ENG.

JAMAL ELDEEN ABD ELHAFEEZ MOHAMED

ENG. JAMAL ELDEEN ABD ELHAFEEZ MOHAMED
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Drain location
The following are generally accepted minimum dimensions.
 It is advisable to locate drains closer than these minimums.
 The plumbing engineer is under no obligation to follow these
guidelines if not possible.
 The roof drain should not be farther than 50 ft (15.2 m) from the
end of a valley.
 The maximum distance between drains should be 200 ft (61m).
 With a roof slope of ¼ in./ft (21 mm/m) and a distance of 20 ft (6.1
m) from the roof high point to the roof drain, the depth of water
at the drain is approximately 3 in. (76.2 mm).
 The parapet wall scuppers should be set 4 in. (101.6 mm) above
the roof low point.
ASPE-2004
 A maximum weight at the drain, which is transmitted to the roof structural
supports, should be 26 lb/ft2 (126.9 kg/m) live load, which would exceed the
capacity of a normal 20 lb/ft2 (97.7 kg/m) roof live load (30 lb/ft (146.5 kg/m )
live load in snow areas).
 The designer must closely coordinate the drainage system design with the
roof structural design.
 The roof drain should be a minimum 12– 18 in. (0.30–0.46 m) from any
parapet wall or other obstruction to allow for proper flashing.
 The drains should be located a minimum 10 ft (3.05 m) from any building
opening or air intake.
 The minimum roof drain size should be 2 in. (50.8 mm) for decks and where
the accumulation of leaves is possible.
 In selecting the roof drain size, all horizontal roof area from adjacent high
points that slope to the drain must be taken into account, as well as 50% of
the vertical wall area that is associated with the drain.
ASPE-2004
 All penetrations through the roof must be sealed watertight.
Metal flashing, 18–24 in. (0.46–0.61 m) square or round, often is
suggested around the roof drain because of the heavy wear and
the likelihood that the drain will present leakage problems. The
flashing usually is placed between the roofing plies. This flashing
also may be used to form a roof sump to collect storm water prior
to its entering the drain. (A square opening is easier to cut into
the roof than a round opening.)
 Most codes require a minimum two roof drains on roofs with areas
less than 10,000 ft (929 m2 ), and four drains on roofs exceeding
10,000 ft2 (929 m).
 Some codes allow a maximum 10,000-ft (929-m) roof area per
drain, but this may require the drains and associated piping to be
excessively large. ASPE-2004
 To control labor costs and avoid potential furring and footing depth
problems with the piping, a maximum 5,000-ft (465-m2) area per
drain and a maximum 8-in. (203mm) drain and leader size should be
considered.
 Good engineering practice is to place at least two roof drains in any
roof area except for the smallest.
 The roof drain shall be installed a minimum 12–18 in. (0.30–0.46 m)
from any parapet wall or other obstruction to allow for the proper
flashing.
 The drains shall be located a minimum 10 ft (3.05 m) from any
building opening or air intake.
 The designer must be aware of the location of roof expansion joints.
These joints may prohibit rainwater
 flow across the roof, thus dividing the roof into fixed drainage areas.
ASPE-2004
ASPE-2004
ASPE-2004
ASPE-2004
IPC-2015
NSPC-2015
UPC-2009
IPC-2015
UPC-2009
UPC-2009
ASPE-2004
NSPC-2015
NSPC-2015
ASPE-2004
UPC-2009
NSPC-2015
 NSPC-2015
Combining Storm with Sanitary Drainage
 Storm and sanitary drainage shall not be combined unless connection to a
combined sewer is required by the Authority Having Jurisdiction.
 The sanitary and storm building drains shall be entirely separate, except
that where a combined building drain is required for connection to a
combined building sewer, the storm drains shall connect horizontally to
the combined building drain through single wye fittings that are at least 10
feet downstream from the base of any drain stack.
 Horizontal storm drain piping from vertical storm water conductors shall
be not less than 10 feet in length and shall be increased one pipe size
larger than required for horizontal storm drains in Table 13.6.2 when it is
10 feet from its connection to a combined building drain.
NSPC-2015
NSPC-2015
NSPC-2015
51
Clear Water Wastes.
 Water lifts! expansion tanks! cooling jackets! sprinkler systems! drip or overflow
pans! or similar devices that discharge clear wastewater into the building
drainage system shall discharge through an In direct waste.
 813.0 Swimming Pools.
 Pipes carrying wastewater from swimming or wading pools! including pool
drainage and back wash from filters, shall be installed as an indirect waste.
Where a pump is used to discharge waste pool water to the drainage system!
the pump discharge shal1 be installed as an indirect waste.
 814.0 Condensate Wastes and Control.
 814.1 Condensate Disposal.
 Condensate from air washers, air-cooling coils, fuel-burning condensing
appliances, the overflow from evaporative coolers, and similar water-supplied
equipment or similar air conditioning equipment shall be collected and
discharged to an approved plumbing fixture or disposal area. UPC-2009
 If discharged into the drainage system, equipment shall drain by means of an
indirect waste pipe. The waste pipe shall have a slope of not less than one-
eighth (1/8) inch per foot (10.4 mm / m) or 1
 percent slope and shall be of approved corrosion-resistant material not smaller
than the outlet size as required in Table 8-2 for air-cooling coils or condensing
fuel-burning appliances, respectively.
 Point of Discharge.
 Air-conditioning condensate waste pipes shall connect indirectly to the
drainage system through an airgap or airbreak to a properly trapped and vented
receptors dry wells, leach pits,or the tailpiece of plumbing fixtures.
 Condensate waste shall not drain over a public Condensate or wastewater shall
not drain over a public way.

