INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT

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Approved by AICTE & Affiliated to GGS Indraprastha University, New Delhi

Internet of Things (IoT)

BCA
Semester: VI

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Delhi-110058
Syllabus

 Internet of Things (IoT): Vision, Definition, Conceptual

framework, Architectural view, Technology behind IoT,
Sources of the IoT, M2M Communication, IoT examples.

 Design Principles for Connected Devices: IoT/M2M

systems layers and design standardization, Communication
technologies, Data enrichment and consolidation, Ease of
designing and affordability.

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Vision of IoT

 IoT envisions a connected world where devices seamlessly

communicate, share data, and collaborate to enhance
efficiency, convenience, and overall human experience.
 It represents a paradigm shift, enabling smart and automated
solutions in various domains.

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Index

 IoT envisions a connected world where devices seamlessly

communicate, share data, and collaborate to enhance
efficiency, convenience, and overall human experience. It
represents a paradigm shift, enabling smart and automated
solutions in various domains.

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D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Definition
 The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical
devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects embedded with
sensors, actuators, software, and connectivity, allowing them to
connect and exchange data.
 This interconnected web of devices creates a smart environment,
leading to intelligent decision-making and improved outcomes..
 Kevin Ashton, a British technology pioneer, formed the phrase
“Internet of Things" in 1999 to represent a system in which
physical artifacts are connected to the internet using sensors.

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 Architecture Overview
Perception Layer:
▪ The Perception Layer is the lowest
layer in the IoT architecture
responsible for interacting with the
physical environment.
▪ It comprises sensors, actuators, and
edge devices that collect raw data,
such as temperature, motion, or
light, from the real world.
Function: Gathers and senses
information from the physical
environment through various devices. Three-Layered Architecture

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 Architecture Overview
Network Layer:
▪ The Network Layer is the intermediary layer that facilitates
communication between devices in the IoT ecosystem.
▪ It includes communication protocols, gateways, and wireless
technologies that ensure seamless and efficient data
transmission between connected devices.
Function: Manages the connectivity and communication
infrastructure, allowing devices to exchange data.

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 Architecture Overview
Application Layer:
▪ The Application Layer is the topmost layer of the IoT
architecture responsible for processing, analyzing, and
presenting data.
▪ It consists of cloud platforms, analytics engines, and user
interfaces that transform raw data into meaningful insights for
end-users or other systems.
Function: Processes the collected data, extracts insights, and
presents information in a comprehensible manner for decision-
making and user interaction.

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Architecture Overview

Five Layer Architecture

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Architecture Overview
Perception Layer: Captures data from the physical environment using sensors
and edge devices, serving as the foundational layer for raw data acquisition in the
IoT system.

Network Layer: Manages the communication infrastructure, including

protocols and gateways, ensuring seamless data transmission between devices and
forming a crucial bridge between the Perception and higher layers.

Middleware Layer: Acts as an intermediary, providing essential services such

as data processing and device management, enhancing interoperability and
connectivity in the IoT architecture.

Application Layer: Presents processed data through applications and user

interfaces, delivering actionable insights to end-users and enabling informed
decision-making in diverse IoT applications.

Business Layer: Focuses on business logic, application services, and data

storage, translating raw data into meaningful insights aligned with specific
business processes in the IoT ecosystem.

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 Design Principles and Needed Capabilities

Designing for a Connected Future

▪ Scalability: Ensuring the system can handle a growing

number of devices.
▪ Interoperability: Devices and systems must work seamlessly
together.
▪ Security: Addressing potential vulnerabilities in data
transmission and storage.
▪ Efficiency: Optimizing power consumption and data usage.

