CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Urbanization is a significant global trend, with more than half of the world’s population currently

living in urban areas. This figure is projected to rise, particularly in developing countries like

Nigeria, where rapid urbanization presents various challenges, including inadequate housing,

traffic congestion, and environmental degradation (United Nations, 2018). As cities expand, the

availability of green spaces such as parks, gardens, and natural reserves becomes increasingly

important for sustaining urban life and enhancing the quality of living conditions. The

importance of green spaces in urban settings cannot be overstated, as they provide essential

ecosystem services, promote biodiversity, and improve residents' physical and mental health

(Tzoulas et al., 2007).

Research has demonstrated that access to green spaces positively impacts community well-being

by fostering social interactions and encouraging physical activity. For instance, a study by Maas

et al. (2006) in the Netherlands found that individuals living within a green environment

exhibited lower levels of stress and greater overall well-being. Similarly, Kuo (2003) highlighted

the psychological benefits of urban green spaces in the United States, illustrating that nature

exposure can significantly reduce mental fatigue and enhance cognitive functions. Such findings

underline the necessity of integrating green spaces into urban planning to promote healthy

lifestyles among city dwellers.

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In Africa, the relevance of green spaces is gaining recognition, particularly in light of increasing

urbanization rates. Mukhongo (2015) explored the role of urban green spaces in enhancing the

quality of life in Nairobi, Kenya, emphasizing that parks serve not only as recreational areas but

also as vital ecological components that contribute to environmental sustainability. Moreover,

research conducted in South Africa by Troy et al. (2007) identified a strong correlation between

urban greenery and property values, indicating that well-maintained parks can enhance

community pride and attract investment.

Despite the recognized benefits of green spaces, challenges persist in their planning and

maintenance. In Nigeria, urban green spaces are often limited and unevenly distributed, resulting

in disparities in access among different socio-economic groups. Adeleke et al. (2021) noted that

many urban areas in Nigeria, including Offa, lack adequate green infrastructure, leading to

negative consequences for residents' health and well-being. Furthermore, Afolabi et al. (2021)

highlighted that socio-economic factors play a significant role in determining access to green

spaces, with lower-income communities facing barriers to enjoying these critical resources.

The need for effective urban planning strategies that prioritize green spaces is essential,

especially in rapidly growing cities. Studies have shown that integrating green spaces into urban

designs not only improves aesthetic appeal but also enhances environmental quality by reducing

air pollution and promoting biodiversity (Shang et al., 2018). Additionally, (Ogunjimi and Eze,

2020) argue that creating inclusive green spaces fosters social cohesion, providing venues for

community engagement and interaction.

The role of green spaces in urban areas affects the physical health, mental well-being, and social

cohesion. Given the increasing urbanization rates in Nigeria and the corresponding need for
2
sustainable urban planning, understanding the impacts of green spaces on the quality of life in

communities like Offa is vital. This study aims to explore these dimensions, particularly focusing

on how green spaces contribute to urban resilience and enhance the overall quality of life for

residents.

1.2 Statement of Research Problem

The rapid urbanization occurring in Nigeria poses significant challenges for urban planning,

particularly concerning the integration and maintenance of green spaces. While numerous studies

have highlighted the benefits of green spaces in urban environments, research focusing

specifically on smaller communities like Offa, Kwara State, remains sparse. Most existing

literature tends to concentrate on major cities, leaving a gap in understanding how urban green

spaces impact the quality of life in urban areas.

Previous research has established a strong correlation between access to green spaces and

improved physical and mental health (Maas et al., 2006; Kuo, 2003). However, these studies

often overlook the unique socio-economic dynamics and cultural contexts present in smaller

towns. For instance, while Mukhongo (2015) emphasizes the role of green spaces in enhancing

life quality in Nairobi, Kenya, similar investigations in Nigerian towns are limited. Furthermore,

studies such as those by Adeleke et al. (2021) and Afolabi et al. (2021) highlight the disparities

in green space access in urban Nigeria but do not delve deeply into how these disparities

specifically affect community well-being.

Existing literature often focuses on quantitative analyses of green space availability without

adequately addressing qualitative aspects, such as community perceptions and experiences

3
related to these spaces. This oversight is particularly significant in Nigeria, where cultural values

and social structures can influence how communities interact with and utilize green spaces

(Ogunjimi & Eze, 2020). Thus, the lack of comprehensive studies addressing both quantitative

and qualitative dimensions creates a gap in understanding the role of green spaces in enhancing

urban resilience and quality of life in smaller Nigerian communities. This study seeks to provide

a more profound understanding of the importance of green spaces in enhancing life quality in

Offa, contributing valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers in Nigeria.

1.3 Research Question

The following research questions will be used to aid the objective and completion of the study;

i. What is the current state of green spaces and how do green spaces contribute to urban

resilience in Offa, Kwara State?

ii. In what ways do green spaces improve the quality of life for residents in Offa?

iii. What challenges are faced in maintaining and enhancing green spaces in Offa?

iv. How do socio-economic factors influence the perception and utilization of green spaces

among residents?

1.4 Aims & Objective of the Study

1.4.1 Aim

This study aims to assess the role of green spaces in enhancing urban resilience and improving

the quality of life in Offa, Kwara State.

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1.4.2 Objectives

The objectives are to:

i. Evaluate the current state of green spaces in Offa, including their quantity, accessibility,

and quality, and analyze the contributions of green spaces to urban resilience in Offa,

focusing on climate adaptation and ecological sustainability.

ii. Assess the impact of green spaces on the quality of life for Offa residents, considering

social, psychological, and health aspects.

iii. Identify the challenges faced in the maintenance and development of green spaces in Offa

and propose strategies for improvement.

iv. Explore how socio-economic factors affect residents' perceptions and utilization of green

spaces in Offa.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study is significant as it addresses the pressing need for urban green spaces in Offa, which is

experiencing rapid urbanization. Understanding the role of these spaces can guide local

policymakers in urban planning and environmental management. Urban green spaces are not

merely aesthetic; they contribute to the overall health and well-being of city residents. In the

situation of Offa, where urban growth is resulting in the loss of such spaces, this research

provides a timely intervention.