UPC-2009
 Fuel-burning appliances. Liquid combustion by-products of condensing
appliances shall be collected and discharged to an approved plumbing
fixture or disposal area in accordance with the manufacturer's installation
instructions.
 Condensate piping shall be of approved corrosion-resistant material and
shall not be smaller than the drain connection on the appliance. Such
piping shall maintain a minimum horizontal slope in the direction of
discharge of not less than one-eighth unit vertical in 12 units horizontal.
 Condensate drain systems shall be provided for equipment and appliances
containing evaporators or cooling coils.
 Condensate shall not discharge into a street, alley or other areas so as to
cause a nuisance.
54
 Condensate waste and drain line size shall be not less than 3/4-inch (19
mm) internal diameter and shall not decrease in size from the drain pan
connection to the place of condensate disposal.
 Where the drain pipes from more than one unit are manifolded together
for condensate drainage, the pipe or tubing shall be sized in accordance
with Table 314.2.2
 On down-flow units and all other coils that do not have a secondary drain
or provisions to install a secondary or auxiliary drain pan, a water-level
monitoring device shall be installed inside the primary drain pan. This
device shall shut off the equipment served in the event that the primary
 drain becomes restricted. Devices installed in the drain line shall not be
permitted.
 Condensate drains shall be trapped as required by the equipment or
appliance manufacturer. 55
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UPC-2009 IPC-2015

Uniform Plumbing Code 2015

NSPC-2015
NSPC-2015
61
 OIL AND GREASE TRAPS
 Oil and grease from waste water of restaurants, hotel kitchens, cafeterias; clubs, etc.
are to be separated before letting it into foul sewer system.
 Oil and grease separators are used to separate them.

 702.6 Chemical waste system.

 A chemical waste system shall be completely separated from the sanitary drainage
system.
 The chemical waste shall be treated in accordance with Section 803.2 before
discharging to the sanitary drainage system.
 Separate drainage systems for chemical wastes and vent pipes shall be of an
approved material that is resistant to corrosion and degradation for the
concentrations of chemicals involved.

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ASPE-2004
ASPE-2004
ASPE-2004
NSPC-2015
NSPC-2015
ASPE-2004
NSPC-2015
SECTION 1003
INTERCEPTORS AND SEPARATORS
1003.1 Where required.
Interceptors and separators shall be provided to prevent the discharge
of oil, grease, sand and other substances harmful or hazardous to the
public sewer, the private sewage system or the sewage treatment
plant or processes.

IPC-2015
1009.
Interceptors
0 (C larifiers)
 1009. W here
1 R equi red.
Interceptors (clarifiers)
 (including grease, oil, sand, solid interceptors, etc.) shall be required by the Authority
Having Jurisdiction where they are necessary for the proper handling of liquid wastes
containing grease, flammable wastes, sand, solids, acid or alkaline substances, or other
ingredients harmful to the building drainage system, the public or private sewer, or to
public or private sewage disposal.
 1009. A pproval
2 The size,. type, and location of each interceptor (clarifier) or separator
shall be approved by the Authority Having Jurisdiction. Except where otherwise
 specifically permitted, no wastes other than those requiring treatment or separation shall
be discharged into an interceptor (clarifier).
 1009. D esi3 Interceptors
gn. (clarifiers) for sand and similar heavy solids shall be so
designed and located as to be readily accessible for cleaning and shall have a water seal
 of not less than 6 inches (152 mm).