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IoT Applications

Real-world Applications of IoT

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 Sensing and Actuators
Controllers: Process input to make decisions.
▪ A controller is a device or a set of algorithms that
processes the input from sensors.
▪ Compares it to a desired setpoint or reference value, and
determines the appropriate control action to achieve the
desired output
Role: The controller plays a key role in decision-making and
ensuring that the system maintains or reaches the desired
state by adjusting the actuators based on the information
received from sensors.
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 Sensing and Actuators
Actuators: Actuators, in response to processed data, perform
physical actions. Examples include motors, pumps, and valves.
▪ Actuators are devices that take signals from a control system
and convert them into physical action.
▪ They are responsible for executing the commands issued by
the controller. Examples of actuators include motors,
valves, solenoids, etc.
Role: The controller plays a key role in decision-making and
ensuring that the system maintains or reaches the desired state
by adjusting the actuators based on the information received
from© sensors.
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 Sensing and Actuators
▪ Consider a scenario where you want to maintain a room temperature
at 22 degrees Celsius.
▪ The temperature sensor continuously monitors the room temperature,
and if it falls below 22 degrees, the heater (actuator) is turned on.
▪ Once the temperature reaches 22 degrees, the heater is turned off.
This process continues to maintain the desired temperature.

Sensors Actuator
(measure the Controller
temperature) (Heater)

Continuously measures the If temperature gets above certain

temperature temperature then turn on heater

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Basics of Networking

IoT Network Technologies

Communication Protocols Wireless Technologies

MQTT CoAP HTTP Wi-Fi Bluetooth Zigbee LoRa

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D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
 Basics of Networking
Communication Protocols
MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport):
▪ Lightweight publish-subscribe protocol.
▪ Ideal for low-bandwidth, high-latency, and unreliable networks.
▪ Commonly used in IoT and messaging systems.

CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol):

▪ Designed for constrained devices and low-power networks.
▪ Supports simple request-response interactions.
▪ Widely used in IoT applications and resource-constrained environments.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol):

▪ Foundation of data communication on the World Wide Web.
▪ Utilizes a request-response model.
▪ Mainly employed in traditional web applications and services.

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Basics of Networking
Communication Protocols

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D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Basics of Networking
Communication Protocols
COAP: GET, PUT, DELETE

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D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Basics of Networking
Communication Protocols

COAP: GET, PUT, DELETE

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D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Basics of Networking
Communication Protocols

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D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
 Basics of Networking
Certainly! Here's an expanded comparison table between CoAP and MQTT including
Communication Protocols
CoAP (Constrained MQTT (Message Queuing
Aspect Application Protocol) Telemetry Transport)
Protocol Type UDP-based TCP-based
Message Format Binary Variable (e.g., JSON, binary)
Communication Model Request-response Publish-subscribe
Limited or extension- Inherent through publish-
Multicast Support
dependent subscribe model

Reliability Less reliable due to UDP More reliable due to TCP

Suitable for constrained devices Suitable for real-time data and

Use Cases and networks with low event-driven communication in
bandwidth requirements IoT application

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D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
 Basics of Networking
Communication Protocols
❑ Definition of LoRa:

❑ LoRa, short for Long Range, is a wireless communication technology

designed to facilitate long-distance communication between devices.
❑ Unlike traditional wireless technologies like Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, which are
optimized for short-range communication, LoRa is engineered to transmit
data over several kilometers.
❑ Explanation of LoRa modulation technique:

❑ LoRa modulation employs chirp spread spectrum (CSS) modulation

technique.
❑ In CSS, the data signal is modulated onto a chirp signal, which continuously
changes frequency over time.
❑ This spread spectrum modulation enables LoRa signals to achieve long-range
communication by spreading the signal over a wide frequency range.
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Basics of Networking
Communication Protocols

❑ Brief history and development:

❑ LoRa technology was initially developed by Cycleo, a French company, in

2009.
❑ In 2012, Semtech Corporation, a leading supplier of analog and mixed-
signal semiconductors, acquired Cycleo and further developed LoRa
technology.
❑ Semtech introduced LoRa to the market, and since then, it has gained
significant traction in various industries.

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D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Basics of Networking
Communication Protocols

© Institute of Information Technology and Management,

D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Basics of Networking
Communication Protocols