By investigating the benefits and challenges associated with green spaces, this study will

contribute to the existing body of knowledge on urban ecology, particularly within Nigeria. The

findings will offer valuable insights that can inform future urban planning initiatives aimed at
5
integrating green spaces into the city’s development framework. This is particularly important in

a country like Nigeria, where urbanization is often rapid and unplanned, leading to significant

environmental and social challenges. The findings of this research will be beneficial to various

sectors, including local government authorities, urban planners, and community organizations.

By understanding the perceptions and needs of residents regarding green spaces, policymakers

can develop strategies that effectively address these concerns and enhance the overall quality of

life in Offa. It will also provide a foundation for future research and policy initiatives aimed at

promoting green spaces

1.6 The Scope of the Study

The study will focus on urban areas including wards in Offa, Kwara State, and will examine

various types of green spaces, including parks, gardens, and community greens. The research

will consider the perspectives of residents, urban planners, and local authorities. The scope will

be geographically limited to Offa, allowing for an in-depth analysis of green spaces and their

impacts.

1.7 Limitations or Problems of the Study

While every effort will be made to conduct a comprehensive study, limitations may include

privacy concerns and barriers in accessing accurate data on perceptions of green spaces from the

respondents, potential biases challenges related to the availability of up-to-date information

regarding existing green spaces, external factors may also arise from seasonal changes, as the

condition and accessibility of green spaces can vary throughout the year. For instance, rainy

seasons may affect the usability of outdoor spaces, potentially influencing residents' responses

during data collection.

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1.8 Study Area

This study was carried out in Offa an ancient town and Headquarters of Offa Local Government

Area of Kwara State, Nigeria. After the Ilorin (the state capital) is Offa in terms of size,

civilization, economic development, and educational development. It is located in central Nigeria

with geographic coordinates of 8’9N 4’43E. Offa Local Government Area has 12 geo political

wards namely: Balogun, Essa-A, Essa-B, Essa-C, Igboidun, Ojomu Central 1, Ojomu Central 11,

Ojomu South East, Ojomu North/North-West, Shawo Central, Shawo South-East and Shawo

South-West. The central core area of the city is characterized with old residential area

accommodating mostly the indigenes while the surrounding of the core area and the fringe of the

town is characterized with new residential area and it is known as post-colonial area.

Offa is a prominent town in Kwara State, located in the North Central region of Nigeria. It is the

second-largest town in the state and is well-known for its rich cultural heritage and historical

significance. The town's history dates back several centuries, with roots deeply embedded in

Yoruba traditions. Offa is believed to have been founded by Olalomi Olofa-gangan, a prince

from Oyo, in the 14th century (Adedoyin, 2013; Oyebade, 2003). The town served as an

important center for trade and commerce due to its strategic location, which facilitated

interactions between various Yoruba kingdoms and neighboring ethnic groups (Kwara State

Government, 2020).

Offa's cultural heritage is showcased through its festivals, traditional ceremonies, and the

reverence of historical landmarks. One of the notable festivals is the "Ijakadi Festival," also

known as the Wrestling Festival, which celebrates the town's ancient wrestling traditions and

promotes unity among its people (Olatunji, 2005). The provincial figure for the population of
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Offa Local Government Area by the National Population Commission (FRN official Gazette

no24 of May, 2007 Government Notice) is 89,674 comprising of 46,266 males and 43,428

females. Offa has the reputation of being the home of sweet potatoes. Education is the main

industry of Offa people. Tertiary institutions in the town include the Federal Polytechnic,

College of Health Technology, Summit University, Lens Polytechnic, Grace Land Polytechnic

and Nigeria Navy School of Health Science, School of Basic Studies, and National Teachers

Institute. There is also one upcoming Private University.

Transportation in Offa primarily relies on road networks. The town is connected by major roads

that link it to other parts of Kwara State and Nigeria. The major means of transportation in Offa

are cars, buses (korope), tri-cycles (keke napep/keke maruwa), and motorcycles (okadas), which

are commonly used for commuting within the town, to the federal polytechnic Offa, and to

neighboring areas. Despite the availability of transportation options, the condition of the roads

can be a challenge, affecting the ease of movement and economic activities.

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 Study Area

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Figure 1: Map of Nigeria Showing Kwara State.

Source: Google map.

Figure 2: Map of Kwara Showing Offa L.G.A.

Source: Google map.

10
Figure 3: Map of Kwara Showing Offa wards.

Source: Researchgate.com.

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1.8.1 Location, Size, and Position of the Study Area

Offa is situated in Kwara State, Nigeria, within the North Central region of the country.

Geographically, Offa lies at approximately latitude 8.1550° N and longitude 4.7090° E. The

town is strategically positioned as a central hub within Kwara State, providing it with significant

connectivity to other major towns and regions in Nigeria. Its location supports its role as a

commercial and educational center (Oloyede, 2019).

Offa spans an area of approximately 243 square kilometers. The town's terrain is mainly flat with

some undulating hills and valleys, contributing to its distinct landscape. Offa is strategically

positioned, bordered by Oyun Local Government Area to the north and east, Ifelodun Local

Government Area to the west, and Osun State to the south. This central location within Kwara

State facilitates accessibility from various parts of the state and neighboring regions (Kwara

State Government, 2021; National Population Commission, 2006; Offa Local Government Area,

2020).

1.8.2 Climatic Conditions

The climate in Offa is tropical, with a distinct wet and dry season. The rainy season typically

spans from April to October, while the dry season lasts from November to March. This climatic

pattern significantly influences the town's water resources, agricultural practices, and overall

lifestyle of the inhabitants. The temperature varies mildly, with average annual temperatures

12
ranging from 25°C to 34°C. However, climate change effects, including increased temperatures

and unpredictable rainfall patterns, are becoming more apparent, posing new challenges to the

community's traditional way of life and economic activities (NIMET, 2021; Ayoade, 2014).

