Q.

2) In which of the following activities are Indian

Contents Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites used? (2015)
Space and Defence Technology: .................................................. 1
1. Assessment of crop productivity
Biotechnology: ................................................................................. 11
2. Locating groundwater resources
Information and Computer Technology: .............................. 17
3. Mineral exploration
Health and Diseases: ..................................................................... 26
4. Telecommunications
Nuclear Science: .............................................................................. 37
5. Traffic studies
Miscellaneous: ................................................................................. 39
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
a) 1, 2 and 3 only
b) 4 and 5 only
S&T: c) 1 and 2 only
d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Space and Defence Technology: Ans: a
Q.1) The term ‘Goldilocks Zone’ is often seen in the Exp:
news in the context of: (2015)
Statement 1: Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites
a) The limits of habitable zone above the surface of are extensively used for assessing crop productivity.
the Earth By capturing multispectral imagery, IRS satellites
b) Region inside the Earth where shale gas is available provide data on crop health, yield estimation, and
patterns of agricultural activity, aiding in
c) Search for the Earth-like planets in outer space
agricultural planning and management.
d) Search for meteorites containing precious metals
Statement 2: IRS satellites play a crucial role in
Ans: c locating groundwater resources. They analyze
geological features, such as lineaments and fractures,
Exp: which are indicators of groundwater availability,
Statement 1: The Goldilocks Zone, also known as the particularly in arid and semi-arid regions.
habitable zone, is the range of distances from a star Statement 3: IRS satellites contribute to mineral
where conditions are neither too hot nor too cold for exploration by mapping surface geology and
liquid water to exist on the surface of a planet. The identifying mineral-rich zones based on spectral
term is inspired by the story of "Goldilocks and the signatures and landform analysis. This supports
Three Bears," where the porridge that is "just right" India's efforts in sustainable mineral resource
mirrors the ideal conditions for life. management.
Statement 2: In the context of space exploration and Statement 4 and 5 (Excluded): Telecommunications
astronomy, this zone is crucial for the search for and traffic studies are not typical applications of IRS
Earth-like planets. Planets in this zone are more likely satellites. Telecommunications rely more on
to support life because liquid water is a key factor in communication satellites like GSAT, while traffic
the development and sustenance of biological studies involve technologies such as GPS, ground
organisms. Scientists study exoplanets within their sensors, and urban monitoring systems rather than
star's Goldilocks Zone to identify potential candidates IRS.
for habitability and future exploration.

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 weaponry. With its state-of-the-art technology and
Q.3) What is ‘Greased Lightning10 (GL-10)’, unique catamaran hull design, it ensures stability and
recently in the news? (2016) efficient operations during trials, making it a vital
a) Electric plane tested by NASA asset for the Navy's research and development efforts.

b) Solar-powered two seater aircraft designed by

Q.5) With reference to 'Astrosat',' the astronomical
Japan
observatory launched by India, which of the
c) Space observatory launched by China following statements is/are correct? (2016)
d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO 1. Other than the USA and Russia, India is the
Ans: a only country to have launched a similar
observatory into space.
Exp:
2. Astrosat is a 2000 kg satellite placed in an
Statement 1: The Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10) is an orbit at 1650 km above the surface of the
electric-powered, unmanned aircraft developed and Earth.
tested by NASA. It is a hybrid-electric plane with the
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
capability of vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL),
combining the features of drones and airplanes. a) 1 only
Statement 2: This experimental aircraft is part of b) 2 only
NASA's efforts to develop efficient and innovative c) Both 1 and 2
aviation technologies. The GL-10 features 10 electric
motors and is designed to demonstrate advancements d) Neither 1 nor 2
in energy-efficient flight and novel aircraft Ans: d
configurations. Its successful tests represent a step
forward in the future of electric aviation. Exp:
Statement 1: The claim that India is the only country
Q.4 ) Which one of the following is the best other than the USA and Russia to have launched a
description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the similar observatory into space is incorrect. Several
news recently? (2016) other countries, such as Japan and the European
Union (through ESA), have also launched
a) Amphibious warfare ship
astronomical observatories into space before India.
b) Nuclear-powered submarine
Statement 2: The description of Astrosat as a 2000 kg
c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel satellite placed in an orbit at 1650 km above the
d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier Earth's surface is also incorrect. Astrosat weighs
approximately 1513 kg and was placed in a low Earth
Ans: c orbit (LEO) at an altitude of around 650 km, not 1650
Exp: km.

Statement 1: INS Astradharini is an indigenously

Q.6) Consider the following statements: (2016)
designed and built torpedo launch and recovery
vessel. It is primarily used by the Indian Navy for The Mangalyaan launched by ISRO:
testing and evaluating underwater weapons, such as 1. Is also called the Mars Orbiter Mission
torpedoes and mines, and their associated systems.
2. Made India the second country to have a
Statement 2: The vessel supports the development spacecraft orbit the Mars after USA
and validation of advanced torpedo designs and
enhances India's self-reliance in underwater

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 3. Made India the only country to be successful Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of
in making its spacecraft orbit the Mars in its spacetime caused by some of the most violent and
very first attempt energetic processes in the universe, such as merging
black holes or neutron stars.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Statement 2: Unlike ground-based detectors such as
a) 1 only
LIGO, eLISA will operate in space, allowing it to
b) 2 and 3 only detect low-frequency gravitational waves that cannot
c) 1 and 3 only be observed from Earth due to noise and other
limitations. This project will provide insights into
d) 1, 2 and 3 astrophysical phenomena and enhance our
Ans: c understanding of the universe.

Exp:
Q.8) The terms ‘Event Horizon’, ‘Singularity’,
Statement 1: Mangalyaan, launched by ISRO, is also ‘String Theory’ and ‘Standard Model’ are sometimes
called the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM). This seen in the news in the context of: (2017)
statement is correct. It was India's first interplanetary
a) Observation and understanding of the Universe
mission, aimed at studying the Martian surface and
atmosphere. b) Study of the solar and the lunar eclipses
Statement 2: The claim that India became the second c) Placing satellites in the orbit of the Earth
country to have a spacecraft orbit Mars after the USA d) Origin and evolution of living organisms on the
is incorrect. Other countries, including the former earth
Soviet Union and the European Space Agency (ESA),
had successfully sent missions to Mars before India. Ans: a
Statement 3: Mangalyaan made India the only Exp: The terms relate to various aspects of theoretical
country to be successful in making its spacecraft orbit physics and cosmology:
Mars on its very first attempt. This statement is
● Event Horizon: Refers to the boundary around a
correct. India achieved this milestone in its maiden
black hole beyond which nothing, not even light,
attempt, a feat not accomplished by any other nation.
can escape. It is crucial for studying black holes
and their properties.
Q.7) What is the purpose of the ‘evolved Laser
● Singularity: A point at the center of a black hole
Interferometer Space Antenna (eLISA)’ project?
where gravity is so intense that space and time
(2017)
break down, and known laws of physics cease to
a) To detect neutrinos apply.
b) To detect gravitational waves ● String Theory: A theoretical framework that
c) To detect the effectiveness of missile defense attempts to unify all fundamental forces of nature
system by proposing that particles are not point-like but
rather tiny vibrating strings.
d) To study the effect of solar flares on our
communication systems ● Standard Model: A theory in particle physics that
describes the fundamental particles (quarks,
Ans: b leptons, bosons) and their interactions, excluding
Exp: gravity.

Statement 1: The Evolved Laser Interferometer Space All these terms contribute to our observation and
Antenna (eLISA) is a planned space-based mission understanding of the universe, addressing
designed to detect and study gravitational waves.
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fundamental questions about its structure, behavior, 1. IRNSS has three satellites in geostationary
and origins. and four satellites in geosynchronous orbits.
2. IRNSS covers the entire India and about 5500
Q.9) In which of the following areas can GPS sq. km beyond its borders.
technology be used? (2018)
3. India will have its own satellite navigation
1. Mobile phone operations system with full global coverage by the
2. Banking operations middle of 2019.

3. Controlling the power grids Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Select the correct answer using the code given below: a) 1 only

a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 only

b) 2 and 3 only c) 2 and 3 only

c) 1 and 3 only d) None

d) 1, 2 and 3 Ans: a

Ans: d Exp:

Exp: Statement 1: Correct. IRNSS consists of a

constellation of seven satellites, with three satellites
Statement 1: Mobile phone operations placed in geostationary orbit (GEO) and four
GPS technology is integral to mobile phone satellites in geosynchronous orbit (GSO). This
operations, especially for navigation, location-based configuration provides accurate navigation services
services, and emergency response systems. Many over India and the surrounding region.
apps and services rely on GPS for accurate Statement 2: Incorrect. IRNSS is designed to cover
positioning and tracking. the entire Indian landmass and an area extending up
Statement 2: Banking operations to approximately 1,500 km beyond India’s borders,
not 5,500 km.
GPS technology plays a role in banking operations by
providing time synchronization for secure Statement 3: Incorrect. IRNSS (also called NavIC) is
transactions. Many financial systems depend on a regional navigation satellite system and does not
precise timestamps from GPS for coordinating provide full global coverage. It focuses on regional
transactions across the globe, ensuring security and coverage over India and its vicinity.
efficiency.
Statement 3: Controlling the power grids Q.11) Consider the following statements: (2018)

GPS technology is used in power grids for time- 1. Light is affected by gravity.
stamping and synchronizing grid operations. This is 2. The Universe is constantly expanding.
essential for monitoring, load balancing, and
3. Matter warps its surrounding space-time.
preventing power outages by ensuring that grid
components operate in harmony. Which of the above is/are the prediction/predictions
of Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity,
Q.10) With reference to the Indian Regional often discussed in media?
Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), consider the a) 1 and 2 only
following statements: (2018)
b) 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only

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d) 1, 2 and 3 Exp:
Ans: d Statement 1: Correct. The Polar Satellite Launch
Vehicle (PSLV) is primarily used for launching
Exp: satellites into polar orbits, making it ideal for Earth
Statement 1: Correct. Albert Einstein's General resource monitoring, remote sensing, and scientific
Theory of Relativity predicts that gravity affects light. applications. The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch
Massive objects like stars and black holes bend the Vehicle (GSLV) is mainly used for launching heavier
path of light passing near them, a phenomenon known communication satellites into geostationary orbits.
as gravitational lensing. Statement 2: Incorrect. Satellites launched by PSLV
Statement 2: Correct. The General Theory of do not remain fixed in the same position in the sky.
Relativity, in combination with observational PSLV typically places satellites in sun-synchronous
evidence, supports the idea that the universe is orbits or polar orbits, where they move relative to the
expanding. Edwin Hubble’s discovery of the redshift Earth's surface. Satellites that remain fixed in the sky
of galaxies provided empirical evidence for this are placed in geostationary orbits, which are
prediction. achieved using GSLV.
Statement 3: Correct. Einstein's theory also states Statement 3: Incorrect. The GSLV Mk III is not a
that matter and energy warp the fabric of space-time, four-staged launch vehicle. It has three stages: the
creating what we perceive as gravity. This explains first stage uses two solid rocket boosters, the second
phenomena such as the orbits of planets and the stage uses a liquid rocket engine, and the third stage
bending of light around massive objects. uses a cryogenic engine.

Q.12) "With reference to India's satellite launch Q.13) For the measurement/estimation of which of
vehicles, consider the following statements: (2018) the following are satellite images/remote sensing data
used? (2019)
1. PSLVs launch the satellite useful for Earth
resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are 1. Chlorophyll content in the vegetation of a
designed mainly to launch communication specific location
satellites. 2. Greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddies
2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain of a specific location
permanently fixed in the same position in the 3. Land surface temperatures of a specific
sky, as viewed from a particular location on location
Earth.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
3. GSLV Mk III is a four-staged launch vehicle
with the first and third stages using solid a) 1 Only
rocket motors; and the second and fourth b) 2 and 3 only
stages using liquid rocket engines.
c) 3 only
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
d) 1, 2 and 3
a) 1 only
Ans: d
b) 2 and 3
Exp:
c) 1 and 2
Statement 1: Correct. Satellite images and remote
d) 3 only sensing data can estimate chlorophyll content in
Ans: a vegetation by analyzing spectral reflectance in
specific bands, particularly in the visible and near-

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infrared ranges. This is used to assess plant health kilometres long, with lasers shining between the
and photosynthetic activity. craft.” The experiment in question refers to: (2020)
Statement 2: Correct. Remote sensing can estimate a) Voyager-2
greenhouse gas emissions, such as methane from rice
b) New horizons
paddies, by monitoring factors like waterlogged
conditions, vegetation cover, and spectral signatures c) Lisa Pathfinder
associated with gas emissions. d) Evolved LISA
Statement 3: Correct. Satellites equipped with Ans: d
thermal sensors can measure land surface
temperatures. This data is critical for studying urban Exp: The Evolved Laser Interferometer Space
heat islands, agricultural practices, and climate Antenna (Evolved LISA or eLISA) is a planned space-
change impacts. based observatory designed to detect and study
gravitational waves. It involves a trio of spacecraft
Q.14) Recently, scientists observed the merger of arranged in an equilateral triangle, each separated
giant blackholes’ billions of light-years away from the by one million kilometers. Lasers between the
Earth. What is the significance of this observation? spacecraft are used to measure minute changes in the
(2019) distances between them caused by passing
gravitational waves.
a) 'Higgs boson particles' were detected.
This mission is a successor to the LISA Pathfinder,
b) 'Gravitational waves' were detected. which demonstrated key technologies needed for the
c) Possibility of inter-galactic space travel through Evolved LISA mission. It represents an advanced step
'wormhole' was confirmed. in gravitational wave astronomy and complements
ground-based detectors like LIGO and Virgo.
d) It enabled the scientists to understand 'singularity'.
Ans: b Q.16) Which one of the following is a reason why
astronomical distances are measured in light-years?
Exp: 'Gravitational waves' were detected.
(2021)
The merger of giant black holes is a significant event
a) Distances among stellar bodies do not change.
because it generates ripples in spacetime known as
gravitational waves. These waves were first predicted b) Gravity of stellar bodies does not change.
by Albert Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity. The c) Light always travels in a straight line.
detection of gravitational waves is a groundbreaking
achievement, as it opens a new window for observing d) Speed of light is always the same.
the universe. Instruments like LIGO (Laser Ans: d
Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) and
Virgo have been pivotal in detecting these waves. Exp: Light-years are used to measure astronomical
distances because the speed of light is a universal
The detection of gravitational waves is unrelated to
constant in a vacuum (approximately 299,792
the discovery of Higgs boson particles or the
kilometers per second). This consistency makes it a
confirmation of wormholes. While black hole mergers
reliable unit for measuring vast distances in space.
are associated with singularity, this observation did
not specifically enable scientists to fully understand The concept of a light-year refers to the distance that
singularity. light travels in one year, approximately 9.46 trillion
kilometers. This allows astronomers to express
Q.15) “The experiment will employ a trio of immense distances in a comprehensible and
spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an standardized way.
equilateral triangle that has sides one million
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 c) All three
Q.17) Which one of the following statements best
d) None
reflects the idea behind the ""Fractional Orbital
Bombardment System"" often talked about in the Ans: a
media? (2022)
Exp:
a) A hypersonic missile is launched into space to
counter the asteroid approaching the Earth and Pair 1: Cepheids - Giant clouds of dust and gas in
explode it in space. space