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D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
 Basics of Networking
1.End Nodes:
Communication Protocols
▪ End nodes, also known as devices or sensors, are the endpoints in a LoRa
network.
▪ These devices collect data from the surrounding environment using
various sensors and transmit it wirelessly using LoRa modulation.
▪ End nodes can be battery-operated and are designed for low-power
consumption to ensure long battery life.
2.Gateway:
▪ Gateways serve as intermediaries between end nodes and the rest of the
LoRa network.
▪ They receive LoRa signals from nearby end nodes and forward them to the
network server for processing.
▪ Gateways typically have multiple channels and can handle communication
with multiple end nodes simultaneously.
▪ Gateways are connected to the network server via wired or wireless
connections, such as Ethernet or cellular networks.
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 Basics of Networking
3.Network Server: Communication Protocols
▪ The network server is a central component of the LoRa network responsible for
managing communication between end nodes and applications.
▪ It receives data packets from gateways, decrypts and validates them, and forwards
them to the appropriate application servers.
▪ The network server also manages the network's security, authentication, and data
rate optimization (ADR) to ensure efficient and reliable communication.
4.Application Server:
▪ The application server is where the data received from end nodes is processed,
analyzed, and stored.
▪ It hosts the applications or services that utilize the data collected from the LoRa
network.
▪ Application servers can perform various tasks, such as data processing,
visualization, storage, and integration with other systems or platforms.
▪ They enable developers to build custom applications and services tailored to
specific use cases or industries.
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 Basics of Networking
Wireless Technologies
Wi-Fi:
▪ Wireless networking technology for local area networks.
▪ Enables high-speed internet access.
▪ Standardized by IEEE, with versions like 802.11ac and 802.11ax.

Bluetooth:
▪ Short-range wireless communication technology.
▪ Suitable for connecting devices over short distances.
▪ Different versions cater to various applications.

Zigbee:
▪ Low-power, low-data-rate wireless communication.
▪ Designed for short-range communication in home automation and industrial settings.
▪ Uses mesh networking for reliability.

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D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
 Basics of Networking
Wireless Technologies
LoRa (Long Range):
▪ Long-range, low-power wireless technology.
▪ Ideal for IoT applications requiring extended coverage.
▪ Commonly used in smart city deployments and agricultural monitoring.

✓ Communication protocols and wireless technologies serve diverse applications.

✓ Selection depends on factors such as bandwidth, power consumption, and range.
✓ Each technology plays a unique role in addressing specific connectivity needs.

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Basics of Networking
Wireless Technologies
ZigBee:
▪ Zigbee is a wireless communication protocol designed for low-power, low-
data-rate applications.
▪ It operates on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and is commonly used in home
automation, industrial control, and other IoT applications.

Key Features of Zigbee:

▪ Low Power Consumption.
▪ Mesh Networking.
▪ Self-Organizing and Self-Healing.
▪ Low Data Rate.of node failure or network changes.

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D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
Basics of Networking
Wireless Technologies

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Basics of Networking
Wireless Technologies
Zigbee Alliance:
•Global organization promoting Zigbee.
•Ensures interoperability between devices.
•Drives adoption in various industries.

Zigbee Network Architecture

▪ Zigbee End Devices:
▪ Sensors, switches, actuators.
▪ Limited processing power and memory.
▪ Operate on battery power or energy harvesting.
Zigbee Coordinator:
▪ Main control element.
▪ Initiates and manages the network.
▪ Coordinates communication and security.

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 Basics of Networking
Wireless Technologies
Zigbee Routers:
▪ Intermediate nodes.
▪ Extend network range.
▪ Relay messages and participate in routing.
Zigbee Network Layer:
▪ Manages topology, addressing, and routing.
▪ Facilitates efficient and reliable communication.

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M2M Communication in the Internet of
Things

 M2M, or Machine-to-Machine, communication refers to the

seamless exchange of data between devices without the need
for human intervention.
 In the context of IoT, M2M plays a crucial role in enabling
devices to communicate and collaborate intelligently.

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M2M Communication in the Internet of
Things

 Key Characteristics of M2M Communication:

 Autonomous Interaction: Devices communicate independently,

making decisions based on data received without direct human
involvement.
 Real-time Data Exchange: M2M enables the instantaneous sharing
of information between connected devices, facilitating quick
responses to changing conditions.
 Scalability: M2M systems can scale to accommodate a large
number of devices, creating a network of interconnected nodes.

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M2M Communication in the Internet of
Things

 Importance within the IoT Ecosystem:

 M2M communication forms the foundation of the IoT by

enabling devices to share information, leading to more
informed decision-making.
 It enhances efficiency, reduces latency, and enables a
proactive approach to managing connected systems.