1.8.3 Vegetation

Geographically, Offa lies within the derived savanna zone, characterized by a mix of forest and

savanna vegetation types, making it a region with a diverse ecological system. The town's

coordinates place it at an advantageous position for agriculture, which is the mainstay of its

economy, alongside commerce and crafts (Akinyemi & Ojo, 2015; Federal Ministry of

Environment, 2019; Ogunfowokan & Adebayo, 2012).

1.8.4 Water Resources

Water resources in Offa consist of both surface and groundwater sources. The town is served by

a number of rivers and streams, which are vital for domestic use, agriculture, and other

livelihood activities. Groundwater, accessed through boreholes and wells, is another crucial

source of water for the residents. However, these water resources are under increasing stress due

to factors such as population growth, industrial activities, and the impacts of climate change,

including altered rainfall patterns and increased evaporation rates due to higher temperatures

(Ayoade, 2014; National Water Resources Institute, 2018).

1.8.5 Socio-Economic Activities

Agriculture is the backbone of Offa's economy, with a significant portion of the population

engaged in farming, both at subsistence and commercial levels. The main crops include yams,

maize, cassava, and a variety of vegetables and fruits. Offa is also renowned for its vibrant trade

13
and commerce, hosting one of the largest markets in Kwara State, which attracts traders and

customers from neighboring towns and states (Ojo, 2010; Ajayi & Onanuga, 2012).

1.8.6 Environmental and Climate Challenges

Offa faces several environmental and climate-related challenges that impact its water resources

and broader ecological balance. Deforestation for agriculture, fuel wood collection, and

construction has led to habitat loss and decreased rainfall retention. Industrial and domestic

pollution further threaten water quality, affecting both human health and aquatic ecosystems.

Climate change exacerbates these challenges, with more frequent and severe droughts and floods

altering water availability and distribution patterns (Akinwale et al., 2014; Balogun & Salau,

2017).

1.9 Contribution to Planning Knowledge

This research is expected to contribute empirical evidence on the role of green spaces in

enhancing urban resilience and improving quality of life. Planning has been of help to the

environment and the nation at large so as to have aesthetic and sustainable development within

the environment. However, studying the role of green spaces in enhancing urban resilience and

improving quality of life will help and aid planners work towards the course of achieving their

aim and objectives of a better environment. This will promote biodiversity and contributing to

climate resilience in Offa and helps the planning authority to strictly adhere to the planning

standard in consideration to environmental management. Urban green spaces are not merely

aesthetic but they will contribute to the overall health and well-being of city residents.

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1.10 Definition of Terms

Urbanization: The process through which rural areas transform into urban areas, characterized

by an increase in population density and changes in land use patterns, often driven by migration

and economic development.

Land Use Pattern: The arrangement and distribution of various land uses within a given area,

including residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and recreational spaces.

Green Spaces: Areas of vegetation, such as parks, gardens, and natural reserves, that provide

ecological, social, and recreational benefits to urban populations.

Sustainable Urban Development: An approach to urban planning that seeks to meet the needs

of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs,

emphasizing environmental stewardship, social equity, and economic viability.

Community Well-Being: The overall quality of life experienced by individuals within a

community, encompassing physical health, mental health, social connections, and access to

resources and services.

Spatial Analysis: A method used in urban planning that involves examining the spatial

distribution of land uses and demographic variables to identify patterns, trends, and relationships

within a given area.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Green spaces are critical components of urban landscapes, serving various roles that contribute to

environmental sustainability, social cohesion, and public health. The significance of these areas

has gained increasing attention in urban studies, particularly as cities grapple with rapid

urbanization and its associated challenges, such as pollution, urban heat islands, and reduced

biodiversity. Green spaces, which encompass parks, gardens, and natural reserves, not only

enhance the aesthetic value of urban areas but also provide essential ecosystem services. As

urban populations continue to grow, understanding the role of green spaces becomes vital in

promoting sustainable urban development and improving the quality of life for residents.

The importance of green spaces in urban areas cannot be overstated, as they offer numerous

benefits that contribute to the overall well-being of communities. According to the World Health

Organization (2016), access to green spaces is directly linked to improved health outcomes,

including reduced stress levels and enhanced mental well-being. Research indicates that urban

residents who have proximity to green spaces engage in more physical activities, leading to

lower rates of obesity and chronic diseases (Mitchell & Popham, 2008). Furthermore, green

spaces serve as communal areas where individuals can socialize, fostering a sense of belonging

16
and community spirit. This highlights the essential role of green spaces in addressing urban

challenges and improving public health.

While the positive impacts of green spaces are well-documented, there remains a need for further

research that explores their effectiveness in specific contexts, such as in Nigeria. Urban areas in

Nigeria face unique challenges, including inadequate infrastructure and limited access to

recreational spaces, making the role of green spaces even more critical. Therefore, this literature

review aims to explore the definitions, types, and impacts of green spaces, drawing on both

Nigerian and international studies. By doing so, it seeks to provide a comprehensive

understanding of how green spaces contribute to urban resilience and community well-being,

particularly in the context of Offa, Kwara State.

In light of these factors, this literature review will serve as a foundation for understanding the

importance of green spaces in urban settings. It will critically assess existing literature, identify

gaps in research, and provide a framework for exploring the specific benefits of green spaces in

Offa, Kwara State. By addressing these gaps, this study aims to contribute valuable insights that

can inform urban planning and policy-making, ensuring that the needs of communities are met in

the face of ongoing urbanization.