UPC-2015
IPC-2015
IPC-2015
IPC-2015
NSPC-2015C
ASPE-2004
ASPE-2004
ASPE-2004
ASPE-2004
ASPE-2004
ASPE-2004
ASPE-2004
UPC-2015
UPC-2015
UPC-2009
ASPE-2004
ASPE-2004
 Waste Grinders
 Solid plumbing wastes often require grinding before they drain into a
sewer or septic system.
 This may occur wherever food is processed, displayed, served, or disposed.
Grinders for other solid wastes are also installed in hospitals, dental
offices, and many industrial occupancies.
 Their mulchy discharges cannot pass through grease interceptors or
recovery units. Each unit is usually operable by an ON/OFF switch, and
the best have the following features:
 A reversible motor that improves operation efficiency.
 Two solenoid valves, one that lets water enter the grinder after it turns on
and another on a second water line that enters just below the grinder to
help flush the slurry down the drain.
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 A vacuum breaker that prevents water from rising back into the sink in
case the removal of disposal is sluggish.
 A flow control valve that eliminates excess water consumption.
 A time delay relay that allows water to run a short while after the grinder
shuts off to clean the disposal container.
 A pressure detector that shuts off the motor if water flow cannot wash
the slurry down the drain.
 Automatic shutdown when the drain is clear.
 Waste grinder design typically involves selection from a catalog based on
desired specifications, or for industrial applications a company engineer
usually determines the size. Units are usually installed under kitchen
sinks in residences and under prewash scrap sinks in restaurants.
 Typical power requirements are up to 10 hp or 220 V on 40–50 amp
circuits.
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NSPC-2015
IPC-2015
NSPC-2015
IPC-2015
IPC-2015
GARBAGE SHOOT
Ref-10
Ref-10
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 When sanitary drainage occurs below the level of a building’s sanitary waste main or the public
sewer, power-operated equipment must be installed to pump the waste upward so it can flow out
of the building.
 If the waste is clear water or light gray water, a non airtight sump may be used, then the unit’s
intake orifice is located in a pit that sucks up the drainage.
 As sump pumps are often installed to remove flat roof drainage or basement leakage due to
severe storms, such units should be connected to emergency power, as they may be needed when
local power has failed.
 If the waste contains sewage or other smelly or dangerous substances, a pneumatic ejector with
an airtight receiver must be installed below the lowest level of the building’s pitched sanitary
waste main.
 Thus an ejector is often the deepest plumbing component in the building. As such it may affect
the design of the building’s lowest spaces and related construction.
 Also, wherever an ejector is installed, all plumbing fixtures situated above the building’s sanitary
waste main should gravity-drain directly into the main (then if the ejector fails any mess will be
minimal), and every fixture located below the sewer main must be fitted with a backflow valve to
minimize possible flooding in its area.
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NSPC-2015
SUMPS AND EJECTORS
712.1 Building subdrains.
 Building subdrains that cannot be discharged to the sewer by
gravity flow shall be discharged into a tightly covered and vented
sump from which the liquid shall be lifted and discharged into the
building gravity drainage system by Automatic pumping equipment
or other approved method.
 In other than existing structures, the sump shall not receive
drainage from any piping within the building capable of being
discharged by gravity to the building sewer.

IPC-2015
IPC-2015
 Pump connection to the drainage system.
 Pumps connected to the drainage system shall connect to a building sewer,
building drain, soil stack, waste stack or horizontal branch drain.
 Where the discharge line connects into horizontal drainage piping, the
connection shall be made through a wye fitting into the top of the drainage piping
and such wye fitting shall be located not less than 10 pipe diameters from the
base of any soil stack, waste stack or fixture drain.

IPC-2015
 712.3.2 Sump pit.
 The sump pit shall be not less than 18 inches (457 mm) in diameter and not
less than 24 inches (610 mm) in depth, unless otherwise approved.
 The pit shall be accessible and located such that all drainage flows into the
pit by gravity.
 The sump pit shall be constructed of tile, concrete, steel, plastic or other
approved materials.
 The pit bottom shall be solid and provide permanent support for the pump.
 The sump pit shall be fitted with a gas-tight removable cover that is
installed flush with grade or floor level, or above grade or floor level.
 The cover shall be adequate to support anticipated loads in the area of use.
 The sump pit shall be vented

IPC-2015
712.4.2 Capacity.
 A sewage pump or sewage ejector shall have the capacity and head for the
application requirements.
 Pumps or ejectors that receive the discharge of water closets shall be capable
of handling spherical solids with a diameter of up to and including 2 inches (51
mm).
 Other pumps or ejectors shall be capable of handling spherical solids with a
diameter of up to and including 1 inch (25 mm).
 The capacity of a pump or ejector based on the diameter of the discharge
 pipe shall be not less than that indicated in Table 712.4.2.

