut VC and development of FFBS training
curriculum.

23
2.7.7 Module review ( 30 minutes) Session guide
Together with the trainees, review the module PowerPoint presentation,
• Participants questions and answers projector, flip charts, felt
• Guideline on FFBS Cashew action plan (Group pens
discussion)
• Facilitators Summary.

2.8 Reference Materials

2.8.1 Participants’ Handouts

2.8.2 References
1. FAO (2006): Farmer Field School FFS Manual
2. Khisa G., (2004). Farmer Field School Methodology: Training of Trainers Manual.
3. Sustainet East Africa; (2010) Farmer Field School: A Technical Manual

24
 MODULE 3
GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES (GAPs) AND FOOD
SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (FSMS)
3.1. Introduction
This module is designed for training and exposing trainees to good agricultural practices
and food safety management system along the Cashew value chain.

Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) manage risk through risk prevention, risk analysis,
sustainable agriculture by means of Integrated Pest and Disease Management (IPDM)
and Integrated Crop Management (ICM). Declining food safety, reduced food quality,
unsustainable farming practices and negative environmental impact from agricultural
activities plague the food sector. Worker safety and health along with traceability
requirements are a major concern to modern consumers. Good Agricultural Practices
are vital in protecting consumer health by ensuring safety within the food chain. It is
imperative to operate from the table upstream to include suppliers of agricultural inputs,
providers of logistics and farm equipment. Good Agricultural Practices therefore constitute
a certification system for agriculture, specifying procedures that must be implemented
to produce and supply food that is safe for consumers and wholesome, using sustainable
methods.

Food safety assures food quality based on the absence or occurrence of hazards that are
risky to human and animal health, within acceptable limits. Hazards are common along
food value chains that lack effective control measures and may be due to ‘bad’ agronomic
practices or are introduced along the supply chain from the farm to fork continuum. Today,
there is an increasing public concern on the negative environmental and health impacts of
agro-chemicals as well as microbial pathogens and their toxins. Control of the hazards
occurrence is done through the implementation of an effective Food Safety Management
Systems (FSMS) through Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) management
system. It involves a seven step management system that provides the framework for
monitoring the entire food chain. This makes it more of a preventive, rather than a reactive
tool designed to identify and control potential problems before they occur.

3.2. Module Learning Outcomes

By the end of the module the following outcomes should be achieved:
• GAP’s on matters of food safety and quality along the crop value chain appreciated.
• Utilisation of resources (water, soil, manure, fertilizers, and other inputs),
environmental protection and conservation explained.
• Worker safety and health within the crop production system enhanced.
• Traceability in food safety and quality along the crop value chain mapped.

3.3. Module Target Group

This module targets agricultural extension service providers based at sub-county and ward
level, lead farmers and all crops value chain players. It will also be useful for private
extension service providers dealing directly with farmer groups at community level.

25
3.4. Module Users
This module is intended for use by Master trainers who are members of the Core Team of
Trainers (CTT) and Lead Farmers in the cashew value chain target counties. The facilitators
using this module should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the participants’ handouts
(training materials).

3.5. Module Duration

The module is estimated to take 8 hours.

3.6 Module Summary

Module 3. Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and Food Safety Management
Systems (FSMS)
Sessions Training Methods Training Materials Time
3.6.1 Introduction, • Groups to bring • Module objectives 30 minutes
objectives and out expectations • Marker pens
levelling of • Plenary • Flip charts
expectations presentation • Projector
• Laptop
3.6.2 Understanding • Plenary • Flip charts 30 minutes
what is GAP and its presentations • Marker pens
application in the • Group work • Projector
crop value chains • Plenary • Laptop
• Pictorials/video clips
3.6.3 Discussion • Group Work • Flip charts 30 minutes
of what factors • Farm visit within • Marker pens
to consider when training site • Projector
selecting a site for • Group • Laptop
agricultural activities presentations • Pictorials/video clips
through Risk • Data sheets
Assessment
3.6.4 Review of • Group work • Data forms 1 hour
GAP requirements • Plenary • Flip charts
for audit and types presentations • Marker pens
of protocols possible • Mock audit • Projector
• Laptop
• Pictorials/video clips
• Data sheets
3.6.5 Introduction to • Plenary PowerPoint presentation 30 minutes
Site Selection presentation
3.6.6 GAP • Plenary PowerPoint presentation 30 minutes
checklists and Audit presentations Global GAP checklists
Group exercise

26
3.6.7 Safe use of • Group work on • Pictorials/video clips 1 hour
Pesticides and nozzles • Knapsacks
calibration of • Rate of discharge • Measuring cylinders
sprayers and nozzles • Safety guidelines • Tape measure
• Nozzles
• Empty clean
pesticide containers
3.6.8 Understanding • Brain storming • Flip charts 30 minutes
of food safety • Plenary • Marker pens
management system presentation • Projector
in crop value chains • Group discussions • Laptop,
• Pictorials/video clips
3.6.9 Determination • Plenary • Projector 30 minutes
of food safety risk/ presentation • Laptop
hazards in crop • Group discussions • Flip charts
value chains (hazard • Marker pens
analysis) • Participants’
handouts
3.6.10 Determination • Plenary • Projector 1 hour
of critical control Presentation • Laptop
points (CCPs) and • Group discussions • Flip charts
Critical limits (CLs) • Marker pens
in crop value chain
3.6.9 Prevention and • Plenary • Flip charts 1 hour
corrective measures Presentation • Marker pens
for CCPs in Cashew • Group discussions • PowerPoint projector
value chain • Laptop
• Pictorials/video clips

3.6.11 Module • Participants’ • Participants’ 30 minutes

review questions and handouts
comments • Module review
• Facilitator’s
summary
TOTAL 8 hours

27
3.7 Facilitator Guidelines to Good Agricultural Practices

3.7.1 Introduction and Levelling Expectations (30 Session Guide

Minutes)
(The facilitator welcomes trainees to the sub-module • Summarize trainees’
and invites them to introduces themselves and state their “expectations” on a
expectations). flipchart and make
displays
The facilitator presents module’s objectives in PowerPoint.
• PowerPoint presentation
Module Objectives
By the end of the module the trainee should be able to:
• Appreciate GAP’s on matters of food safety and
quality along the crop value chain.
• Optimise utilisation of resources (water,
soil, manure, fertilizers, and other inputs),
environmental protection and conservation.
• Enhance worker safety and health within the crop
production system.
• Map and implement traceability in food safety
and quality along the crop value chain.
3.7.2 Understanding what is GAP and its application Session Guide
in the crop value chains (30 Minutes)
(Facilitator leads discussion on understanding of • PowerPoint presentation
GAPs and its relevance to actors in the Cashew value • Participants handouts
chain). • Group exercises and
Plenary Presentation and Discussion discussion
• Understanding GAP in the context of crop
production.
• Explain the role of GAPs in safe and sustainable
food production system for growers and
consumers.
• Understanding GAPs as the key to high
commodity market destinations.
3.7.3 Discussion of what factors to consider when Session Guide
selecting a site for agricultural activities through Risk
Assessment (30 Minutes)
(Facilitator guides discussion on the key determinants • PowerPoint presentation
of site suitability for agricultural activities). • Participants’ handouts
Plenary discussion and presentation • Plenary discussion
• Factors to be considered in an agricultural site
selection.
• The need for documentation in a farm
assurance system.

28
 • Types of mandatory farm records.
• General guidelines to conservation agriculture
(CA).
3.7.4 Review of GAP requirements for audit and types Session Guide
of protocols possible (1 hour)
(The facilitator leads the trainees in summarizing the key • PowerPoint presentation
points discussed in the module). • Participants’ handouts

Plenary presentation
• Methods and procedures required at on-farm
level to obtain GAP certification in crops
production.
• Good soil management practices (appropriate
crop rotations, manure application)
• Careful management of water resources
and efficient use of water for rain-fed crop
production via irrigation.
• Selection of crop types and varieties to meet
local consumer needs.
• Adoption of IPM practices to minimize the
potential impact of pest control actions on
workers, food, and environmental and health
safety.
• Minimizing contamination at harvest, on-farm
processing and storage.
3.7.5 Introduction to Site Selection (1 hour) Session Guide
(The facilitator introduces the various factors involved in • PowerPoint presentation
site selection through Pictorials/video clips PPT’s and farm • Participants’ handouts
walk).

Plenary Presentation
• Factors to be considered in an agricultural site
selection.
• The need for documentation in a farm assurance
system.
• Types of mandatory farm records.
• General guidelines to conservation agriculture
(CA).

29
3.7.6 GAP checklists and Audit (1 hour) Session Guide
(Facilitator guides the trainees on self-assessment (Internal • PowerPoint presentation
audit and corrective measures for non-compliance). • Global GAP checklists
• Participants’ handouts
Plenary Presentation • Group exercise
• Need for mandatory records in GAPs
• Internal Audit procedures
• Practical on Mock Audits
• Interpretation of audit reports
• Compliance and corrective actions
Group Exercise
• Groups audit a farm or a process within the
training site.
• Present audit results and verdict and
corrective actions.
3.7.7 Safe use of Pesticides and calibration of sprayers Session Guide
and nozzles ( 1 hour)
(The facilitator organizes the groups to identify level of • PowerPoint presentation
knowledge on pesticide use and safety. Determination • Pesticide containers
of less hazardous pesticides, fungicides and herbicides, • Knapsack sprayers
quantities to apply and respective PHIs). • Nozzles
• Participants’ handouts
Plenary presentation • Group exercise
• Formation of groups for practical activities
• Guided knapsack calibration
• Different types of nozzles and their uses
• Pesticide safety
Group Exercise
• Practical session on how to handle different types
of pesticides, fungicides and herbicides together
with their calibrations.
3.7.8 Understanding Food Safety (30 minutes)
(The facilitator introduces food safety system by defining • List the responses on flip
it and sharing its benefits with the trainees). chart
• PowerPoint presentation
Plenary Presentation
• Overview of Food Safety Management
Systems (FSMS).
• Why food safety is important in crops
production systems.
• isks to human/animal health due to chemical,
biological and physical hazards exposure.
• Legal and market requirements for food safety
practice.

30
 • Food safety practices that reduce risks/hazards. • Participants’ handouts
• Use of HACCP tool/system for monitoring crop
production.
3.7.9 Determination of food safety risks/hazards (30
minutes)
(Facilitator guides discussion on the steps of identification • PowerPoint presentation
of food safety hazards FSMS). • Participants’ handouts
• Group exercise
Plenary Presentation
• Explain the concept of risk identification (Hazard
analysis) in crop production chain.
• Listing the types of hazards that cause illness or
death.
• Determine and identify factors influencing likely
occurrence/severity of hazards.
• List hazards alongside the possible control
measures.
• Explain the concept in a flow diagram.

Group Exercise
• Groups to identify major risk/hazards at points of
crop production.
• Draw flow diagrams for the crop.
3.7.10 Determination of critical control points (CCP)
in crop value chains ( 1 hour )
(The facilitator introduces the topic on determination of • PowerPoint
critical control points (CCP). presentation
• Participants’
Plenary presentation handouts
• Why it is important to determine CCP in • Group exercise
production chain.
• How to monitor and measure the CCP (point, step
or procedure).
• How to document the CCP.
• How to establish critical limits (from standards or
guidelines) for each CCP.

Group Exercise
Groups to identify and establish critical control
points and critical limits.

31
3.7.11 Prevention and corrective measures for CCP Session Guide
in crop value chains (1 hour)

(The facilitator introduces the topic on prevention and • PowerPoint

control of possible hazards). presentation
• Participants’
Plenary presentation handouts
• Establishment of corrective actions against CCP. • Group exercises
• Establish verification procedures for CCP.
• Establish record-keeping and documentation
procedures.
• How to develop HACCP plan and Food safety
tool kit for the crop value chain.

Group Exercise
Groups to identify and establish corrective actions and
verification procedures for crop value chain.
3.7.12 Module Review (30 minutes) Session Guide
(The facilitator leads the trainees in summarizing the Plenary discussion
key points discussed in the module).

3.8 Reference Materials

3.8.1 Participants’ Handouts

• Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) hand book
• HACCP hand book for crop production
• Farm management and production hand book

3.8.2 References
• Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point Principles and Application Guidelines
(2018). National Advisory Committee on Hazards Criteria for Foods.
• Food Safety Manual for Farmer Field Schools (2010). A training reference guide on
food safety in global FFS programs, FAO.
• Global GAP Version V

32
 MODULE 4
CASHEW NUTS PRODUCTION NICHES AND
CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS
4.1 Introduction
This module exposes service providers, lead farmers and facilitators to the different types
of production ecological conditions (altitudes, soils, AEZs and climate) suitable for Cashew
nut production. In Kenya Cashew is grown in coastal, eastern and western regions. In the
coastal region it is grown in four counties of Kwale, Kilifi, Taita Taveta and Lamu counties,
in the eastern region it is grown in two counties Meru and Tharaka/Nithi while in western
region little cultivation occurs in Busia County. It has recently been introduced in Embu
County.
Cashew is mainly grown by smallholder farmers under rain-fed conditions. The crop is
either grown as a mono crop or is intercropped with annual crops such as Maize, Simsim,
Cassava green grams and cowpeas. There is need for the knowledge on the production
niches and climatic conditions enhanced among the farming community for increased
productivity of the crop.

4.2 Module Learning outcomes

By the end of the module the following training outcomes must be achieved:
• Importance of Cashew in Kenya’s economy explained.
• Suitable areas (altitudes and soil types/characteristics) for Cashew production
identified and described.
• Climatic conditions (temperatures, rainfall and humidity) required for Cashew
production described.
• Specific county agro-ecological zones for Cashew production identified.

4.3 Module Target Group

This module is intended for public agricultural extension providers in the Cashew value
chain target counties and service providers.

4.4 Module users

This module is intended for use by Master trainers who are members of the Core Team of
Trainers (CTT) and Lead Farmers in the Cashew value chain target Counties. The facilitators
using this module should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the participants’ handouts
(training materials).

4.5 Module Duration

The module is estimated to take 5 hours

33
4.6 Module Summary
Module 4: Cashew production niches and climatic requirements
Sessions Training methods Training materials Time
4.6.1 • Presenter introduction • Flips charts 30 minutes
Introductions • Self-introduction of trainees • Felt pens
and climate (incl. individual involvement • Laptop for
setting in Cashew value chain PowerPoint
• Plenary discussion Presentation
4.6.2 • Presentations (guide on group • Flips charts 30 minutes
Objectives and work) • Felt pens
expectations • County group exercise • Laptop for
(trainees enlist expectations) PowerPoint
• Plenary discussions to share Presentation
expectations
4.6.3 • Presentations • Flips charts 1 hour
Importance • Plenary discussions • Felt pens
of Cashew • Laptop for
in Kenya’s PowerPoint
economy handouts Training
notes)
4.6.4 Cashew • Presentations • Flips charts 1 hour
production • Plenary discussions • Felt pens
ecological/ • Laptop for
climatic PowerPoint
requirements presentations
for optimal • Handouts
yields (training notes)
4.6.5 Cashew • Group work to identify • Flips charts 1 hour
production Cashew production pockets • Felt pens
Agro- in their sub-Counties/ • Laptop for
ecological Counties PowerPoint
zones (AEZs)- • Presentations presentations
average yields, • Plenary discussions
and constraints
in the target
Counties
4.6.6 Cashew • Discussions/conclusion and • Flip charts 30
module review way forward • Laptop for Minutes
PowerPoint
presentations
Total 4 hours 30
minutes

34
4.7 Facilitator’s Guidelines
Module 4: Cashew production and appropriate climatic requirements
4.7.1. Introductions and climate setting (30 minutes) Session Guide
(The facilitator welcomes trainees to the module and invites them • Summarize the
to introduce themselves and state their expectations). facilitator/trainees
involvement in
Cashew value chains
4.7.2. Objectives (30 minutes)
(The facilitator presents module objectives). • PowerPoint
Module Objectives presentations
By the end of the module the trainee should be able to: • Group exercise
• Explain the importance of cashew in Kenya’s (listing and presenting
economy. expectations).
• Identify and describe suitable areas (altitudes and • Expectations lists kept
soil types/characteristics) for cashew production. for later reviewing
• Describe climatic conditions (temperatures, rainfall
and humidity) required for cashew production.
• Identify specific county agro-ecological zones for
cashew production.
4.7.3 Importance of Cashew in Kenya’s economy (1 hour)
Plenary Presentation (45 minutes) • PowerPoint
• Origin of cashew presentation
• Why cashew in Kenyan households • Distribute to
• Key counties producing cashew in Kenya participants’ Handouts
• General cashew production in Kenya.