b) A spacecraft lands on another planet after making ● Statement: Incorrect

several orbital motions. ● Explanation: Cepheids are not clouds of dust and
c) A missile is put into a stable orbit around the Earth gas; they are a type of variable star that pulsates
and deorbits over a target on the Earth. regularly, causing periodic changes in
brightness. These stars are crucial for measuring
d) A spacecraft moves along a comet with the same cosmic distances.
speed and places a probe on its surface.
Pair 2: Nebulae - Stars which brighten and dim
Ans: c periodically
Exp: Fractional Orbital Bombardment System ● Statement: Incorrect
(FOBS) refers to a system where a missile or weapon ● Explanation: Nebulae are giant clouds of gas and
is launched into a partial orbit around the Earth. The dust in space, not stars. They can be regions
missile does not complete a full orbit but deorbits at where new stars are formed or remnants of dead
a specific point to strike a target on Earth, enabling it stars, but they do not brighten and dim
to bypass traditional missile defense systems due to periodically.
its unpredictable trajectory.
Pair 3: Pulsars - Neutron stars that are formed when
This system is often associated with advanced massive stars run out of fuel and collapse
hypersonic technology and represents a strategic
military innovation. It is designed to provide the ● Statement: Correct
capability of reaching any target on Earth from ● Explanation: Pulsars are indeed neutron stars
unexpected angles, leveraging the principles of that emit beams of radiation as they rotate. They
orbital mechanics. are formed when massive stars exhaust their
nuclear fuel and undergo a supernova explosion,
Q.18) Consider the following pairs: (2023) leaving behind a dense neutron star.
Objects in space Description
Q.19) Which one of the following countries has its
1. Cepheids Giant clouds of dust and gas in own Satellite Navigation System? (2023)
space
a) Australia
2. Nebulae Stars which brighten and dim
periodically b) Canada
3. Pulsars Neutron stars that are formed c) Israel
when massive stars run out of fuel and d) Japan
collapse Ans: d
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
Exp: Japan has its own satellite navigation system
a) Only one known as the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS).
b) Only two
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The QZSS is a regional satellite navigation system trajectory, with propulsion only during the initial
that complements the Global Positioning System phase of flight.
(GPS) and provides highly accurate positioning data ● Cruise missiles, on the other hand, are typically
in Japan and surrounding regions.This system jet-propelled throughout their flight and travel at
enhances GPS accuracy and ensures reliable subsonic or supersonic speeds, staying within the
navigation services, especially in urban and Earth's atmosphere and following a relatively flat
mountainous areas where GPS signals might be trajectory.
obstructed.
Statement 2: Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic
Other Countries: cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled
intercontinental ballistic missile.
● Australia: Relies on GPS and has no independent
satellite navigation system. ● Incorrect: Agni-V is an intercontinental ballistic
missile (ICBM) with a range exceeding 5,000 km.
● Canada: Uses GPS and other global systems;
It is solid-fuelled and not a cruise missile.
does not have its own navigation system.
● BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile and not an
● Israel: Does not have a dedicated satellite
intercontinental ballistic missile. It is a joint
navigation system but utilizes global systems like
development between India and Russia and uses a
GPS.
ramjet engine for propulsion.

Q.20) Consider the following statements: (2023)

Q.21) Consider the following statements: (2024)
1. Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic
Statement-I: Giant stars live much longer than
speeds throughout their flights, while cruise
dwarf stars.
missiles are rocketpowered only in the initial
phase of flight. Statement-II: Compared to dwarf stars, giant
stars have a greater rate of nuclear reactions.
2. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise
missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled Which one of the following is correct in respect of the
intercontinental ballistic missile. above statements?
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and
StatementI Statement-II explains
a) 1 only
b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but
b) 2 only
Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
c) Both 1 and 2
c) Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect
d) Neither 1 nor 2
d) Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct
Ans: d
Ans: d
Exp:
Exp:
Statement 1: Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at
Statement-I: Giant stars live much longer than
subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise
dwarf stars.
missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase
of flight. ● Incorrect: Giant stars have much shorter
lifespans compared to dwarf stars. This is because
● Incorrect: Ballistic missiles are rocket-propelled,
giant stars are more massive and burn their
not jet-propelled, and they travel at speeds that
nuclear fuel at a much faster rate. In contrast,
are often supersonic or even hypersonic during
dwarf stars, like red dwarfs, consume their fuel
most of their flight. They follow a parabolic

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 very slowly and can live for billions to even ● Applicable for radars: Radars, especially
trillions of years. specialized ones like bird radars, are used to
track the movement of animals, including birds,
Statement-II: Compared to dwarf stars, giant stars
bats, and even large terrestrial animals. These
have a greater rate of nuclear reactions.
systems detect the animals' movement and
● Correct: Giant stars undergo nuclear fusion at a migration patterns by monitoring their size and
much higher rate due to their greater mass and velocity.
higher core temperatures. This high rate of fusion
is what causes them to burn through their fuel
Q.23) Consider the following aircraft: (2024)
quickly, resulting in shorter lifespans.
1. Rafael
Q.22) Consider the following activities: (2024) 2. MiG-29
1. Identification of narcotics on passengers at 3. Tejas MK-1
airports or in aircraft How many of the above are considered fifth
2. Monitoring of precipitation generation fighter aircraft?
3. Tracking the migration of animals a) Only one
In how many of the above activities can the radars be b) Only two
used? c) All three
a) Only one d) None
b) Only two
Ans: d
c) All three
Exp: None of the mentioned aircraft—Rafale, MiG-
d) None 29, or Tejas MK-1—are considered fifth-generation
Ans: b fighter aircraft.
Classification of the mentioned aircraft:
Exp: Analysis of activities:
1. Identification of narcotics on passengers at 1. Rafale
airports or in aircraft ● Generation: 4.5-generation fighter aircraft
● Not applicable for radars: Radars are used to ● It incorporates advanced avionics and stealth
detect objects and their movement by using features, but it does not meet the full criteria for
radio waves, not for identifying substances like fifth-generation aircraft, such as stealth as a
narcotics. Detection of narcotics typically design priority and advanced network-centric
involves chemical sensors, X-ray scanners, or capabilities.
sniffing dogs, not radar technology.
2. MiG-29
2. Monitoring of precipitation
● Generation: 4th-generation fighter aircraft
● Applicable for radars: Weather radars are
widely used to monitor precipitation. They ● It is an older design from the Soviet era, with
work by emitting radio waves and analyzing the upgrades over time, but it lacks fifth-generation
reflected signals from raindrops, snow, or features like stealth and advanced sensors.
other forms of precipitation to determine their 3. Tejas MK-1
intensity, location, and movement.
● Generation: 4th-generation fighter aircraft
3. Tracking the migration of animals

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 ● It is an indigenous Indian light combat aircraft 1. Understanding why elementary particles have
with modern avionics but does not qualify as a mass:
fifth-generation fighter. ● Correct. The Higgs boson is associated with the
Characteristics of Fifth-Generation Fighter Higgs field, which imparts mass to elementary
Aircraft: particles as they interact with this field.
Without the Higgs mechanism, particles would
Fifth-generation fighter aircraft typically feature:
remain massless, and the universe as we know
● Stealth technology as a design priority it could not exist.
● Advanced avionics and sensors 2. Enabling technology to transfer matter without
● Network-centric warfare capabilities traversing physical space:

● Supercruise (sustained supersonic flight without ● Incorrect. The discovery of the Higgs boson
afterburners) does not relate to science-fiction concepts like
teleportation or transferring matter
Examples of fifth-generation fighter aircraft include instantaneously.
the F-22 Raptor, F-35 Lightning II, and Sukhoi Su-
57. 3. Creating better fuels for nuclear fission:
● Incorrect. The Higgs boson is not involved in
Q24) The efforts to detect the existence of Higgs nuclear reactions or energy generation
boson particle have become frequent news in the processes like nuclear fission. Its discovery is
recent past. What is /are the importance/importances related to fundamental particle physics, not
of discovering this particle? (2013) applied energy technologies.
1. It will enable us to understand as to why elementary
particles have mass. Q.25) With reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of
the following statements is/are correct? (2014)
2. It will enables us in the near future to develope the
technology to transferring matter from one point to 1. It is a surface-to-surface missile.
another without traversing the physical space between 2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
them.
3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about
3. It will enable us to create better fuels for nuclear 7500 km away.
fission.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Select the correct answer using the codes given
a) 1 only
below:
b) 2 and 3 only
(a) 1 only
c) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 Ans: a

Ans: a Exp:

Exp: The Higgs boson, often referred to as the "God 1. It is a surface-to-surface missile:
particle," was discovered at CERN in 2012 during ● Correct. The Agni-IV is an intermediate-range
experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It ballistic missile (IRBM) designed for surface-
plays a critical role in the Standard Model of particle to-surface operation. It is part of India's
physics. nuclear-capable Agni series.

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2. It is fuelled by liquid propellant only: including Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and
Neptune. They continue to send data from
● Incorrect. Agni-IV uses a two-stage solid
interstellar space, beyond the influence of the
propellant system, not liquid propellant.
Sun.
3. It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about
7500 km away:
● Incorrect. The Agni-IV has a range of Biotechnology:
approximately 3,500–4,000 km, not 7,500 km. Q.1) In the context of the developments in
Bioinformatics, the term ‘transcriptome’, sometimes
Q.26) Which of the following pairs is/are correctly seen in the news, refers to: (2016)
matched? (2014) a) a range of enzymes used in genome editing
Spacecraft Purpose b) the full range of mRNA molecules expressed by an
1. Cassini-Huygens : Orbiting Venus and organism
transmitting data to the Earth c) the description of the mechanism of gene
2. Messenger : Mapping and expression
investigating d) a mechanism of genetic mutations taking place in
3. Voyager 1 and 2 : Exploring the outer cells
solar system Ans: b
Select the correct answer using the code given below: Exp: Transcriptome refers to the complete set of
a) 1 only messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules that are
transcribed from the genome of an organism at a
b) 2 and 3 only specific time or under specific conditions. It provides
c) 1 and 3 only valuable insights into gene expression and the
functional elements of the genome.
d) 1, 2 and 3
● The transcriptome is used to study which genes
Ans: b are actively being transcribed into RNA at a given
Exp: time.
1. Cassini-Huygens: ● This term is critical in bioinformatics and
molecular biology as it helps in understanding
● Incorrect. The Cassini-Huygens mission was a gene activity and the regulation of cellular
collaboration between NASA, ESA, and ASI to functions.
explore Saturn, not Venus. It studied Saturn, its
rings, and its moons. The Huygens probe Incorrect Options:
landed on Titan, Saturn's largest moon.
● a): This refers to enzymes used in genome editing,
2. Messenger: such as CRISPR-associated enzymes, not
● Correct. Messenger was a NASA mission to transcriptomes.
Mercury. It orbited Mercury and mapped its ● c): While transcriptomes are related to gene
surface, investigated its magnetic field, and expression, they do not describe the mechanism of
studied its composition. gene expression.
3. Voyager 1 and 2: ● d): Genetic mutations involve changes in the DNA
● Correct. The Voyager spacecraft were sequence, not the mRNA molecules described by
launched to explore the outer solar system, the transcriptome.

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 1. Genome sequencing can be used to identify
Q.2) What is the application of “Somatic Cell Nuclear genetic markers for disease resistance and
Transfer Technology”? (2017) drought tolerance in various crop plants.
a) Production of biolarvicides 2. This technique helps in reducing the time
b) Manufacture of biodegradable plastics required to develop new varieties of crop
plants.
c) Reproductive cloning of animals
3. It can be used to decipher the host pathogen
d) Production of organisms free of diseases relationships in crops.
Ans: c Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Exp: Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) a) 1 only
Technology is a cloning technique used to create an
b) 2 and 3 only
organism that is genetically identical to the donor
organism. The process involves transferring the c) 1 and 3 only
nucleus of a somatic (body) cell into an enucleated d) 1, 2 and 3
egg cell (an egg cell whose nucleus has been
removed). The resulting embryo is then implanted Ans: d
into a surrogate mother for development. Exp: Genome sequencing refers to determining the
● This technology is famously used in reproductive complete DNA sequence of an organism’s genome. In
cloning, such as the creation of Dolly the sheep, agriculture, it has significant applications in
the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic improving crop varieties and addressing challenges
cell. like diseases and environmental stress.
● SCNT can also be used for therapeutic cloning to 1. Identify genetic markers for disease resistance
produce stem cells for research and medical and drought tolerance in various crop plants:
treatments. ● Correct: Genome sequencing helps identify
Why the other options are incorrect: specific genetic markers that confer disease
resistance or drought tolerance. These markers
● a) Production of biolarvicides: This involves are crucial for breeding programs aimed at
using natural organisms or biological methods to developing resilient crop varieties.
kill larvae, particularly mosquito larvae, and does
2. Reduce the time required to develop new
not involve SCNT.
varieties of crop plants:
● b) Manufacture of biodegradable plastics: This
● Correct: With genome sequencing, researchers
relates to chemical or microbial processes, not
can pinpoint desired traits faster and more
cloning technology.
accurately, significantly reducing the time
● d) Production of organisms free of diseases: required for developing improved crop
SCNT can potentially eliminate some genetic varieties through conventional breeding
defects in cloned organisms, but it is not methods.
specifically used for this purpose.
3. Decipher the host-pathogen relationships in
crops:
Q.3) With reference to agriculture in India, how can
the technique of ‘genome sequencing’, often seen in ● Correct: Genome sequencing can analyze both
the news, be used in the immediate future? (2017) the plant's and the pathogen's genomes,
helping scientists understand interactions
between crops and the pathogens affecting
them. This knowledge aids in developing

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 resistant crop varieties and effective disease lead. These metals are not biodegradable, and
management strategies. their removal often requires other methods,
such as phytoremediation or chemical
Q.4) In the context of solving pollution problems, treatments.
what is/are the advantage/advantages of 3. Genetic engineering can be used to create
bioremediation technique? (2017) microorganisms specifically designed for
1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by bioremediation:
enhancing the same biodegradation process ● Correct: Genetic engineering has been
that occurs in nature. employed to develop microorganisms with
2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as enhanced capabilities to degrade specific
cadmium and lead can be readily and pollutants or function in harsh environmental
completely treated by bioremediation using conditions.
microorganisms.
3. Genetic engineering can be used to create Q.5) It is possible to produce algae based biofuels, but
what is/are the likely limitation(s) of developing
microorganisms specifically designed for
countries in promoting this industry? (2017)
bioremediation.
1. Production of algae based biofuels is possible
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
in seas only and not on continents.
a) 1 only
2. Setting up and engineering the algae based
b) 2 and 3 only biofuels production requires a high level of
c) 1 and 3 only expertise/ technology until the construction is
complete.
d) 1, 2 and 3
3. Economically viable production necessitates
Ans: c the setting up of large scale facilities which
Exp: Bioremediation is the process of using may raise ecological and social concerns.
microorganisms or other biological agents to clean Select the correct answer using the code given below:
up environmental pollutants. It enhances natural
a) 1 and 2 only
biodegradation processes to remove or neutralize
contaminants. b) 2 and 3 only
1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by c) 3 only
enhancing the same biodegradation process that d) 1, 2 and 3
occurs in nature:
Ans: b
● Correct: Bioremediation accelerates the
natural processes of microbial degradation to Exp:
clean up pollutants like oil spills, organic 1. Production of algae-based biofuels is possible in
waste, and some toxic chemicals. seas only and not on continents:
2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as ● Incorrect: Algae-based biofuel production
cadmium and lead can be readily and completely does not require seas; it can be carried out in
treated by bioremediation using controlled environments such as ponds, tanks,
microorganisms: and bioreactors on land. Therefore, this
● Incorrect: While bioremediation is effective for statement is not valid.
many organic contaminants, it is generally not 2. Setting up and engineering the algae-based
effective for heavy metals like cadmium and biofuels production requires a high level of
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 expertise/technology until the construction is combining such segments is not currently
complete: feasible. Functional chromosomes require
precise structural and functional organization,
● Correct: Developing algae-based biofuel
which cannot yet be achieved by simply
facilities involves advanced technology and
combining DNA from different species.
expertise, particularly in optimizing algal
strains, managing growth conditions, and 2. Statement b) Pieces of artificial functional DNA
extracting biofuels. This can be a significant can be created in laboratories:
challenge for developing countries. ● Correct: Synthetic biology has enabled the
3. Economically viable production necessitates the creation of artificial DNA in laboratories.
setting up of large-scale facilities which may Scientists can design and synthesize DNA
raise ecological and social concerns: sequences with specific functions.
● Correct: Large-scale facilities are often 3. Statement c) A piece of DNA taken out from an
required for algae-based biofuels to be animal cell can be made to replicate outside a
economically viable. These can lead to living cell in a laboratory:
ecological concerns (e.g., water usage, land ● Correct: DNA can be replicated outside living
competition) and social issues (e.g., cells using techniques like Polymerase Chain
displacement of communities or impact on Reaction (PCR), which amplifies specific DNA
local livelihoods). segments in a laboratory setting.
4. Statement d) Cells taken out from plants and
Q.6) With reference to the recent developments in
animals can be made to undergo cell division in
science, which one of the following statements is not
laboratory petri dishes:
correct? (2019)
● Correct: This is possible through cell culture
a) Functional chromosomes can be created by joining
techniques, where plant and animal cells are
segments of DNA taken from cells of different
grown and induced to divide in controlled
species.
laboratory environments using petri dishes and
b) Pieces of artificial functional DNA can be created suitable growth media.
in laboratories.
c) A piece of DNA taken out from an animal cell can Q.7) In the context of recent advances of human
be made to replicate outside a living cell in a reproductive technology, “Pronuclear Transfer” is
laboratory. used for: (2020)
d) Cells taken out from plasma and animals can be a) fertilization of egg in vitro by the donor sperm
made to undergo cell division in laboratory petri b) genetic modification of sperm producing cells
dishes.
c) development of stem cells into functional embryos
Ans: a
d) prevention of mitochondrial diseases in offspring
Exp:
Ans: d
1. Statement a) Functional chromosomes can be
created by joining segments of DNA taken from Exp: Pronuclear Transfer is a technique used in
cells of different species: human reproductive technology to prevent the
inheritance of mitochondrial diseases. These diseases
● Not correct: While DNA segments from are caused by defective mitochondria, which are
different species can be joined (e.g., in genetic passed from the mother to the child through her egg
engineering to create recombinant DNA), cell.
creating fully functional chromosomes by
1. Process:
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 ● The pronuclei (nuclear DNA from the parents) Ans: c
of a fertilized egg with defective mitochondria
are removed and transferred into a donor egg Exp:
with healthy mitochondria from which the 1. Plant cells have cellulose cell walls whilst animal
pronuclei have been removed. cells do not:
● This results in an embryo with the nuclear DNA ● Correct: Plant cells have a rigid cell wall made
of the parents but healthy mitochondria from of cellulose, which provides structural support.
the donor. Animal cells lack a cell wall and instead have
2. Application: a flexible plasma membrane.