IPC-2015
NSPC-2015
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NSPC-2015
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Dual-pump ejectors are best, because they offer redundant operation in case one pump fails; and the
discharge pipe, whose diameter is usually 3 in, should be as short and as devoid of bends and fittings
as possible.
Ejectors are common in downtown commercial buildings having two or three basement levels below
the sidewalk or street outside.
Sizing a pneumatic ejector is a chancy proposition, due to the many variables involved, both present
and future.

EXAMPLE:
In a 16 story building in downtown Denver, CO, the lowest 140 fixture units lie below the level of
the public sewer main out front. If an ejector is installed just inside the front facade and the bottom
of its basin lies approximately 31 ft below the sewer main, size the unit and the area in which it is
installed.

SOLUTION
Step 1. Add up the fixture units located below the sewer main that will discharge into the ejector.
This is given as 140 fixture units.

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Step 2. Compute the ejector’s unit capacity.
V = 0.53 (Fu + 0.07 W)
V = required interior volume of ejector, ? cf
Fu = fixture unit waste flow draining into ejector, 140 f.u.
W = non fixture unit waste flow draining into ejector, gal/day. None given.
V ≥ 0.53 (140 + 0) ≥ 74.2 cf

Step 3. Estimate the ejector’s height.

h ≈ 0.08 V + 3.75
h = estimated total height of ejector, including depth of basin and subdrain invert, ? ft
V = required interior volume of ejector, from Step 2, 74.2 cf
h ≈ 0.08 * 74.2 + 3.75 ≈ 9.69 ft

Step 4. Determine the ejector’s required access floor area.

A ≈ (d + 6)2
A = required access floor area for ejector, ? sf
d = diameter of ejector, ft.
Standard diameter of most duplex pump ejectors = 3 ft.
Use more definitive data when available.
A ≈ (3 + 6)2 ≥ 81cf 127
Gravity sewerage systems are preferred to service properties. However, at times a gravity flow
connection from a property is not possible. In such cases, the Water Corporation may allow an
alternate method to connect the property to its wastewater system, such as a vacuum wastewater
system.
This type of wastewater system commences with conventional gravity house drainage, with a short
length of gravity sewerage main that is connected to a collection chamber. The collection chamber
has an interface valve connected to the vacuum main. When the depth of stored wastewater reaches
a certain level a pneumatic sensor is triggered, allowing the contents of the chamber to pass into the
vacuum sewer.
The application process for connecting a property to a vacuum wastewater system is the same as
connecting a property to a gravity sewer.
However, the Australian Standard AS/NZS 3500:2003 Part 2 Clause 3.18 specifies installation
requirements. Licensed plumbers are expected to be aware of these requirements.
The diagram below illustrates a connection where the collection chamber is located outside the
property boundary.

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SECTION 716 VACUUM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
 716.1 Scope. Vacuum drainage systems shall be in accordance with
 Sections 716.2 through 716.4.
 This section regulates the design and installation methods for vacuum
drainage systems.
 Plumbing systems are designed to drain by gravity whenever possible;
however, there are many instances where the discharge from plumbing
fixtures must be lifted by a vacuum to an approved point of disposal.

IPC-2015
 This type of system is commonly specified in railcars, aircraft, buses,
marine vessels, recreational vehicles and land-based projects.
 716.2 System design. Vacuum drainage systems shall be designed in
accordance with the vacuum drainage system manufacturer’s
instructions.
 The vacuum system connections are made on the inlet rather than on the
outlet as is the case with sewage ejectors or pumps.
 The wastes in these types of systems are being pulled, not pushed,
through the piping system.
 Typically, the waste is introduced into the system from plumbing fixtures,
conveyed to a collection tank and then to an approved point of disposal.