Plenary Discussion (15 minutes)

Questions/answers/comments
4.7.4 Cashew production ecological/climatic requirements
(1 hour)
Plenary Presentation (45 minutes) • PowerPoint
• Altitude and Agro-ecological zones presentation
• Climatic conditions (Rainfall, Temperatures and • Distribute to
humidity) participants Handouts’
• Soils (soil types, pH, general fertility for cashew) (training materials)

Plenary Discussion (15 minutes)

Questions/answers/comments

35
 4.7.5. Cashew production AEZs (villages), average Session Guide
yields, and constraints in the target Counties (1 hour)
Plenary Presentation (30 Minutes) • PowerPoint
(Facilitator guides in reviewing and discussing suitability presentations
map county by county). • Group work
Group work (15 minutes) • Facilitator’s guided
Trainees to bring out specific county or sub-county AEZs, discussions
land size, yields and constraints to Cashew production and
present in the plenary:
• Agro-ecological zones (AEZs) and % area suitable
for Cashew
• Average land/farm size under Cashew
• Average Cashew yield per farm
• Constraints to Cashew production

Plenary Discussions/presentations from the groups (15

minutes)
Let the trainees/groups share the group exercise outcomes.
4.7.6. Module review (1 hour) Session Guide
(The facilitator leads the trainees in reviewing the module). • The last participants’
Plenary Discussions (30 minutes) Handouts/training
Plenary Presentations (30 minutes) materials
Facilitator guides on the summary of the module. • Summarize the main
• What new thing(s) did trainees learn from the points of the module
module? on a flip chart and
• Are there any unanswered questions the trainees still display
have?

4.8 Reference Materials

4.8.1Participants’ Handouts
• Cashew production Guides [2017]
• Cashew Booklet [2017]
• Cashew for Cash (2001)

36
 MODULE 5
CASHEW VARIETY SELECTION
5.1. Introduction
This module exposes service providers, lead farmers and facilitators to the improved
Cashew varieties, their uses and target area of production. These Cashew varieties are
recommended for different ecological areas. However, farmers are not able to identify the
varieties, their different characteristics and suitability for their needs. There is therefore
need to train farmer trainers in the target counties on the different Cashew varieties, their
suitable areas of production and their end uses.

5.2 Learning Outcomes

By the end of the module the following outcomes should be achieved:
• The Cashew crop and its climatic and ecological requirements described.
• The various improved Cashew varieties their ecological areas of cultivation and
their uses identified.
• The varieties suited to the target counties identified.

5.3 Module Target Group

This module targets public and private agricultural extension service providers and lead
farmers based at Cashew target counties.

5.4. Module users

This module is intended for use by Master trainers who are members of the Core Team of
Trainers (CTT) and Lead Farmers in the Cashew value chain target Counties. The facilitators
using this module should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the participants’ handouts
(training materials).

5.5 Module Duration

The module is estimated to take 4 hours.

5.6 Module Summary

Module 5. Cashew Variety Selection
Sessions Training Methods Training Materials Time
5.6.1. Introduction and • Plenary • Flip charts 30 minutes
Objectives presentation
Expectations • PowerPoint
• Group
discussions and
presentation of
expectations

37
 5.6.2. Introduction • Group Exercises •PowerPoint 1 hour 30
to various improved to identify local •Flip charts minutes
Cashew varieties, their Cashew
ecological areas of •Manila papers
cultivation and their • Plenary
Presentations •Mark pens
attributes and uses.
•Specimens
• On-farm practical of Cashew
demonstration flowers, nuts,
apples
5.6.3 Appropriate • Plenary • PowerPoint 1 hour 30
variety for specific Presentation minutes
needs • Group Exercises

5.6.4.Module review • Group Exercises • Participants’ 30 minutes

• Facilitator’s handouts
summary • Module review
• Participants’
handouts
• Cashew manual
TOTAL 4 hours

5.7. Facilitator‘s Guidelines

Module 5: Cashew Variety Selection
5.7. 1 Introduction and levelling of expectations and Session Guide
objectives (1 hour)
Introduction (30 minutes) • Summarize
(The facilitator welcomes trainees to the module on Cashew trainees’
varieties and invites the trainees to introduce themselves and “expectations”
state their). and display.
Module Objectives (30 minutes) • Distribute
(The facilitator presents modules objectives) participants’
handouts
By the end of the module training the trainee should be able to:
• Module
• Describe the Cashew crop and its climatic and ecological
Objectives,
requirements.
Program
• Identify the various improved Cashew varieties their
ecological areas of cultivation and their uses.
• Identify the varieties suited to the counties of interest.
5.7.2 Introduction to Cashew and the various improved Session Guide
Cashew varieties and their uses (30 minutes)
(The facilitator describes the Cashew crop and guides the • Distribute
trainees in identifying the various Cashew improved varieties Participants’
and their uses). handouts
Group work (10 minutes)
Ask trainees highlight and describe some of the Cashew
varieties they know.

38
 Plenary Presentation (20 minutes) • Cashew
• What is Cashew? brochures,
• Improved Cashew varieties. leaflets and
(Show trainees the photographs of each variety and the full manual
description and its uses).
5.7.3 Recommended Cashew varieties for the target counties Session Guide
(2 hours)
Plenary Presentation • Distribute
Varieties for the target counties (30 minutes) participants’
• Cashew growing regions and the new regions which are handouts.
• Cashew manual
being targeted for Cashew cultivation in Kenya. • Brochures
• Cashew varieties suited for each county • Leaflets
• County climate conditions for target county (semi-arid,
hot dry low land, cold dry highlands, high potential, sub
humid and humid).

Group Exercises (30 minutes)

Trainees discuss and come up with Cashew varieties in their
county

Group Exercises (1 hour)

(Ensure there is an established orchard of all the varieties or
plant samples).
• Visit the Cashew Orchard with the trainees and assist
them identify and study the various varieties.
• After the field visit ask the trainees to recall what they
learned and discuss on any issue that may arise.
5.7.4 .Module review (30 minutes) Session Guide
(The facilitator leads the trainees in reviewing the module) • The last
Group Exercise Participants’
Summarize the main points of the training Handouts
Together with the trainees review the main points about improved • Summary
Cashew varieties of the main
• What new things did you learn from this module? points from the
• What are some of the problems and issues that you have module.
become more aware of in Cashew varieties?
• What questions do you still have about identification of
Cashew varieties?

5.8 Reference Materials

5.8.1 Participants’ Handouts
• Cashew production Guides [2017]
• Cashew for Cash Booklet [2001]
• Cashew Farmers Handbook [2017]

39
 MODULE 6
CASHEW SEED SYSTEMS
6.1 Introduction
In most Cashew growing areas, farmers have established their Cashew orchards using their
own seeds, or source seeds from their neighbors which give them minimal yields .Through
grafting technology farmers are able to access improved planting materials of Cashew.
Grafting has been identified as one of the most effective means of propagation and it is a
skill that almost everybody can practice effectively. It only requires a lot of practising to
gain confidence when doing it.
As agricultural production increasingly becomes commercialized and global food markets
become more competitive, farmers need to invest in improved Cashew varieties for high
yields and sustainable income. This module exposes county extension officers, private
service providers, lead farmers and facilitators to the various plant propagation systems
and the importance of quality planting materials in Cashew production. It also covers
community plant seedling production and gives direction on how to interface public
and private seedling production to enable farmers venture into commercial Cashewnut
production.

6.2 Module learning outcomes

By the end of the module the following should be achieved:
• The main Cashew propagation systems in Kenya explained and appreciated.
• Knowledge on Cashew seedling production in public and private seedling
nurseries enhanced and applied.
• The importance of private nurseries, community nurseries and its interface with
public nurseries for enhanced production of quality Cashewnuts explained and
understood.

6.3 Module Target Group and Categories

This module is intended for private service providers and county public extension agents.

6.4 Module Users

This module is intended for use by Master trainers who are members of the Core Team of
Trainers (CTT) and Lead Farmers in the Cashew value chain target counties. The facilitators
using this module should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the participants’ handouts
(training materials).

6.5 Module Duration

The module is estimated to take 5 hours and 30 minutes.

40
6.6 Module Summary
Module 6: Cashew Seed System
Sessions Training methods Training materials Time
6.6.1 Introduction, • Self-introduction • Flips charts 30 minutes
objectives and • Presentations • Marker pens
expectations
• Plenary discussions • PowerPoint
presentation
6.6.2 Definition of seed • Group work • Flips charts 1 hour
and seed system in • Presentations • Marker pens
Kenya
• PowerPoint
Presentation
6.6.3 Formal seed • Presentations • PowerPoint 2 hours
system in Kenya • Discussions Presentation
• Flips charts
• Marker pens
6.6.4 Informal seed • Presentations • PowerPoint 1 hours 30
system in Kenya • Discussions Presentation minutes
• Flips charts
• Marker pens
6.6.5 Module review • Group work • Flips charts 30 minutes
and discussions • Discussions
• presentation
Total 5 hours

6.7 Facilitator’s Guidelines

Module 6: Cashew Seed System
6.7.1. Introduction and levelling of expectations and Session Guide
objectives (1 hour)
Introduction (30 minutes) • Summarize trainees’
(The facilitator welcomes trainees to the module on the “expectations” and
main Cashew seed systems before inviting trainees to introduce display.
themselves and state their expectations).
• PowerPoint
Presentation
6.7.1. Module Objectives (30 minutes)
• Distribute
(The facilitator presents modules objectives)
Participants’ Handouts
By the end of the module the trainee should be able to:
• Describe and explain Cashew propagation systems
in Kenya.

41
 • Describe Cashew seedling production systems in
public and private seedling nurseries
• Explain the role of private nurseries, community
and public nurseries in the production of quality
Cashewnuts.
6.7.2. Definition of seed and seed system in Kenya Session Guide
(1hour)
Group work and presentation (30 Minutes) • Group work
• What is quality seed? • PowerPoint
Presentation
Plenary Presentation (30 Minutes) • Distribute
• Definition a seed system and characteristics of main Participants’ Handouts
seed systems (formal and informal seed system) • Brochures, Leaflets,
• Commodity corridors
6.7.3 Formal seed systems in Kenya (1 hour 30 Minutes) Session Guide
Plenary presentation and Discussion(1 hour 30 Minutes) • PowerPoint
• Legal requirements for seed certification Presentation
• Seed certification process • Distribute
• Post certification activities for enforcing the seed act
cap 326 Participants’ Handouts
• Post certification activities for seed quality assurance • Brochures, Leaflets
• Seed importation and exportation requirements.
6.7.4 Informal seed system in Kenya (1 hour 30 Minutes) Session Guide
Plenary presentations: (1 Hour) • Group work
• Seed multiplication • PowerPoint
• Cashew seed standards and commercial production Presentation
• Informal seed system • Distribute Participants
• Community seed bulking and how is it implemented
• Synergies for formal and informal seed systems Handouts
• Brochures, Leaflets,
Group work and Discussion (30 Minutes)
Calculate seedling requirements for the county/ward/farmer
group and present.
6.7.5 Module review (30 minutes) Session Guide
(The facilitator leads the trainees in reviewing the module) • The last Participants’
Handouts
Plenary Discussion and presentation • Summarize the main
Summarize the module together with the trainees and have a points from the
recap of the main components in: module on a flip chart
• Cashew seed systems and their characteristics and display
• Importance of using certified seed
• Informal seed
(Discuss the knowledge acquired and skills learnt from this
module with the trainees. What are the observations made
by trainees from this module?)

42
6.8 Reference Materials
6.8.1 Participants’ Handouts
• Cashew production Guides [2017]
• Cashew Booklet [2017]

43
 MODULE 7
CLIMATE SMART AGRONOMIC PRACTICES FOR CASHEW
7.1 Introduction
Cashew production has been an important income generating activity in Kenya. Due to
poor crop management practices and unfavourable market structure, the production has
declined drastically, thus reducing its economic importance. The Cashew tree produces
nuts during the dry period of the year when food is in short supply in most parts of coastal
region. It is also drought tolerant with rainfall requirement of between 500 mm to 1200 mm
per year. The tree has the potential of protecting the environment from the adverse effects
of climate change. Cashew plant is evergreen and has the ability of utilizing the carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere thereby increasing the carbon sink and consequently reducing
global warming.
Processed Cashewnuts still command favourable prices in the world market and its demand
is high. Cashew remains a potential crop for income generation in Kenya. Various Cashew
production technologies have been developed over the years.

This module covers various aspects of climate smart agronomic practices. These includes;
the importance of proper plant spacing, pruning, coppicing and top working. The overall
purpose is to reduce the number of farmers obtaining low Cashewnut yields and to increase
average yields of Cashewnut per tree.

7.2 Module Learning outcomes

By the end of the module the following training outcomes should be achieved:
• The agronomic practices recommended for Cashewnut production identified.
• Inputs and their right application rates for Cashewnut production described and
explained.
• Region-specific advice on agronomic practices for Cashew production explained.
• The right timing for operations or inputs application in Cashewnut production
described.

7.3 Module Target Group and Categories

This module is intended for county public agricultural extension staff and private service
providers in the Cashew value chain across the target counties.

7.4 Module users

This module is intended for use by Master trainers who are members of the Core Team of
Trainers (CTT) and Lead Farmers in the Cashew value chain target Counties. The facilitators
using this module should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the participants’ handouts
(training materials).

44
7.5. Module Duration
The module is estimated to take duration of 5 hours

7.6 Module Summary

Module 7: Cashew agronomic practices
Sessions Training methods Training materials Time
7.6.1 Introductions • Presenter introductions • Flips charts 30 minutes
and climate setting • Self-introduction of • Marker pens
trainees (incl. individual • Laptop
involvement in Cashew • Projector
• Plenary discussions
7.6.2 Objectives • Presentations (guide on • Flips charts 1 hour
and expectations group work) • Marker pens
• Group work (trainees • Laptop
enlist expectations) • Projector
• Plenary discussions to
share expectations
7.6.3 Agronomic • Presentations • Flips charts 2 hours
practices for • Practical work (groups • Marker pens
Cashew production tour nearby farm for • Laptop
possible farm layout) • Projector
• Plenary discussions
resulting from the farm
visit
7.6.4 Appropriate • Presentations • Flips charts 1 hour
inputs and their • Group work (trainees • Marker pens
application rates enlist inputs and dosage • Laptop
for optimum yields in different counties) • Projector
of Cashew • Plenary discussions to
share group work results

7.6.5 Module • Discussions/conclusion • Flip charts 30 minutes

review and and way forward • Marker pens
discussion • Laptop
• Projector
Total 5 hours

45
7.7 Facilitator’s Guidelines
Module 7: Climate smart agronomic practices for Cashew
7.7.1. Introduction, climate setting (30 minutes) Session Guide
(The facilitator welcomes trainees to the module and invites them to • Summarize the
introduce themselves and state their expectations). facilitator/trainees
involvement in
Cashew value
chains
7.7.2 Objectives and expectations (1 hour)
Objectives (30 minutes) • PowerPoint
(The facilitator presents the module objectives). presentations
By the end of the module training, the trainee should be able to: • Group exercise
• Identify the agronomic practices recommended for (listing and
Cashew production. presenting
• Describe and explain inputs and their right application expectations).
rates for Cashew production. • Expectations
• Explain region-specific advice on agronomic practices lists kept for
for Cashew production. later reviewing
• Describe the right timing for operations or inputs compliancy
application in Cashew production.

Expectations (30 minutes)

The trainees to form discussion groups and list their expectations
from the module.

7.7.3. Agronomic practices for Cashew production (2

hour)
Plenary Presentation (40 minutes) • PowerPoint
The facilitator presents critical factors on: Presentation
• Climate smart land preparation • Groups discussions
• Fertilizer recommendations • Distribute
• Climate smart optimal planting/ (seed rates, plant participants’
density) handouts/training
• Physiological maturity indices and harvesting materials
• Innovative Cashew intercropping system
• Cashew orchard rehabilitation techniques.

Discussions (20 minutes)

Questions/answers and comments

46
 7.7.4. Appropriate inputs and their application rates for Session Guide
optimum yield of Cashew (1 hour)
Group work (30 minutes) • PowerPoint
• The facilitator guides trainees to list and/or present the Presentation
required inputs for use in Cashewnut production. • Distribute
• The trainees form county groups to provide lists of participants
Cashewnut inputs and the application rates used by • Groups discussions
farmers. handouts/training
• The groups present their results in the plenary - opening materials
up for some questions, answers and discussions.

Plenary presentation (30minutes)

The facilitator present on:
• Recommended Cashew inputs (seeds, fertilizers,
manures, etc.)
• Input application rates
• Input timing of their application for optimal yields of
Cashewnut

7.7.5. Module review (30 minutes) Session Guide

(The facilitator leads the trainees in reviewing the module) • The last Participants’
Summary for the main points from the training Handouts/training
• Objectives and expectations (review done on the basis materials
of objectives and expectations listed earlier). • Summarize the main
• Trainees to randomly indicate new sets of skills and points of the module
knowledge acquired from the module. on a flip chart and
• Randomly (average of 10 cases) Trainees to randomly display
highlight future undertakings in reference to the
module.

7.8. Reference Materials

7.8.1 Participants’ Handouts

1. Cashew production Guides [2017]
2. Cashew Booklet [2017]
3. Brochures on Soil and Water managements

47
 MODULE 8
INTEGRATED SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES FOR CASHEW PRODUCTION
8.1 Introduction
Poor soil conditions and unreliable availability of moisture in most smallholder Cashew
farming systems have been the main causes of low yields. Generally, Cashew yields have
continued to decline over the years due to increased soil acidity, mining of nutrients not
supplied in the applied fertilizers and poor soil structure caused by failure to use the available
sources of organic matter. Macronutrients [nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K)
and Sulphur (S)] and micronutrients [zinc (Zn), Molybdenum (Mo) and Boron (B)] have
been identified as deficient in Kenyan soils. Additionally, climate change has accelerated
the decline of the agricultural sector performance through limited and unpredictable water
availability for the Cashew production systems.

Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM), through conservation agriculture offers

the best options for improving soil fertility in the advent of climate change adaptation.
Cashew as any other crop requires nutrient inputs for potential yield. If the nutrient is not
balanced by application of manures and fertilizers, the yield and quality will decline apart
from deterioration of soil health. Integrated use of organic manure and inorganic fertilizers
provides sustainable yield while maintaining soil health.

Cashew are mostly cultivated by smallholder farmers with minimal inputs. Drought
management technologies to mitigate drought effects in Cashew production are available.
However, farmers have not realized the full benefits due to limited integration of the
developed Integrated Natural Resource Management (INRM) and sustainable intensification
practices in their Cashew production systems.

This module introduces Cashew value chain to service providers, lead farmers, agriculture
extension staff and facilitators to the importance of integrated soil and water management
practices for enhanced Cashew nut production.

8.2 Module learning outcomes

By the end of the module, the following training outcomes should be achieved:
• Knowledge on soil composition, the various physical, chemical and biological
properties, and what constitutes a healthy soil, including soil classification acquired
• Soil and plant tissue sampling for laboratory analysis, interpretation and utilization
of results from accredited laboratories in Kenya discussed and appreaciated.
• Soil fertility and plant nutrition for increased crop productivity (4R Stewardship
that includes nutrient source and application rates, timing and placement)
appreciated.
• Knowledge on soil health and Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM) for
climate resilient cropping acquired.
• Knowledge on water harvesting technologies, water quality for Cashew nuts

48
 production together with soil and water management acquired.
• Knowledge and skills for identifying temporary or permanent decline in the
productive capacity of land and how to solve soil degradation challenges imparted
and appreciated.
• Awareness on the occurrence of problematic soils and their management enhanced.

8.3 Module Target Group and Categories

This module is intended for Cashew value chain service providers and County extension
agents in the Cashew nuts producing regions.

8.4 Module Users

This module is intended for use by Master trainers who are members of the Core Team of
Trainers (CTT) and Lead Farmers in the Cashew value chain target Counties. The facilitators
using this module should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the participants’ handouts
(training materials).

8.5 Module Duration

The Module is estimated to last for a duration of 7 hours

8.6 Module Summary

Module 8: Integrated soil and water management practices for Cashew production
Sessions Training methods Training materials Duration
8.6.1 Introduction, • Personal introduction • Flip charts 30 minutes
objectives and • Presentations • Marker pens
expectations • Plenary discussions • PowerPoint
presentation
8.6.2 Soil composition, • Presentations • Flip charts 30 minutes
properties and health, • Practical’s on • Marker pens
how to conduct • PowerPoint
soil sampling and presentation
analysis • Participants’
handouts
8.6.3 Soil and plant • Presentations • Flip charts 1 hour 30
tissue sampling and • Field demonstrations • Marker pens minutes
analysis (Conduct soil and • PowerPoint
plant tissue sampling presentation
and analysis) • Participants’
handouts
8.6.4. Soil fertility and • Presentations • Flip charts 1 hour
plant nutrition • Field demonstrations • Marker pens
• PowerPoint
presentation
• Participants’
handouts

49
8.6.5 Soil health and • Presentations • Flip charts 1 hour
(ISFM) for climate • Marker pens
resilient cropping • Field demonstrations • PowerPoint
systems presentation
• Participants’
handouts
8.6.6 Soil and water • Presentations • Flip charts 1 hour
management and • Marker pens
water harvesting • Field demonstrations • PowerPoint
technologies presentation
• Participants’
handouts
8.6.7 Soil degradation • Presentations • Flip charts 30 minutes
and reclamation • Marker pens
• Field demonstrations • PowerPoint
presentation
• Participants’
handouts
8.6.8 Problematic soils • Presentations • Flip charts 30 minutes
and their management • Marker pens
• Field demonstrations • PowerPoint
presentation
• Participants’
handouts
8.6.9 Module review • Discussions • Flip charts 30 minutes
and discussion
Total 7 hours

8.7 Facilitator’s Guidelines

Module 8: Integrated soil and water management practices for Cashew production
8.7.1. Introduction, objectives and expectations (30 Session Guide
minutes)
(The facilitator welcomes trainees to the module and invites them • Summarize trainees’
to introduce themselves and state their expectations). “Expectations” and
display.
Module Objectives (30 minutes) • PowerPoint
(The facilitator presents modules objectives) presentation
By the end of the module the trainee should be able to: • Distribute participants’
• Acquire knowledge on soil composition and what handouts on Module
constitutes a healthy soil, including soil classification. • Objectives and
• Appreciate and discuss soil and plant tissue sampling Training Program
for laboratory test analysis, interpretation and
utilization of results from accredited laboratories in
Kenya.

50
 • Appreciate soil fertility and plant nutrition for
increased crop productivity (4R Stewardship that
includes Right source, Right application rates, Right
timing and Right placement).
• Acquire knowledge on soil health and Integrated Soil
Fertility Management (ISFM) for climate resilient
cropping systems.
• Acquire knowledge on water harvesting technologies,
soil and water management
• Acquire knowledge and skills for identifying
temporary or permanent decline of land productive
capacity and provide various solutions to soil
degradation.
• Gain awareness on the occurrence of problematic
soils and their management.
8.7.2. Soil composition, properties and health (30 minutes) Session Guide
(The facilitator presents on soil composition, properties and • PowerPoint
health). presentation
Plenary Presentation (20 minutes) • Distribute participants’
Soil composition, properties and health Handouts
• Description of soil composition • Brochures, leaflets and
• Description of soil properties manual
• Describe what soil health is all about.

Plenary Discussion (10 minutes)

Let the trainees recall what they learnt and discuss any
issues that may arise.
8.7.3. Soil and plant tissue sampling and analysis (1 Session Guide
hour)
Plenary Presentation (30 minutes) • PowerPoint
• Overview of the soil sampling methods presentation
• Soil analysis results and interpretation • Distribute participants’
• Overview of soil analysis results using available handouts
examples • Brochures, leaflets and
• Soil sampling guidelines manuals

Practical exercise on soil sampling (30 minutes) • Practical

Demonstration on soil sampling method Demonstration

51
 8.7.4. Soil fertility and plant nutrition (30 minutes) Session Guide
Plenary Presentation (20 minutes) • PowerPoint
• Potential role of different soil management presentation
techniques in addressing soil fertility challenges in • Distribute participants’
Cashew smallholder farming systems handouts
• Integrated Soil Fertility Management techniques • Brochures, leaflets and
• Soil management guidelines. manual

Plenary Discussion (10 Minutes)

Let the trainees recall what they learnt and discuss any issues
that may arise.
8.7.5 Soil health and (ISFM) for climate resilient Session Guide
cropping systems (30 minutes)
Plenary Presentation (20 Minutes) • PowerPoint
• Soil health presentation
• Introduce integrated soil fertility management • Distribute participants’
(ISFM) handouts
• Soil health and ISFM for a climate resilient • Brochures, leaflets and
cropping system manual
• Manure management, mulching, organic
amendments and composting for increased use
of organic manure for improving agricultural
production
• Conservation agriculture as a climate smart
agriculture practice
• Cashew intercrop and crop rotation as climate
resilient cropping systems such as (Mucuna
pruriens, Dolichos Lab, Clitoria ternatea, cowpeas
etc.).

Plenary Discussion (10 Minutes)

Let the trainees recall what they learnt and discuss any
issues that may arise.
8.7.6 Soil and water management and water Session Guide
harvesting technologies (30 minutes)
Plenary Presentation (20 Minutes) • PowerPoint
• Principles of soil management for increased presentation
Cashew productivity • Distribute participants’
• Methods of tillage systems that conserve water for Handouts
Cashew use. • Brochures, leaflets and
• Principles of soil fertility management for increased manual
Cashew productivity
• Methods of soil fertility management for increased
Cashew productivity

52
Plenary Discussion (10 Minutes)
Let the trainees recall what they learnt and discuss any
issues that may arise.
8.7.7 Soil degradation and reclamation (30 minutes) Session Guide
Plenary Presentation (20 minutes) • Session Guide
• Overview of soil degradation and reclamation. • PowerPoint
• Reclamation measures of degraded soil presentation
• Identification of the causes of soil degradation • Distribute participants
• Identification of reclamation measures of degraded handouts
soil • Brochures, leaflets and
Plenary Discussion (10 Minutes) manual
Let the trainees recall what they learnt and discuss any issues
that may arise.
8.7.8 Problematic soils and their management (30 Session Guide
minutes)
Plenary Presentation (20 minutes) • PowerPoint
• Problematic soils and their management presentation
• Soils with unsuitable biological properties • Distribute participants’
• Soils with unsuitable chemical properties Handouts
• Soils with unsuitable physical properties • Brochures, leaflets and
Plenary Discussion (10 Minutes) manual
Let the trainees recall what they learnt and discuss any
issues that may arise.
8.7.9. Module review (30 minutes) Session Guide
(The facilitator leads the trainees in reviewing the module). • The last participants’
Summarize the main points of the training review the main handouts
points together with the trainees. • Summary of the
main points from the
Discuss with trainees about new things learnt from this module on a flip chart
Module. Let them identify some of the problems and any and display
other issues arising from the module.

8.8 Reference Materials

8.8.1 Participants’ Handouts
• Soil Management Extension Manual [KCEP-CRAL Manual 2019]
• Soil Management Leaflets [KCEP-CRAL PAMHPLETS 2019]
• OFRA Technical Training Manual

53
 MODULE 9
CROP PROTECTION AND HEALTH MANAGEMENT FOR
CASHEW
9.1 Introduction
Various pests, diseases and weeds constrain cashew production in Kenya. Losses of
31-71% have been reported due to various pests. Incidences of insect vectors including
aphids and whiteflies, which are vectors of virus diseases are on the rise. Options for
control will cushion farmer production endeavours especially in the marginalized areas.
Synthetic chemicals are predominantly used as a control measure for most pests. There
is need to employ human and environmentally safe approaches to pest, disease and weed
management so as to increase productivity. Both cultural and chemical management are
readily practical to farmers. Similarly, weeds constrain Cashew production, hence the need
to provide necessary control options.

9.2 Module learning outcomes

By the end of the module, the following training outcomes should be achieved:
• Major pests and diseases of that cause economic losses Identified and described.
• Sustainable integrated pests and disease management (IPDM) practices and
scouting for threshold determination explain and described.
• The symptoms for specific pests and diseases common in Cashew producing
areas identified.
• Skills in integrated pest and disease Management (IPDM) of Cashew attained.
• Knowledge on safe use of pesticides acquired.

9.3 Module target group

Module targets agricultural extension service providers, private agricultural service
providers and lead farmers.

9.4 Module users

This module is intended for use by Master trainers who are members of the Core Team of
Trainers (CTT) and Lead Farmers in the Cashew value chain target Counties. The facilitators
using this module should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the participants’ handouts
(training materials).

9.5 Module duration

The module is estimated to take 7 hours 10 minutes.

54
9.6 Module Summary
CROP HEALTH
SESSIONS Training methods Training materials Time
9.6.1 • Personal introductions • Flips charts
Introduction, • Plenary discussions • Felt pens
objectives and • Projector
expectations • Laptop 20 minutes
9.6.2 Introduction • Plenary discussion • Flip charts
to economic • Group work to bring • Felt pens
diseases of out major diseases • Projector
Cashew • Group reporting • Laptop 40minutes
• Preserved or live
specimens /photos
9.6.3 • Plenary discussion • Flip charts
Introduction • Group work to bring • Felt pens 40 minutes
to powdery out major diseases • Projector
mildew diseases • Group reporting • Laptop
of Cashew and • Preserved or live
its management specimens /photos
strategies
9.6.4 Introduction • Plenary discussion • Flip charts 40 minutes
to Anthracnose • Group work to bring • Felt pens
disease of out major pests • Projector
Cashew and its • Group reporting • Laptop
management • Preserved or live
strategies specimens /photos
9.6.5 Introduction • Plenary discussion • Flip charts
to Helopeltis • Group work to bring • Felt pens
bugs and their out major pests • Projector
management • Group reporting • Laptop 40 minutes
strategies • Preserved or live
specimens /photos
9.6.6 • Plenary discussion • Flip charts
Introduction to • Group work to bring • Felt pens
Coconut bug and out major diseases • Projector
its management • Group reporting • Laptop 40 minutes
strategies • Preserved or live
specimens /photos
9.6.7 • Plenary discussion • Flip charts
Introduction • Group work to bring • Felt pens
to Cashew out major pests • Projector
weevil and its • Group reporting • Laptop 40 minutes
management • Preserved or live
strategies specimens /photos

55
 9.6.8 • Plenary discussion • Flip charts
Introduction • Group work to bring • Felt pens 40 minutes
to Red banded out major diseases • Projector
thrips and their • Group reporting • Laptop
management • Preserved or live
Strategies specimens /photos
9.6.9 Introduction • Plenary discussion • Flip charts
to Long tailed • Group work to bring • Felt pens
mealybugs and out major pests • Projector
their management • Group reporting • Laptop 40 minutes
strategies • Preserved or live
specimens /photos
9.6.10 • Plenary discussion • PowerPoint
Introduction • Group work on presentation
to safe use of calibration of nozzles • Pesticide containers
Pesticides and and sprayers • Knapsack sprayers 1 hour 30
calibration of • Nozzles minutes
sprayers and • Participants
nozzles ( 1 hour handouts
30 minutes ) • Group Exercise
Total 7 hours 10
minutes

9.7 –Facilitator’s Guidelines

9.7.1 Introduction and levelling of expectations and Session Guide
objectives-30 minutes
Introduction (20 minutes)
(The facilitator welcomes trainees to the module and invites to • Summarize trainees’
introduce themselves and state their expectations). “expectations” on
Module Objectives (10 minutes) cards or flipchart and
(The facilitator presents modules objectives) display
• PowerPoint
By the end of the module the trainee should be able to: presentation
• Identify major pests and diseases of that cause • Distribute
economic losses. participants’
• Explain and describe sustainable integrated pests and handouts on module
disease management (IPDM) practices and scouting objectives and
for threshold determination. training Program
• Identify the symptoms for specific pests and diseases • Group formation
common in Cashew producing areas. • Flip charts
• Attain skills in integrated pest and disease
Management (IPDM) of Cashew.
• Acquire knowledge on safe use of pesticides.