● This technique ensures the child does not 2. Plant cells do not have plasma membranes
inherit mitochondrial disorders from the unlike animal cells which do:
mother while retaining the genetic material ● Incorrect: Both plant and animal cells have
(nuclear DNA) of the parents. plasma membranes. The plasma membrane
Why the other options are incorrect: surrounds the cytoplasm in both types of cells,
controlling the movement of substances in and
● a) fertilization of egg in vitro by the donor sperm: out of the cell.
This describes in vitro fertilization (IVF), not 3. A mature plant cell has one large vacuole whilst
pronuclear transfer. an animal cell has many small vacuoles:
● b) genetic modification of sperm-producing ● Correct: Plant cells typically have a single
cells: Pronuclear transfer does not involve large central vacuole that stores water,
modifying sperm-producing cells. nutrients, and waste. In contrast, animal cells
● c) development of stem cells into functional may have multiple small vacuoles, but these are
embryos: Pronuclear transfer is not related to less prominent.
stem cell research or embryo development from
stem cells. Q.9) Bollgard I and Bollgard II technologies are
mentioned in the context of: (2021)
Q.8) Which of the following statements are correct a) clonal propagation of crop plants
regarding the general difference between plant and
animal cells? (2020) b) developing genetically modified crop plants

1. Plant cells have cellulose cell walls whilst c) production of plant growth substances
animal cells do not. d) production of biofertilizers
2. Plant cells do not have plasma membranes Ans: b
unlike animal cells which do.
Exp: Bollgard I and Bollgard II are technologies
3. A mature plant cell has one large vacuole related to the development of genetically modified
whilst an animal cell has many small (GM) cotton plants. These technologies involve the
vacuoles. incorporation of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) genes
Select the correct answer using the code given below: into cotton plants to make them resistant to specific
pests, particularly the bollworm, which is a major
a) 1 and 2 only pest for cotton crops.
b) 2 and 3 only 1. Bollgard I:
c) 1 and 3 only ● Introduced the first Bt gene (Cry1Ac) to
d) 1, 2 and 3 provide resistance against bollworms.

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2. Bollgard II: heart valves, and other devices within the
human body. These biofilms can lead to
● Added an additional Bt gene (Cry2Ab) for
persistent infections that are difficult to treat.
enhanced protection against a broader range
of pests and to reduce the chances of pest 2. Biofilms can form on food and food processing
resistance developing. surfaces:
Why the other options are incorrect: ● Correct: Biofilms can develop on food
products, food packaging, and food processing
● a) Clonal propagation of crop plants: This equipment. This poses a significant risk to food
involves techniques like tissue culture for safety and can lead to contamination by
producing genetically identical plants, not pathogenic microorganisms.
Bollgard technologies.
3. Biofilms can exhibit antibiotic resistance:
● c) Production of plant growth substances:
● Correct: Microorganisms within biofilms are
Bollgard does not produce growth substances; it
highly resistant to antibiotics due to the
is pest resistance technology.
protective EPS matrix, altered
● d) Production of biofertilizers: Bollgard is microenvironment, and the presence of
unrelated to biofertilizers, which involve natural persister cells. This makes biofilm-associated
methods to enhance soil fertility. infections particularly hard to treat.

Q.10) Consider the following statements: (2022) Q11) Mycorrhizal biotechnology has been used in
1. Biofilms can form on medical implants within rehabilitating degraded sites because mycorrhiza
human tissues. enables the plants to: (2013)

2. Biofilms can form on food and food 1. resist drought and increase absorptive area
processing surfaces. 2. tolerate extremes of PH
3. Biofilms can exhibit antibiotic resistance. 3. Resist disease infestation
Which of the statements given above are correct? Select the correct answer using the codes given
a) 1 and 2 only below:

b) 2 and 3 only (a) 1 only

c) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only

d) 1, 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: d
Ans: d
Exp: Biofilms are structured communities of
microorganisms encased in a self-produced matrix of Exp: Mycorrhiza refers to a symbiotic association
extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). They can between fungi and plant roots. This relationship is
adhere to various surfaces, including living tissues beneficial for the plant and is utilized in mycorrhizal
and non-living materials, and exhibit several biotechnology to rehabilitate degraded sites. Here's
properties that make them challenging to manage. how mycorrhiza aids plants:
1. Biofilms can form on medical implants within 1. Resist drought and increase absorptive area:
human tissues:
● Correct. Mycorrhizal fungi increase the
● Correct: Biofilms commonly form on medical surface area of the plant's root system,
implants such as catheters, prosthetic joints,

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 enabling better absorption of water and 2. NFC is designed for use by devices which can be
nutrients, particularly in drought-prone areas. at a distance of even a metre from each other:
2. Tolerate extremes of pH: ● Incorrect: NFC is specifically designed for
very short-range communication (a few
● Correct. Mycorrhizal fungi help plants adapt to
centimeters, typically less than 10 cm), making
soils with extreme pH levels by improving
this statement incorrect.
nutrient uptake and buffering the effects of pH
extremes. 3. NFC can use encryption when sending sensitive
information:
3. Resist disease infestation:
● Correct: NFC can use encryption protocols to
● Correct. Mycorrhiza provides plants with
ensure secure transmission of sensitive
better defense mechanisms against soil-borne
information, such as during mobile payments
pathogens through improved root health and
or secure access control.
the production of antifungal compounds.

Q.2) With reference to ‘LiFi’, recently in the news,

Information and Computer which of the following statements

Technology: is/are correct? (2016)

Q.1) With reference to ‘Near Field Communication 1. It uses light as the medium for high-speed data
(NFC) Technology’, which of the following transmission.
statements is/are correct? (2015) 2. It is a wireless technology and is several times
1. It is a contactless communication technology faster than ‘WiFi’.
that uses electromagnetic radio fields. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
2. NFC is designed for use by devices which can a) 1 only
be at a distance of even a metre from each
other. b) 2 only

3. NFC can use encryption when sending c) Both 1 and 2

sensitive information. d) Neither 1 nor 2
Select the correct answer using the code given below: Ans: c
a) 1 and 2 only Exp:
b) 3 only 1. It uses light as the medium for high-speed data
c) 1 and 3 only transmission:
d) 1, 2 and 3 ● Correct: LiFi (Light Fidelity) is a wireless
communication technology that uses visible
Ans: c light to transmit data. It operates through LED
Exp: light bulbs, which flicker at extremely high
speeds (imperceptible to the human eye) to
1. It is a contactless communication technology send information.
that uses electromagnetic radio fields:
2. It is a wireless technology and is several times
● Correct: NFC is a short-range, contactless faster than ‘WiFi’:
communication technology that uses
electromagnetic radio fields to enable data ● Correct: LiFi is a wireless communication
transfer between two devices placed close to technology, similar to WiFi, but it uses light
each other (typically within 4 cm). waves instead of radio waves. It can achieve
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 significantly higher data transfer speeds 3. Body corporate
compared to WiFi, with theoretical speeds of Select the correct answer using the code given below:
up to 100 Gbps under ideal conditions.
a) 1 only
Q.3) ‘Project Loon’, sometimes seen in the news, is b) 1 and 2 only
related to: (2016) c) 3 only
a) waste management technology d) 1, 2 and 3
b) wireless communication technology
Ans: d
c) solar power production technology
Exp: In India, it is legally mandatory for service
d) water conservation technology providers, data centers, and body corporates to
Ans: b report cybersecurity incidents under the provisions of
the Information Technology (IT) Act, 2000 and
Exp: Project Loon was a project developed by related guidelines issued by the Indian Computer
Google’s parent company, Alphabet, aimed at Emergency Response Team (CERT-In).
providing wireless internet connectivity to remote
1. Service providers:
and underserved areas using high-altitude balloons.
These balloons act as floating communication towers ● Service providers such as telecom companies,
in the stratosphere, enabling internet access in areas internet service providers (ISPs), and cloud
where traditional infrastructure is not feasible. service providers are required to report
cybersecurity incidents as part of maintaining
Key Features of Project Loon:
the integrity and security of their services.
1. Utilized high-altitude balloons equipped with 2. Data centers:
communication equipment.
● Data centers, which host and manage data
2. Operated in the stratosphere, around 20 storage and processing, are mandated to report
kilometers above the Earth’s surface. incidents that may affect the security of the data
3. Aimed to provide affordable and reliable internet they handle or the systems they operate.
connectivity in rural and disaster-affected areas. 3. Body corporate:
Why other options are incorrect: ● As defined under the IT Act, body corporates
include companies and other organizations
● a) waste management technology: Not related to that handle sensitive data. They are required to
waste management. ensure the security of personal and sensitive
● c) solar power production technology: While the information and report breaches or incidents.
balloons used solar panels for power, the project CERT-In Guidelines:
was not about solar power production.
● d) water conservation technology: It had no CERT-In mandates reporting of cybersecurity
connection to water conservation. incidents such as:
● Unauthorized access to IT systems.
Q.4) In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the ● Denial-of-service attacks.
following to report on cyber security incidents?
(2017) ● Malware infections.

1. Service providers ● Data breaches and leaks.

2. Data centers

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Failure to report can lead to penalties under the IT Exp:
Act. 1. WannaCry:
● A ransomware attack that occurred in May
Q.5) The identity platform 'Aadhaar' provides open
2017, encrypting data on infected computers
"Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)". What
and demanding payment in cryptocurrency for
does it imply? (2018)
decryption. It exploited a vulnerability in
1. It can be integrated into any electronic device. Microsoft Windows using the EternalBlue
2. Online authentication using iris is possible. exploit.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 2. Petya:

a) 1 only ● Another ransomware attack that targeted

computers, encrypting the master boot record
b) 2 only and rendering systems inoperable until a
c) Both 1 and 2 ransom was paid. It spread globally in 2017.
d) Neither 1 nor 2 3. Eternal Blue:

Ans: d ● A cyber exploit developed by the U.S. National

Security Agency (NSA), which was leaked by a
Exp: hacking group called the Shadow Brokers. It
1. It can be integrated into any electronic device: was used as a key tool in spreading both
WannaCry and Petya ransomware attacks.
● Correct: Aadhaar's open Application
Programming Interfaces (APIs) allow Why the other options are incorrect:
developers to integrate Aadhaar-based
authentication and verification systems into ● a) Exoplanets: These terms are unrelated to
various electronic devices or applications. This astronomy or exoplanets.
enables services like e-KYC (Know Your ● b) Cryptocurrency: While ransom payments for
Customer) and digital identity verification. WannaCry and Petya were demanded in
2. Online authentication using iris is possible: cryptocurrency, these terms are not directly
linked to cryptocurrencies.
● Correct: Aadhaar supports biometric
authentication, including iris scanning, as part ● d) Mini satellites: These terms do not refer to
of its identity verification system. The APIs satellite technology.
facilitate real-time online authentication using
biometric data, such as fingerprints or iris Q.7) When the alarm of your smartphone rings in the
scans. morning, you wake up and tap it to stop the alarm
which causes your geyser to be switched on
Q.6) The terms 'WannaCry, Petya and EternalBlue' automatically. The smart mirror in your bathroom
sometimes mentioned in the news recently are related shows the day's weather and also indicates the level
to: (2018) of water in your overhead tank. After you take some
groceries from your refrigerator for making breakfast,
a) Exoplanets it recognises the shortage of stock in it and places an
b) Cryptocurrency order for the supply of fresh grocery items. When you
step out of your house and lock the door, all lights,
c) Cyber attacks fans, geysers and AC machines get switched off
d) Mini satellites automatically. On your way to the office, your car
warns you about traffic congestion ahead and
Ans: c suggests an alternative route, and if you are late for a
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meeting, it sends a message to your office a) 1 only
accordingly. In the context of emerging b) 2 only
communication technologies, which one of the
following terms best applies to the above scenario? c) Both 1 and 2
(2018) d) Neither 1 nor 2
a) Border Gateway Protocol Ans: d
b) Internet of Things
Exp:
c) Internet Protocol
1. LTE is commonly marketed as 3G and VoLTE is
d) Virtual Private Network commonly marketed as advanced 3G:
Ans: b ● Incorrect: LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is a 4G
technology, not 3G. It provides high-speed data
Exp: The scenario described is an example of the services and is marketed as part of the 4G
Internet of Things (IoT), which refers to a network network. VoLTE (Voice over Long-Term
of interconnected devices that communicate and Evolution) is also a 4G technology that enables
share data with each other to automate tasks and voice calls over the LTE network, rather than
improve efficiency. relying on older 2G or 3G networks for voice
Key elements in the scenario: communication.
1. Smartphone and geyser: The alarm triggers the 2. LTE is data-only technology and VoLTE is
geyser, showcasing interconnected devices. voice-only technology:
2. Smart mirror: Displays weather and water tank ● Incorrect: LTE is a data-centric technology but
level, a feature of IoT-enabled devices. can also support voice communication using
VoLTE. VoLTE is not voice-only; it allows
3. Refrigerator: Recognizes shortages and orders
simultaneous voice and data services over the
groceries automatically, using IoT for inventory
LTE network.
management.
Key Differences:
4. Home automation: Lights, fans, and other
appliances switch off when you lock the door, an
● LTE: Primarily focused on high-speed data
IoT feature for energy efficiency.
transmission. Traditional voice calls require
5. Smart car: Provides traffic updates, suggests switching to older networks (2G or 3G) unless
routes, and sends messages—an example of IoT in VoLTE is enabled.
vehicles.
● VoLTE: Enables voice calls over the LTE
network with improved quality and efficiency,
Q.8) With reference to communication technologies, while also allowing simultaneous data usage.
what is/are the difference/differences between LTE
(Long-Term Evolution) and VoLTE (Voice over
Q.9) Consider the following statements: (2019)
Long-Term Evolution)? (2019)
A digital signature is:
1. LTE is commonly marketed as 3G and
VoLTE is commonly marketed as advanced 1. An electronic record that identifies the
3G. certifying authority issuing it
2. LTE is data-only technology and VoLTE is 2. Used to serve as a proof of identity of an
voice-only technology. individual to access information or server on
Internet
Select the correct answer using the code given below.