2.1.1 Definition of Green Spaces

Green spaces are defined as areas that are either partially or entirely covered with vegetation,

including trees, grass, and shrubs (Tzoulas et al., 2007). These areas can vary in size and

purpose, from large public parks to smaller community gardens, and serve as essential

components of urban ecosystems. According to Maimon et al. (2020), green spaces provide

crucial ecological functions, such as supporting biodiversity, regulating temperature, and

17
improving air quality. They are also vital for promoting physical activity and mental well-being

among urban residents, highlighting their significance in contemporary urban planning.

The World Health Organization (2016) emphasizes that access to green spaces is integral to

enhancing urban health outcomes. This includes not only physical health benefits, such as

increased opportunities for exercise, but also mental health improvements through exposure to

nature. The presence of green spaces has been linked to reduced stress, anxiety, and depression

among urban populations (Maas et al., 2006). Furthermore, green spaces can foster social

interactions among residents, contributing to community cohesion and a sense of belonging

(Burgess et al., 2016). This multifaceted definition highlights the various dimensions of green

spaces and their significance in urban environments.

In Nigeria, the importance of green spaces has been acknowledged in various studies, with

researchers identifying specific challenges related to urbanization that impact their availability

and accessibility (Ogunjimi et al., 2020). For example, the rapid expansion of urban areas often

leads to the degradation or loss of existing green spaces, which can exacerbate health issues and

diminish quality of life for residents. This underscores the need for effective urban planning

strategies that prioritize the preservation and creation of green spaces in Nigerian cities,

including Offa.

As urban areas continue to evolve, a comprehensive understanding of green spaces and their

definitions becomes increasingly important. This knowledge can inform policy decisions and

guide urban planners in developing strategies that enhance the provision of green spaces,

ultimately contributing to more sustainable and resilient urban environments.

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2.1.2 Types of Green Spaces

Green spaces can be classified into various types, each serving different functions within urban

environments. Public parks are the most recognizable form of green space, designed primarily

for recreational activities, leisure, and community engagement (Kumar & Kaushik, 2018). These

parks provide residents with opportunities for physical exercise, social interaction, and

relaxation, making them essential for enhancing the quality of life in urban areas. Moreover,

public parks often serve as venues for cultural events and community gatherings, reinforcing

their role as social hubs within neighborhoods.

In addition to public parks, urban forests and tree canopies contribute significantly to the

ecological health of cities (Dunnett & Kingsbury, 2008). These green spaces help mitigate urban

heat, improve air quality, and provide habitats for various wildlife species. Urban forests also

play a crucial role in carbon sequestration, making them valuable assets in the fight against

climate change. Community gardens, another form of green space, promote local food

production and provide residents with opportunities for hands-on engagement with nature

(Burgess et al., 2016). These gardens foster community bonding and encourage sustainable

practices, such as organic gardening and composting.

Furthermore, innovative green infrastructure solutions, such as green roofs and walls, have

emerged as effective ways to integrate greenery into densely built environments (Kumar et al.,

2018). These structures not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of urban buildings but also provide

environmental benefits, such as improved insulation and reduced stormwater runoff. In Nigeria,
19
the prevalence of these various types of green spaces is crucial, as they can alleviate some of the

challenges associated with rapid urbanization, including heat stress and reduced biodiversity

(Adeleke et al., 2021).

2.1.3 Impacts of Green Spaces

The impacts of green spaces on urban environments are extensive, encompassing health, social,

and environmental dimensions. Access to green spaces has been associated with improved

physical health, as residents who engage in regular outdoor activities experience lower rates of

obesity and related chronic diseases (Mitchell & Popham, 2008). Studies have demonstrated that

proximity to parks and recreational areas encourages physical activity, which is imperative for

maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Moreover, green spaces provide opportunities for exercise, such

as walking, jogging, and playing sports, promoting overall well-being among urban populations.

In addition to physical health benefits, green spaces have a profound impact on mental health.

Research indicates that exposure to nature reduces stress, anxiety, and depression, leading to

enhanced psychological well-being (Maas et al., 2006). Natural environments promote relaxation

and can improve mood, highlighting the therapeutic potential of green spaces in urban settings.

Furthermore, the presence of green areas fosters social interactions, encouraging community

bonding and reducing feelings of isolation among residents (Kweon et al., 1998). This sense of

community can contribute to stronger social ties, enhancing the overall quality of life in urban

neighborhoods.

From an environmental perspective, green spaces play a crucial role in promoting biodiversity

and ecological balance. Urban parks and gardens provide habitats for various species,

20
contributing to urban wildlife conservation (Tzoulas et al., 2007). Additionally, green spaces

help mitigate urban heat effects, improve air quality, and enhance stormwater management

through natural filtration processes (Kumar et al., 2018). In Nigerian cities, where urbanization

often leads to increased temperatures and pollution levels, the preservation and expansion of

green spaces are essential for creating sustainable urban environments (Ogunjimi et al., 2020).

The cumulative impacts of green spaces underscore their importance in urban planning and

development. By prioritizing the creation and maintenance of green spaces, urban planners can

foster healthier communities, promote social interactions, and enhance environmental

sustainability. Recognizing the benefits of green spaces will be greatly important for addressing

the challenges posed by rapid urbanization, particularly in regions like Offa, Kwara State.

2.1.4 Perspectives on the Impact of Green Spaces

Perspectives on the impact of green spaces can vary significantly across different cultural and

socio-economic contexts. In some regions, green spaces are viewed primarily as aesthetic

enhancements to urban settings, while in others, they are seen as essential components of urban

infrastructure (Wolch et al., 2014). Understanding these varying perspectives is crucial for

effective urban planning, as it can inform how green spaces are integrated into community

development initiatives.

In developing countries like Nigeria, green spaces often face significant challenges due to

competing land-use demands. Rapid urbanization, population growth, and economic pressures

frequently lead to the conversion of green spaces into residential and commercial developments

21
(Björk et al., 2019). This trend poses a threat to community well-being and environmental

sustainability, necessitating a reevaluation of land-use priorities in urban planning.