56
9.7.2 Introduction to economic diseases and pests of Session Guide
Cashew and their management strategies-40 minutes
Presentation • PowerPoint
Facilitator presents on economic diseases of Cashew-10 presentation
Group work to bring out major pests and diseases-15 • Groups work on
minutes specimens, photos
• Trainees list pests and disease from their counties • Group
• Trainees list pests and disease management options representatives
from their counties report on pest and
Group presentations-10 minutes disease management
• Each group makes a presentation options
Wrap up discussion-5 minutes
• Facilitator guides discussion on what the trainees
have learnt
9.7.3 Introduction to powdery disease of Cashew and its Session Guide
management strategies-40 minutes
Plenary discussion
• Facilitator presents on powdery disease of Cashew
and its management strategies-10 • PowerPoint
Group work to bring out disease symptoms, damage presentation
and management options- 15 minutes
• Trainees list symptoms and damage of powdery
mildew from their counties
• Trainees list disease management options from their • Groups work on
counties specimens, photos
Group presentation- 10 minutes
• Group
• Each group makes a presentation
representatives
Wrap up discussion-5 minutes
report on disease
• Facilitator guides discussion on what the trainees
symptoms, damage
have learnt on powdery disease
and management
options
9.7.4 Introduction to anthracnose disease and its Session Guide
management strategies-40 minutes
Plenary discussion-10 • PowerPoint
• Facilitator presents on anthracnose disease and its presentation
management strategies
Group work to bring out major symptoms and
damage of anthracnose in Cashew-15 minutes • Groups work on
• Trainees list symptoms and damage symptoms from specimens, photos
their counties
• Trainees list pest management options from their • Group
counties representatives
Group presentations-10 report on pests and
• Each group makes a presentation management options

57
 Wrap up discussion-5 minutes • Distribute
• Facilitator guides discussion on what the trainees participants’ handouts
have learnt on Cashew diseases (brochures, Leaflets
and manuals) on
diseases of Cashew
9.7.5 Introduction to Helopeltis bugs and their Session Guide
management strategies-40 minutes
Presentation-10 minutes • PowerPoint
• Facilitator presents on Helopeltis bugs-10 minutes presentation
Group work-15 minutes
• Trainees list symptoms and damage by Helopeltis • Groups work on
bugs from their counties specimens, photos
• Trainees list pest management options from their
counties • Group representatives
Group presentations-5 minutes report on Helopeltis
• Each group makes a presentation damage symptoms
Wrap up discussion-5 minutes and management
Facilitator guides discussion on what the trainees have learnt options
on Helopeltis bugs
9.7.6 Introduction to Coconut bug in Cashew and its Session Guide
management strategies- 40 minutes
Plenary discussion-10 minutes
• Facilitator presents on coconut bug and its • PowerPoint
management strategies- presentation
Group work to bring out symptoms and damage of
coconut bug 15 minutes • Groups work on
• Trainees list symptoms and damage from their specimens, photos
counties
• Trainees list pest management options from their
counties
• Group representatives
Group presentation- 10 minutes report on symptoms
• Each group makes a presentation pests and management
Wrap up discussion-5 minutes options
Facilitator guides discussion on what the trainees have
learnt on coconut bug
9.7.7 Introduction to Cashew weevil and its management Session Guide
strategies-40 minutes
Presentation-10 minutes • PowerPoint
• Facilitator presents on Cashew weevil presentation
Group work-15 minutes
• Trainees list symptoms and damage by Cashew weevil • Groups work on
from their counties specimens, photos
• Trainees list pest management options from their counties

58
 Group presentations-10 minutes • Group representatives
• Each group makes a presentation report on symptoms
Wrap up discussion-5 minutes and management
Facilitator guides discussion on what the trainees have learnt options
on Cashew weevil
9.7.8 Introduction to Red banded thrips and its Session Guide
management strategies-40 minutes
Presentation-10 minutes • PowerPoint
• Facilitator presents on Red banded thrips and its presentation
management options
Group work-15 minutes
• Trainees list symptoms and damage by red banded • Groups work on
thrips from their counties specimens, photos
• Trainees list pest management options from their
counties • Group representatives
Group presentations-10 minutes report on diseases and
• Each group makes a presentation management options
Wrap up discussion-5 minutes
Facilitator guides discussion on what the trainees have learnt
on red banded thrips

9.7.9 Introduction to long tailed meallybug and its Session Guide

management strategies-40 minutes
Plenary discussion-10 minutes • PowerPoint
• Facilitator presents on the long tailed mealybug its presentation
management strategies-
Group work to bring out major diseases- 15 minutes
• Trainees list symptoms and damage from their • Groups work on
counties specimens, photos
• Trainees list pest management options from their • Group representatives
counties report on pests and
Group presentation- 10 minutes management options
• Each group makes a presentation • Distribute
Wrap up discussion-5 minutes participants’ handouts
Facilitator guides discussion on what the trainees have (brochures, leaflets)
learnt on long tailed meallybug on pests of Cashew
9.7.10 Introduction to safe use of Pesticides and Session Guide
calibration of nozzles and sprayers ( 1 hour 30 minutes )
(The facilitator organizes the groups to identify level of • PowerPoint
hazardous pesticides, fungicides and herbicides, quantities to presentation
apply and respective PHIs). • Pesticide containers
Plenary presentation 30 minutes
• Formation of groups for practical activities
• Guided Knapsack calibration

59
 • Different types of nozzles and their uses • Knapsack sprayers
• Pesticide safety • Nozzles
Group Exercise-60 minutes •
Practical session on calibration of nozzles and spraying • Group Exercise
equipment as well as safe handling of pesticides • Participants handouts

9.7.11. Integrated weed management (1 hour) Session Guide

Plenary Presentation (30 minutes) • PowerPoint
• Scouting for weed density in Cashew plots presentation by
• Determining threshold for control at timely stage of facilitator and
the crop stage representative group
• Integrated weed management options implementation leaders on information
Field Visit (30 minutes) on scouting for
• Visit nearby field to collect and identify weed samples diseases
• Distribute
participants’ Handouts
(brochures, leaflets
and manuals)
• Weed management
guidelines

9.8 Reference Materials

9.8.1 Participants’ Handouts
9.8.2 Reference

60
 MODULE 10
CASHEW HARVESTING AND POSTHARVEST
MANAGEMENT
10.1 Introduction
Inappropriate harvesting, cooling, drying, sorting and grading, packaging, storage methods
and pest infestation are major production constraints that cause both qualitative and
quantitative losses to cashew nut. Postharvest losses of fruits in Kenya are estimated at
50% and nuts 40%, translating to more than US$ 4 billion loses annually. These reduce
the gains from investments made on cashew productivity enhancement. Postharvest
losses are caused by lack of knowledge on appropriate postharvest TIMPs. Large scale
dissemination of the available climate smart TIMPs through farmer awareness, training
and demonstrations can reduce these losses. This module introduces service providers and
lead farmer trainers to cashew nut postharvest value chain, constraints and opportunities
in cashew nut postharvest value chain and climate smart and gender friendly postharvest
TIMPs for minimizing the losses and enhancing quality of the fruit and nut.

10.2 Module Learning Outcomes

By the end of the module training the following training outcomes should be achieved:
• The whole range of cashew postharvest practices explained.
• Constraints and opportunities in cashew postharvest value chain explained.
• Climate smart and gender friendly postharvest TIMPs for minimizing the losses
and enhancing quality of the fruit and nut described and explained.

10.3 Module Target Group

This module targets agricultural extension service providers based at sub county and ward
level. It can also be useful for private extension service providers and lead farmers.

10.4 Module Users

This module is intended for use by Master trainers who are members of the Core Team of
Trainers (CTT) and Lead Farmers in the cashew value chain target counties. The trainers
using this module should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the participant’s handouts
(training materials).

10.5 Module Duration

The module is estimated to take 4 hours.

10.6 Module Summary

Module 9: Cashew Harvesting and Postharvest Management
Sessions Training Methods Training Materials Time
10.6.1. Introduction, • Personal • Flip charts 30 minutes
Expectations introduction • Felt pens
Objectives • Group work • PowerPoint /
• Plenary projector
presentation

61
10.6.2. Constraints and • Group Exercise • Flip charts 1 hour
opportunities in postharvest • Plenary • Participants’
handling of cashew (apple presentations handouts
and kernel) • Cashew nut
TIMPs manual
• Videos
10.6.3. Cashew postharvest • Group work • PowerPoint
chain TIMPs • Brainstorming • Participants’ 2 hours
Maturity indices and sessions handouts
harvesting of cashew nut • Plenary • Cashew TIMPs
Cleaning and sorting presentation manual
Drying of harvested cashew • Practical • Materials for
nut Shelling Jute sacks demonstration demos (Drying
and cashew stores Cashew of cashew
apple:Pre-cooling of cashew nuts, modified
apple Zero energy cooler atmosphere
Modified atmosphere packaging, nut
packaging moisture meters,
etc.)
• Video
10.6.4. Module review • Facilitator’s • Flip charts 30 minutes
summary • Projector
• Group Exercise • Module
evaluation forms
TOTAL 4 hours

10.7 Facilitator’s guidelines

Module 10: Cashew Harvesting and Postharvest Management
10.7.1 Introduction and levelling of expectations and Session Guide
objectives (30 minutes).
Introduction and Module Objectives (15 minutes) • Handouts
(The facilitator welcomes trainees to the module and invites • Training Program
them to introduce themselves and state their expectations) • Note books
The facilitator presents module objectives. • pens

By the end of the module the trainee should be able to: • PowerPoint presentation
• Explain the whole range of cashew postharvest
practices. • Summarize trainees’
• Explain the constraints and opportunities in cashew expectations and display
postharvest value chain. on flip chart/board.
• Explain climate smart and gender-friendly
postharvest TIMPs for minimizing the losses and
enhancing quality of the apple and nut.

62
Expectations (15 minutes)
Let the trainees state their expectations based on the
objectives. Relate these expectations to the stated module
objectives.
10.7.2 Constraints and opportunities in postharvest Session Guide
handling of cashew nut (1 hour)
(Facilitator ask trainees to form small groups to discuss • PowerPoint presentation
Cashew postharvest value chain harvesting, cooling, drying,
sorting, grading, packaging, storage, among others). • Handouts
Group work (30 minutes) -- Cashew manual
• Trainees discuss constraints in the postharvest -- Brochures
handling of cashew nut, and suggest solutions. -- Leaflets
• Let the groups present their findings at the end -- Factsheets

Plenary presentation (10 minutes)

Facilitator presents a summary of the group work
10.7.3 Cashew postharvest value chain TIMPs (2 hours) Session Guide
PowerPoint Presentation ( 1 hour) • PowerPoint
PowerPoint presentation highlighting:
• Maturity indices and harvesting of cashew nut • Handouts
• Preparations farmers need to make prior to harvesting -- Cashew nut
• Cashew nut harvesting methods manual
• Cleaning and sorting -- Brochures
• Drying of harvested cashew nut -- Leaflets
• Shelling
• Nut quality assessment (nut count test, out-turn test)
• Jute sacks and cashew nut stores • Materials for demos
Cashew apple: (cashew nut, sacks,
• Cooling of cashew nut and apple (zero energy brick baskets, crates, moisture
cooler) meters, etc.)
• Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) Video

Video presentation (20 minutes)

Trainees watch a video on cashew nut machine harvesting
and grading and discuss issues that arise.

Practical demonstrations (40 minutes)

• Modified atmosphere packaging
• Sorting and grading (a sample of cashew nut
purchased from the market and grading into various
grades with reference to any existing standards)
• Nut quality assessment (nut count test, out-turn test)

63
10.7.4 Module review (30 minutes) Session Guide
(The facilitator leads the trainees in reviewing the module) • Summary of the main
Group Exercise (15 minutes) points from the Module
Together with the trainees review the main points about
cashew nut post-harvest handling
• What new things did you learn from this module?
• What are some of the problems and issues that you
have become more aware of in harvesting and post
harvesting?
• What questions do you still have about post-harvest
handling?
Plenary presentation (15 minutes)
Facilitator summarizes the main points of the training.

10.8 Reference Materials

10.8.1 Participants’ Handouts
1. Factsheets
2. Cashew nut TIMPs manual
3. Cashew nut production guides
4. Cashew nut leaflets

64
 MODULE 11
CASHEW VALUE ADDITION
11.1. Introduction
Cashew is the most important cash crop in coastal Kenya. It is grown in Kwale, Kilifi, Tana
River, Mombasa and Lamu counties. It is a source of food, income, industrial raw materials
and foreign exchange. The cashew industry directly and indirectly employs 4000 and
50,000 people, respectively. Cashews are low in sugar and rich in fibre, heart healthy fats,
and plant protein. They are also a good source of copper, magnesium, and manganese
nutrients important for energy production, brain health, immunity, and bone health. This
module introduces service providers, lead farmers and trainers to the importance of cashew
in addressing food and nutrition security at the household level, community level and
industrial level. The module also covers constraints in value addition and consumption of
cashew nut and their suggested solutions, and various cashew value added products that
can be easily made at the household level which, if adopted, can help increase the cashew
nut consumption at the household level. It is anticipated that developments in processing
and value addition will enhance production and consumption of cashew nut and apple, and
hence enhance food and nutrition security.

11.2 Module Learning Outcomes

By the end of the module the following training outcomes should be achieved:
• Role of cashew as a food and nutrition security crop explained.
• Nutritional composition of cashew nut and apple, impact of consumption on health,
food security and income described and explained.
• Constraints in cashew value addition and consumption, and suggested solutions
identified and described.
• Recipes for value added cashew products introduced and training provided.
• Making of cashew-based value added products described and explained.
• Uses of by-products of cashew nut and apple described.

11.3 Module Target Group

This module targets agricultural extension service providers, home economics and food
utilization extension staff and private extension service providers.

11.4 Module Users

This module is intended for use by Master trainers who are members of the Core Team of
Trainers (CTT) and Lead Farmers in the cashew value chain target counties. The trainers
using this module should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the participants’ handouts
(training materials).

11.5. Module Duration

The module is estimated to take 8 hours 30 minutes.

65
11.6. Module Summary
Module 11. Cashew value addition
Sessions Training Methods Training Materials Time
11.6.1. Introduction, • Personal • Flip charts 30 minutes
Objectives introduction
Expectations • Group work • PowerPoint
• Plenary
Presentation
11.6.2 Role of cashew • PowerPoint • Flip charts 30 minutes
as a food and nutrition Presentation
security crop • Group work • PowerPoint
• Plenary • Participant handouts
Presentation
11.6.3. Nutritional • PowerPoint • PowerPoint 45 minutes
composition of cashew • Plenary • Flip charts
nut and apple; its role presentation • Participant handouts
in human health • Group exercise

11.6.4. Constraints • Group exercise • List of value added 45 minutes

in value addition and • Plenary products
consumption of cashew Presentations • Checklist for
nut and apple prioritization
• Pair wise ranking
tool
• Flip charts
11.6.5 Value added 3 hours 30
cashew products minutes
• Presentations • PowerPoint
Kernel: • Group Presentation
-- Snacks discussions • Participant handouts /
-- Confectionary and • Hands-on recipes
baked products practical • Assorted value
-- Cashew nut oil demonstrations addition equipment
Apple: • Sensory and ingredients
-- Cashew apple flour evaluation (blender, cashew nut,
-- Juice of value cashew flours, etc.)
-- Jam added cashew • Sensory evaluation
-- Wine products forms
• Field visit to
processing firms
/ groups

66
11.6.6 Use of cashew • Presentations • PowerPoint 2 hours
by products: • Group presentation
-- Cashew Nut Shell discussions • Participant hand out
Liquid (CNSL) • on silage making,
-- Cashew cake • Hands-on feed block making,
-- Cashew nut testa practical pellet making.
and shells demonstrations
-- Livestock feeds
11.6.7. Module review • Plenary • Flip charts 30 minutes
discussions • PowerPoint
• Presentations presentations
• Module evaluation
forms
TOTAL 8 hours 30
minutes

11.7. Facilitator’s Guidelines

Module 11. Cashew value addition
11.7.1 Introduction, expectations and objectives (30 Session Guide
minutes)
Introduction and Module Objectives (15 minutes) • Handouts
(The facilitator welcomes trainees to the module and invites • Program
them to introduce themselves and state their expectations).
• PowerPoint
The facilitator presents modules objectives.
presentation
Module Objectives
By the end of the module the trainee should be able to: • Summarize trainees’
• Explain the role of cashew as a food and nutrition expectations and
security crop. display on flip chart/
• Describe and explain nutritional composition of board.
cashew nut and apple, impact of consumption on
health for food security and income.
• Identify and describe constraints in cashew value
addition and consumption and suggest solutions
• Describe recipes for value added cashew products
introduced and demonstrate how they are prepared.
• Identify value addition opportunities in cashew
value chain
• Describe and explain the making value added
cashew products.
• Describe use of cashew by-products.
Expectations (15 minutes)
Assist the trainees to state their expectations based on the
objectives. Relate their expectations to the objectives.

67
11.7.2 Role of cashew as a food and nutrition security Session Guide
crop (1 hour)
(The facilitator presents on malnutrition cases in Kenya and • Use PowerPoint
the importance of cashew in addressing food security and
malnutrition challenges). • Handouts
Plenary Presentation (30 minutes) • Cashew nut manual
PowerPoint presentation highlighting: • Recipe books
• Micronutrient malnutrition cases in Kenya • Sample cashew nut
• Dietary nutrient requirements (focusing on VMGs) and other processing
ingredients
Group Exercises (30 minutes)
Trainees discuss in groups, the main malnutrition challenges
in their respective counties / regions.
11.7.3 Cashew nut nutritional composition and impact of
consumption on human health (45 minutes)
Plenary presentation (45 minutes) • PowerPoint
• Overview of the documented nutritional • Participant handouts
composition of cashew nut and apple, and their role • Brochures, leaflets,
in human health and nutrition manual, factsheets,
posters
11.7.4. Constraints in value addition and consumption Session Guide
of cashew nut and apple, and suggested solutions (2
hours)
Group work (40 minutes) • Leaflets
Groups discuss the constraints in cashew nut value addition • PowerPoint
and consumption presentation
• manuals
Plenary presentation (1 hour 20 minutes)
Overview of constraints in value addition and consumption
of cashew nut
11.7.5 Value added cashew products (3 hours 45 minutes) Session Guide
Plenary presentation (45 minutes) • Handouts
• Overview of value added cashew products • Cashew manual
• Meaning of value addition • Brochures
• Requirements for value addition of cashew nut • Leaflets
and apple • Recipes
• Value added cashew products; sensory evaluation • Sensory evaluation
of the products forms
Practical exercise (3 hour) • Assorted value
• Demonstration on formulation of value added addition equipment
cashew products and ingredients
• Practical on sensory evaluation of value added
cashew products

68
11.7.6 Training review (30 minutes) Session Guide
(The facilitator leads the trainees in reviewing he module) • Summary of the
Review the main points about cashew value addition main points from the
together with the trainees. Module.
• What new things did you learn from this Module?
• What are some of the problems and issues that you
have become more aware of in Cashew nut value
addition?
• What questions do you still have about Cashew nut
value addition?