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 3. An electronic method of signing an electronic of the following tasks is/are accomplished by
document and ensuring that the original wearable devices? (2019)
content is unchanged 1. Location identification of a person
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
2. Sleep monitoring of a person
a) 1 only 3. Assisting the hearing impaired person Select
b) 2 and 3 only the correct answer using the code given
below:
c) 3 only
a) 1 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
b) 2 and 3 only
Ans: c
c) 3 only
Exp:
d) 1, 2 and 3
1. An electronic record that identifies the certifying
authority issuing it: Ans: d
● Incorrect: A digital signature is not primarily Exp: Wearable technology includes devices like
an electronic record identifying the certifying smartwatches, fitness trackers, hearing aids, and
authority. The certifying authority issues a other smart gadgets that can be worn on the body.
digital certificate, which contains information These devices accomplish various tasks, including
about the public key and the certifying those mentioned.
authority but is distinct from the digital 1. Location identification of a person:
signature itself.
● Correct: Many wearable devices, such as
2. Used to serve as a proof of identity of an
smartwatches and fitness trackers, have built-
individual to access information or server on in GPS functionality to track the location of the
Internet: wearer. This is commonly used in navigation,
● Incorrect: A digital signature is not primarily fitness tracking, and safety features.
used as proof of identity for accessing servers 2. Sleep monitoring of a person:
or information. Digital signatures are used to
ensure the integrity and authenticity of ● Correct: Wearable devices can monitor sleep
electronic documents. Proof of identity online patterns by tracking metrics such as heart rate,
is typically achieved through other means, such movement, and respiration during sleep. These
as digital certificates or authentication insights help in understanding sleep quality
methods. and detecting issues like sleep apnea.
3. An electronic method of signing an electronic 3. Assisting the hearing impaired person:
document and ensuring that the original content ● Correct: Wearable devices like advanced
is unchanged: hearing aids assist hearing-impaired
● Correct: A digital signature is used to verify individuals by amplifying sound, filtering
that an electronic document has not been background noise, and connecting to
tampered with and to authenticate the sender. smartphones for better accessibility.
It provides integrity and non-repudiation by
ensuring that the original content remains Q.11) In India, under cyber insurance for individuals,
unchanged. which of the following benefits are generally covered,
in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other
Q.10) In the context of wearable technology, which benefits? (2020)

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 1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in 4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third
case of malware disrupting access to one's party files a suit:
computer ● Correct: Cyber insurance often provides
2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant coverage for legal defence costs if an
wilfully damages it, if proved so individual is sued by a third party for damages
resulting from a cyber incident, such as a data
3. Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to
breach.
minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion
4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any
Q.12) With reference to Visible Light
third party files a suit
Communication (VLC) technology, which of the
Select the correct answer using the code given below: following statements are correct? (2020)
a) 1, 2 and 4 only 1. VLC uses electromagnetic spectrum
b) 1, 3 and 4 only wavelengths 375 to 780 nm.

c) 2 and 3 only 2. VLC is known as long-range optical wireless

communication.
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
3. VLC can transmit large amounts of data faster
Ans: b than Bluetooth.
Exp: Cyber insurance for individuals typically 4. VLC has no electromagnetic interference.
provides coverage for various types of losses and Select the correct answer using the code given below:
related costs arising from cyber threats or incidents.
Let us evaluate the given benefits: a) 1, 2 and 3 only
1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in b) 1, 2 and 4 only
case of malware disrupting access to one's c) 1, 3 and 4 only
computer:
d) 2, 3 and 4 only
● Correct: Cyber insurance often covers the cost
of restoring a computer system or data after Ans: c
being affected by malware or ransomware Exp:
attacks.
1. VLC uses electromagnetic spectrum
2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wavelengths 375 to 780 nm:
wilfully damages it, if proved so:
● Correct: VLC (Visible Light Communication)
● Incorrect: Cyber insurance typically does not operates in the visible light spectrum, which
cover the cost of replacing physical hardware ranges approximately from 375 nm (violet
like computers, even if damaged maliciously. It light) to 780 nm (red light). This is part of the
is focused on losses related to data, digital electromagnetic spectrum visible to the human
assets, or cybercrimes. eye.
3. Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to 2. VLC is known as long-range optical wireless
minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion: communication:
● Correct: Cyber insurance may cover the cost of ● Incorrect: VLC is typically used for short-
hiring experts, such as consultants or range communication due to the limitations of
negotiators, to minimize losses during cyber visible light, which cannot penetrate obstacles
extortion incidents. like walls. It is not considered long-range
optical wireless communication.

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3. VLC can transmit large amounts of data faster ● Partially Correct, but not reliably effective: AI
than Bluetooth: can generate stories and songs (e.g., using
models like GPT), but their quality and
● Correct: VLC can achieve significantly higher
meaningfulness are still subject to human
data transfer speeds compared to Bluetooth.
review and often lack depth or true creativity.
VLC can theoretically reach speeds of up to 10
Thus, this cannot be considered "effectively"
Gbps, whereas Bluetooth generally operates at
done.
much lower speeds.
3. Disease diagnosis:
4. VLC has no electromagnetic interference:
● Correct: AI is widely used in medical
● Correct: Since VLC uses visible light, it does
diagnostics, such as detecting patterns in
not interfere with radio frequency (RF) signals,
imaging (e.g., X-rays, MRIs) or analyzing
making it free from electromagnetic
patient data to predict diseases.
interference. This is particularly advantageous
in environments like hospitals or airplanes. 4. Text-to-Speech Conversion:
● Correct: AI-driven systems like voice assistants
Q.13) With the present state of development, (e.g., Siri, Alexa) and other text-to-speech tools
Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the have become highly advanced and can convert
following? (2020) text into natural-sounding speech effectively.
1. Bring down electricity consumption in 5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy:
industrial units
● Incorrect: Wireless transmission of electrical
2. Create meaningful short stories and songs energy is not a function of AI. It is a field of
3. Disease diagnosis study within electromagnetic engineering and
physics, unrelated to AI.
4. Text-to-Speech Conversion
5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy Q.14) In India, the term “Public Key Infrastructure”
Select the correct answer using the code given below: is used in the context of: (2020)

a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only a) Digital security infrastructure

b) 1, 3 and 4 only b) Food security infrastructure

c) 2, 4 and 5 only c) Health care and education infrastructure

d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 d) Telecommunication and transportation

infrastructure
Ans: b
Ans: a
Exp:
Exp: Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is a framework
1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial that ensures secure electronic communication by
units: using cryptographic techniques. It is primarily used
● Correct: Artificial Intelligence (AI) can in the context of digital security infrastructure to
optimize energy usage in industrial units by manage and distribute digital certificates, which
analyzing patterns, predicting energy needs, authenticate identities and enable secure data
and automating processes to reduce waste and transmission.
enhance efficiency. Key Features of PKI:
2. Create meaningful short stories and songs:

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1. Digital Certificates: Issued by a trusted authority ownership, and blockchain technology. It aims to
(Certificate Authority) to verify the identity of create a user-centric, secure, and transparent web.
users or devices. 1. Web 3.0 technology enables people to control
2. Encryption and Decryption: Ensures secure their own data:
communication by encrypting data with a public ● Correct: Web 3.0 shifts control of data from
key and decrypting it with a private key. corporations to individuals through
3. Authentication and Integrity: Used for decentralized systems. Users can own and
authenticating identities and ensuring that data is manage their data using blockchain-based
not tampered with during transmission. solutions.
4. Applications: Widely used in secure email 2. In the Web 3.0 world, there can be blockchain-
communication, digital signatures, secure based social networks:
banking transactions, and online authentication ● Correct: Web 3.0 supports blockchain-based
systems. social networks, where users have ownership of
Why other options are incorrect: their content and data without relying on
centralized platforms like Facebook or Twitter.
● b) Food security infrastructure: PKI is unrelated
to food security. 3. Web 3.0 is operated by users collectively rather
than a corporation:
● c) Health care and education infrastructure:
PKI does not directly relate to healthcare or ● Correct: Web 3.0 relies on decentralized
education infrastructure. systems like blockchain, where decisions are
made collectively by users through mechanisms
● d) Telecommunication and transportation
like decentralized autonomous organizations
infrastructure: While PKI can secure
(DAOs).
communication in telecommunication, it is not
specifically associated with these sectors.
Q.16) With reference to ""Software as a Service
(SaaS)"", consider the following statements: (2022)
Q.15) With reference to Web 3.0, consider the
following statements: (2022) 1. SaaS buyers can customize the user interface
and can change data fields.
1. Web 3.0 technology enables people to control
their own data. 2. SaaS users can access their data through their
mobile devices.
2. In the Web 3.0 world, there can be blockchain
based social networks. 3. Outlook, Hotmail and Yahoo! Mail are forms
of SaaS.
3. Web 3.0 is operated by users collectively
rather than a corporation. Which of the statements given above are correct?
Which of the statements given above are correct? a) 1 and 2 only
a) 1 and 2 only b) 2 and 3 only
b) 2 and 3 only c) 1 and 3 only
c) 1 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3
d) 1, 2 and 3 Ans: d
Ans: d Exp: Software as a Service (SaaS) is a software
delivery model where applications are hosted on the
Exp: Web 3.0 refers to the next generation of the
cloud and accessed via the internet. Users subscribe
internet that emphasizes decentralization, data
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to the software and can use it without installing or ● c) Visible Light Communication Technologies:
maintaining it on their local systems. Qubits are not associated with visible light
communication, which is a form of wireless
1. SaaS buyers can customize the user interface
communication using light to transmit data.
and can change data fields:
● d) Wireless Communication Technologies:
● Correct: Many SaaS platforms allow users to
While quantum computing may eventually
customize certain elements like the user
influence communication technologies, qubits are
interface, dashboards, and data fields to suit
not directly used in wireless communication
their preferences or organizational needs.
technologies.
2. SaaS users can access their data through their
mobile devices:
Q.18) Consider the following communication
● Correct: SaaS applications are typically cloud- technologies: (2022)
based and can be accessed via mobile devices,
1. Closed-circuit Television
laptops, or desktops, as long as there is an
internet connection. 2. Radio Frequency Identification
3. Outlook, Hotmail and Yahoo! Mail are forms of 3. Wireless Local Area Network
SaaS: Which of the above are considered Short-Range
● Correct: These email services are examples of devices/technologies?
SaaS because they are hosted on the cloud, and a) 1 and 2 only
users can access them through web browsers or
mobile apps without needing to install the b) 2 and 3 only
software locally. c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Q.17) Which one of the following is the context in
which the term ""qubit"" is mentioned? (2022) Ans: d
a) Cloud Services Exp:
b) Quantum Computing 1. Closed-circuit Television (CCTV):
c) Visible Light Communication Technologies ● Short-range: CCTV systems typically use
short-range communication technologies such
d) Wireless Communication Technologies
as wired connections or wireless networks for
Ans: b local transmission of video footage within a
limited area, like a building or premises.
Exp: Qubit is a fundamental unit of information in
quantum computing, analogous to a bit in classical 2. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID):
computing. Unlike a classical bit, which can be either ● Short-range: RFID is a short-range
0 or 1, a qubit can exist in multiple states technology that uses radio waves to identify
simultaneously, thanks to quantum superposition and objects. It operates over very short distances,
entanglement, allowing quantum computers to usually a few centimeters to a few meters,
process information in ways that classical computers depending on the type of RFID system.
cannot.
3. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN):
Why the other options are incorrect:
● Short-range: WLAN, including Wi-Fi, is a
● a) Cloud Services: Qubits are not related to cloud wireless communication technology used to
services, which involve remote storage, connect devices within a local area, such as a
computing, and networking.
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 home or office, and typically operates over a
range of up to 100 meters. Health and Diseases:
Q.1) H1N1 virus is sometimes mentioned in the news
Q.19) Which one of the following words/phrases is with reference to which one of the following
most appropriately used to denote "an interoperable diseases? (2015)
network of 3D virtual worlds that can be accessed a) AIDS
simultaneously by millions of users, who can exert
b) Bird flu
property rights over virtual items"? (2024)
c) Dengue
a) Big data analytics
d) Swine flu
b) Cryptography
Ans: d
c) Metaverse
d) Virtual matrix Exp: The H1N1 virus is most commonly associated
with swine flu, a respiratory disease caused by a
Ans: c strain of influenza virus that originally spread among
Exp: The Metaverse is a term used to describe a pigs. In 2009, the H1N1 virus caused a global
collective virtual shared space, created by the influenza pandemic, and it has since been monitored
convergence of virtually enhanced physical reality as part of seasonal flu strains.
and persistent 3D virtual worlds. It allows millions of Why the other options are incorrect:
users to interact with each other and their
environment in real-time, and users can exert ● a) AIDS: AIDS is caused by the HIV virus, not
property rights over virtual items within this space. H1N1.
The Metaverse encompasses virtual reality (VR), ● b) Bird flu: Bird flu is caused by the H5N1 virus,
augmented reality (AR), and other immersive digital not H1N1.
environments where people can socialize, play
games, conduct business, and even own virtual ● c) Dengue: Dengue is caused by the dengue
properties. virus, spread by mosquitoes, not by H1N1.
Why the other options are incorrect:
Q.2) Which of the following statements is/are
● a) Big data analytics: Refers to the process of correct? (2016)
analyzing large and complex data sets, often Viruses can infect:
unrelated to virtual worlds or digital spaces like
the Metaverse. 1. Bacteria

● b) Cryptography: Refers to techniques used for 2. Fungi

securing communication and data in the digital 3. Plants
realm, not related to the virtual worlds concept.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
● d) Virtual matrix: While it may sound similar, the
a) 1 and 2 only
term "Virtual Matrix" is not a widely recognized
or standardized term to describe the concept of b) 3 only
interoperable virtual worlds. c) 1 and 3 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: d
Exp:

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1. Viruses can infect bacteria: accumulate in the body over time, and it's been
found in some cosmetics.
● Correct: Viruses that infect bacteria are called
bacteriophages. They are very common and 2. Soft drinks : Brominated vegetable oils
specifically target bacterial cells.
● Correct: Brominated vegetable oils (BVO)
2. Viruses can infect fungi: have been used in some soft drinks and citrus-
flavored sodas to help emulsify the beverage
● Correct: Certain viruses can infect fungi. These
and prevent the flavoring from separating.
are known as mycoviruses, which can infect
BVO is controversial due to potential health
fungal species and influence their behavior or
risks, and its use has been banned or restricted
growth.
in some countries.
3. Viruses can infect plants:
3. Chinese fast food : Monosodium glutamate
● Correct: Plants can also be infected by viruses, (MSG)
known as plant viruses. These viruses can
● Correct: MSG is commonly used as a flavor
cause various diseases in plants, affecting
enhancer in many Chinese fast food dishes and
crops and natural vegetation.
processed foods. Some people may be sensitive
to MSG, and its consumption has been
Q.3) Consider the following pairs: (2017) controversial due to health concerns, though it
Sl. No. Commonly used/consumed materials is generally considered safe by health
Unwanted or controversial chemicals authorities in moderate amounts.

likely to be found in them Q.4) Consider the following statements: (2017)

1. Lipstick 1. In tropical regions, Zika virus disease is
: Lead transmitted by the same mosquito that
2. Soft drinks transmits dengue.
: Brominated vegetable oils 2. Sexual transmission of Zika virus disease is
3. Chinese fast food possible.
: Monosodium glutamate Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly a) 1 only
matched?
b) 2 only
a) 1 only
c) Both 1 and 2
b) 2 and 3 only
d) Neither 1 nor 2
c) 1 and 3 only
Ans: c
d) 1, 2 and 3
Exp:
Ans: d
1. In tropical regions, Zika virus disease is
Exp: transmitted by the same mosquito that transmits
1. Lipstick : Lead dengue:

● Correct: Some lipsticks, especially older or ● Correct: Zika virus is primarily transmitted by
cheaper brands, may contain traces of lead. the Aedes aegypti mosquito, the same mosquito
Lead is a harmful chemical that can responsible for spreading dengue,
chikungunya, and yellow fever, particularly in
tropical and subtropical regions.
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2. Sexual transmission of Zika virus disease is ● Wind can disperse fungal spores, bacteria, and
possible: viruses over long distances, helping plant
diseases spread to new areas.
● Correct: In addition to being transmitted by
mosquitoes, Zika virus can also be spread
through sexual contact. This has been well- Q.6) RNA interference (RNAi)' technology has
documented, and individuals with Zika should gained popularity in the last few years. Why? (2019)
take precautions to prevent sexual 1. It is used in developing gene silencing
transmission, especially if they are in areas therapies.
where the virus is prevalent.
2. It can be used in developing therapies for the
treatment of cancer.
Q.5) Consider the following: (2018)
3. It can be used to develop hormone
1. Birds replacement therapies.
2. Dust blowing 4. It can be used to produce crop plants that are
3. Rain resistant to viral pathogens.
4. Wind blowing Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Which of the above spread plant diseases? a) 1, 2 and 4
a) 1 and 3 only b) 2 and 3
b) 3 and 4 only c) 1 and 3
c) 1, 2 and 4 only d) 1 and 4 only
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Ans: a
Ans: d Exp:
Exp: All of the factors listed can contribute to the 1. It is used in developing gene silencing therapies:
spread of plant diseases: ● Correct: RNA interference (RNAi) is a process
1. Birds: that can be used to silence specific genes. It has
potential therapeutic applications, particularly
● Birds can carry and spread plant pathogens on
in treating diseases caused by the
their feathers, beaks, or through their
overexpression of harmful genes.
droppings, transferring diseases from one plant
to another. 2. It can be used in developing therapies for the
treatment of cancer:
2. Dust blowing:
● Correct: RNAi can target and silence genes
● Dust storms can carry fungal spores, bacteria,
that promote cancer growth. It is being
or viruses that can infect plants when they land
explored as a potential therapy for various
on crops or plants.
cancers by inhibiting the expression of genes
3. Rain: responsible for tumor progression.
● Rain can wash pathogens from infected plants 3. It can be used to develop hormone replacement
onto healthy ones. It also facilitates the spread therapies:
of fungal spores and other pathogens through
● Incorrect: RNAi is not primarily used in
water droplets.
hormone replacement therapies. Hormone
4. Wind blowing: therapies typically involve replacing or

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 supplementing natural hormones, which is not can develop resistance to multiple drugs over
a direct application of RNAi technology. time.
4. It can be used to produce crop plants that are 3. Using antibiotics in livestock farming:
resistant to viral pathogens:
● Correct: The widespread use of antibiotics in
● Correct: RNAi can be used in plants to silence livestock farming, often for growth promotion
viral genes and create resistance to viral or disease prevention, contributes to the
infections. This application is particularly development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
useful in agriculture for developing crops These resistant bacteria can then transfer to
resistant to various viral diseases. humans through consumption of meat or
contaminated water.
Q.7) Which of the following are the reasons for the 4. Multiple chronic diseases in some people:
occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial
● Incorrect: While chronic diseases can increase
pathogens in India? (2019)
the need for antibiotics, they are not a direct
1. Genetic predisposition of some people cause of the development of multi-drug
2. Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure resistance. It is the misuse or overuse of
diseases antibiotics that leads to resistance.

3. Using antibiotics in livestock farming

Q.8) What is Cas9 protein that is often mentioned in
4. Multiple chronic diseases in some people news? (2019)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: a) A molecular scissors used in targeted gene editing
a) 1 and 2 b) A biosensor used in the accurate detection of
b) 2 and 3 only pathogens in patients

c) 1, 3 and 4 c) A gene that makes plants pest-resistant

d) 2, 3 and 4 d) A herbicidal substance synthesized in genetically

modified crops
Ans: b
Ans: a
Exp: The occurrence of multi-drug resistance (MDR)
in microbial pathogens, especially in India, is Exp: Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) is a
influenced by several factors, with the following being protein that functions as molecular scissors in the
significant contributors: CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology. It can be
programmed to target specific stretches of genetic
1. Genetic predisposition of some people: material and make cuts at precise locations in the
● Incorrect: While genetic factors can influence DNA, enabling scientists to edit genes with high
how an individual responds to infections or accuracy. This technology has revolutionized genetic
antibiotics, genetic predisposition is not a research, allowing for targeted modifications to the
major direct cause of multi-drug resistance in genome of living organisms.
microbial pathogens. Why the other options are incorrect:
2. Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure
diseases: ● b) A biosensor used in the accurate detection of
pathogens in patients: Cas9 is not used as a
● Correct: One of the primary causes of MDR is biosensor, although variations of the CRISPR
the misuse and overuse of antibiotics. Taking technology are being explored for diagnostics.
incomplete or incorrect doses leads to the
survival of partially resistant bacteria, which
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● c) A gene that makes plants pest-resistant: Cas9 4. Some of those infected with Hepatitis B and C
is not a gene itself, but a protein that aids in gene viruses do not show the symptoms for many
editing. It can be used to modify genes, such as years:
those making plants pest-resistant, but it is not ● Correct: Hepatitis B and C can be
inherently a pest-resistant gene. asymptomatic for many years. Many people
● d) A herbicidal substance synthesized in with chronic infections do not show symptoms
genetically modified crops: Cas9 is not a until the disease has progressed to more severe
herbicide, nor is it directly synthesized in stages, such as cirrhosis or liver cancer.
genetically modified crops for that purpose.
Q.10) What is the importance of using Pneumococcal
Q.9) Which one of the following statements is not Conjugate Vaccines in India? (2020)
correct? (2019) 1. These vaccines are effective against
a) Hepatitis B virus is transmitted much like HIV. pneumonia as well as meningitis and sepsis.
b) Hepatitis B. unlike Hepatitis C, does not have a 2. Dependence on antibiotics that are not
vaccine. effective against drug-resistant bacteria can be
reduced.
c) Globally, the number of people infected with
Hepatitis B and C viruses arc several times more than 3. These vaccines have no side effects and cause
those infected with HIV. no allergic reactions.
d) Some of those infected with Hepatitis B and C Select the correct answer using the code given below:
viruses do not show the symptoms for many years a) 1 only
Ans: b b) 1 and 2 only
Exp: c) 3 only
1. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted much like HIV: d) 1, 2 and 3
● Correct: Hepatitis B and HIV are both Ans: b
transmitted through contact with infected
blood, sexual contact, and from mother to child Exp:
during childbirth. 1. These vaccines are effective against pneumonia
2. Hepatitis B, unlike Hepatitis C, does not have a as well as meningitis and sepsis:
vaccine: ● Correct: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines
● Incorrect: Hepatitis B does have a vaccine, (PCV) are designed to protect against
and it is widely used to prevent the infection. In infections caused by Streptococcus
contrast, there is no vaccine for Hepatitis C. pneumoniae, including pneumonia, meningitis,
This makes statement b incorrect. and sepsis. These are serious conditions that
can lead to significant morbidity and mortality,
3. Globally, the number of people infected with particularly in young children.
Hepatitis B and C viruses are several times more
than those infected with HIV: 2. Dependence on antibiotics that are not effective
against drug-resistant bacteria can be reduced:
● Correct: The global number of people infected
with Hepatitis B and C viruses is indeed several ● Correct: By preventing infections caused by
times higher than those infected with HIV, with Streptococcus pneumoniae, the use of
over 300 million people affected by these antibiotics can be reduced, especially against
viruses. drug-resistant strains of bacteria. This helps in

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 reducing the global problem of antibiotic birth) to correct genetic defects or introduce
resistance. specific changes. This is an area of active
research, and techniques like CRISPR-Cas9
3. These vaccines have no side effects and cause no
are being studied for their potential
allergic reactions:
applications in this field.
● Incorrect: Like all vaccines, pneumococcal
3. Human induced pluripotent stem cells can be
conjugate vaccines can have side effects,
injected into the embryo of a pig:
although they are generally mild and
temporary. Common side effects include ● Correct: This refers to chimera research where
redness or swelling at the injection site, fever, human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
or irritability. Serious allergic reactions are can be injected into animal embryos (such as
rare but can occur. pigs) to study development or to potentially
grow human-like organs for transplantation.
Q.11) Consider the following statements: (2020) This research aims to create models for
studying human diseases and developing
1. Genetic changes can be introduced in the cells treatments.
that produce eggs or sperms of a prospective
parent.
Q.12) Magnetite particles, suspected to cause
2. A person’s genome can be edited before birth neurodegenerative problems, are generated as
at the early embryonic stage. environmental pollutants from which of the
3. Human induced pluripotent stem cells can be following? (2021)
injected into the embryo of a pig. 1. Brakes of motor vehicles
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 2. Engines of motor vehicles
a) 1 only 3. Microwave stoves within homes
b) 2 and 3 only 4. Power plants
c) 2 only 5. Telephone lines
d) 1, 2 and 3 Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Ans: d a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
Exp: b) 1, 2 and 4 only
1. Genetic changes can be introduced in the cells c) 3, 4 and 5 only
that produce eggs or sperms of a prospective d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
parent:
Ans: b
● Correct: This is known as germline editing.
Genetic modifications can be made to the Exp: Magnetite particles (Fe3O4) are a type of iron
sperm or egg cells (germline cells), which can oxide and can be generated as environmental
then be passed on to future generations. pollutants. These particles are suspected to have
Technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9 can be neurodegenerative effects, particularly when inhaled
used to edit the genes in these cells. or absorbed into the body. They are commonly
produced by the following sources:
2. A person’s genome can be edited before birth at
the early embryonic stage: 1. Brakes of motor vehicles:
● Correct: Embryo editing is possible at the
early stages of embryonic development (before

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 ● Correct: The wear and tear of brake pads in
vehicles can release magnetite particles into Q.14) Consider the following: (2021)
the environment, especially in urban areas. 1. Bacteria
2. Engines of motor vehicles: 2. Fungi
● Correct: Combustion in the engines of motor 3. Virus
vehicles can lead to the formation of various
particulate pollutants, including magnetite Which of the above can be cultured in an
particles. artificial/synthetic medium?
3. Microwave stoves within homes: a) 1 and 2 only
● Incorrect: Microwave stoves do not generate b) 2 and 3 only
magnetite particles. They are primarily used c) 1 and 3 only
for heating food, and any particles released
would typically be related to food or cooking d) 1, 2 and 3
materials, not magnetite. Ans: a
4. Power plants: Exp:
● Correct: Power plants, especially coal-fired 1. Passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent
ones, can emit fine particulate matter, to child can be prevented by mitochondrial
including magnetite particles, as a byproduct replacement therapy either before or after in
of combustion processes. vitro fertilization of the egg:
5. Telephone lines: ● Correct: Mitochondrial replacement therapy
● Incorrect: Telephone lines do not produce (MRT) is a technique that can be used to
magnetite particles. The equipment used in prevent the inheritance of mitochondrial
telecommunications may generate some other diseases. It involves replacing defective
pollutants, but not magnetite specifically. mitochondria in the mother's egg with healthy
mitochondria from a donor egg, either before
or after in vitro fertilization (IVF), to ensure
Q.13) In the context of hereditary diseases, consider
that the child does not inherit the mitochondrial
the following statements: (2021)
disorder.
1. Passing on mitochondrial diseases from
2. A child inherits mitochondrial diseases entirely
parent to child can be prevented by
from mother and not from father:
mitochondrial replacement therapy either
before or after in vitro fertilization of the egg. ● Correct: Mitochondrial DNA is inherited
exclusively from the mother, as the
2. A child inherits mitochondrial diseases
mitochondria in the sperm are discarded
entirely from mother and not from father.
during fertilization. Therefore, mitochondrial
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? diseases are passed from mother to child, and
a) 1 only not from the father.

b) 2 only
Q.15) Consider the following statements: (2021)
c) Both 1 and 2
1. Adenoviruses have single-stranded DNA
d) Neither 1 nor 2 genomes whereas retroviruses have double-
Ans: c stranded DNA genomes.

Exp:
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 2. Common cold is sometimes caused by an SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for COVID-19, uses
adenovirus whereas AIDS is caused by a ACE2 as the receptor to enter human cells. This has
retrovirus. made ACE2 a significant point of study in
understanding how the virus spreads and how it can
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
be targeted for treatment.
a) 1 only
Why the other options are incorrect:
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2 ● a) Genes introduced in the genetically modified
plants: ACE2 is not related to genetic
d) Neither 1 nor 2 modification of plants.
Ans: b ● b) Development of India’s own satellite
navigation system: ACE2 has no connection to
Exp:
satellite navigation systems.
1. Adenoviruses have single-stranded DNA
● c) Radio collars for wildlife tracking: ACE2 is
genomes whereas retroviruses have double-
unrelated to wildlife tracking technologies like
stranded DNA genomes:
radio collars.
● Incorrect: Adenoviruses actually have double-
stranded DNA genomes, not single-stranded Q.17) Which one of the following statements best
DNA. Retroviruses, on the other hand, have describes the role of B cells and T cells in the human
single-stranded RNA genomes, which are body? (2022)
reverse-transcribed into DNA after infection.
a) They protect the body from environmental
2. Common cold is sometimes caused by an allergens.
adenovirus whereas AIDS is caused by a
retrovirus: b) They alleviate the body's pain and inflammation.
● Correct: Adenoviruses can cause respiratory c) They act as immunosuppressants in the body.
infections, including the common cold. AIDS d) They protect the body from the diseases caused by
(Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is pathogens.
caused by the HIV (Human Immunodeficiency
Virus), which is a retrovirus. Ans: d
Exp: B cells and T cells are crucial components of the
Q.16) The term ‘ACE2’ is talked about in the context immune system. B cells produce antibodies that help
of: (2021) fight infections, while T cells destroy infected cells
a) genes introduced in the genetically modified plants and regulate the immune response. Together, they
protect the body from diseases caused by pathogens
b) development of India’s own satellite navigation like bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
system
c) radio collars for wildlife tracking Q.18) Consider the following statements : (2022)
d) spread of viral diseases DNA Barcoding can be a tool to:
Ans: d 1. assess the age of a plant or animal.
Exp: ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2) is a 2. distinguish among species that look alike.
protein found on the surface of many cell types in the 3. identify undesirable animal or plant materials
human body, including cells in the lungs, heart, and in processed foods.
kidneys. It is widely discussed in the context of viral
diseases, particularly in relation to COVID-19. The Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
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a) 1 only 3. Probiotics help in the digestion of milk sugars -
This is correct. Certain probiotics, like
b) 3 only
Lactobacillus, help digest lactose, the milk sugar,
c) 1 and 2 which can be beneficial for individuals who are
d) 2 and 3 lactose intolerant.