Moreover, cultural factors play a significant role in shaping perceptions of green spaces. In some

communities, green spaces are valued for their recreational potential and social interaction

opportunities, while in others, they may be underutilized due to cultural norms or socioeconomic

barriers (Kuo, 2015). Understanding these cultural perspectives is essential for promoting

equitable access to green spaces and ensuring that they meet the needs of diverse populations.

In Offa, the perspectives of residents regarding green spaces are likely influenced by the

community's socio-economic characteristics and cultural values. This research aims to explore

these perspectives through surveys and interviews, providing insights into how residents perceive

and utilize green spaces. By understanding the unique attitudes and behaviors of Offa's residents,

policymakers can develop strategies that effectively address community needs and priorities.

2.1.5 Global View of Green Spaces

Research globally emphasizes the myriad benefits of urban green spaces, particularly in

enhancing the quality of life in urban areas. Various studies demonstrate that green spaces

significantly improve mental health, promote physical activity, and foster social interactions

among residents (Björk et al., 2019). Moreover, urban green spaces can help mitigate the adverse

effects of urban heat islands by providing cooler microclimates, thereby reducing the energy

needed for cooling buildings (Santamouris et al., 2018). This is especially relevant in the context

of climate change, where cities are increasingly experiencing extreme weather events.

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Additionally, urban green spaces are crucial for biodiversity conservation. They serve as vital

habitats for various species, promoting ecological connectivity within urban landscapes

(Dramowicz et al., 2019). Studies indicate that cities with more extensive and diverse green

spaces tend to support higher levels of biodiversity, contributing to overall ecological resilience.

This finding underscores the importance of integrating ecological principles into urban planning

to foster sustainable urban environments.

Furthermore, urban green spaces can stimulate economic development by increasing property

values and attracting tourism (Kardan et al., 2015). Properties located near well-maintained parks

and gardens often experience higher market values, leading to increased tax revenues for local

governments. Such economic benefits highlight the need for investment in urban green spaces as

a means of fostering both environmental sustainability and economic growth.

Despite the well-documented advantages of urban green spaces, challenges remain in their

planning and management. Rapid urbanization often leads to the encroachment of green spaces

for housing and commercial developments, resulting in the loss of vital ecological and social

resources (Wolch et al., 2014). This trend necessitates a reevaluation of urban planning priorities

to ensure the preservation and enhancement of green spaces in cities.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

This study is grounded in the Theory of Urban Ecology, which posits that urban environments

are complex systems where ecological and social components interact dynamically (McHarg,

1969). According to this theory, urban green spaces play a crucial role in maintaining ecological

balance and supporting human well-being. By integrating ecological principles into urban

23
planning, cities can enhance their resilience to environmental challenges, such as climate change

and urbanization.

The Theory of Urban Ecology emphasizes the importance of understanding the

interdependencies between social and ecological systems. In Offa, where urban growth is rapid,

green spaces can serve as essential buffers against environmental stressors, contributing to

community resilience. This framework will guide the analysis of how green spaces in Offa

contribute to urban resilience and quality of life, providing a foundation for understanding the

broader implications of urban ecology in smaller cities.

2.3 Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework for this study revolves around the interactions between urban green

spaces, community well-being, and environmental sustainability. It posits that the availability

and quality of green spaces directly influence residents' quality of life, while also contributing to

the ecological health of the urban environment.

i. Urban Green Spaces: This component includes parks, gardens, and other vegetated

areas that provide recreational, social, and ecological benefits to the community.

ii. Community Well-Being: The availability of green spaces is linked to improved mental

health, physical activity, and social interactions among residents. This component

emphasizes the social dimension of green spaces, highlighting their role in fostering

community cohesion and enhancing overall quality of life.

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 iii. Environmental Sustainability: Green spaces contribute to ecological resilience by

providing habitats for biodiversity, improving air quality, and mitigating the urban heat

island effect. This component underscores the importance of integrating ecological

considerations into urban planning.

The interactions among these components form the basis for understanding how green spaces

can enhance urban resilience in Offa. By exploring the relationships between urban green spaces,

community well-being, and environmental sustainability, this study aims to provide valuable

insights for policymakers and urban planners seeking to create more resilient urban

environments.

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 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Methodology

The methodology section outlines the research design, data collection methods, and analytical

techniques utilized in the study. It provides a detailed account of how the research objectives will

be achieved, ensuring transparency and rigor in the research process.

3.2 Research Design

This study will adopt a mixed-methods research design to explore the impact of urban green

spaces on community well-being in Offa. This approach combines quantitative and qualitative

methods to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research problem. Quantitative data

will be collected through surveys administered to residents, while qualitative data will be

gathered through interviews and focus group discussions.

3.2.1 Sampling Techniques and Sampling Frame

For achieving the goal of this section, systematic random sampling was employed in which the

whole local government was stratified into 12 geo political wards namely: Balogun, Essa-A,

Essa-B, Essa-C, Igboidun, Ojomu Central 1, Ojomu Central 11, Ojomu South East, Ojomu

26
North/North-West, Shawo Central, ShawoSouth-East and Shawo South-West. To give every

ward and buildings equal chance to be selected, six wards were selected at random. The six

wards are Ojomu Central 1, Essa-A, Shawo Central, Balogun, Ojomu North/North-West and

Shawo South-West. In each ward, the first building was sampled at random while the subsequent

buildings were chosen systematically after every tenth (10th) building.