11.8 Reference Materials

11.8.1 Participants’ Handouts
• Cashew Manual
• Pamphlets, leaflets, factsheets
• Recipe books

69
 MODULE 12
MECHANIZATION OF CASHEW PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES

12.1 Introduction
Agricultural mechanization supports through enhancing production, productivity and
profitability in agriculture by achieving timeliness of farm operations. It comes along with
precision in metering and placement of inputs, reducing susceptibility to input losses,
increasing utilization efficiency of costly inputs (seed, chemical, fertilizer, irrigation, water.
etc.), reducing unit cost of production, enhancing profitability and competitiveness in the
cost of operation. It also benefits conservation of agricultural produce and by-products
from qualitative and quantitative damages; enables value addition and establishment of
agro processing enterprises for additional income and employment generation from farm
produce. Agricultural mechanization is one of the important inputs that has potential to
revolutionize Cashew nut farming in Kenya especially when applied to planting, weeding,
pest control, harvesting and post-harvest activities.

12.2 Module Learning outcomes

By the end of the module section the following outcomes should be achieved:
• Climate smart tillage options identified and explained.
• Tractor mounted hole digger described and explained.
• Use of pest control implements and tools demonstrated.
• Tree crop power pruner equipment demonstrated.
• Semi-automatic seedling grafting robot equipment demonstrated.

12.3. Module Target Group and Categories

This module is intended for private service providers and county public extension agents.

12.4. Module Users

This module is intended for use by Master trainers who are members of the Core Team of
Trainers (CTT) and Lead Farmers in the Cashew value chain target Counties. The facilitators
using this module should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the participants’ handouts
(training materials).

12.5. Module Duration

The module is estimated to take 4 hours

70
12. 6. Module Summary
Module 12: Mechanization of Cashew nut production activities
Sessions Training methods Training materials Duration
12.6.1 Introduction, • Personal • Flip charts 30 minutes
objectives and introductions/ • PowerPoint
expectations know your Presentations
audience
• Presentations
• Plenary
discussions
12.6.2 Climate smart • Presentations • Flip chart 30 minutes
tillage options • Plenary • PowerPoint
discussions presentation
• Participants’ handouts
12.6.3 Tractor • Presentations • Flip chart 30 minutes
mounted hole digger • Plenary • PowerPoint
described and discussions presentation
explained • Participants’ handouts
• Practical
12.6.4 Pest control • Presentations • Flip chart 30 minutes
equipment and tools • Plenary • PowerPoint
usage discussions presentation
• Participants’ handouts
• Practical
12.6.5 Tree crop • Presentations • Flip chart 1 hour
power pruner • Plenary • PowerPoint
equipment discussions presentation
demonstrated • Participants’ handouts
• Practical
12.6.6 Semi- • Presentations • Flip chart 30 minutes
automatic • Plenary • PowerPoint
seedling grafting discussions presentation
robot equipment • Demonstrations • Participants. handouts
demonstrated • Practical
12.6.7 Module • Presentations • PowerPoint 30 minutes
review presentation

Total 4 hours

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12.7 Facilitator’s Guidelines
Module 12: Mechanization of Cashew nut production activities
12.7.1 Introduction, Objectives and Expectations (30 Session Guide
minutes)
(The facilitator welcomes trainees to the module and invites them
to introduce themselves and state their expectations).

Module Objectives (30 minutes)

The facilitator presents modules objectives
By the end of the module the trainee should be able to: • Summarize trainees’
• Identify and explain various climate smart tillage “expectations” and
operations. display.
• Describe and explain tractor mounted hole digging • PowerPoint
operations. Presentation
• Demonstrate pest control equipment and tools, usage. • Distribute
• Demonstrate Tree crop power pruner equipment. Participants’
• Demonstrate semi-automatic seedling grafting robot Handouts on
equipment. Module Objectives
In each case stating approximate prices and availability of and Training
machines Program
12.7.2. Cashew nut climate smart land preparation tools ( Session Guide
30 minutes)
(The facilitator presents on the commonly known Cashew nut
pests that are of economic importance).

Plenary Presentation (20 minutes) • PowerPoint

PowerPoint Presentation highlighting: presentation
• Overview of the Cashew nut mechanization activities • Distribute
• Climate smart tillage options participants’
handouts
Discussion (10 minutes) • Brochures, leaflets
Let the trainees recall what they learned and discuss any and manual
issues that may arise. • All participants
12.7.3. Cashew nut calibration of fertilizer and seed rate Session Guide
for planters (30 minutes)
Plenary Presentation (20 minutes) • PowerPoint
PowerPoint Presentation highlighting on: presentation
• Description and explanation of tractor mounted hole • Distribute
digging operations participants’
handouts
Discussion (10 Minutes) • Brochures, leaflets
Let the trainees recall what they learned and discuss any and manual
issues that may arise.

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12.7.4. Cashew nut Chemical implements and tools Session Guide
operations (30 minutes)
Plenary Presentation (20 minutes) • PowerPoint
PowerPoint Presentation highlighting on: presentation
• Techniques and methods of using Cashew nut pest • Distribute
control equipment; participants’
handouts
Discussion (10 Minutes)
• Brochures, leaflets
Let the trainees recall what they learnt and discuss any issues
and manual
that may arise
12.7.5. Cashew nut harvesting machine operating Session Guide
principles (1 hour)
Plenary Presentation (30 minutes) • PowerPoint
PowerPoint Presentation Highlighting on: presentation
• Techniques and methods of using Tree crop power • Distribute
pruner equipment participants’
Discussion (30 Minutes) handouts
Let the trainees recall what they learnt and discuss any issues • Brochures, leaflets
that may arise and manual
12.7.6 Machine and procedure for Cashew nut grading (30 Session Guide
minutes)
Plenary Presentation (15 minutes) • PowerPoint
PowerPoint presentation highlighting: presentation
• Techniques and methods of using semi-automatic • Distribute
seedling grafting robot equipment participants’
Practical exercise (15 minutes) handouts
Demonstrations on management options • Brochures, leaflets
and manual
12.7.7 Module review (30 minutes) Session Guide
(The facilitator leads the trainees in reviewing the module). • The last
Summarize the main points of the training and together with participants’
the participants review the main points: handouts
• Various climate smart tillage operations • Summarize the
• Various tractor mounted hole digging operations main points from
• Chemical implements and tools operations the module on a flip
• Tree crop power pruner equipment chart and display
• Semi-automatic seedling grafting robot equipment
(Discuss with trainees about new things learnt from this module.
What are some of the problems and issues that they have become
more aware of in the module?)

12.8 Reference Materials

12.8.1 Participants’ Handouts
• KCEP Cashew nut Manual
• Pamphlets, leaflets.

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 MODULE 13
CASHEW BUSINESS AND MARKERTING

13.1 Introduction
This module is designed to train master trainers in Cashew farming as a business and
marketing in Kenya. Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) is considered one of the most
important fruit trees and a source of nutrients in Kenya. Cashew nuts are a good source of
protein, fat and minerals. It is a cash crop in the same family as the mango but considered
to be more of a drupe than a true nut. The crop is grown in most regions with tropical
climatic conditions in Kenya particularly, in Kwale, Kilifi, Tana River, Mombasa, Taita
Taveta, Lamu, Tharaka-Nithi, Embu, Meru and Busia Counties. Cashew is grown by more
than 300 farm households and between 400 to 50,000 people benefit from Cashew either
directly or indirectly.
Cashew production has been seen a glut across time from the mid 1990’s due to a number
of reasons mainly associated with a gross market structures’ failure which has witnessed a
number of cooperatives and common interest groups withdraw from the Cashew business.
The reduction in production stimulated prices to increase and therefore a demand for
Cashew now exists. The demand for Kenyan Cashew has been eminent even after the
collapse of the Kenya Cashew nut processing factory mainly for export.
Markets and marketing of Cashew is a major issue of concern to small scale farmers and
other actors in the Cashew value chain in Kenya, particularly inconsistency in supplying
sufficient volumes required for trade, seasonal supply and price fluctuations. It is therefore
important to equip farmer facilitators with the skills and knowledge on Cashew farming as
a business and marketing strategies in order to strengthen the Cashew value chain.

13.2 Module Learning Outcomes

By the end of this module the following training outcomes should be achieved:
• Business concept and emerging farming business models understood and
appreciated.
• Opportunities and challenges associated with the Cashew enterprise identified.
• Tools for management of the Cashew sub-sector/value chain production: –
Budgeting, entrepreneurship, record keeping, breaking-even and Gross Margin
analysis understood and applied.
• Knowledge on marketing strategies acquired.
• Business planning ethics identified and explained (a review at a small scale Cashew
enterprise business planning).

13.3 Module Target Group

This module targets agricultural extension staff, service providers, lead farmers and
processors along the Cashew value chain.

74
13.4 Module Users
This module is intended for use by Master trainers who are members of the Core Team of
Trainers (CTT) and Lead Farmers in the Cashew value chain target Counties. The facilitators
using this module should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the participants’ handouts
(training materials).

13.5 Module Duration

The module is estimated to take duration of 3 hours

13.6. Module Summary

Module 13. Cashew Business and Marketing
Sessions Training Methods Training Materials Time
13.6.1. Levelling of • Introduction • Projector 15 minutes
participants’ expectations • Plenary • Laptop
about the module Discussion • Flip charts
• Marker pens
• Masking tapes/flip
chart holders
13.6.2. Module • Plenary • Projector 10 minutes
introduction, Objectives Presentation • Laptop
and Expectations • Plenary • Flip charts
Discussion • Marker pens
13.6.3. Business concept • Plenary • Projector 20 minutes
and emerging farming Presentation • Laptop
business models • Plenary • Flip charts,
Exercise (give an inventory Discussion • Marker pens
of business models and • Masking tapes/flip
their peculiar descriptors chart holders
known by participants) • Participants’
handouts
13.6.4. Opportunities and • Plenary • Projector 20 minutes
challenges associated Presentation • Laptop
with Cashew businesses - • Plenary • Participants’
SWOT analysis
Discussion handouts
13.6.5 Tools for • Plenary • Projector 15 minutes
management of Cashew presentations • Laptop
production: – Budgeting, • Plenary • Participants’
Entrepreneurship, Record
keeping, Break-even & Discussion handouts
Gross Margin analysis
13.6.6 Marketing strategies • Plenary • Projector 20 minutes
presentations • Laptop
• Plenary • Participants’
Discussion handouts

75
13.6.7 Details of a Small • Plenary • Projector 10 minutes
Farm Business Plan: presentations • Laptop
Pulling It All Together: • Plenary • Participants’
Discussion handouts
13.6.8. Training review • Facilitator’s • Module review 10 minutes
(feed-back, clarifications summary: • Participants
and/or experiences for Takeaways Handouts
sharing) • Participants
remarks and/or
comments
TOTAL 2 hours

13.7 Facilitator’s Guidelines

Module 13. Cashew Business and Marketing (15 Minutes)
13.7.1 Levelling participants’ expectations about the Session Guide
module (15 minutes)
(The facilitator welcomes trainees to the module and • Participants’
introduces him/herself by stating his/her profile and handouts
experience). • Program
• Note books
• pens
• PowerPoint slides
13.7.2 Participants expectations (10 Minutes) Session Guide
(The facilitator asks the trainees to state their expectations • Summarize trainees’
by listing on a flip chart or cards with different colors “expectations” and
distributed to participants). display on flip chart/
board.
Plenary Discussion • Alternatively group
cards with similar
expectations under
each broad thematic/
focal expectation
13.7.3 Module introduction, objectives and Session Guide
expectations (10 minutes)
(The facilitator introduces the module and states the • Power-Point slides
objectives and expectations) • Factsheets
By the end of this module, the trainee should be able to:
• Appreciate the business concept.
• Appreciate emerging farming business models.
• Identify opportunities and challenges associated with
Cashew businesses - SWOT analysis.
• Explain the tools for management of Cashew
production: – Budgeting, entrepreneurship, Record
keeping, Break-even & Gross Margin.

76
 • Acquire knowledge on marketing strategies
• Pulling It All Together: Details of a Small Farm
Business Plan
13.7.4 Business concept and emerging farming business Session Guide
models (20 minutes)
(The facilitator to highlight elements of business concept and • PowerPoint slides
emerging farming business models). • Handouts
• Flipcharts
Plenary Presentation (5 minutes) • Cards
Make presentation on the business concept and emerging
farming business models (identify differential descriptors for
each model)

Group Exercise (15 minutes)

Discuss areas of adjustments (and over-laps) in the models
13.7.5 Opportunities and challenges associated with Session Guide
Cashew business – A SWOT analysis approach (30
minutes)
(The facilitator highlights the components of SWOT matrix • Handouts
and their interactions to generate opportunities based on the • Flip charts,
other components) • Felt pens

Plenary Presentation (5 minutes)

Group Exercise (25 minutes)
List the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in
Cashew farming towards business and marketing
13.7.6 Tools for enhancing management of Cashew Session Guide
production: – Budgeting, Entrepreneurship, Record
keeping, Break-even & Gross Margin (20 minutes)
Plenary Presentation (10 minutes) • Use PowerPoint
(The facilitator highlights (using examples) the importance of • Handouts (with
the tools in managing Cashew production as a farm business) worked examples)
• Types of budgets
• The farmer as an entrepreneur
• Common records for Cashew enterprises
• Profitability assessment (break-even & gross margin)
Plenary Discussion (10 minutes)

77
13.7.7 Marketing strategies (15 minutes) Session Guide
Plenary Presentation • Use PowerPoint
(The facilitator highlights the marketing strategies for the • Handouts
Cashew farm business)
• Market research
• Producer organizations (POs)
• Contract farming
• Online marketing
Plenary Discussion
13.7.8 Details of a Small Farm Business Plan: Pulling It Session Guide
All Together (2 minutes)
Plenary Presentation (25 minutes) • Use PowerPoint
(The facilitator highlights the components of farm business • Handouts
plan for the Cashew business).
• Introduction
• Product
• Marketing strategy
• Risks
• Business operational plan
• Costs
• Incomes
• Profit and loss analysis (Cash-flow analysis)
13.7.9 Training review (20 minutes) Session Guide
(The facilitator leads the trainees in reviewing the module for Summary of the
any change effects and concludes by thanking the trainees). main points from the
module.
Plenary Presentation (10 minutes)
Summarize the main points of the training

13.8. Reference Materials

13.8.1 Participants’ Handouts
• Cashew Business and Marketing factsheets
• Cashew production manual

13.8.2 References
1. Tawedzegwa M. (2012). Farming as a family business. Training manual. Zimbabwe
agricultural competitiveness program.
2. Wanjala S. P.O.; Karanja D; Wambua S; Otiep G; Odhiambo C and Birachi E
(2018). Marketing Arrangements Used by Small Scale Bean Farmers in Kenya:
What Needs to Change for Sustainable Trade Volumes?

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 MODULE 14
CASHEW CROSS-CUTTING ISSUES (AGRICULTURAL
INNOVATION PLATFORMS, POLICY, GENDER
MAINSTREAMING AND SOCIAL INCLUSION)
14.1 Introduction
This module consists of issues that influence the uptake and up-scaling of TIMPS in the
Cashew value chain. These issues are Agricultural Innovation Platforms, Gender and
social-environmental concerns and Climate smart agricultural policy.
Agricultural Innovation Platforms (AIPs) provide a forum for stakeholders to interact
and develop technical, institutional and organizational innovations to solve value chain
challenges. Gender and social-environmental concerns are considerations aimed at avoiding
inappropriate solutions to value chain challenges. Finally, Climate smart agricultural policy
creates awareness on policy formulation and the various regulations that are put in place to
facilitate the development of value chains. The method of delivery of each of these cross
cutting issues is presented.

SUB MODULE 14.1: CASHEW AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION

PLATFORMS
14.1.1 Introduction to the Sub-Module
This sub module exposes the extension staff, private service providers, lead farmers
and facilitators to an innovation systems based configuration of stakeholders called the
Agricultural Innovation Platform (AIP). It is an organizational model for stimulating
innovation and development and brings actors together in a way that pools together skills and
knowledge to address challenges and utilize opportunities. The actors include individuals,
private and public sector organizations, policy makers and other value chain stakeholders.
These actors are brought together in an innovation platform to seek technical, institutional
or organizational solutions to a critical challenge hindering agricultural productivity
within a value chain. The Agricultural Innovation Platform facilitates actors to interact,
innovate, learn and change with time as they seek a solution to the common challenge.
In an innovation platform every actor’s contribution is valued and benefits accrue to all
in a win-win situation. The AIP is a useful methodology for development and testing and
scaling of innovations in the Cashew value chain.

14.1.2 Sub Module learning Outcomes

By the end of this sub module, the following outcomes must be achieved:
• The definition of innovations clearly described and understood.
• The attributes of an innovation platform described and understood.
• Mobilization of stakeholders for initiation, establishment, management and
sustenance of an AIP explained and demonstrated.
• The innovation capacity building process of the AIP actors explained and understood.

79
14.1.3 Sub Module Target Group and Categories
The target users are county extension staff, private agricultural service providers lead
farmers and processors.

14.1.4 Sub Module Users

This sub module is intended for use by Master trainers who are members of the Core
Team of Trainers (CTT) and Lead Farmers in the Cashew value chain target Counties.
The facilitators using this module should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the
participants’ handouts (training materials).