Ans: d
Q.20) In the context of vaccines manufactured to
Exp: DNA barcoding is a technique used to identify prevent COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following
and distinguish species based on a short genetic statements: (2022)
marker in their DNA. It is particularly useful for 1. The Serum Institute of India produced
distinguishing between species that look alike COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using
(statement 2) and identifying undesirable animal or mRNA platform.
plant materials in processed foods (statement 3).
However, it is not typically used to assess the age of 2. Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using
a plant or animal (statement 1), so that statement is vector based platform.
incorrect. 3. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen based
vaccine.
Q.19) Consider the following statements in respect of Which of the statements given above are correct?
probiotics: (2022)
a) 1 and 2 only
1. Probiotics are made of both bacteria and yeast.
b) 2 and 3 only
2. The organisms in probiotics are found in foods
we ingest but they do not naturally occur in c) 1 and 3 only
our gut. d) 1, 2 and 3
3. Probiotics help in the digestion of milk sugars. Ans: b
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Exp:
a) 1 only 1. The Serum Institute of India produced COVID-
b) 2 only 19 vaccine named Covishield using mRNA
platform - This statement is incorrect. Covishield,
c) 1 and 3
produced by the Serum Institute of India, is based
d) 2 and 3 on a viral vector platform (specifically the
Ans: c AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine), not mRNA
technology.
Exp:
2. Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using vector
1. Probiotics are made of both bacteria and yeast - based platform - This is correct. Sputnik V is a
This is correct. Probiotics can include both viral vector-based vaccine, using two different
bacteria (such as Lactobacillus) and yeast (such adenovirus vectors (rAd26 and rAd5) to deliver
as Saccharomyces boulardii). genetic material for the spike protein of the SARS-
2. The organisms in probiotics are found in foods CoV-2 virus.
we ingest but they do not naturally occur in our 3. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen based
gut - This statement is incorrect. Probiotic vaccine - This is correct. COVAXIN, developed by
organisms do naturally occur in the gut; they are Bharat Biotech, is an inactivated virus-based
beneficial bacteria or yeast that can be found in vaccine, where the SARS-CoV-2 virus is
both the gut and in certain foods like yogurt. inactivated to trigger an immune response
without causing the disease.
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 a) Studying the evolutionary relationships among
Q.21) ‘Wolbachia method’ is sometimes talked about various species of fauna
with reference to which one of the following? (2023)
b) Stimulating ‘stem cells’ to transform into diverse
a) Controlling the viral diseases spread by mosquitoes functional tissues
b) Converting crop residues into packing material c) Promoting clonal propagation of horticultural
c) Producing biodegradable plastics plants

d) Producing biochar from thermo-chemical d) Assessing the efficacy of drugs by conducting

conversion of biomass series of drug trials in a population

Ans: a Ans: a

Exp: The 'Wolbachia method' involves using Exp: Microsatellite DNA, also known as short tandem
Wolbachia bacteria, which are naturally found in repeats (STRs), consists of repetitive sequences of
many insects, to control mosquito populations that DNA that are highly variable among individuals. This
spread diseases such as dengue, Zika, and makes microsatellites useful in studying genetic
chikungunya. By introducing Wolbachia into diversity, evolutionary relationships, and species
mosquito populations, it can interfere with their identification. Researchers often use microsatellites
ability to transmit viruses, thereby helping control the to examine the genetic differences between species
spread of these diseases. and to trace evolutionary lineages.

Q.22) ‘Aerial metagenomics’ best refers to which one Q24) Recombinant DNA technology (Genetic
of the following situations? (2023) Engineering) allows genes to be transferred (2013)

a) Collecting DNA samples from air in a habitat at 1. across different species of plants
one go 2. from animals to plants
b) Understanding the genetic makeup of avian species 3. from microorganisms to higher organisms Select
of a habitat the correct answer using the codes given below.
c) Using air-bomb devices to collect blood samples (a) 1 only
from moving animals
(b) 2 and 3 only
d) Sending drones to inaccessible areas to collect
(c) 1 and 3 only
plant and animal samples from land surfaces and
water bodies (d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: a Ans: a
Exp: Aerial metagenomics refers to the process of Exp:
collecting environmental DNA (eDNA) samples from Recombinant DNA technology (Genetic
the air in a particular habitat to analyze the genetic Engineering) enables the transfer of genes across
material present. This technique helps in studying the various boundaries, including:
biodiversity of an area by identifying DNA from
microorganisms, plants, animals, and other 1. Across different species of plants: Genes from
organisms that are present in the environment, one plant species can be transferred to another
without directly sampling the organisms themselves. for improved traits (e.g., pest resistance, drought
tolerance).
Q.23) ‘Microsatellite DNA’ is used in the case of 2. From animals to plants: Genes from animals can
which one of the following? (2023) be introduced into plants, such as the

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 incorporation of genes for certain proteins or ● Plays a role in generating action potentials in
enzymes. nerve and muscle cells.
3. From microorganisms to higher organisms: This ● Sodium ions are involved in the transmission of
is commonly done, such as inserting bacterial nerve impulses and the depolarization of
genes into plants or animals for desired muscle cells, which initiates contraction.
characteristics (e.g., Bt toxin gene from Bacillus Thus, all three minerals are required by the human
thuringiensis into cotton plants). body for muscle contraction, making option (d) the
The technology allows genetic material to move correct answer.
across the natural reproductive barriers, making all
three statements correct. Q 26) Which of the following statements is / are
correct? (2013)
Q25) Consider the following minerals (2013) 1. Viruses lack enzymes necessary for the generation
1. Calcium of energy.
2. Iron 2. Viruses can be cultured in any synthetic medium.
3. Sodium 3. Viruses are transmitted from one organism to
another by biological vectors only.
Which of the minerals given above is/are required by
the human body for the contraction of muscles? Select the correct answer using the codes given
below.
(a) 1 only
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: d
Ans: a
Exp: Muscle contraction involves a complex
interaction of proteins and ions. The following Exp:
minerals play crucial roles in this process: 1. Viruses lack enzymes necessary for the
1. Calcium (Ca): generation of energy:
● Essential for muscle contraction. ● Correct. Viruses are obligate intracellular
parasites, meaning they depend entirely on the
● Calcium ions bind to regulatory proteins
host cell for metabolic processes, including
(troponin) in muscle fibers, enabling the
energy generation. They lack their own
interaction of actin and myosin, which causes
machinery for generating energy, such as
contraction.
enzymes for cellular respiration or ATP
2. Iron (Fe): production.
● Indirectly involved in muscle contraction. 2. Viruses can be cultured in any synthetic
● Iron is essential for oxygen transport as a medium:
component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, ● Incorrect. Viruses cannot be cultured in
which are critical for muscle function and synthetic media because they require living
energy generation. host cells (e.g., bacterial cells, animal cells, or
3. Sodium (Na): plant cells) to replicate. They cannot replicate
or grow outside a host.

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3. Viruses are transmitted from one organism to
another by biological vectors only: Nuclear Science:
Q.1) In the context of modern scientific research,
● Incorrect. While biological vectors (e.g.,
consider the following statements about ‘IceCube’, a
mosquitoes, ticks) do transmit some viruses,
particle detector located at the South Pole, which was
they are not the only means of transmission.
recently in the news: (2015)
Viruses can also spread via direct contact,
respiratory droplets, contaminated surfaces, 1. It is the world’s largest neutrino detector,
and other non-biological mechanisms. encompassing a cubic kilometre of ice.
2. It is a powerful telescope to search for dark
Q.27) Consider the following diseases: (2014) matter.
1. Diphtheria 3. It is buried deep in the ice.
2. Chickenpox Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
3. Smallpox a) 1 only
Which of the above diseases has/have been eradicated b) 2 and 3 only
in India?
c) 1 and 3 only
a) 1 and 2 only
d) 1, 2 and 3
b) 3 only
Ans: d
c) 1, 2 and 3
Exp:
d) None
1. It is the world’s largest neutrino detector,
Ans: b encompassing a cubic kilometre of ice - This is
Exp: correct. IceCube is the largest neutrino detector
in the world, spanning a cubic kilometre of ice at
1. Diphtheria: the South Pole.
● Diphtheria has not been eradicated in India. It 2. It is a powerful telescope to search for dark
is still present but controlled through matter - This is correct. While IceCube is
immunization programs (e.g., DPT vaccine). primarily designed to detect neutrinos, it can also
2. Chickenpox: be used in the search for dark matter by detecting
potential interactions involving dark matter
● Chickenpox has not been eradicated. It is a particles.
common viral infection, though its incidence
has decreased significantly due to the 3. It is buried deep in the ice - This is correct. The
introduction of vaccines (varicella vaccine). IceCube detector is embedded deep in the
Antarctic ice sheet, where it detects neutrinos as
3. Smallpox: they interact with the ice.
● Smallpox has been eradicated globally,
including in India, through a worldwide Q.2) The term ‘IndARC’, sometimes seen in the
vaccination campaign led by the World Health news, is the name of: (2015)
Organization (WHO). India achieved
eradication in 1977, and the disease was a) an indigenously developed radar system inducted
declared eradicated worldwide in 1980. into Indian Defence
b) India’s satellite to provide services to the countries
of Indian Ocean Rim

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c) a scientific establishment set up by India in c) Both 1 and 2
Antarctic region d) Neither 1 nor 2
d) India’s underwater observatory to scientifically
Ans: c
study the Arctic region
Exp:
Ans: d
1. The Nuclear Security Summits are periodically
Exp: IndARC is India’s underwater observatory held under the aegis of the United Nations - This
located in the Arctic region, part of India's scientific statement is incorrect. The Nuclear Security
research initiatives to study the Arctic environment. It Summits are not held under the United Nations.
aims to gather important data about oceanography, These summits were initiated by the United States
climate, and ecosystems in the Arctic region. in 2010 and aimed at securing nuclear materials
and preventing nuclear terrorism. They were held
Q.3) India is an important member of the periodically but were not under the aegis of the
'International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor'. UN.
If this experiment succeeds, what is the immediate
2. The International Panel on Fissile Materials is
advantage for India? (2016)
an organ of the International Atomic Energy
a) It can use thorium in place of uranium for power Agency - This statement is also incorrect. The
generation International Panel on Fissile Materials (IPFM)
b) It attains a global role in satellite-navigation is an independent group of experts working on the
issue of nuclear disarmament and non-
c) It can drastically improve the efficiency of its proliferation. It is not an organ of the
fission reactors in power generation International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
d) It can build fusion reactors for power generation
Ans: d Q 4) The known forces of nature can be divided into
four classes, viz, gravity electromagnetism, weak
Exp: India is an important member of the nuclear force and strong nuclear force. with reference
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor to them, which one of the following statements is not
(ITER) project, which is focused on demonstrating the correct? (2013)
feasibility of nuclear fusion as a large-scale and
(a) Gravity is the strongest of the four
carbon-free source of energy. If the experiment
succeeds, it will open the possibility for India to (b) Electromagnetism act only on particles with an
develop its own fusion reactors for power generation, electric charge
offering a new and sustainable energy source. (c) Weak nuclear force causes radioactivity
(d) Strong nuclear force holds protons and nutrons
Q.4) Consider the following statements: (2017)
inside the nuclear of an atom.
1. The Nuclear Security Summits are
Ans: a
periodically held under the aegis of the United
Nations. Exp: The four fundamental forces of nature are:
2. The International Panel on Fissile Materials is 1. Gravity:
an organ of the International Atomic Energy
● Gravity is the weakest of the four forces.
Agency.
● It acts on all particles with mass and is
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
responsible for the attraction between massive
a) 1 only objects (e.g., planets, stars).
b) 2 only
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2. Electromagnetism: d) Neither 1 nor 2
● Electromagnetic force acts on particles with an Ans: a
electric charge.
Exp:
● It is responsible for interactions like electricity,
magnetism, and light. 1. NIF is an autonomous body of the Department
of Science and Technology under the Central
3. Weak Nuclear Force: Government - This statement is correct. The
● This force causes certain types of nuclear National Innovation Foundation (NIF) is indeed
decay, including radioactivity (e.g., beta an autonomous body under the Department of
decay). Science and Technology (DST), Government of
India. It aims to promote grassroots innovations
● It acts on subatomic particles within the and support local inventors.
nucleus and has a very short range.
2. NIF is an initiative to strengthen the highly
4. Strong Nuclear Force: advanced scientific research in India's premier
● The strongest of the four forces. scientific institutions in collaboration with
highly advanced foreign scientific institutions -
● It binds protons and neutrons together inside
This statement is incorrect. NIF primarily focuses
the nucleus of an atom, overcoming the
on grassroots innovation and supports rural and
repulsion between positively charged protons.
local innovators. It is not focused on advanced
Why the statement is incorrect: scientific research in collaboration with foreign
institutions.
● The statement "Gravity is the strongest of the
four" is incorrect because gravity is actually the
Q.2) With reference to 'fuel cells' in which hydrogen-
weakest force. The strong nuclear force is the
rich fuel and oxygen are used to generate electricity,
strongest of the four.
consider the following statements: (2015)
1. If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, the fuel cell
Miscellaneous: emits heat and water as by-products.
Q.1) Which of the following statements is/are correct 2. Fuel cells can be used for powering buildings
regarding National Innovation Foundation-India and not for small devices like laptop
(NIF)? (2015) computers.
1. NIF is an autonomous body of the Department 3. Fuel cells produce electricity in the form of
of Science and Technology under the Central Alternating Current (AC).
Government.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
2. NIF is an initiative to strengthen the highly
a) 1 only
advanced scientific research in India's premier
scientific institutions in collaboration with b) 2 and 3 only
highly advanced foreign scientific c) 1 and 3 only
institutions.
d) 1, 2 and 3
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below. Ans: a
a) 1 only Exp:
b) 2 only 1. If pure hydrogen is used as a fuel, the fuel cell
c) Both 1 and 2 emits heat and water as by-products - This

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 statement is correct. When pure hydrogen is used 1. List of ingredients including additives - This is
in a fuel cell, it reacts with oxygen to produce mandatory. The list of ingredients, including
electricity, with heat and water being the only by- additives, must be mentioned on the label to
products. This is a key advantage of fuel cells, as inform consumers about the contents of the
they are clean energy sources. product.
2. Fuel cells can be used for powering buildings 2. Nutrition information - This is also mandatory.
and not for small devices like laptop computers - Nutrition information, such as the amount of
This statement is incorrect. Fuel cells can be used calories, fats, proteins, and other nutrients, must
for both large-scale applications, like powering be provided on the label.
buildings, and small devices, such as laptops, 3. Recommendation, if any, made by the medical
portable electronics, and even vehicles. They are profession about the possibility of any allergic
versatile and can be scaled for different needs. reactions - This is not a mandatory requirement
3. Fuel cells produce electricity in the form of in the context of the Food Safety and Standards
Alternating Current (AC) - This statement is (Packaging and Labelling) Regulations, 2011.
incorrect. Fuel cells produce Direct Current (DC) While allergy warnings are important, they are
electricity, not Alternating Current (AC). DC not required to be on the main label unless
power can be converted to AC if needed, but the specifically stated.
primary output is DC. 4. Vegetarian/non-vegetarian - This is mandatory.
The label must clearly indicate whether the
Q.3) With reference to prepackaged items in India, it product is vegetarian or non-vegetarian using the
is mandatory to the manufacturer to put which of the appropriate symbol.
following information on the main label, as per the
Thus, the correct information to include on the main
Food Safety and Standards (Packaging and Labelling)
label is the list of ingredients (including additives),
Regulations, 2011? (2016)
nutrition information, and vegetarian/non-vegetarian
1. List of ingredients including additives designation.
2. Nutrition information
Q.4) Regarding 'DigiLocker', sometimes seen in the
3. Recommendation, if any, made by the medical
news, which of the following statements is/are
profession about the possibility of any allergic
correct? (2016)
reactions
1. It is a digital locker system offered by the
4. Vegetarian/non vegetarian
Government under Digital India Programme.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
2. It allows you to access your e-documents
a) 1, 2 and 3 only irrespective of your physical location.
b) 2, 3 and 4 only Select the correct answer using the code given below.
c) 1, 2 and 4 only a) 1 only
d) 1 and 4 only b) 2 only
Ans: c c) Both 1 and 2
Exp: According to the Food Safety and Standards d) Neither 1 nor 2
(Packaging and Labelling) Regulations, 2011,
Ans: c
manufacturers of prepackaged items in India are
required to put the following information on the main Exp:
label:

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1. It is a digital locker system offered by the d) None of the above statements is correct
Government under the Digital India Programme
Ans: c
- This statement is correct. DigiLocker is a
government initiative under the Digital India Exp:
Programme, designed to provide citizens with a
1. OLED displays can be fabricated on flexible
platform to store, share, and access their
plastic substrates - This is correct. OLEDs are
documents in a digital format.
flexible and can be fabricated on lightweight,
2. It allows you to access your e-documents flexible plastic substrates, making them suitable
irrespective of your physical location - This for use in curved or flexible displays.
statement is also correct. DigiLocker allows users
2. Roll-up displays embedded in clothing can be
to store and access their documents online,
made using OLEDs - This is correct. Due to their
enabling them to retrieve e-documents from
flexibility and thinness, OLED displays can be
anywhere, provided they have internet access.
integrated into clothing and other textiles,
allowing for roll-up or wearable displays.
Q.5) A recent movie titled The Man Who Knew
Infinity is based on the biography of: (2016) 3. Transparent displays are possible using OLEDs
- This is correct. OLEDs can be made
a) S. Ramanujan transparent, which enables the development of
b) S. Chandrasekhar transparent displays that can be used in a variety
of applications, such as in windows or
c) S. N. Bose transparent digital signage.
d) C. V. Raman
Ans: a Q.7) Which of the following statements is/are correct
regarding Smart India Hackathon 2017? (2017)
Exp: The movie The Man Who Knew Infinity is based
1. It is a centrally sponsored scheme for
on the biography of the renowned Indian
developing every city of our country into
mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan. It portrays his
Smart Cities in a decade.
life, his work in mathematics, and his collaboration
with the British mathematician G.H. Hardy. 2. It is an initiative to identify new digital
technology innovations for solving the many
Q.6) Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) are problems faced by our country.
used to create digital displays in many devices. What 3. It is a programme aimed at making all the
are the advantages of OLED displays over Liquid financial transactions in our country
Crystal displays? (2017) completely digital in a decade.
1. OLED displays can be fabricated on flexible Select the correct answer using the code given below:
plastic substrates.
a) 1 and 3 only
2. Roll-up displays embedded in clothing can be
b) 2 only
made using OLEDs.
c) 3 only
3. Transparent displays are possible using
OLEDs. d) 2 and 3 only
Select the correct answer using the code given below: Ans: b
a) 1 and 3 only Exp:
b) 2 only 1. It is a centrally sponsored scheme for developing
c) 1, 2 and 3 every city of our country into Smart Cities in a

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 decade - This statement is incorrect. The Smart crops and wild plants that rely on butterfly
India Hackathon is not specifically focused on pollination.
developing cities into smart cities; it is a national 2. There could be a drastic increase in the fungal
initiative aimed at fostering innovation and infections of some cultivated plants - This is not
solving problems through digital technology. directly related to the decline in butterfly
2. It is an initiative to identify new digital populations. Fungal infections are usually
technology innovations for solving the many influenced by factors such as weather conditions,
problems faced by our country - This statement is moisture levels, and plant health, rather than the
correct. The Smart India Hackathon 2017 aimed presence of butterflies.
at encouraging students and young innovators to 3. It could lead to a fall in the population of some
come up with technological solutions to address species of wasps, spiders and birds - This is
various challenges faced by India. correct. The decline in butterflies could disrupt
3. It is a programme aimed at making all the the food chain. Many species of wasps, spiders,
financial transactions in our country completely and birds feed on butterflies or rely on them as
digital in a decade - This statement is incorrect. part of their ecosystem, so their population could
While digital financial transactions are a decline as a result.
significant aspect of India's development, the
Smart India Hackathon's primary focus is on Q.9) Consider the following pairs: (2018)
solving societal problems through technology, not
specifically on digitizing financial transactions. Sl. No. Terms sometimes seen in news
Context/Topic
Q.8) Due to some reasons, if there is a huge fall in the 1. Belle II experiment
population of species of butterflies, what could be its Artificial Intelligence
likely consequence/consequences? (2017) 2. Blockchain technology
1. Pollination of some plants could be adversely Digital/Cryptocurrency
affected. 3. CRISPR - Cas9
2. There could be a drastic increase in the fungal Particle Physics
infections of some cultivated plants. Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly
3. It could lead to a fall in the population of some matched?
species of wasps, spiders and birds. a) 1 and 3 only
Select the correct using the code given below: b) 2 only
a) 1 only c) 2 and 3 only
b) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3
c) 1 and 3 only Ans: b
d) 1, 2 and 3
Exp:
Ans: c 1. Belle II experiment - This is incorrectly matched
Exp: with Artificial Intelligence. The Belle II
experiment is actually related to particle physics,
1. Pollination of some plants could be adversely specifically to studying the properties of particles
affected - This is correct. Butterflies play an and their interactions at the SuperKEKB
important role in pollination. A decline in their accelerator in Japan.
population could negatively impact the
pollination of various plants, including some
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2. Blockchain technology - This is correctly 4. Reconstructive surgeries - In the medical field,
matched with Digital/Cryptocurrency. 3D printing is used to create customized implants
Blockchain is the underlying technology behind and prosthetics for reconstructive surgeries, such
cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. It is a decentralized as in bone or joint replacements.
digital ledger that records transactions across 5. Data processing technologies - 3D printing is
many computers. also involved in data processing technologies,
3. CRISPR - Cas9 - This is incorrectly matched with especially in the creation of models for
Particle Physics. CRISPR-Cas9 is a revolutionary simulations, architecture, and design.
gene-editing technology, used primarily in Therefore, all the mentioned applications are correct
biotechnology and genetics, not particle physics. for 3D printing, making d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 the right
answer.
Q.10) "3D printing" has applications in which of the
following? (2018) Q.11) In the context of digital technologies for
1. Preparation of confectionery items entertainment, consider the following statements:
(2019)
2. Manufacture of bionic ears
1. In Augmented Reality (AR), a simulated
3. Automotive industry
environment is created and the physical world
4. Reconstructive surgeries is completely shut out.
5. Data processing technologies 2. In Virtual Reality (VR), images generated
Select the correct answer using the code given below: from a computer are projected onto real-life
objects or surroundings.
a) 1, 3 and 4 only
3. AR allows individuals to be present in the
b) 2, 3 and 5 only world and improves the experience using the
c) 1 and 4 only camera of a smart-phone or PC.
d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 4. VR closes the world, and transposes an
individual, providing a complete immersion
Ans: d experience.
Exp: 3D printing, also known as additive Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
manufacturing, has diverse applications in various
industries: a) 1 and 2 only

1. Preparation of confectionery items - 3D printing b) 3 and 4

is used in the food industry, including the c) 1, 2 and 3
preparation of confectionery items, where
d) 4 only
intricate designs can be created with precision.
2. Manufacture of bionic ears - 3D printing is used Ans: b
in the medical field to create prosthetics, Exp:
including bionic ears, for patients who require
1. In Augmented Reality (AR), a simulated
them.
environment is created and the physical world is
3. Automotive industry - 3D printing is used in the completely shut out - This statement is incorrect.
automotive industry for creating parts and In AR, the physical world is enhanced with digital
prototypes, helping manufacturers reduce costs elements, but it is not completely shut out. AR
and improve efficiency. overlays digital information onto the real world,
allowing the user to interact with both.

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2. In Virtual Reality (VR), images generated from 3. Collecting breath samples from spouting
a computer are projected onto real-life objects or whales for DNA analysis At the present level
surroundings - This statement is incorrect. In VR, of technology
the user is fully immersed in a computer- Which of the above activities can be successfully
generated environment, and real-life objects are carried out by using drones?
not projected onto it. It is a simulated environment
that replaces the real world. a) 1 and 2 only
3. AR allows individuals to be present in the world b) 2 and 3 only
and improves the experience using the camera of c) 1 and 3 only
a smartphone or PC - This statement is correct.
AR enhances the real world by overlaying digital d) 1, 2 and 3
content, and it often uses devices like smartphones Ans: d
or PCs with cameras to capture the real world
and superimpose digital elements onto it. Exp:
4. VR closes the world, and transposes an 1. Spraying pesticides on a crop field - This can be
individual, providing a complete immersion successfully carried out by using drones. Drones
experience - This statement is correct. VR creates are already being used in agriculture for tasks
a fully immersive environment that blocks out the like spraying pesticides, fertilizers, and even
real world and replaces it with a simulated monitoring crop health through aerial imagery.
experience. 2. Inspecting the craters of active volcanoes -
Drones can be used for inspecting active
Q.12) The word ‘Denisovan’ is sometimes mentioned volcanoes, as they can safely fly over dangerous
in media in reference to: (2019) areas where humans cannot easily access,
providing high-resolution images and videos
a) fossils of a kind of dinosaurs
without putting human lives at risk.
b) an early human species
3. Collecting breath samples from spouting whales
c) a cave system found in North-East India for DNA analysis - Drones can also be used to
d) a geological period in the history of Indian collect breath samples from whales. Drones can
subcontinent fly over whales as they spout, capturing the
samples for analysis without disturbing the
Ans: b animals.
Exp: Denisovans refer to an extinct species or
subspecies of archaic humans that lived during the Q.14) With reference to carbon nanotubes, consider
Paleolithic era. Their existence is known mainly the following statements: (2020)
through genetic evidence and a few fossils, and they 1. They can be used as carriers of drugs and
are closely related to Neanderthals. They were antigens in the human body.
discovered through the analysis of DNA extracted
from fossil remains found in the Denisova Cave in 2. They can be made into artificial blood
Siberia. capillaries for an injured part of the human
body.
Q.13) Consider the following activities: (2020) 3. They can be used in biochemical sensors.
1. Spraying pesticides on a crop field 4. Carbon nanotubes are biodegradable.
2. Inspecting the craters of active volcanoes Which of the statements given above are correct?
a) 1 and 2 only

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b) 2, 3 and 4 only content, which is effective in repelling mosquitoes.
Citronella oil, derived from lemongrass, is widely
c) 1, 3 and 4 only
used in mosquito repellent products.
d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans: c Q.16) In a pressure cooker, the temperature at which
the food is cooked depends mainly upon which of the
Exp: following? (2021)
1. They can be used as carriers of drugs and 1. Area of the hole in the lid
antigens in the human body - This is correct.
Carbon nanotubes have unique properties that 2. Temperature of the flame
make them suitable for drug delivery, as they can 3. Weight of the lid
carry and release drugs or antigens into specific
parts of the body. Select the correct answer using the code given below:

2. They can be made into artificial blood capillaries a) 1 and 2 only

for an injured part of the human body - This b) 2 and 3 only
statement is incorrect. While carbon nanotubes
c) 1 and 3 only
have impressive structural properties, creating
artificial blood capillaries is still in the d) 1, 2 and 3
experimental stage and is not a widely established
Ans: c
application.
3. They can be used in biochemical sensors - This Exp: The temperature at which food is cooked in a
is correct. Carbon nanotubes are used in the pressure cooker depends mainly on the area of the
development of biochemical sensors due to their hole in the lid and the weight of the lid.
high surface area, electrical conductivity, and 1. Area of the hole in the lid - The hole or vent in
ability to interact with various molecules. the lid of the pressure cooker controls the
4. Carbon nanotubes are biodegradable - This pressure inside. A smaller hole will allow the
statement is incorrect. While there is research pressure to build up more quickly, leading to a
into making carbon nanotubes more higher cooking temperature.
biocompatible and biodegradable, they are not 2. Temperature of the flame - While the flame
inherently biodegradable under normal affects the heating process, it does not directly
conditions. They can persist in the environment determine the cooking temperature inside the
for extended periods, depending on their chemical pressure cooker. The cooking temperature is
modifications. controlled by the pressure, which depends on the
lid and vent system.
Q.15) Which one of the following is used in preparing 3. Weight of the lid - The weight of the lid
a natural mosquito repellent? (2021) determines how much pressure builds up inside
a) Congress grass the cooker. A heavier lid allows the pressure to
rise higher, which in turn increases the cooking
b) Elephant grass temperature.
c) Lemongrass
d) Nut grass Q.17) Water can dissolve more substances than any
other liquid because: (2021)
Ans: c
a) it is dipolar in nature
Exp: Lemongrass is commonly used in preparing
b) it is a good conductor of heat
natural mosquito repellents due to its high citronella

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c) it has a high value of specific heat lamps offer significant colour advantages in street
lighting'
d) it has an oxide of hydrogen
Sodium lamps emit light primarily in the yellow-
Ans: a
orange spectrum, resulting in a nearly
Exp: Water molecules have a polar structure, monochromatic light. LED lamps, however, can
meaning one end of the molecule is slightly positive produce a full spectrum of light, offering better color
(hydrogen) and the other is slightly negative rendering and improved visibility at night, which
(oxygen). This polarity allows water to form hydrogen makes them more versatile for street lighting.
bonds with various other molecules, making it an
excellent solvent for a wide range of substances. This Q.19) Bisphenol A (BPA), a cause of concern, is a
is why water can dissolve more substances than any structural/key component in the manufacture of
other liquid. which of the following kinds of plastics? (2021)
a) Low-density polyethylene
Q.18) With reference to street lighting, how do
sodium lamps differ from LED lamps? (2021) b) Polycarbonate
1. Sodium lamps produce light in 360 degrees c) Polyethylene terephthalate
but it is not so in the case of LED lamps. d) Polyvinyl chloride
2. As street lights, sodium lamps have a longer Ans: b
lifespan than LED lamps.
Exp: 'Bisphenol A (BPA) is a structural/key
3. The spectrum of visible light from sodium component in the manufacture of polycarbonate'
lamps is almost monochromatic while LED
lamps offer significant colour advantages in Bisphenol A (BPA) is a key raw material used in the
street lighting. production of polycarbonate plastics. Polycarbonate
is known for its strength, transparency, and heat
Select the correct answer using the code given below: resistance. It is commonly used in items such as water
a) 3 only bottles, food containers, and medical devices. BPA is
a cause of concern due to its potential health risks, as
b) 2 only
it can leach into food and beverages from containers
c) 1 and 3 only made with polycarbonate plastics.
d) 1, 2 and 3
Q.20) ‘Triclosan’, considered harmful when exposed
Ans: c
to high levels for a long time, is most likely present in
Exp: Statement 1 - 'Sodium lamps produce light in which of the following? (2021)
360 degrees but it is not so in the case of LED lamps' a) Food preservatives
Sodium lamps typically emit light in all directions b) Fruit-ripening substances
(360 degrees), requiring reflectors or diffusers to
focus the light. LED lamps, on the other hand, c) Reused plastic containers
produce directional light, meaning they emit light in d) Toiletries
a specific direction, which makes them more efficient
for street lighting without requiring additional Ans: d
reflective elements. Exp: 'Triclosan is most likely present in toiletries'
Statement 3 - 'The spectrum of visible light from Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent commonly used in
sodium lamps is almost monochromatic while LED various personal care products, including soaps,
toothpaste, deodorants, and other toiletries. It is used

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for its ability to reduce or prevent bacterial released into the environment, may pose toxicity risks,
contamination. However, long-term exposure to high especially if they accumulate in organisms.
levels of triclosan has raised concerns due to its
potential harmful effects on human health and the Q.22) With reference to polyethylene terephthalate,
environment. the use of which is so widespread in our daily lives,
consider the following statements: (2022)
Q.21) Consider the following statements: (2022) 1. Its fibres can be blended with wool and cotton
1. Other than those made by humans, fibres to reinforce their properties.
nanoparticles do not exist in nature. 2. Containers made of it can be used to store any
2. Nanoparticles of some metallic oxides are alcoholic beverage.
used in the manufacture of some cosmetics. 3. Bottles made of it can be recycled into other
3. Nanoparticles of some commercial products products.
which enter the environment are unsafe for 4. Articles made of it can be easily disposed of
humans. by incineration without causing greenhouse
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? gas emissions.
a) 1 only Which of the statements given above are correct?
b) 3 only a) 1 and 3
c) 1 and 2 b) 2 and 4
d) 2 and 3 c) 1 and 4
Ans: d d) 2 and 3
Exp: Ans: a
Statement 1 - 'Other than those made by humans, Exp:
nanoparticles do not exist in nature' Statement 1 - 'Its fibres can be blended with wool and
This statement is incorrect. Nanoparticles do exist in cotton fibres to reinforce their properties'
nature in various forms, such as in volcanic ash, This statement is correct. Polyethylene terephthalate
ocean spray, and biological processes. They are also (PET) fibres are commonly blended with natural
found in natural systems like plant and animal tissues. fibres like wool and cotton to enhance the strength,
Statement 2 - 'Nanoparticles of some metallic oxides durability, and wrinkle resistance of fabrics. PET is
are used in the manufacture of some cosmetics' widely used in textiles and clothing.
This statement is correct. Nanoparticles of metallic Statement 2 - 'Containers made of it can be used to
oxides, such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, are store any alcoholic beverage'
commonly used in cosmetics, especially in This statement is incorrect. While PET is commonly
sunscreens, due to their ability to block UV radiation used for storing beverages, it is not suitable for all
while being transparent on the skin. types of alcoholic beverages, especially high-proof
Statement 3 - 'Nanoparticles of some commercial alcohol, which can degrade PET over time. PET is
products which enter the environment are unsafe for more commonly used for water, soft drinks, and
humans' juices.
This statement is also correct. The potential risks of Statement 3 - 'Bottles made of it can be recycled into
nanoparticles to human health and the environment other products
are still a topic of concern. Some nanoparticles, when

