Reading Exercise:
The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4iR)
By Alex Carter
[1] The Fourth Industrial Revolution, or 4iR, represents a new era of technological advancement
that is fundamentally changing the way we live, work, and interact. Unlike previous industrial
revolutions, which introduced steam power, electricity, and computing, 4iR is characterized by
the fusion of technologies that blur the lines between the physical, digital, and biological worlds.
Key technologies driving this revolution include artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet
of Things (IoT), and biotechnology.
[2] The concept of 4iR was popularized by Klaus Schwab, founder of the World Economic
Forum, who argued that this revolution is distinct in its speed, scope, and impact. Unlike earlier
revolutions, which unfolded over decades, 4iR is progressing at an exponential rate. This rapid
pace is transforming industries, economies, and societies, creating both opportunities and
challenges. For example, automation and AI are revolutionizing manufacturing, while
biotechnology is enabling breakthroughs in healthcare.
[3] One of the most significant impacts of 4iR is on the workforce. Automation and AI are
replacing routine tasks, leading to increased efficiency but also job displacement. However, 4iR
is also creating new roles that require advanced skills in areas like data analysis, programming,
and digital literacy. Governments and organizations are now focusing on reskilling and
upskilling workers to prepare them for the jobs of the future.
[4] Despite its potential, 4iR raises important ethical and societal questions. For instance, the
widespread use of AI and data analytics has sparked concerns about privacy, surveillance, and
bias. Additionally, the unequal distribution of 4iR benefits could exacerbate social and economic
inequalities. Policymakers and industry leaders are grappling with how to ensure that 4iR
technologies are used responsibly and inclusively.
[5] Another challenge is the environmental impact of 4iR. While technologies like IoT and AI
can optimize resource use and reduce waste, the production and disposal of electronic devices
contribute to environmental degradation. Balancing technological progress with sustainability is
a critical issue that requires global cooperation.
[6] Looking ahead, the success of 4iR will depend on collaboration between governments,
businesses, and civil society. By fostering innovation while addressing ethical, social, and
environmental concerns, we can harness the potential of 4iR to create a better future for all.
Questions:
1. Find the word in the appropriate paragraph in the passage which best matches the
meaning of each word below. (0.5 × 6 = 3 points)
a. Paragraph 1: combining
b. Paragraph 2: stretched
c. Paragraph 3: swapping
d. Paragraph 4: deteriorate
e. Paragraph 5: damage
f. Paragraph 6: teamwork
2. Based on the information given in the passage, indicate whether the following statements
are TRUE, FALSE, or NOT GIVEN and write T/F/NG next to the statements. (0.5 × 6 = 3
points)
a. The Fourth Industrial Revolution is characterized by the fusion of physical, digital, and
biological technologies.
b. Klaus Schwab argued that 4iR is progressing at a slower pace compared to previous industrial
revolutions.
c. Automation and AI are creating new roles that require advanced skills in data analysis and
programming.
d. Privacy concerns are not a significant issue in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
e. The environmental impact of 4iR is solely positive due to technologies like IoT and AI.
f. Collaboration between governments, businesses, and civil society is essential for the success of
4iR.
3. Based on the information given in the passage, answer the following questions in your
own words. (2 × 2 = 4 points)
a) What is the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and how is it different from previous industrial
revolutions?
b) What are some challenges associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution?
c) Why is the Fourth Industrial Revolution considered distinct in terms of speed, scope, and
impact, according to Klaus Schwab?
d) How is the Fourth Industrial Revolution reshaping the workforce, and what measures are
being taken to address the challenges it poses?
e) What ethical and societal challenges does the Fourth Industrial Revolution raise, and how can
these challenges be addressed?