14.1.5 Sub Module Duration

The sub module is estimated to take minimum of 3 hours

14.1.6 Sub Module Summary

Sub Module 13.1 Agricultural Innovation Platforms (AIP)
Sessions Training methods Training materials Time
14.1.6.1 Introduction, • Personal • Flips charts 15 minutes
objectives and introductions • Laptop
expectations • Presentations • Projector
• Plenary discussions
14.1.6.2 A definition • PowerPoint • Flip charts 15 minutes
of innovations and Presentations • Laptop
their different types • Flip charts • Projector
(technical, institutional • Plenary discussions • Participants’
and organizational) handouts
14.1.6.3 An overview • PowerPoint • Flip charts 45 minutes
of attributes of Presentations • Laptop
an Agricultural • Plenary discussions • Projector
Innovation Platform • Participants’
(The characteristics of handouts
an innovation platform)
14.1.6. 3 Pre-formation • PowerPoint • Flips charts 35 minutes
stage (Initiation, presentations • Laptop
Establishment, • Plenary discussions • Projector
Management and • Role plays • Participants’
Sustenance) Handouts
• Role plays
14.1.6. 3 Case studies • PowerPoint • Flips charts 25 minutes
of successful Cashew presentations • Laptop
AIPS • Plenary discussions • Projector
• Role plays • Participants’
Handouts
• Role plays

80
14.1.6. 3 Benefits and • PowerPoint • Flips charts 15 minutes
challenges of AIPS presentations • Laptop
• Plenary • Projector
discussions • Participants’
• Role plays Handouts
• Role plays
14.1.6. 4. Module • Discussions • Flip Charts 30 minutes
review
Total 3 hours
14.1.7 Facilitator’s Guidelines
Sub Module 14.1 Agricultural Innovation Platform (AIP)
14.1.7.1. Introduction, levelling of expectations and Session Guide
objectives (30 Minutes)
Introduction
(The facilitator welcomes trainees to the module and then • Summarize Trainees’
invites them to introduce themselves and state their expectations). “expectations” and
display.
Module Objectives
• PowerPoint Presentation
(The facilitator presents modules objectives and levels out
• Module Objectives and
expectations).
Training Program
• Cards/flip-charts
By the end of the sub module the trainee should be able to:
• Define innovation process and the innovation products.
• Explain characteristics of an innovation platform.
• Describe how to initiate and establish Agricultural
Innovation Platforms.
• Explain how to manage and sustain innovation
capacity of actors in Agricultural Innovation
Platforms.
• Get exposed to successful bean innovation platforms.
• Understand benefits and challenges of agricultural
innovation platforms.
14.1.7.2. The characteristics of an innovation platform Session Guide
(1hour)
(The facilitator presents an overview of innovation platforms
and their main characteristics). • PowerPoint Presentation
• Notes Handouts,
Plenary Presentation (30 minutes) • Brochures, information
• Past progression of research and extension models leaflets and manuals
and their shortcomings • Flip-charts
• Agricultural Innovation Systems perspective
• and Agricultural Innovation Platforms model
• Comparison of Agricultural Innovation Platforms

81
 • with social and technical events working through
committees with different roles but common goals
• Value chain actor linkages and other benefits

Discussion (30 minutes)

Let the trainees recall what they learned and discuss any issues
that may arise.

14.1.7.3 Preformation and formation phases of the Session Guide

Cashew AIP (1 hour)
Plenary Presentation (50 Minutes)
Initiation or preformation phase • PowerPoint Presentation
• Engagement or mobilization of stakeholders in the • Distribute Participants
Cashew value chain Handouts
• Visioning process and rules of engagement mediated • Brochures, Leaflets,
by an initiator such as an change agent Manuals
Establishment • Short video clips
• Assessment of the status of the value chain to
clearly identify the compelling agenda or bottleneck
- APVC analysis to identify weaknesses in the
chains.
• Laying out of proper plans to define roles, establish
task- based committees, expected milestones and
resourcing strategies.
Management
• Keeping stakeholders focused on the vision
and upholding values to ensure an inclusive and
transparent process.
• Neutral facilitation to ensure joint strategy
building and action and the coordination of support
activities.
• Managing emerging experts taking up leading
roles and issues as champions.
Sustainability
• Guiding in evolving and identifying fresh issues
or challenges
• Maintaining capacity acquired to address new
issues or challenges in subsequent cycles.

Discussion (10 minutes)

Let the trainees recall what they learned and discuss any
issue that may arise.

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 14.1.7.4. Module review (30 minutes) Session Guide
(The facilitator leads the trainees in reviewing the module). • The last Participants’
Handouts
Summarize the main points of the training and together • Summarize the main
with the trainees review the main points on: points from the module
on a flip chart and
• AIP characteristics and initiation display
• AIP establishment and management
• Sustenance of Cashew AIPs

Discuss with trainees’ new things learnt from this module.

• What are some of the problems and issues that
they have become more aware of in the module?

14.1.8 Reference Materials

14.1.8.1 Participants’ Handouts

14.1.8.2 References
1. Kamau, G.M. and Makini F.W. (2019). Agricultural Innovation Platforms for
knowledge exchange and learning for technical, economic, social and institutional
change.
2. Felister Makini, Wellington Mulinge, Lawrence Mose, Beatrice Salasya, Geoffrey
Kamau, Margaret Makelo, and On’gala, J. (2018). Impact of Agricultural
Innovation Platforms on Smallholder livelihoods in Eastern and Western Kenya.
FARA Research Results Vol2(6).
3. F. Makini, G. Kamau, M. Makello, A. Adekunle, G. Mburathi. (2013). Operational
field guide for developing and managing local agricultural innovation platforms
KARI ISSBN 978-9966-30-004-1.

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SUB-MODULE 14.2: CASHEW GENDER, VULNERABLE
AND MARGINALIZED GROUPS (VMGs), SOCIO,
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AND COHESION
14.2.1 Introduction to the Sub-Module
Cashew is a major agro-enterprise and therefore all the gender categories (men, women,
youth vulnerable marginalized groups (VMGs) are involved in its value chain from
production, marketing and consumption. However, women perform most of the crop’s
production activities such as planting and weeding while men mostly perform the task
of marketing. Despite this huge women’s contribution, gender inequalities exist in all
areas of the value chains. Some of these gender inequalities include: division of labour,
access to and control of resources and decision making within and beyond the household.
These inequalities limit women, youth and VMGs access to and benefits from the various
Technologies Innovations and Management Practices (TIMPs) at different nodes of the
value chain. At the macro-level, effective participation of women and youth in groups and
market activities is constrained by their low decision making power, lack of voice and lack
of access to financial resources. Gender analysis examines the productive, community and
reproductive roles of men and women; access, control and ownership of resources; levels
of power relations; differential needs, constraints and opportunities; and impact of these
differences (positive/ negative) on lives of men, women, youth and the VMGs.

Cashew value chain TIMPs interventions, when designed and implemented with gender
equitable principles, can foster adoption leading to increased productivity as well as
enhanced social and environmental impacts.

The overall objective of this sub module is to ensure that gender mainstreaming and social
inclusion in Cashew TIMPs is enhanced by field agricultural practitioners and extension
officers as an effort geared towards achieving Climate Smart Agriculture “triple win” in
target counties.

14.2.2 Sub Module learning outcomes

By the end of the training sub module, the following outcomes must be achieved:
• The concept of gender mainstreaming and social inclusion in Cashew value chain
understood and appreciated.
• Youth empowerment in Cashew value chain explained and understood.
• Women empowerment in Cashew value chain explained and understood.
• Strategies for inclusion of vulnerable and marginalized groups in Cashew value
chain understood and applied.
• Knowledge on environmental and social management framework (ESMF) tool
enhanced.

14.2.3 Sub Module Target Group

This sub module is intended for service providers and county public extension agents

84
14.2.4 Sub Module Users
This sub module is intended for use by Master trainers who are members of the Core
Team of Trainers (CTT) and Lead Farmers in the Cashew value chain target Counties.
The facilitators using this module should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the
participants’ handouts (training materials).

14.2.5 Sub Module Duration

The sub module is estimated to take 4 hours.

14.2.6 Sub Module Summary

Sub Module 14.2: Gender mainstreaming and social inclusions in the Cashew
value chain
Sessions Training methods Training materials Duration
14.2.6.1 Introduction, • Personal • Flips charts 30 minutes
expectations and introductions • Felt pens
objectives • Presentations • PowerPoint
• Plenary Presentation
discussions • Laptop
• Participants handouts
14.2.6.2 Gender • PowerPoint • Flips charts 30 minutes
mainstreaming in Presentations • Felt pens
Cashew value chain • Group discussions • PowerPoint
• Plenary Presentation
discussions • Participants handouts

14.2.6.3 Youth • PowerPoint • Flips charts 30 minutes

empowerment in Presentations • Felt pens
Cashew value chain • Group discussions • PowerPoint
• Plenary Presentation
discussions • Participants handouts

14.2.6.4 Women • PowerPoint • Flips charts 60 minutes

empowerment in Presentations • Felt pens
Cashew value chain • Group discussions • PowerPoint
• Plenary Presentation
discussions • Participants handouts
14.2.6.5 Strategies • PowerPoint • Flips charts 30 minutes
for inclusion of Presentations • Felt pens
vulnerable and • Group discussions • PowerPoint
marginalized groups • Plenary Presentation
discussions • Participants handouts

85
14.2.6.6 • PowerPoint • Flips charts 30 minutes
Environmental and Presentations • Felt pens
Social Management • Group discussions • PowerPoint
Framework • Plenary Presentation
discussions • Participants handouts
14.2.6.7 Module • Plenary • Flips charts 30 minutes
Review discussions • Felt pens
Total 4 hours

14.2.7 Facilitator’s Guidelines

Sub Module 14.2: Gender mainstreaming and social inclusion in Cashew value
14.2.7.1 Introduction, objectives and expectations (30 Session Guide
minutes)
(The facilitator welcomes trainees to the sub module and then • Summarize Trainees
invites them to introduce themselves and state their expectations). “Expectations” and
display.
Module Objectives (30 Minutes) • PowerPoint
(The facilitator presents modules objectives). Presentation
By the end of the module training the trainee must be to:- • Flipcharts
• Understand gender mainstreaming and social • Group exercise
inclusion, in Cashew value chain. • Objectives and
• Understand youth empowerment in Cashew value Training Program
chain.
• Appreciate women empowerment in Cashew value
chain.
• Recognize strategies for inclusion of vulnerable and
marginalized groups in Cashew value chain.
• Understand the environmental and social
management framework (ESMF) tool.
14.2.7.2 Gender mainstreaming and social inclusion in Session Guide
Cashew value chain (30 minutes)
(The facilitator presents and explains what gender mainstreaming • PowerPoint
is, who does what activity, who has access to what resources etc. and Presentation, Group
why gender mainstreaming is important in Cashew value chain). exercise
Plenary Presentation (20 minutes) • Plenary discussions
• Definition of gender • Distribute
• What is gender mainstreaming and why it is important Participants
• Who does what? (gender division of roles in Cashew Handouts
value chain ) • Group exercise
• Who owns what? (access and control of resources & • Plenary discussions
benefits)

86
 • Who makes which decisions?
• Existing policies in support of gender mainstreaming.
Group exercise and discussion (10 Minutes)
Let the trainees recall what they learned and discuss any
issue that may arise

14.2.7.3 Youth empowerment in Cashew value chain s (30 Session Guide

minutes)
Plenary Presentation (20 minutes) • PowerPoint
• Why agriculture is not attractive to youth Presentation
• Youth’s role in the value chain • Group exercise
• Strategies to empower youth in Cashew value chain. • Plenary discussion

Group work and Discussion (10 Minute)

Let the trainees recall what they learned and discuss any issue
that may arise.
14.2.7.4 Women empowerment in Cashew value chain (30 Session Guide
minutes)
Plenary Presentation (20 minutes) • PowerPoint
• Women’s role in the value chain Presentation
• Challenges facing women in the value chain • Distribute
• Strategies for empowering women in the value chain. participants’
handouts
Plenary discussion (10 minutes)
Let the trainees recall what they learned and discuss any • Group exercise
issues that may arise. • Plenary discussion
14.2.7.5. Strategies for inclusion of vulnerable and Session Guide
marginalized groups in Cashew value chain (30 minutes)
Plenary Presentation (20 hour) • PowerPoint
• Who are vulnerable and marginalized groups (VMGs) Presentation
• Why gender inequality exists • Group exercise
• Social inclusion and why • Plenary discussion
• Strategies of inclusion of VMG
Plenary Discussion (10 minutes)
Let the trainees recall what they learned and discuss any issue
that may arise.

87
 14.2.7.6. Environmental and social management Session Guide
framework (ESMF) (30 minutes)
Plenary Presentation (20 minutes) • PowerPoint
• Objective of ESMF in Cashew value chain Presentation
• Environmental and social safeguards of Cashew • Plenary discussion
• Safeguard policies triggered by the project
Plenary discussion (10 minutes)

Let the trainees recall what they learned and discuss any
issue that may arise.
14.2.7.7. Module review (30 Minutes) Session Guide
(The facilitator leads the participants in reviewing the module).
• Summary of the
Summarize the main points of the training and together with the main points on
trainees review the main points: from the module
• What is gender mainstreaming and why it is on a flip chart and
important? display
• Youth empowerment in Cashew value chain
• Women empowerment in Cashew value chain
• Strategies for inclusion of vulnerable and
marginalized groups in Cashew value chain
• Environmental and Social Management
Framework of Cashew activities.
Let the trainees recall what they learned and discuss any issue
that may arise.

14.2.8 Reference Materials

14.2.8.1 Participants’ Handouts
Commonwealth secretariat, (2001). Gender Mainstreaming in Agriculture and Rural
Development: A Reference Manual for Governments and Other Stakeholders. Marlborough
house, London.

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SUB-MODULE 14.3: CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURAL
POLICY OPTIONS
14.3. 1 Introduction
Kenya adopted Vision 2030 in 2007 as a new blue print and roadmap for political, social and
economic development of the country in the next two decades. The Vision also identifies
Agriculture as the engine of growth through transformation of smallholder and subsistence
agriculture to innovatively and commercially oriented agriculture. Kenya promulgated the
new constitution in 2010 which proposes two levels of governments (national and county)
with defined functions.

Agriculture is one of the devolved governance functions. However, agriculture in

Kenya faces many challenges and threats such as climate change, declining agricultural
performance, limited high potential agricultural land and over-reliance on rain fed
agriculture, limited diversification of Agricultural production, poor and inadequate rural
infrastructure, inadequate and declining research in agriculture, agricultural sector financing
and related activities and low technical capacity among the actors. Therefore, agricultural
policy in Kenya revolves around the main goals of increasing productivity and income
growth, especially for smallholders; enhanced food security and equity, emphasis on
irrigation to introduce stability in agricultural output, commercialization and intensification
of production especially among small scale farmers; appropriate and participatory policy
formulation and environmental sustainability. This sub module introduces the national and
county governments, service providers, lead farmers, facilitators and relevant stakeholders
in the design and implementation of effective climate-smart-sensitive agricultural policy
options to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. The
policy context of this sub module is structured around six topics.

14.3.2 Sub Module Learning Outcomes

By the end of this sub module training, the following should be achieved:
• The role of agricultural policy frameworks in Kenya discussed and appreciated
• Climate-smart agriculture practices, policy options and approaches identified and
understood
• Climate-smart-sensitive policy cycle explained and understood
• Implementation of the climate-smart-sensitive policy at the county level
discussed and shared
• Financing and Investments for Climate-smart Agriculture discussed and
appreciated
• The need for a Technology Policy explained and understood.

14.3.3 Sub Module Target Group

This sub module is intended for public and private service providers, policy makers, public
extension agents and lead farmers.

14.3.4 Sub Module Users

This sub module is intended for use by Master trainers who are members of the Core
Team of Trainers (CTT) and Lead Farmers in the Cashew value chain target Counties.

89
The facilitators using this module should thoroughly familiarize themselves with the
participants’ handouts (training materials).

14.3.5 Sub Module Duration

The sub module is estimated to take 5 hours.