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M2M Communication in the Internet of
Things

 Applications of M2M Communication:

 Industrial Automation: M2M facilitates communication

between machinery and systems in manufacturing,
optimizing production processes and minimizing downtime.
 Smart Grids: In energy systems, M2M allows for intelligent
communication between devices to optimize energy
distribution and consumption.

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D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
M2M Communication in the Internet of
Things

 Applications of M2M Communication:

 Industrial Automation: M2M facilitates communication between

machinery and systems in manufacturing, optimizing production
processes and minimizing downtime.
 Smart Grids: In energy systems, M2M allows for intelligent
communication between devices to optimize energy distribution
and consumption.
 Healthcare: M2M supports remote patient monitoring, enabling
medical devices to transmit data to healthcare providers in real-
time.

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D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
M2M Communication in the Internet of
Things

 Applications of M2M Communication:

 Industrial Automation: M2M facilitates communication between

machinery and systems in manufacturing, optimizing production
processes and minimizing downtime.
 Smart Grids: In energy systems, M2M allows for intelligent
communication between devices to optimize energy distribution
and consumption.
 Healthcare: M2M supports remote patient monitoring, enabling
medical devices to transmit data to healthcare providers in real-
time.

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D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
M2M Communication in the Internet of
Things

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D-29, Institutional Area, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058
M2M Communication in the Internet of
Things

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Design Principles for Connected Devices:
IoT/M2M Systems

 Layered Architecture and Design Standardization:

 IoT/M2M Layers:

 Perception Layer: This layer involves sensors and actuators, capturing real-world
data.
 Network Layer: Facilitates communication between devices and manages
connectivity.
 Middleware Layer: Handles data processing, protocol translation, and ensures
interoperability.
 Application Layer: Implements specific functionalities, applications, and services.

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Design Principles for Connected Devices:
IoT/M2M Systems

 Design Standardization:

 Open Standards: Encourage the use of open, industry-accepted

standards to promote interoperability and ease of integration.
 Modularity: Design systems with modular components to allow
for flexibility and scalability.

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Design Principles for Connected Devices:
IoT/M2M Systems

 Communication Technologies:

 Wireless Technologies:

 Wi-Fi and Ethernet: Suitable for high-bandwidth applications in

environments with reliable power sources.
 Cellular Networks (4G/5G): Provide wide coverage and support high
mobility applications.
 Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN): Like LoRa and NB-IoT for low
data rate, long-range communication in power-constrained devices.
 Bluetooth and Zigbee: Ideal for short-range, low-power communication in
home and industrial settings.

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Design Principles for Connected Devices:
IoT/M2M Systems

 Wired Technologies:

 Powerline Communication (PLC): Uses existing power lines for data

transmission, suitable for indoor applications.
 Ethernet: Reliable, high-speed communication suitable for fixed
installations.
 Hybrid Approaches:

 Edge Computing: Combines local processing at the edge of the

network with centralized cloud processing for enhanced efficiency.

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Design Principles for Connected Devices:
IoT/M2M Systems

 Data Enrichment and Consolidation:

 Edge Analytics: Process data closer to the source to reduce

latency and bandwidth usage.
 Data Fusion: Combine data from multiple sources to derive
more meaningful insights.
 Security and Privacy Measures: Implement encryption and
secure data handling practices to protect sensitive information.
 Efficiency.

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Design Principles for Connected Devices:
IoT/M2M Systems

 Ease of Designing:

 Development Frameworks: Utilize IoT development frameworks and

platforms to streamline the creation of applications and services.
 APIs (Application Programming Interfaces): Provide well-
documented APIs to facilitate integration with third-party services.
 Simulation and Emulation: Offer tools for simulating and emulating
device behavior to aid in the development and testing phase.
 User-Friendly Interfaces: Design intuitive interfaces for configuration,
monitoring, and management.

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Design Principles for Connected Devices:
IoT/M2M Systems

 Affordability:

 Cost-Effective Components: Select components that balance

performance and cost-effectiveness.
 Energy Efficiency: Optimize power consumption to extend the
device's operational life and reduce energy costs.
 Economies of Scale: Design devices with scalability in mind to
take advantage of cost savings associated with mass production.
 Open Source Solutions: Leverage open-source software and
hardware solutions to minimize licensing costs.

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