3.2.2 Sample Size

From the six selected wards 10% of houses was randomly selected from each ward. While the

first building for questionnaire administration was randomly chosen, unit of investigation applied

was ten – every tenth building; this was carried out to ensure that every building has equal

chance of being selected and also the population figure for Offa Local Government according to

the 1991 National Population Census was projected to 2022. This was done to have a reliable

population figure to work with; using an annual growth rate of 3.2% (fraction at 0.032 ) derived

from previous 2006 census figures for Kwara state (Wikipedia, 2012). The 2022 population of

the study was projected using this formula:

P= A(1+R) n

Where P = Estimated Population

A = Existing Population

1 = Constant

N = Number of year

R = Growth rate (which is 3.2% derived from previous 2006 census figures for Kwara state)

S/N WARD 1991 CENSUS 2006 CENSUS PROJECTED 2022

27
 FIGURES FIGURES AGR= (3.2%)

1 Balogun 7,350 8,728 13,105

2 Essa A 8,800 10,450 15,691

3 Essa B 6,500 7,719 11,590

4 Essa C 4,230 5,023 7,542

5 Igboidun 2,106 2,501 3,755

6 Ojomu Central I 9,015 10,706 16,076

7 Ojomu Central II 6,275 7,452 11,190

8 Ojomu South-East 6,025 7,155 10,744

9 Ojomu North/North- 6,785 8,057 12,098

West

10 Shawo Central 6,878 8,168 12,265

11 Shawo South-East 5,630 6,686 10,039

12 Shawo South-West 5,330 6,330 9,505

TOTAL 74,924 88,975 133,600

SELECTED WARDS

S/N WARD 1991 CENSUS 2006 CENSUS PROJECTED 2022

FIGURES FIGURES AGR= (3.2%)

1 Balogun 7,350 8,728 13,105

2 Essa A 8,800 10,450 15,691

3 Ojomu North/North- 6,785 8,057 12,098

West

4 Shawo Central 6,878 8,168 12,265

28
 5 Ojomu Central I 9,015 10,706 16,076

6 Shawo South-West 5,330 6,330 9,505

TOTAL 44,158 52,439 78,740

For this study, a total number of 450 questionnaires were administered in all the six (6) wards

selected due to time constraint. The number of questionnaire administered in each ward was

determined by: Projected population of each ward /total projected population of the six wards x

total number of questionnaire

S/No SELECTED WARDS PROJECTED NO OF

POPULATION QUESTIONNAIRES

2022

1 Balogun 13,105 75

2 Essa A 15,691 90

3 Ojomu North/North- 12,098 69

West

4 Shawo Central 12,265 70

5 Ojomu Central I 16,076 92

6 Shawo South-West 9,505 54

TOTAL 78,740 450

DENSITY WARDS SAMPLE SIZE PERCENTAGE (%)

HIGH Ojomu Central I 92 20.4

29
 Essa A 90 20

MEDIUM Balogun 75 16.7

Shawo Central 70 15.6

Ojomu North/North- 69 15.3

West

LOW Shawo South-West 54 12

TOTAL 450 100%

3.2.3 Data Types and Procedures

This consists of the data types of data and procedures to use for this research.

The primary source of data collection will include the use of structured questionnaire to obtain

necessary information from the respondent in the field/from study area, such as demographic

information, perceptions of commercial activity, impact on daily life and academic performance,

suggestions for improvement, etc.

Secondary source will include information from relevant journals, textbook, seminar or paper

and magazines. These will be utilized during the development of the literature review and also

help in the questionnaire.

The procedure to be used will be face to face administration of questionnaire.

3.2.4 Data Collection Methods

30
Data collection will involve both primary and secondary sources.

i. Primary Data: Surveys will be designed to assess residents' perceptions of green spaces,

their usage patterns, and the associated benefits to their well-being. Interviews will also

be conducted with key stakeholders, including local government officials and community

leaders, to gain insights into the management and planning of green spaces in Offa.

ii. Secondary Data: Relevant literature, governmental reports, and existing studies on urban

green spaces will be reviewed to contextualize the findings and identify trends in green

space management.

3.2.5 Data Analysis

Data analysis is defined by Tejumaiye (2003) as the transformation of the observation gathered

from the field into a system of categories and these categories into codes that could be

quantitatively analyzed. Therefore, data collected and collated will be analyzed using simple

percentage table for easy understanding while the presentation will be done with the aid of

tabular method. They will be presented in frequency table so as to provide a visual for the data

collected. Moreover, table is the most effective, simple and understandable method of analysis.

In analyzing the data collected from the field for this research, the information was processed

from the questionnaire, summarized and presented in tabular forms. Descriptive statistical

methods such as percentages will be heavily adopted for the analysis of the questionnaire.

31
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter entails the interpretation of the data collected and shows the analysis. The number

of questionnaire that was administered was 460 but 450 was retrieve back from the field.

SECTION A: demographic and socio-economic characteristics of respondents

Table 1: Gender of the respondents

Gender Frequency Percentage (%)

Male 200 44.4

Female 250 55.6

Total 450 100

Source: Author’s field survey (2024)

The table above shows the analysis of the gender of respondents in the study area which shows

that female has the highest percentage which is 55.6% and male has the lowest percentage which

is 44.4%. This implies that there are more female in the study area.

32
 Gender of respondents
Female
55.6%

Male
Female

Male
44.4%
Data source: Field survey, 2024.

Table 2: Age of the respondent

Age Frequency Percentage (%)

Less than 18 years 20 4.4

18-25 years 190 42.2

26-35 years 80 17.7

36-45 years 130 28.8

Others 30 6.6

Total 450 100

Source: Author’s field survey (2024)

33
The table above shows the analysis of the age of respondents in the study area which age shows

that between 18-25 years has the highest percentage which is 42.2% and age less than 18years

has the lowest percentage which is 4.4%. The analysis shows that the age between 18-25 years

dominate the study area and it was obvious during the survey.

Age of respondents

36-45 yrs
29%

26-35 yrs Less than 18 years

18% 18-25 years
26-35 years
Others 36-45 years
7% Others
Below 18yrs
4.4%

18-25 yrs
42%
Data source: Field survey, 2024.