14.3. 6 Sub Module Summary

Sub Module 14.3: Climate-Smart Agricultural Policy Options
Sessions Training methods Training materials Time
14.3.6.1 Introduction, • Personal ▪ Flips charts 30 minutes
learning expectations introductions ▪ Felt pens
and outcomes • Group discussions ▪ PowerPoint Presentations
• Plenary discussions
• Presentations
14.3.6.2 Agricultural • Presentations ▪ Flips charts 30 minutes
Policy Frameworks in • Practical exercises ▪ Felt pens
Kenya • Plenary discussions ▪ PowerPoint Presentations

14.3.6.3 Climate-smart ▪ Presentations ▪ Flips charts 1 hour

agriculture practices, ▪ Practical exercises ▪ Felt pens
policy options and ▪ Plenary ▪ PowerPoint Presentations
approaches discussions ▪ Participants Handouts
14.3.6.4 Climate-smart- ▪ Presentations ▪ Flips charts 20 minutes
sensitive policy cycle ▪ Plenary discussions ▪ Felt pens
▪ PowerPoint Presentations
- Participants Handouts
14.3.6.5 Implementation ▪ Presentations ▪ Flips charts 50 minutes
of the climate-smart- ▪ Practical exercise ▪ Felt pens
sensitive policy at the ▪ Plenary discussions ▪ PowerPoint Presentations
county level ▪ Participants’ Handouts
14.3.6.6 Financing ▪ Presentations ▪ Flips charts
and Investments ▪ Practical exercise ▪ Felt pens 1 hour
for Climate-smart ▪ Plenary discussions ▪ PowerPoint Presentations
Agriculture ▪ Participants Handouts

14.3.6.7 Technology ▪ Presentations ▪ Flips charts

Policy ▪ Plenary discussions ▪ Felt pens 20 minutes
▪ PowerPoint Presentations
▪ Participants Handouts

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14.3.6.8 Module Plenary discussion Flip charts 30 minutes
Review Felt pens
Total 5 hours

14.3.7 Facilitator’s Guidelines

Sub-Module 14.3: Climate-Smart Agricultural Policy Options
14.3.7.1 Introduction, Expectations and Outcomes (30 Minutes) Session Guide
(The facilitator welcomes trainees to the sub module and invites them to • Summarize
introduce themselves and state their expectations). participants’
Trainees Expectations “expectations”
(The facilitator requests the participants to form groups and list their and display.
expectations) • PowerPoint
presentation
Module Objectives
• Distribute
(The facilitator presents module learning Objectives)
participants
By the end of this module the trainee should be able to:
handouts
• Appreciate the role of agricultural policy frameworks in
on module
Kenya.
Objectives
• Appreciate climate-smart agriculture practices, options and
and Training
approaches.
Program
• Recognize the stages in climate-smart-sensitive policy cycle.
• Understand the phases in the implementation of the climate-
smart-sensitive policy at the county level.
• Be able to evaluate and select financing and investments
options for Climate-smart Agriculture.
• Appreciate the need for a technology policy.
14.3.7.2 Agricultural Policy Frameworks in Kenya (30
minutes)
Plenary Presentation (20 minutes) • PowerPoint
Presentation highlighting: presentation
• The role of agricultural policy frameworks in Kenya • Distribute
participants’
Practical Exercise (10 minutes) handouts
Facilitator requests the trainees to form groups and identify the gaps • Group exercise
between agricultural policy frameworks and the existing agricultural
policies.
14.3.7.3 Climate-smart agriculture practices, policy options Session guide
and approaches (1 hour)
Plenary Presentation (30 minutes) • PowerPoint
• Considerations for climate-smart production systems presentation
• Existing systems, practices and methods suitable for climate- • Distribute
smart agriculture participants’
• Institutional and policy options handouts

91
 • Ensuring farmer organizations for market access • Group exercise
• Gendered approach
Practical Exercise and plenary Discussions (30 minutes)
Facilitator requests the trainees to form groups and identify the
existing climate-smart agriculture practices and the relevant
policy options for implementation.
14.3.7.4 Climate-smart-sensitive policy cycle (20 minutes) Session Guide
• PowerPoint
Plenary Presentation (10 minutes) presentation
• Stages in the climate-smart-sensitive policy cycle Distribute
participants’
Plenary Discussion (10 minutes) handouts
14.3.7.5 Implementation of the climate-smart-sensitive policy Session Guide
at the county level (50 Minutes)
Plenary Presentation (20 minutes) • PowerPoint
• Phases in the implementation of the climate-smart-sensitive presentation
policy at the county level • Distribute
participants’
Practical exercise (30 minutes) handouts
(The facilitator requests the trainees to form groups and develop a program • Practical
showing steps, activities and stakeholders for the implementation of exercise
climate-smart policies).
14.3.7.6 Policy financing and investments for Climate-smart Session Guide
Agriculture (1 hour )
• PowerPoint
Plenary Presentation (30 minutes) presentation
• Why financing is needed • Distribute
• Financing gaps participants’
• Sources of financing handouts
• Financing mechanisms • Practical
• Connecting action to financing exercise
• Types of subsidies to farmers.

Group exercises (30 minutes)

(The facilitator requests the trainees to form groups and identify
potential sources of financing, financing mechanisms and connecting
action to financing).

92
14.3.7.7 Need of Technology Policy (20 minutes) Session guide
Plenary Presentation (10 minutes) • PowerPoint
• What is a technology policy? presentation
• Why do we need technology policy? • Distribute
• Is technology policy inconsistent with a market oriented participants’
economy? Handouts
• Technology policy in Kenya

Plenary Discussions (10 minutes)

14.3.7.8 Module review (20 minutes) Session guide
(The facilitator leads the trainees in reviewing the module) • Q& A session
• Summarize the main points of the training and together • Recap the
with the trainees review the main points. main points
• Trainees lists the main points leant during the training • Test
• Discuss with trainees new things learnt from this Module
understanding
Ask the trainees what are some of the problems and issues that
• Participatory
they have become more aware of in the module.
evaluation of
the session

14.3.8 Reference Materials

14.3.8.1 Participants’ Handouts
• Handout on Agricultural Policies in Kenya
• Cashew production manual

14.3.8.2 References
1. Alila, P.O. & Atieno, R. (2006). A paper for the Future Agricultures Consortium
workshop, Institute of Development Studies, 20-22 March 2006. Future
Agricultures.
2. Chronic Poverty Advisory Network (2012). Agriculture Policy Guide 2. Meeting
the challenge of a new Pro-poor agricultural paradigm: The role of agricultural
policies and programs. www.chronicpovertynetwork.org
3. Chirwa, E.; Dorward, A.; Kathule, R.; Kumwenda, I.; Kydd, J., Poole, N.;
Poulton, C. & Stockbridge, M. (undated). Farmer Organization for market access:
Principles for policy and practice. Imperial College London. University of Malawi.
Agricultural Policy Research Unit. http://www.imperial.ac.uk/agriculturalsciences/
research/sections/aebm/projects/farmerorg.htm
4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2016). The Gender in
Agricultural Policies Analysis Tool (GAPo). FAO 2016.
5. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2010). “Climate-
Smart” Agriculture. Policies, Practices and Financing for Food Security, Adaptation
and Mitigation.
6. Ha-Joon Chang (2002). African Technology Policy Studies Network (ATPS). Who
needs Technology Policy? Published by The African Technology Policy Studies
Network, Nairobi, Kenya. ISBN: 9966-916-18-0
7. GoK (2007). Kenya Vision 2030.
8. GoK (2010). Kenya Constitution

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ANNEXES

ANNEX 1: TRAINING PROGRAM

The training program presented here assumes that the trainees report on Sunday evening as
the first day and leave 12 days later.

Time Day 0 (Sunday) Travel to Duration Remarks / Facilitator

Venue
Late Evening  Arrival of participants 2 Hours The training venue and
and registration – Host materials are ready for
 Setting up and prepare use
training venue and
materials – CTT
Close of Day 0
Time Day 1 (Monday) Duration Remarks /
Facilitator
8.00 am-9.30 am Session 1: Introduction, objectives & The
expectations 10 minutes trainees
▪ Welcome by host and Prayers 20 minutes relax and
▪ Self-introductions –(CTT) 20 minutes climate
▪ Introduction to KCSAP project 20 minutes set for the
▪ Official opening Ceremony (CEC) 20 minutes ten-day
Introduction to the training training
program (CTT)
9.30 - 10.30 am Module 1: Climate Change and Climate
Smart Agriculture in Cashew value
chain
1.1. Introductions and objectives 30 minutes
• Introduction and Levelling of
Trainees’ 30 minutes
expectations
• Presentation of module objectives:
10.30 - 11.00 am Tea Break 30 minutes
11.00-12.00 pm 1.2. Introduction to Climate Change and
Climate Variability (1 hour)

Presentations on: 20 minutes

• Basic terminologies used in the
module (weather, climate, variability,
adaptation, coping)
• Climate change, climate variability 20 minutes
and causes of climate change
• Climate risks impacting agriculture
and Proposed adaptation measures 20 minutes

94
12.00-01.00 pm 1.3. Concept of Climate Smart Agriculture
(CSA) (1 hour)
Presentations on: 20 minutes
• Definition of the CSA approach and
their characteristics 20 minutes
• The three pillars of CSA (productivity,
Adaptation and Mitigation) 20 minutes
• Why CSA is needed
1.00 -2.00 pm Lunch Break 1 Hour
2.00 -2.40 pm 1.4. Selected Future Scenarios that will
Impact Productivity (1 hour)

Video/PowerPoint presentation
• Short Video or PP showing
projections of rainfall and 20 minutes
temperature projections
Plenary discussion
• Climate projections impacts on food
production and needed adaptation 20 minutes
measures for Cashew.
2.40 -3.00 pm 1.5. Module Review 20 minutes
Summary of key points in the module
End of Module 1
3.0 -4.00 pm Module 2: Farmer Field and Business
School Approach
2.1. Introductions and objectives
• Introduction and Levelling of 30 minutes
Trainees’ expectations
• Presentation of module objectives: 30 minutes
4.00 -5.00 pm 2.2 Overview of FFBS key activities

Presentation on:
• Overview of Farmer Field and 30 minutes
Business Schools
• Principles of FFBS, Characteristics
of FFBS
• Cashew curriculum matrix

5.00 -6.00 pm Teat Break 1 Hour

Close of Day 1

95
Time Day 2 (Tuesday) Duration Remarks /
Facilitator
8.00-9.00am Registration for second day participation 30 minutes CTT
Recap of day 1 activities 30 minutes

8.00-9.00am Continuation of Module 2

2.3 Designing an FFBS program

Presentation of the classical steps 30 minutes

Group Exercise
design FFBS and presentation
30 minutes
9.00-10.00am 2.4 Communication skills
Group work on 30 minutes
• Communication skills
10.00 - 10.30 am Tea break 30 minutes

10.30 - 11.00 am 2.5 Facilitation skills

Presentation on facilitating of
Cashew CIGs 30 minutes
11.00 - 11.30 am 2.6 Organization, management and 30 minutes
Leadership of FFBS
Presentation on:
• FFBS leadership
11.30 - 12.00 pm 2.7. Module Review 30 minutes
Review together the main points
about FFBS module.
End of Module 2
12.00 -01.00 pm Module 3: Cashew production and
appropriate climatic requirements

3.1. Introductions and objectives

• Introduction and Levelling of
Trainees’ 30 minutes
expectations
• Presentation of module objectives: 30 minutes
1.00- 2.00 pm Lunch break 1 hour All
2.00 -3.00 pm 3.2 Importance of Cashew in Kenya’s Facilitator
economy
Presentation
Origin, place of Cashew production as a
major crop in Kenya 40 minutes

Facilitator’s guided discussion

Questions/answers/comments 20 minutes

96
3.00 -4.00 pm 3.3 Cashew production ecological/
climatic requirements (1 hour)
Presentation on:
• Importance of Cashew, Agro-
ecological zones, Climatic 40 minutes
conditions ,
Soils
• Facilitator’s guided discussion
• Questions/answers/comments 20 minutes
4.00 - 4.45 pm 3.4. Cashew production AEZs (villages),
average yields, and constraints in the
target Counties

Group work (30 minutes)

Group reviewing and discussing suitability
map (County by County), County or 30 Minutes
sub-county, AEZs, areas suitable , land/
farm size under Cashew, yield per farm,
Constraints to Cashew production
Discussions/presentations from the 15 Minutes
groups
Let the trainee groups share the exercise
outcomes
4.45 - 5.00 pm 3.5. Module review 15 Minutes
Together discuss and summarize the
main points from the module

End of Module 3
5.00 -6.00 pm Teat Break 1 Hour All
Close of day 2

Time Day 3 (Wednesday ) Duration Remarks /

Facilitator
8.00-9.00am Registration for third day participation 30 minutes CTT
Recap of day 2 activities 30 minutes

9.00 – 10.00 am Module 4: Cashew Variety Selection Facilitator

4.1. Introduction and levelling of

expectations and objectives 30 minutes
• Introduction and Levelling of Trainees’
Expectations
• Presentation of module objectives 30 minutes
10.00 - 10.30 pm Tea break 30 minutes

97
 10.30 - 11.00 4.2 Introduction to Cashew and the Facilitator
pm various improved Cashew varieties
and their uses
Group work
Description of some of the Cashew
varieties they know. 10 minutes

Presentation (20 minutes)

Cashew Improved varieties, variety uses 20 minutes
by category

11.00 – 1.00 pm 4.3 Recommended Cashew varieties for

the target counties
Presentation on Varieties for the target
counties
30 minutes
Group Exercises
Trainees discuss and come up with Cashew
varieties in their count 30 minutes

Group Exercises
• Cashew demo visit 1 hour
1.00- 2.00 pm Lunch break 1 hour All
2.00 - 2.30 pm 4.4 .Module review 30 minutes Facilitator
Summary of the main points of the
training
End of Module 4
2.30 – 3.30 pm Module 5. Cashew Seed System Facilitator
5.1. Introduction and levelling of
expectations and objectives
• Introduction and Levelling of 30 minutes
Trainees’
Expectations
• Presentation of module objectives 30 minutes
3.30 - 4.30 pm 5.2. Definition of seed and seed system in Facilitator
Kenya

Group work and presentations:

What is quality seed 30 minutes

Presentation
• Seed system and characteristics
of main seed systems (formal and
informal seed systems) 30 minutes
• Commodity corridors

98
4.30 – 5.30 pm 5. 3 Formal seed system in Kenya Facilitator
Presentations highlighting:
• Formal seed system 30 minutes

5.30 – 6.00 pm Tea Break 30 minutes All

Close of day 3
Time Day 4(Thursday) Duration Remarks /
Facilitator
8.00-9.00am Registration for fourth day participation 30 minutes CTT
Recap of day 3 activities 30 minutes
9.00-10.00am Continuation of Module 5…….. Facilitator

5.4 Informal seed system in Kenya 30 minutes

Presentations: (30 Minutes)
Informal seed system
Group work and discussions
• Calculation of seed 30 minutes
requirements for the county/
ward/farmer group) and
presentation
10.00 -10.30 am Tea Break 30 minutes
10.30 – 11.00 am 5.5. Module review 30 minutes
Summary the main points of the training
module
End of Module 5
11.30 – 12.00 pm Module 6: Cashew climate smart Facilitator
agronomic practices
6.1. Introductions, climate setting 30 minutes
Facilitator & trainees self-introduction
and involvement in Cashew value chains
12.00 – 1.00 pm Objectives and expectations

Presentation of module objectives. 30 minutes

Expectations (group work) 30 minutes

1.00 -2.00 pm Lunch Break 1 hour

2.00 -3.00 pm 6.3. Agronomic practices for Cashew

production (1 hour)
Presentation of all Cashew GAPS 30 minutes

Discussions: Questions/answers and

comments 30 minutes

99
3.00 -4.00 pm 6.4. Appropriate inputs for Cashew
optimal production and their correct
doses
Group work (30 minutes)
• County groups to provide lists of 30 minutes
Cashew inputs and the rates used
by farmers.

Presentation 30 minutes
Recommended Cashew inputs (seeds,
fertilizers, manures, etc.) and their rates,
time
4.00 -5.00 pm 6. 5. Module review 30 minutes
Summary the main points of the training
module
5.00 – 5.30 pm Tea Break 30 minutes
End of Module 6
Close of day 4

Time Day 5 (Friday) Duration Remarks /

Facilitator
8.00-9.00 am Registration day five participation 30 minutes CTT
Recap of day 4 activities 30 minutes
9.00-10.00 am Module 7: Integrated soil and water
management practices for Cashew
production

7.1. Introduction, Objectives and

Expectations
• Introduction and Levelling of Trainees’
Expectations 30 minutes
• Presentation of module objectives
10.00 -10.30 am Tea Break 30 minutes
10.30 – 11.00 am 7.2. Soil composition, properties and
health
Presentation
• Soil composition, properties and
20 minutes
health
Discussion
• Discussion of issues that may
10 minutes
arise

100
11.00 – 12.00 pm 7.3. Soil and plant tissue sampling and
analysis (1 hours)
Presentation
• Soil sampling and analysis methods
30 minutes
Practical exercise on soil sampling (30
minutes)
• Demonstration on soil sampling
30 minutes
method
12.00-1.00 pm Lunch Break 1 hour
1.00 – 1.30 pm 7.4. Soil fertility and plant nutrition
Presentation
• Potential role of different soil 20 minutes
managements techniques in
addressing soil fertility challenges in
Cashew smallholder farming systems
Discussion
• Discussion of issues that may arise 10 minutes
1.30 – 2.00 pm 7.5 Soil health and (ISFM) for climate
resilient cropping systems
• Presentation of ISFM 20 minutes
Discussion
Discussion of issues that may arise. 10 Minutes
2.00 – 2.30 pm 7.6 Soil and water management and
water harvesting technologies
Presentation
• Principles and methods of soil and
water management for increased 20 minutes
crop productivity
• Methods of tillage systems that
conserve
• Discussion of issues that may arise. 10 minutes
2.30 – 3.00 pm 7.7. Soil degradation and reclamation
Presentation 20 minutes
• Soil degradation, causes and
reclamation measures
Discussion
• Discussion of issues that may 10 minutes
arise.
3.00 – 3.30 pm 7.8 Problematic soils and their
management (1 hour)
Presentation 30 minutes
• Soils with unsuitable biological,
chemical
and physical properties and their
management
Discussion 10 minutes
• Discussion of issues that may
arise

101
3.30 – 4.00 pm 7.9. Module review 30 minutes
Summary of the main points of the training
module
End of Module 7
4.30 – 5.00 pm Module 8: Crop Health
8.1. Introduction, Objectives and
Expectations
• Introduction and Levelling of
Trainees 30 minutes
expectations
• Presentation of module objectives
5.00 - 5.30 pm Tea Break 30 minutes
Close of day 5

Time Day 6 (Saturday) Duration Remarks /

Facilitator
8.00 - 9.00 am Registration day six participation 30 minutes CTT
Recap of day 5 activities 30 minutes
9.00 - 10.00 am Module 8 continued…….

