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CIE IGCSE Geography Your notes
3.3 Industry
Contents
3.3.1 Industrial Systems
3.3.2 Distribution of Industrial Zones
Page 1 of 11
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3.3.1 Industrial Systems
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Industrial Systems
Industrial systems have inputs, processes and outputs
Inputs - basic items needed to begin the process
Raw materials, labour, energy, capital, land and buildings etc.
Processes - activities that take place to make a finished product (goods)
Cutting, sewing, welding, brewing, painting, steel moulding etc.
Outputs - finished products, by-products, products for continued manufacturing
elsewhere and waste
Finished products such as cars, clothing, beer, shoes etc.
By-product such as Marmite from beer brewing
Continued manufacturing (part manufacturing) such as cleaning wool or cotton, weaving
wool or cotton for material, material made into clothes for a finished product etc.
Waste is produced with all manufacturing; it has no value but creates a cost for disposal
Manufacturing can be classified as:
Heavy - iron and steel manufacturing is heavy industry as it uses large, bulky raw materials on a
huge scale producing big items
Light - computer manufacturing, smart phone assembly, clothing, micro-brewing etc.
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Some industries need a lot of processes or processing, and this can lead to heavy pollution
Industry Input Processes Output Impact
Specialised steel alloys such as chromium, electric arc furnace, steel slabs, ingots,
noise, dust, air pollution,
production oxygen furnace, rolling, sheets, waste, slag,
cobalt smell, water pollution
cutting gases
large building, noise, air
iron ore, coke, limestone blast furnace to melt cast iron, pig iron, slag, pollution, smell, water
to separate iron from iron ore, coke oven, sulphur dioxide, carbon pollution, contaminated
Iron production
impurities, water, rolling into sheets, dioxide, hydrogen cooling water, scrubber
recycled scrap iron, cutting into lengths sulphide, water, heat waste, risk of fire and
explosions
The sectors of industry are interrelated, and an individual industry will often use more than one
sector to produce products
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High-tech industry
Fastest growing industry in the world
Most MEDCs and NICs have at least one hub of high-tech industry
The industry has a high degree of research and development to maintain a competitive edge
Manufacturing is mostly computer automated
Outputs include precision instrumentation, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, mobile phones,
vaccines etc.
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Worked example
Your notes
In which sector would the following people who are employed in a
factory, work?
[3]
Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
a. Workers who carry out research and use it to design new machines
b. Drivers of lorries transporting products from a factory
c. People operating machines in a factory
Answers:
a. Quaternary
b. Tertiary
c. Secondary
Page 5 of 11
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3.3.2 Distribution of Industrial Zones
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Distribution & Location of Factories & Industrial Zones
Every day companies make decisions about where to locate their industries
Different industries require different inputs,
But they also require them to be readily and cheaply available
Most companies look for the least cost but highest profit location
Manufacturers need to find the optimum location that will produce maximum profit
This depends on a number of factors - physical, human and economic
Physical factors
Raw materials - industries that need heavy or bulky materials, will locate as near as possible to
these materials
Site - availability and cost of land is important. Large factories need flat, well-drained land with or
without the potential for expansion later on
Climate - industries such as aerospace and film benefit from sunnier climates. Good climate also
reduces energy bills and a better quality of life
Energy - energy demanding industries may relocate to countries/areas with readily available or
cheaper energy
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Natural routeways - harbours, motorways, airports and railways provide good locations for
ports and industrial complexes, which create good access points for inputs but also outputs
Water supplies - some industries (paper and cotton processing etc.) require a lot of water in Your notes
their manufacturing and so need to be near a reliable water supply such as lakes, rivers etc.
Human and economic factors
Capital - some areas naturally attract inward investment as the returns will be higher
Markets - location and siz e of the potential market is a major influence for some industries
Government influence - incentives, grants and policies can make areas attractive for industries
to invest in
Transport - cost of transport is expensive and accessibility for easy access helps to reduce
those costs. Central to motorways, railways, ports and airports can influence where industry
locates
Communications - being able to communicate effectively and quickly with customers and
suppliers is vital to successful manufacturing
Labour force - quality and cost of labour is central to effective manufacturing, having a reliable
workforce is necessary, but also mobility, turnover and reputation is also a factor
Quality of life - highly skilled workers will prefer areas where the work/life balance is good
Exam Tip
Remember there is no one factor decides the location of an industry but a combination of them
and most companies look for the least cost with the highest profit location.
High-tech industry
High-tech companies are involved in research and development, aerospace technology,
weapons guidance systems, medical robotics, software, computer hardware, and other
technically advanced products
High-tech industries are usually group together in science parks
Usually close to the university or a research centre with good security systems
Purpose built to encourage research and development (R&D), high-tech industries and other
quaternary activities
Close to transport networks (including airports) to allow for knowledge transfer
Further away from housing estates and retail parks to reduce sound, air and visual pollution
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Worked example
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Give an example of a science park and its location
Example Southampton Science Park
In a prime location close to the London M3 motorway, the 17-hectare park provides high-
quality office and laboratory space in attractive landscaped surroundings. Over 60
companies, dealing in high tech research fields, sit side by side resulting is a thriving
community of young and old sharing ideas and knowledge. All are attracted by the park’s
strategic location, quality of the environment and access to some of the UK’s leading
scientific expertise at the University of Southampton.
Changes to manufacturing and location over time
Raw Materials = sources of raw materials often run out
Manufactures will move in response
Infrastructure means business not tied to energy centres –coalfields etc.
Rising costs = wage levels / laws etc, means costs go up in MICs so work moves elsewhere (e.g.
manufacturing)
Transport = commuting & migrating easier because there are now fewer barriers to travel
Competition = fewer people are needed to complete work now, e.g. banking uses ICT
Technology = advances in ICT means more work from home, air travel, etc.
Outsourcing = saves money, work sent elsewhere to save costs (e.g. call centres)
As an economy advances, the proportion of people employed in each sector changes
Places like the UK and the USA are ‘post-industrial societies’, where most work in the tertiary or
quaternary sectors
Places such as China and India are ‘industrial societies’, where many people work in the
secondary sector
Bolivia and Moz ambique are ‘pre-industrial societies’, where most people work in the primary
sector
Page 8 of 11
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Worked example
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Study the photograph and suggest three reasons why the location
was chosen for the retail park.
[3]
A Retail Park
Answer:
Any three of the following:
Close to a main road for accessibility [1]
Flat land [1]
Houses nearby for workers/customers [1]
Space for car parking [1]
Room for expansion [1]
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Case Study - Manufacturing Industry: Pakistan’s Iron & Steel Industry
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Pipri, near Gharo Creek, Flat, cheap land near Port Qasim, which has a natural harbour to
import raw materials and export steel
Location
Close to market: steel-using industries in Karachi, such as tool making
Along a railway: Karachi-Pipri-Kotri and metalled road
Iron ore
Coke
Limestone
Scrap iron
Input
Water required for making steel brought from Lake Haleji
Economic assistance from Russia: technical expertise and capital
Availability of cheap labour from Karachi
Energy source from Pipri thermal power station and Karachi nuclear power station
Heating of ore to separate iron
Processes Burning coke
Rolling into sheets and cutting into lengths
Cast iron and pig iron
Output Slag
Gases: sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, hydrogen sulphide
Impact Noise pollution from machinery
Visual pollution due to large, ugly factory buildings
Air pollution from burning iron ore
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Water pollution from contaminated cooling water, scrubber effluent and ships
supplying raw materials
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Depleted fresh water supplies
Risk of fire and explosions
Page 11 of 11
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