Table 3: Occupation of the respondent

Occupation Frequency Percentage (%)

Student 130 28.88

Employed 100 22.22

Self employed 100 22.22

Unemployed 60 13.3

Retired 30 6.7

34
 Other 30 6.7

Total 450 100

Source: Author’s field survey (2024)

The above table shows the analysis of the Occupation of the respondents in the study area, where

28.8% of the respondents in the study area are student, follow by 22.2% of the respondents

which are into civil servant and farmer, 15%, 13.3% of the respondent are Trader, 6.6% of the

respondent are into other business. The analysis shows that the majority of the people in the

study area are artisans

Table 4: Educational level

Education Frequency Percentage (%)

Primary 40 8.9

Secondary 80 17.8

Tertiary 220 48.9

Others 110 24.4

Total 450 100

Source: Author’s field survey (2024)

The above table shows the analysis of the educational level of the respondents in the study area,

where 8.9% of the respondents in the study area are primary, follow by 17.8% of the respondents

35
which are secondary and 48.9%, 24.4% of the respondent are tertiary and others respectively.

The analysis shows that the majority of the people in the study area are tertiary

SECTION B: : Awareness and Perception of Green Spaces

Table 5: Are you aware of any designated green spaces or parks in Offa?

Option Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 200 44.4

No 250 55.5

Total 450 100

Source: Author’s field survey (2024)

The table above consists of the analysis for the awareness of any designated green spaces or

parks in Offa (e.g., residential, commercial, agricultural) in Offa in recent years, 83.3% chose

YES, while 16.7% of the respondent chose NO. The analysis implies that there have major

changes in land use pattern in the study area in recent years.

1. Table 6: How important do you think green spaces are for the community’s well-being

Option Frequency Percentage (%)

Very important 153 34

Important 79 17.6

Neutral 104 23.1

36
 Unimportant 114 45.6

Total 450 100

Source: Author’s field survey (2024)

The table above consists of the analysis of how important do you think green spaces are for the

community’s well-being. 34% of the respondents chose very important, 17.6% of the respondent

chose important, 23.1% chose neutral,45.6% chose unimportant. The analysis shows that the

majority people in the community chose green space are very important for the community

wellbeing.

2. Table 7: In your opinion, how well-maintained are the green spaces in Offa?

Option Frequency Percentage (%)

Very well-maintained 153 42

moderately well-maintained 35 13

poorly maintained 87 10

not maintained at all 97 28

No option 10 13

Total 450 100

Source: Author’s field survey (2024)

37
The table above consists of the analysis of the type of how well-maintained are the green spaces

in Offa. 42% of the respondents chose very well maintained, 13% of the respondent chose

moderately well maintained, 10% chose poorly well maintained, 28% chose not maintained at

all,13% of the respondent chose no option. The analysis shows that the majority people in the

community chose green space in offa are very well maintained for the community wellbeing.

Section C: Accessibility and Utilization of Green Spaces

Table 8. How accessible are green spaces to you?

Option Frequency Percentage (%)

Very accessible 153 42

moderately accessible 45 20

somewhat inaccessible 87 10

very inaccessible 97 28

Total 382 100

Source: Author’s field survey (2024)

The table above consists of the analysis of how accessible are green spaces to you? 42% of the

respondents chose Very accessible, 20% of the respondent chose moderately accessible, 10%

chose somewhat inaccessible, 28% chose very inaccessible. The analysis shows that the majority

people in the community chose green space are very important for the community wellbeing.

Table 9. What is the main purpose of your visits to green spaces?

38
 Main purpose of visits to green Frequency Percentage (%)

spaces

Exercise or physical activity 83 18.4

relaxation and leisure 119 26.4

socializing with family/friends 61 13.6

attending events or gatherings 47 10.4

Others 140 31.1

Total 450 100

Source: Author’s field survey (2024)

The table above shows the analysis of the main purpose of your visits to green spaces?. 18.4% of

the respondent chose Exercise or physical activity, 26.4% of the respondent chose relaxation and

leisure, 13.6% of the respondent chose socializing with family/friends, 10.4% chose attending

events or gatherings, 31.1% chose others. The analysis implies that the main purpose of visits to

green spaces

Table 10. How safe do you feel while using green spaces in Offa?

Option Frequency Percentage (%)

Very safe 153 34

39
 moderately safe 79 17.6

somewhat unsafe 104 23.1

very unsafe 114 45.6

Total 450 100

The table above consists of the analysis is based on how safe do you feel while using green

spaces in Offa. 34% of the respondents chose Very safe, 17.6% of the respondent chose

moderately safe, 23.1% chose somewhat unsafe, 45.6% chose very unsafe. The analysis shows

that the majority people in the community chose green space are very important for the

community wellbeing.

Table 11. Do you think there are enough green spaces in Offa? (a) Yes (b) no (c) not sure

Option Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 200 44.4

No 250 55.6

Total 450 100

Source: Author’s field survey (2024)

The table above shows the analysis if there are enough green spaces in Offa which shows that

the highest percentage which is 55.6% is yes and the lowest percentage which is 44.4% is no.

This implies that there are more space in the study area.

40
Section D: Impact of Green Spaces on Health and Well-being

How much do you agree with the following statements about green spaces in Offa?

Table 12. Green spaces improve mental well-being.

Option Frequency Percentage (%)

Strongly agree 83 18.4

Agree 119 26.4

Neutral 61 13.6

disagree 47 10.4

strongly disagree 140 31.1

Total 450 100

Source: Author’s field survey (2024)

The table above consists of the analysis of the Green spaces improve mental well-being.

18.4% of the respondents chose Strongly agree, 26.4% of the respondent chose agree, 13.6%

chose neutral, 10.4% chose very disagree, 31.1% chose very strongly disagree. The analysis

shows that the majority in the community strongly disagree that Green spaces improve mental

well-being

Table 13. Green spaces encourage physical activity and fitness.

Option Frequency Percentage (%)

Strongly agree 140 31.1

41
 Agree 119 26.4

Neutral 61 13.6

disagree 47 10.4

strongly disagree 83 18.4

Total 450 100

Source: Author’s field survey (2024)

The table above consists of the analysis of the Green spaces encourage physical activity and

fitness. 31.1% of the respondents chose Strongly agree, 26.4% of the respondent chose agree,

13.6% chose neutral, 10.4% chose very disagree, 18.4% chose very strongly disagree. The

analysis shows that the majority in the community strongly agree that Green spaces encourage

physical activity and fitness.