8.2. Major Cashew pests that cause

economic losses and their control
Group work
• Trainees avail Cashew pest 15 minutes
information from their counties
Plenary Presentation
• Pests descriptions , damage and
crop losses
Practical session 20 Minutes
• Identification of Cashew pests from
provided specimens
• Practical: show photographs of 15 minutes
major weeds
Discussion 10 minutes
10.30 -10.30 am Tea Break 30 minutes
10.30 – 11.00am 8.3. Sustainable Integrated Cashew
pests management practices;
scouting, post-harvest pests and
threshold determination
Presentation
• IPM principles; 20 minutes
• Scouting
• post-harvest pests on cereals
Discussion 10 minutes

102
11.00 – 12.00pm 8.4. Major Cashew diseases that cause
economic losses, conditions that favour
their development and their control
methods
Group work (15 minutes)
• Determine Cashew diseases in specific
counties 15 minutes
Presentation (15 Minutes)
• Cashew diseases
15 minutes
Practical Exercise (30 Minutes)
• Identification of major disease based
on samples presented 30 minutes
12.00 – 1.00pm 8.5. Sustainable Integrated Diseases
Management (IDM) ; scouting and
threshold determination

Presentation (30 minutes)

• Scouting, control measures
• Integrated Disease Management (IDM) 30 minutes
• Aflatoxins post-harvest diseases
Field Visit
• Identification of diseases 30 minutes
1.00 - 2.00 pm Lunch Break 1 hour
2.00 - 2.30 pm 8.6. Safe use of pesticides and update
source for registered pesticides
Practical
• Ways used by farmers in mixing of 10 minutes
pesticides
Presentation
• safe use of pesticides 20 minutes
2.30 - 3.30 pm 8.7. Module review 30 minutes
Summary of the main points of the training
End of Module 8
4.00 – 4.30 pm Module 9. Cashew harvesting and post-
harvest management
9. 1 Introduction and levelling of
expectations and objectives
• Introduction and Levelling of Trainees
• expectations
• Presentation of module objectives 30 minutes
4.30 – 5.00 pm Module 9 continued…
9. 2 Cashew harvesting and drying to
maintain quality(1 hour)
Presentation
• quality standards for Cashew in Kenya 20 minutes
and harvesting and drying
Discussion 10 minutes
Issues on harvesting

103
5.00 – 5.30 pm Tea Break 30 minutes
Close of day 6

Time Day 7 (Sunday) Duration Remarks /

Facilitator
8.00 – 9.00 am Registration day seven participation 30 minutes CTT
Recap of day 6 activities 30 minutes
9.00 – 9.30 am 9.3 Proper Cashew threshing, cleaning
and drying
Presentation
The processes of threshing Cashew, 20 minutes
cleaning and drying
Dissuasion
issues on harvesting 10 minutes
9.30 – 10.30 am 9.4 Cashew grain storage techniques
Field Trip: Travel to Egerton Njoro
Campus Cashew breeding field
Presentation 30 minutes
Cashew storage methods
On-farm practical demonstration
• The salt method and moisture 30 minutes
meter testing of Cashew grain
moisture content
• Hermetic bags storage
10.30 -11.00 am Tea Break 30 minutes
11.00 -11.30 am 9.5 Training review 30 minutes
Summary of the main points of the training
End of Module 9
12.00 -1.00 pm Module 10. Cashew value addition

10.1 Introduction and levelling of

expectations and objective

Module Objectives
• What to be covered
Expectations 30 minutes
• trainees expectations based on
the objections
1.30 - 2.00 pm Lunch Break 1 hour
2.00 – 3.00 pm 10. 2 Introduction to recipes for Cashew Facilitator
value added products
Presentation 30 minutes
• Nutritive value
• Cashew Recipes
Group Exercises
Discuss and raise issues 30 minutes

104
3.00- 5.00 pm 10. 3. Making of different Cashew value 2 hours
added products
Practical’s
Groups make the various products
using the recipes introduced and
analysis

5.00 – 5.30 pm Tea Break 30 minutes

Close of day 7

Time Day 8 (Monday) Duration Remarks /

Facilitator
8.00 - 9.00 am Registration day 8 participation 30 minutes CTT
Recap of day 7 activities 30 minutes
9.00 - 10.00 am 10.4 Prioritizing opportunities in 30 minutes
Cashew value addition

Group exercise
• pairwise ranking of Cashew
recipes according to 30 minutes
consumption and market
opportunity
Discussion
• Ranked recipes.
10.00 -10.30 am Tea Break 30 minutes
10.30 -12.00 pm 10.5 Value addition strategy
development
Focused group discussion
• To come up with market 1 hour
strategies for the ranked
products.
• Presentation of strategies
Presentation
Summary of market strategies for the 30 minutes
products
12.00 -12.30 pm 10.6 Training review 30 minutes
Review the main points about Cashew
Value addition
End of Module 10

1.00 - 2.00 pm Lunch break 1 hour All

105
2.00 – 2.30 pm Module 11: Mechanization of Cashew
production activities

11.1 Introduction, Objectives and

Expectations
Module Objectives
• What to be covered
Expectations 30 minutes
• trainees expectations based on
the objections
2.30 – 3.00 pm 11.2. Cashew climate smart land
preparation tools
Presentation
• Overview of the Cashew 20 minutes
mechanization activities
• Climate smart tillage options
Discussion
• discuss any issue that may arise 10 minutes
3.00 – 3.30 pm 11.3. Cashew calibration of fertilizer
and seed rate for planters (1 hour)
Presentation:
• planter seed and fertilizer rate 20 minutes
determination
Discussion (30 Minutes)
• Discuss any issue that may arise. 10 minutes
3.30 – 4.00 pm 11. 4. Cashew Chemical implements
and tools operations
Presentation :
• Cashew pest control
equipment; 20 minutes
Discussion
• discuss any issues that may arise 10 minutes
4.00 – 5.00 pm 11.5. Cashew harvesting machine
operating principles
Presentation
• Harvesting machines, Harvest
timing and estimation of 30 minutes
Machine harvest yield losses
Discussion
• discuss any issues that may arise 30 minutes
5.00 – 5.30 pm Tea Break 30 minutes
Close of Day 8

Time Day 9 (Tuesday) Duration Remarks /

Facilitator
8.00 - 9.00 am Registration day 9 participation 30 minutes CTT
Recap of day 8 activities 30 minutes

106
9.00 – 9.30 am Module 11 continued…….

11.6 Machine and procedure for Cashew

grading
Presentation 15 minutes
• PowerPoint on Cashew
grading machine procedure
Practical exercise
• Demonstrations on management 15 minutes
options
9.30 -10.00 am 11.7 Module review 30 minutes
Review the main points about Cashew
mechanization
End of Module 11
10.00 -10.30 am Tea Break 30 minutes
10.30 -11.30 am Module 12. Cashew Business and
Marketing
12.1 Introduction and levelling of
expectations and objectives (1 hour)

Expectations (30 minutes)

• Trainees to state their 30 minutes
expectations
Objectives (30 minutes) 20 minutes
• Present objectives
11.30 -12.00 pm 12.7.2 Introduction to marketing
channels and strategies
Presentation
• Cashew markets 20 minutes

Discussion
• issues on markets 10 minutes
12.00 -1.30 pm 12.3 Identification and prioritization of
market opportunities in Cashew value
chain
Group exercise and presentations
• Prioritization of markets 40 minutes
by pairwise ranking and
presentation
Group discussion 20 minutes
• Trainees raise issues and discuss
them.
1.30 - 2.30 pm Lunch break 1 hour All

107
2.30 – 3.30 pm 12.4 Cashew Community production,
aggregation and marketing models
(COPMAS)
Presentation
• Introduce community
production and marketing 40 minutes
system
Group Exercise
• Discussion issues on Cashew 20 minutes
community marketing
3.30 – 4.30 pm 12.5 Training review 30 minutes
Summary and discussion of the main
points of the training
4.30 – 5.00 pm Tea Break 30 minutes All
End of module 12
Close of day 9

Time Day 10 (Wednesday) Duration Remarks /

Facilitator
8.00 - 9.00 am Registration day 10 participation 30 minutes CTT
Recap of day 9 activities 30 minutes
9.00 - 9.30 am Sub-Module 13.1 Agricultural
Innovation Platforms (AIP)

13.1.1 Introduction, Objectives and

Expectations 30 minutes
Module Objectives
• What to be covered
Expectations
• trainees expectations based on
the objections
9.30 - 10.30 am 13.1.2. The characteristics of an
innovation platform
Presentation 30 minutes

Discussion 30 minutes
10.30 - 11.00 am Tea break 30 minutes All
11.00 - 12.00 pm 13.1.3 Preformation and formation
phases of the Cashew AIP

Presentation on:
Initiation or preformation phase, 50 Minutes
Establishment, Management,
Sustainability
Discussion (10 minutes) 10 minutes
On any issues arising

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12.00 - 12.30 pm 13.1.4. Module review 30 minutes
Summary of main points
End of sub module 13.1
1.00 - 2.00 pm Lunch break 1 hour All
1.00 - 1.30 pm Module 13.2: Gender mainstreaming
and social inclusions in the Cashew
value chain

13.2.1 Introduction, Objectives and

Expectations 30 minutes
Module Objectives
• What to be covered
Expectations
• trainees expectations based on
the objections
1.30 - 2.00 pm 13.2.2 Gender mainstreaming and
social inclusion in Cashew value chain
(30 minutes 20 minutes
Presentation Gender issues
Group exercise and discussion (10 10 minutes
Minutes)
Let the trainees recall what they learned
and discuss any issue that may arise
2.00 - 2.30 pm 13.2.3 youth empowerment in Cashew
value chain s (1hour)
PowerPoint presentation
• Strategies to empower youth in
Cashew value chain 20 minutes

Group work and Discussion 10 minutes

2.30 - 3.00 pm 13.2.4 Women empowerment in Cashew
value chain
PowerPoint presentation
• Strategies to empower women in
Cashew value chain 20 minutes
Group work and Discussion 10 minutes
3.00 - 3.30 pm 13.2.5. Strategies for inclusion of
vulnerable and marginalized groups in
Cashew value chain

PowerPoint presentation
• Strategies to empower VMGs in 20 minutes
Cashew value chain 10 minutes
Group work and Discussion

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3.30 - 4.00 pm 13.2.7.6. Environmental and social
management framework (ESMF)
Presentation 20 minutes
• Environmental and socioeconomic
impacts of Cashew value chain
activities. 10 minutes
Plenary discussion (10 minutes)
4.00 - 4.30 pm 13.2.7. Module review (30 Minutes) 30 minutes
Plenary summary of the module
4.30 – 5.00 pm Tea Break 30 minutes All
End of module 13.2
Close of day 10

Time Day 11 (Thursday) Duration Remarks /

Facilitator
8.00 - 9.00 am Registration day 11 participation 30 minutes CTT
Recap of day 10 activities 30 minutes
9.00 - 9.30 am Module 13.3: Climate-Smart
Agricultural Policy Options

13.3.1 Introduction, Objectives and

Expectations 30 minutes
Module Objectives
• What to be covered
Expectations
trainees expectations based on the
objections
9.30 - 10.00 am 13.3.2 Agricultural Policy Frameworks
in Kenya
Presentation highlighting:
• The role of agricultural policy 20 minutes
frameworks in Kenya
Practical Exercise (10 minutes)
Identification of gaps 10 minutes
10.00 - 10.30 am Tea break 30 minutes All
10.30 - 11.30 am 13.3.3 Climate-smart agriculture
practices, policy options and
approaches

Presentation highlighting: 30 minutes

• Policy on CSA

Practical Exercise and plenary 30 minutes

Discussions
• existing climate-smart agriculture
practices and the relevant policy
options for implementation

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11.30 - 11.50 am 13.3.7.4 Climate-smart-sensitive policy
cycle
Plenary Presentation 10 minutes
Plenary Discussions 10 minutes
11.50 - 12.40 pm 13.3.7.5 Implementation of the climate-
smart-sensitive policy at the county
level
Plenary Presentation (20 minutes) 20 minutes
• Phases in the implementation of the
climate-smart-sensitive policy at the
county level
Practical exercise (30 minutes)
Develop a program showing steps, activities 30 minutes
and stakeholders for the implementation of
climate-smart policies
12.40 - 2.00 pm Lunch break 1 hour All
2.00 - 3.00 pm 13.3.6 Policy financing and investments
for Climate-smart Agriculture

Presentation (30 minutes)

• Policy financing of CSA 30 minutes

Group exercises (30 minutes)

• identify potential sources of 30 minutes
financing, financing mechanisms
and connecting action to financing
3.00 - 3.20 pm 13.3.7 Need of Technology Policy
Presentation 10 minutes
• Technology policy

Plenary Discussions 10 minutes

3.20 - 3.40 pm 13.3.8 Module review 20 minutes
Summary of module main points
End of module 13.3
3.40 - 4.00 pm • Course Evaluation 20 minutes All

4.00 - 4.30 pm Announcements 30 minutes CCT

Way Forward
Closing remarks
4.30 - 5.00 pm Tea Break 30 minutes
Close of day 10

Time Day 12 (Friday) Duration Remarks /

Facilitator
• Departure to various destinations All

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ANNEX 2: GENERAL REFERENCE MATERIALS
Category / Publication title Reference No Farmer
Modules types Pages Category
A= New
entrant/
Cashew
B= Elite
Cashew
Farmer
1 Climate
change
& Smart
Agriculture
2 Farmer Field
& Business
School
3 Cashew
Production
Niche
4 Cashew • Evaluation of Conference B
Variety cashew germplasm proceedings
Selection in coastal Kenya.
5 Cashew Seed • Studies of Conference 302-308 B
System vegetative proceedings
propagation
methods of cashew
in Tanzania(1998)
6 Cashew • Cashew for cash. A&B
Climate Smart • Cashew Manual
Agronomic production
Practices • Ukuzaji Bora wa manual
Mkorosho
• Techniques and manual
practices for
cashew production Technical
• Cashew bulletin
• New cultivation
techniques Book 260
for cashew
(anacadium
occidental) Journal
paper 13-25
7 Integrated
Soil & Water
Management

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 8 Cashew Crop
Health
9 Cashew
Harvest & Post
Harvest
10 Cashew Value
Addition
11 Mechanization
of Cashew
Production
12 Cashew
Business &
Marketing
13 Good
Agricultural
Practices
(GAP) and
Food Safety
Management
System (FSMS)
- Hazard
Analysis
Critical
Control Points
(HACCP) Plan
14ii. Gender
Mainstreaming
in Cashew
Production
14iii. Cashew
Production
Policy

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ANNEX 3: FFBS LEARNING MATERIALS

PARTICIPATORY TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT (PTD) FOR CASHEW NUT

SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT:
Value Chain Cashew nut
Learning Enterprise Cashew nut
Funded Enterprise Cashew nut VC at production level
Background Problem Low Cashew nut production due to low soil fertility
Objective To increase production through improved soil fertility
management strategies

Factors to consider:
• Land topography
• Runs (blocks should face East to West)
• Certified seeds of Cashew nut variety
• Organic and inorganic fertilizer use in Cashew nut

Setting the P.T.D blocks:

• 6 trees are selected randomly in 4 equal blocks of the orchard to be the plots.
• Preferred Cashew nut variety
• Different soil fertility management treatment
• Collect the data from 3-4 plants in each block.
• Other TIMPS should be applied equally in each block.
• Weeding and spraying should also be done the same time for each plot

Parameters Measurement
• No of leaves per crop
• Leaf width and length
• Crop height
• No of Cashew nut per plant
• Average weight of 20 Nuts
• Yield /unit area
Setting of Blocks

Plot 4
Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3 Farmers
Inorganic Inorganic Inorganic practice
fertilizer P compound compound and
Source fertilizer organic manure

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AGRO ECOSYSTEMS ANALYSIS (AESA) CASHEW NUT.
AESA NO ……………
General information Agronomic data
Variety ……………....... Average Leaf length…………….......……
Fertilizer …………..…… Average plant height…………….......……
Planting date…………… Average Leaf width………….......………..
No of Nuts per plant………....……………
Yield in Kg per plot………………………..
Weather: ……………….......................
Time of observation: …………………
Diagram of crop of enemies and insects observed

Natural Enemies Insects observed

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.

Observation Recommendation
1. weeds Weeding after 2 weeks
2. Holes on the leaves Keep monitoring and control pests
3. Yellow leaves Add foliar feeds or control disease

115
Kenya Climate Smart Agriculture Project (KCSAP)
P.O. Box 57811, City Square, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya

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