IPC-2015
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 Factory-built chimneys shall be installed in accordance with their listing and the
manufacturer's instructions.
 Factory built chimneys used to vent appliances that operate at positive vent
pressure shall be listed for such application. [NFPA 54:12.6.1.1]
 Masonry chimneys shall be built and installed in accordance with NFPA 211,
Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel-Burning Appliances,
and lined with approved clay flue lining, a listed chimney lining system, or other
approved material that will resist corrosion, erosion, softening, or cracking from
vent gases at temperatures up to 1,800°F (982°C). [NFPA 54:12.6.1.3]
 A chimney for a residential-type or low-heat gas utilization appliance shall
extend at least three (3) feet (0.9 m) above the highest point where it passes
through the roof of a building and at least two (2) feet (0.6 m) exceeding any
portion of a building within a horizontal distance of ten (10) feet (3.0 m). [See
Figure 5-1.] [NFP A 54: 12.6.2.1] 133
 A chimney for a medium-heat appliance shall extend at least ten (10) feet (3.0 m)
exceeding any portion of any building within twenty-five (25) feet (7.6 m).
[NFPA 54:12.6.2.2]
 A chimney shall extend at least five (5) feet (1.5 m) above the highest connected
appliance draft hood outlet or flue collar. [NFPA 54:12.6.2.3] .
 Decorative shrouds shall not be installed at the termination of factory-built
chimneys except where such shrouds are listed and labeled for use with the
specific factory-built chimney system and are
 installed in accordance with manufacturer's installation instructions. [NFPA
54:12.6.2.4]

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 Size of Chimneys.
 The effective area of a chimney venting system serving listed gas appliances
with draft hoods, Category' appliances, and other appliances listed for use with
Type B vents shall be in accordance with one of the following methods [NFPA
54:12.6.3.1]:
 For sizing an individual chimney venting system for a single appliance with a
draft hood, the effective areas of the vent connector and chimney flue shall be
not less than the area of the appliance flue collar or draft hood outlet or
exceeding seven (7) times the draft hood outlet area. [NFP A 54:12.6.3.1(2)]
 (3) For sizing a chimney venting system connected to two (2) appliances with
draft hoods, the effective area of the chimney flue shall be not less than the area
of the larger draft hood outlet plus 50 percent of the area of the smaller draft
hood outlet, or exceeding seven (7) times the smallest draft hood outlet area.
[NFPA 54:12.6.3.1(3)]
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 (4) Other approved engineering methods. [NFPA 54:12.6.3.1(5)]
 (5) Chimney venting systems using mechanical draft shall be sized in
accordance with approved engineering methods. [NFP A 54:12.6.3.1( 4)] Gas
utilization appliances shall not be connected to a chimney flue serving a
separate appliance designed to burn solid fuel. [NFPA 54:12.6.5.1]
 Where one (1) chimney serves gas utilization appliances and liquid fuel burning
appliances, the appliance shall be connected through separate openings or shall
be connected through a single opening where joined by a suitable fitting located
as close as practical to the chimney. Where two (2) or more openings are
provided into one (1) chimney flue, they shall be at different levels.

136
 Where the gas utilization appliance is automatically controlled, it shall be
equipped with a safety shutoff device.
 Where a chimney that formerly carried flue products from liquid- or solid-fuel-
burning appliances is used with an appliance using fuel gas, an accessible
cleanout shall be provided.
 The cleanout shall have a tight-fitting cover and be installed so its upper edge is
at least six (6) inches (150 mm) below the lower edge of the lowest chimney
inlet opening. [NFPA 54:12.6.7]
 A gas vent passing through a roof shall extend through the entire roof
flashing, roof jack, or roof thimble and be terminated with a listed termination
cap. [NFPA 54:12.7.2(6)]
 Type B or Type L vents shall extend in a generally vertical direction with
offsets not exceeding 45 degrees, except that a vent system having not more
than one 60 degree offset shall be permitted. Any angle greater than 45 degrees
from the vertical is considered horizontal. 137
 The total horizontal distance of a vent plus the horizontal vent connector
serving draft-hood-equipped appliances shall not exceed 75 percent of the
vertical height of the vent.
 A gas vent shall terminate in accordance with one of the following [NFPA
54:12.7.2(1)]:
 (1) Above the roof surface with a listed cap or listed roof assembly.
 Gas vents twelve (12) inches (300 mm) in size or smaller with listed caps shall
be permitted to be terminated in accordance with Figure 5-2, provided they are
at least eight (8) feet (2.4 m) from a vertical wall or similar obstruction Other
gas vents shall terminate not less than two (2) feet (0.6 m) above the highest
point where they pass through the roof and at least two (2) feet (0.6 m)
exceeding any portion of a building within ten (10) feet (3.1 m). [NFPA
54:12.7.2(1)(a) and (b)].

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UPC-2009
UPC-2009
UPC-2009
UPC-2009
UPC-2009
THE END
THE END

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