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This statement is correct. PET bottles are widely malfunction of GPS and navigation systems by
recycled and can be transformed into various affecting satellite signals.
products, including new bottles, textiles, and other Statement 2 - 'Tsunamis could occur at equatorial
items. PET is one of the most commonly recycled regions'
plastics.
This statement is incorrect. Solar flares do not
Statement 4 - 'Articles made of it can be easily directly cause tsunamis. Tsunamis are typically
disposed of by incineration without causing caused by seismic activity, not solar storms.
greenhouse gas emissions'
Statement 3 - 'Power grids could be damaged'
This statement is incorrect. While PET can be
incinerated, it can release harmful emissions, This statement is correct. A major solar storm can
including greenhouse gases like CO2, as well as other induce geomagnetic storms that affect power grids,
potentially toxic compounds. Proper disposal and potentially causing blackouts and damaging
recycling are preferred over incineration. electrical infrastructure.
Statement 4 - 'Intense auroras could occur over much
Q.23) If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the of the Earth'
Earth, which of the following are the possible effects This statement is correct. Solar flares can enhance
on the Earth? (2022) auroras, making them visible at much lower latitudes
1. GPS and navigation systems could fail. than usual, even in areas not typically associated with
auroras.
2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
Statement 5 - 'Forest fires could take place over much
3. Power grids could be damaged.
of the planet'
4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the
This statement is incorrect. Solar flares do not
Earth.
directly cause forest fires. Forest fires are typically
5. Forest fires could take place over much of the caused by lightning, human activities, or dry
planet. conditions, not solar activity.
6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed. Statement 6 - 'Orbits of the satellites could be
7. Shortwave radio communication of the disturbed'
aircraft flying over polar regions could be This statement is correct. Solar storms can disrupt
interrupted. satellite orbits, particularly those in low Earth orbit,
Select the correct answer using the code given below: due to increased atmospheric drag caused by changes
in the Earth's upper atmosphere.
a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
Statement 7 - 'Shortwave radio communication of the
b) 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only aircraft flying over polar regions could be
c) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only interrupted'
d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 This statement is correct. Solar flares can cause
interference in high-frequency (HF) radio
Ans: c communications, especially for aircraft flying over
Exp: polar regions, where the Earth's magnetic field is
weaker and solar storm effects are more pronounced.
Statement 1 - 'GPS and navigation systems could fail'
This statement is correct. A solar flare can cause Q.24) Consider the following: (2023)
disturbances in the Earth's ionosphere, leading to the
1. Aerosols

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 2. Foam agents d) Neither 1 nor 2
3. Fire retardants Ans: a
4. Lubricants Exp:
In the making of how many of the above are Statement 1 - 'Carbon fibres are used in the
hydrofluorocarbons used? manufacture of components used in automobiles and
a) Only one aircraft'
b) Only two This statement is correct. Carbon fibres are widely
used in the automotive and aerospace industries due
c) Only three to their high strength-to-weight ratio, which helps in
d) All four reducing the overall weight of vehicles and aircraft,
leading to improved performance and fuel efficiency.
Ans: c
Statement 2 - 'Carbon fibres once used cannot be
Exp: recycled'
Statement 1 - 'Aerosols' This statement is incorrect. While recycling carbon
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are commonly used as fibres is more challenging compared to other
propellants in aerosol products. So, they are used in materials, research and development have been
aerosols. progressing to make the recycling of carbon fibres
more feasible. Carbon fibres can be recycled,
Statement 2 - 'Foam agents' although the process is still complex and not as
Hydrofluorocarbons are also used as foam-blowing widespread as recycling of other materials.
agents, replacing ozone-depleting substances like
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the production of Q.26) Consider the following actions: (2023)
foams such as insulation foam.
1. Detection of car crash/collision which results
Statement 3 - 'Fire retardants' in the deployment of airbags almost
Hydrofluorocarbons are not typically used as fire instantaneously.
retardants. Fire retardants often include other 2. Detection of accidental free fall of a laptop
chemicals, such as phosphates or borates, not HFCs. towards the ground which results in the
Statement 4 - 'Lubricants' immediate turning off of the hard drive
Hydrofluorocarbons are not typically used as 3. Detection of the tilt of the smartphone which
lubricants. Lubricants are usually based on mineral results in the rotation of display between
oils or synthetic compounds, not HFCs. portrait and landscape mode
In how many of the above actions is the function of
Q.25) Consider the following statements: (2023) the accelerometer required?
1. Carbon fibres are used in the manufacture of a) Only one
components used in automobiles and aircraft. b) Only two
2. Carbon fibres once used cannot be recycled. c) All three
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? d) None
a) 1 only
Ans: c
b) 2 only
Exp:
c) Both 1 and 2

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Statement 1 - 'Detection of car crash/collision which rely on the decay of radioactive isotopes (such as
results in the deployment of airbags almost Plutonium-238) to generate heat, which is then
instantaneously' converted into electricity via thermoelectric
materials.
This action requires an accelerometer. The
accelerometer detects the rapid deceleration (or Statement 2 - 'RTGs are used for powering the
impact) during a car crash and triggers the onboard systems of spacecrafts'
deployment of airbags. This statement is correct. RTGs are commonly used
Statement 2 - 'Detection of accidental free fall of a in space missions, especially for spacecrafts that
laptop towards the ground which results in the travel far from the Sun, where solar power is
immediate turning off of the hard drive' insufficient. They provide a reliable power source for
spacecraft systems and scientific instruments.
This action also requires an accelerometer.
Accelerometers can detect sudden changes in motion, Statement 3 - 'RTGs can use Plutonium-238, which is
such as a free fall, and can trigger mechanisms like a by-product of weapons development'
turning off the hard drive to prevent damage. This statement is correct. Plutonium-238 is used in
Statement 3 - 'Detection of the tilt of the smartphone RTGs, and it is indeed a by-product of weapons
which results in the rotation of display between development, although it is produced through
portrait and landscape mode' different processes for use in space exploration and
other applications.
This action also requires an accelerometer.
Accelerometers in smartphones detect the tilt or
orientation of the device, enabling the automatic Q.28) In which of the following are hydrogels used?
rotation of the display. (2024)
1. Controlled drug delivery in patients
Q.27) With reference to radioisotope thermoelectric 2. Mobile airconditioning systems
generators (RTGs), consider the following
statements: (2024) 3. Preparation of industrial lubricants
1. RTGs are miniature fission reactors. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
2. RTGs are used for powering the onboard a) 1 only
systems of spacecrafts. b) 1 and 2 only
3. RTGs can use Plutonium-238, which is a by- c) 2 and 3 only
product of weapons development
d) 1, 2 and 3
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Ans: d
a) 1 and 2 only
Exp:
b) 2 and 3 only
Statement 1 - 'Controlled drug delivery in patients'
c) 1 and 3 only
This statement is correct. Hydrogels are widely used
d) 1, 2 and 3
in controlled drug delivery systems due to their ability
Ans: b to absorb large amounts of water, which allows them
to release drugs in a controlled manner over time.
Exp:
Statement 2 - 'Mobile air conditioning systems'
Statement 1 - 'RTGs are miniature fission reactors'
This statement is correct. Hydrogels are used in some
This statement is incorrect. RTGs do not operate on mobile air-conditioning systems, particularly in
fission reactions like nuclear reactors. Instead, they
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desiccant-based systems, where they help in moisture
absorption and maintaining humidity control. Q30) Ball bearings are used in bicycles, cars, etc.,
because (2013)
Statement 3 - 'Preparation of industrial lubricants'
(a) the actual area of contact between the wheel and
This statement is also correct. Hydrogels are
axle is increased
sometimes used in industrial lubricants, especially in
applications where water-based lubricants are (b) the effective area of contact between the wheel
needed due to their unique properties, such as their and axle is increased
ability to retain moisture and lubricate surfaces. (c) the effective area of contact between the wheel and
axle is reduced
Q29) Fruits stored in a cold chamber exhibit longer (d) None of the above statements is correct
storage life because (2013)
Ans: c
(a) exposure to sunlight is prevented
(b) concentration dioxide in the increase of carbon Exp: Ball bearings are used to reduce friction
environment between two moving parts, such as the wheel and
axle. They work on the principle of rolling friction,
(c) rate of respiration is decreased which is much smaller than sliding friction. Here's
(d) there is an increase in humidity how:

Ans: c ● Rolling motion: Ball bearings convert sliding

friction (which occurs when two flat surfaces slide
Exp: Fruits continue to respire even after being over each other) into rolling friction by using
harvested. Respiration involves the breakdown of spherical balls.
stored carbohydrates into carbon dioxide, water, and
● Reduced contact area: The spherical balls
energy. This process leads to the ripening and aging
minimize the effective area of contact between the
of fruits.
wheel and the axle, reducing friction significantly.
1. Cold temperatures in a cold chamber slow down
This reduced friction allows smoother motion, less
the enzymatic activities in fruits, which in turn
wear and tear, and increased efficiency in mechanical
reduces the rate of respiration.
systems like bicycles and cars.
2. A lower respiration rate means slower
consumption of stored nutrients, delaying
Q31) Consider the following phenomena: (2013)
ripening and decay, thereby increasing the
storage life of fruits. 1. Size of the sun at dusk
Other options: 2. Colour of the sun at dawn
● (a) Exposure to sunlight is prevented: While 3. Moon being visible at dawn
preventing sunlight might slow down processes 4. Twinkle of stars in the sky
like photosynthesis (in living plants), it is not
directly related to the storage of harvested fruits. 5. Polestar being visible in the sky
● (b) Increase in carbon dioxide concentration: Which of the above are optical illusions?
High CO₂ levels can slow respiration to some (a) 1, 2 and 3
extent but aren't the primary factor in cold
storage. (b) 3, 4 and 5

● (d) Increase in humidity: While controlled (c) 1, 2 and 4

humidity prevents dehydration, it does not (d) 2, 3 and 5
significantly affect the respiration rate.

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Ans: c 3. Internal reflection
Exp: An optical illusion occurs when the perception Select the correct answer using the codes given
of a phenomenon differs from physical reality due to below.
the interaction of light and the atmosphere. Let's (a) 1 and 2 only
evaluate each phenomenon:
(b) 2 and 3 only
1. Size of the Sun at dusk:
(c) 1 and 3 only
● The Sun appears larger at dusk (or near the
horizon) than when overhead due to the (d) 1, 2 and 3
"apparent magnification effect" caused by Ans: a
atmospheric refraction and human perception.
This is an optical illusion. Exp: The formation of a rainbow involves the
interplay of the following physical phenomena when
2. Colour of the Sun at dawn: sunlight interacts with raindrops:
● The reddish color of the Sun at dawn is caused 1. Dispersion:
by scattering of light. Shorter wavelengths
(blue and violet) are scattered out by the ● White sunlight is made up of different colors
atmosphere, leaving longer wavelengths (red (wavelengths). When it enters a raindrop, it
and orange). While the color itself is a real splits into its constituent colors because each
phenomenon, the perception of the intensity wavelength bends by a different amount. This is
can sometimes be considered an illusion due to dispersion.
atmospheric effects. 2. Refraction:
3. Moon being visible at dawn: ● As sunlight enters the raindrop from the air, it
● This is not an optical illusion. The Moon can be changes its medium, bending at the interface
visible in the sky at dawn because its position due to a change in speed. This bending is
depends on its phase and relative position to refraction, which contributes to the separation
the Sun, not atmospheric or perceptual effects. of colors.
4. Twinkle of stars in the sky: 3. Internal Reflection:
● Stars twinkle due to atmospheric refraction, ● Inside the raindrop, light reflects off the inner
where starlight passes through layers of air at surface. This internal reflection directs the
different temperatures and densities, causing dispersed light back out of the drop, forming a
the light to bend multiple times. This circular arc.
phenomenon is an optical illusion. Combined Effect: The combination of these
5. Polestar being visible in the sky: phenomena—dispersion, refraction, and internal
● The Polestar (North Star) is visible because it reflection—leads to the formation of a rainbow.
is aligned with Earth's rotational axis. Its
visibility is a real positional phenomenon, not
Q33) Many transplanted seedlings do not grow
an illusion.
because (2013)

Q32) Rainbow is produced when sunlight falls on (a) the new soil does not contain favourable minerals
drops of rain. Which of the following physical (b) most of the root hairs grip the new soil too hard
phenomena are responsible for this? (2013)
(c) most of the root hairs are lost during
1. Dispersion transplantation
2. Refraction
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(d) leaves get damaged during transplantation c) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: c d) None
Exp: Root hairs are tiny projections from the roots Ans: b
that play a crucial role in water and nutrient Exp:
absorption from the soil. During transplantation, the
following issues arise: 1. Crystallization of sodium chloride:
1. Loss of root hairs: ● Physical change. Crystallization involves the
physical rearrangement of sodium chloride
● Transplantation often damages or destroys the molecules into a solid crystalline structure
delicate root hairs, which are essential for the without changing its chemical composition.
plant to absorb water and minerals. Without
these root hairs, the seedling struggles to 2. Melting of ice:
establish itself in the new soil. ● Physical change. Melting involves a change in
2. Shock from disturbance: the state of water (from solid to liquid) but does
not alter its chemical composition.
● The damage to the root system during
transplantation leads to transplant shock, 3. Souring of milk:
making it difficult for the seedling to adapt and ● Chemical change. Souring occurs due to the
grow. formation of lactic acid through the action of
Other options: bacteria. This process changes the chemical
composition of milk, making it a chemical
● (a) The new soil does not contain favorable change.
minerals: While mineral composition is
important, it is not the primary reason most
seedlings fail during transplantation. Q.35) Consider the following pairs: (2014)
● (b) Root hairs grip the new soil too hard: This is Vitamin Deficiency Disease
incorrect; root hairs facilitate absorption and do 1. Vitamin C : Scurvy
not "grip" soil.
2. Vitamin D : Rickets
● (d) Leaves get damaged during transplantation:
Leaf damage may occur, but it is not a significant 3. Vitamin E : Night blindness
reason for seedling failure compared to root hair Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly
loss. matched?
Thus, the major cause is loss of root hairs during a) 1 and 2 only
transplantation.
b) 3 only

Q.34) Which of the following is/are the c) 1, 2 and 3

example/examples of chemical change? (2014) d) None
1. Crystallization of sodium chloride Ans: a
2. Melting of ice Exp:
3. Souring of milk 1. Vitamin C - Scurvy:
Select the correct answer using the code given below: ● Correct. Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of
a) 1 and 2 only vitamin C, which is essential for the synthesis
b) 3 only
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 of collagen. Symptoms include bleeding gums,
weakness, and poor wound healing.
2. Vitamin D - Rickets:
● Correct. Rickets is caused by a deficiency of
vitamin D, leading to improper calcium
absorption, resulting in soft and weak bones,
especially in children.
3. Vitamin E - Night blindness:
● Incorrect. Night blindness is caused by a
deficiency of vitamin A, not vitamin E. Vitamin
E deficiency is rare and is associated with
nerve and muscle damage, as well as immune
system problems.

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