Table 15. Green spaces contribute to reduced stress.

Option Frequency Percentage (%)

Strongly agree 140 31.1

Agree 119 26.4

Neutral 61 13.6

42
 disagree 47 10.4

strongly disagree 83 18.4

Total 450 100

Source: Author’s field survey (2024)

The table above consists of the analysis of Green spaces contribute to reduced stress. 31.1% of

the respondents chose Strongly agree, 26.4% of the respondent chose agree, 13.6% chose

neutral, 10.4% chose very disagree, 18.4% chose very strongly disagree. The analysis shows that

the majority in the community strongly agree that Green spaces contribute to reduced stress.

Table 16. Do you believe green spaces in Offa have an impact on reducing pollution?

Option Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 200 44.4

No 150 10.6

Not sure 100 45

Total 450 100

Source: Author’s field survey (2024)

The table above shows the analysis if green spaces in Offa have an impact on reducing pollution

which shows that the highest percentage which is 44.4% is yes and the lowest percentage which

is 10.6% is no while 45% are not sure. This implies that green spaces in Offa have an impact on

reducing pollution.

43
Section E: Suggestions for Improvement

Table 17. In your opinion, what improvements could be made to existing green spaces in Offa?

Option Frequency Percentage (%)

Better maintenance and 140 31.1

cleanliness

improved safety measures 119 26.4

more recreational facilities 61 13.6

increased accessibility 47 10.4

greenery/plant life 83 18.4

Total 450 100

Source: Author’s field survey (2024)

The table above state the improvements could be made to existing green spaces in Offa. 31.1%

of the respondents chose Better maintenance and cleanliness

, 26.4% of the respondent chose improved safety measures, 13.6% more recreational activities,

10.4% chose increased accessibility, 18.4% chose very more greenery/plant life. The analysis

shows that the majority in the community strongly agree that improved safety measures could be

made to existing green spaces in Offa

44
Table 18.Would you support community programs that promote the development and upkeep of

green spaces

Option Frequency Percentage (%)

Yes 200 44.4

No 150 10.6

Not sure 100 45

Total 450 100

The table above shows the analysis Would you support community programs that promote the

development and upkeep of green spaces

which shows that the highest percentage which is 44.4% is yes and the lowest percentage which

is 10.6% is no, while 45% are not sure. This implies that a lot of people will contribute to

support community programs that promote the development and upkeep of green spaces

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THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, OFFA

SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY

48
 DEPARTMENT URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

P.M.B 420, OFFA, KWARA STATE.

Questionnaire: The Role of Green Spaces in Enhancing Urban Resilience and Improving

Quality of Life in Offa, Kwara State.

Dear Respondent,

I am an ND 2 student of the above named institution ad department. I am conducting a research

on the impact of urbanization on land use patterns in Offa, Kwara State. This exercise is

basically for academic purpose. Your honest response will be appreciated and treated as

confidential. Thank you.

Please kindly answer the following questions:

Section A: Demographic Information

3. Gender: (a) Male (b) female (c) other

4. Age Group: (a) 18-25 (b) 26-35 (c) 36-45 (d) 46-55 (e) 56 and above

5. Occupation: (a) Student (b) employed (c) self-employed (d) unemployed (e) retired

6. Educational Level: (a) Primary (b) secondary (c) tertiary (d) other (Please specify):

__________

Section B: Awareness and Perception of Green Spaces

7. Are you aware of any designated green spaces or parks in Offa? (a) Yes (b) No (c) Not sure

8. How important do you think green spaces are for the community’s well-being? (a) Very

important (b) important (c) neutral (d) unimportant

9. ? (a) Daily (b) weekly (c) monthly (d) rarely (e) never
49
10. In your opinion, how well-maintained are the green spaces in Offa? (a) Very well-

maintained (b) moderately well-maintained (c) poorly maintained (d) not maintained at all

(e) no opinion

Section C: Accessibility and Utilization of Green Spaces

11. How accessible are green spaces to you? (a) Very accessible (b) moderately accessible (c)

somewhat inaccessible (d) very inaccessible

12. What is the main purpose of your visits to green spaces? (Select all that apply)

( ) Exercise or physical activity ( ) relaxation and leisure ( ) socializing with family/friends

( ) attending events or gatherings ( ) other (Please specify): ___________

13. How safe do you feel while using green spaces in Offa? (a) Very safe (b) moderately safe

(c) somewhat unsafe (d) very unsafe

14. Do you think there are enough green spaces in Offa? (a) Yes (b) no (c) not sure

Section D: Impact of Green Spaces on Health and Well-being

15. How much do you agree with the following statements about green spaces in Offa?

i. Green spaces improve mental well-being. (a) Strongly agree (b) agree (c) neutral (d)

disagree (e) strongly Disagree

ii. Green spaces encourage physical activity and fitness. (a) Strongly agree (b) agree (c)

neutral (d) disagree (e) strongly Disagree

iii. Green spaces contribute to reduced stress. (a) Strongly agree (b) agree (c) neutral (d)

disagree (e) strongly Disagree

16. Do you believe green spaces in Offa have an impact on reducing pollution? (a) Yes (b) no

(c) not sure

50
Section E: Suggestions for Improvement

17. In your opinion, what improvements could be made to existing green spaces in Offa? (Select

all that apply)

( ) Better maintenance and cleanliness ( ) improved safety measures ( ) more

recreational facilities (e.g., sports courts, playgrounds) ( ) increased accessibility ( )

more greenery/plant life ( ) other (Please specify): ___________

18. Would you support community programs that promote the development and upkeep of green

spaces? (a) Yes (b) no (c) not sure

19. Any additional comments or suggestions about green spaces in Offa?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Thank you for your time and cooperation.

51