Physical Science

Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Investigating Principles
Governing Motion
Physical Science
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 2: Investigating Principles Governing Motion
First Edition, 2020

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Development Team of the Module

Authors: Daniel A. Lorenzo
Editors: Joey H. Villanueva, Arlene C. Malaybalay
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Physical Science
Quarter 2 – Module 2:
Investigating Principles
Governing Motion
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to Physical Science Grade 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module
on Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions regarding motion, uniform acceleration,
and the distinction between Newton’s first law of motion to Galileo’s assertion!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed to assist the
teachers/facilitators in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in
schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st - century skills while taking into consideration their
needs.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to Physical Science 11/12 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on

Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions regarding motion, uniform acceleration, and
the distinction between Newton’s first law of motion to Galileo’s assertion!

Our hands are the most represented parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action, and purpose. With our hands, we create, accomplish and learn.
Hence, you are capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be able to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts:

This will give you an idea of the skills or

What I Need to Know competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.
This part includes activity that will check
What I Know what you already know about the lesson. If
you get all the correct answer (100%), you
may decide to skip this module.
This is a brief drill or review to help you link
What’s In the current lesson with the previous one.
In this portion, the new lesson will be
What’s New introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity, or a situation.
This section provides a brief discussion of
What is It the lesson. This aims to help you discover
and
understand new concepts and skills.
This comprises activities for independent
What’s More practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.
This includes questions or
What I Have Learned blank sentences/paragraphs tobe filled
in to
process what you learned from the lesson.

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 This section provides an activity that will help
What I Can Do you transfer your new knowledge or skills
into real-life situations.
This is a task which aims to evaluate your
Assessment level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.
In this portion, another activity will be given
Additional Activities to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned.
This contains answers to all activities in the
Answer Key module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities in
the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and in checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next activity.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once done.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain a deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It aims to help you master
the Aristotelian and Galilean concepts regarding motion, uniform acceleration, and
the distinction between Newton’s first law of motion to Galileo’s assertion. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.

The module consists of only one lesson:

 Lesson 1 – Aristotelian and Galilean Conception of motion, Uniform
acceleration and Newton’s first law of motion and Galileo’s Assertion

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Compare and contrast Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions of vertical
motion, horizontal motion, and projectile motion;
2. Explain how Galileo inferred that objects in vacuum fall with uniform
acceleration, and that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion;
3. Explain the distinction between Newton’s 1st Law of Motion & Galileo’s
assertion that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion; and
4. Cite practical applications of principles involving motion in our day to
day living.

Notes to the Teacher

This module provides learning activities which encourage self-
directed learning. Moreover, your role is to facilitate the learning
process by providing a clear understanding of how to maximize
the use of this module, monitor the development of our learners,
scaffold the acquisition of learning to achieve target mastery
level, and provide positive feedback regarding their progress.

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 What I Know

DIRECTIONS: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is TRUE about Galileo’s assertion about free - falling
bodies?
a. Bodies will fall on the surface of the Earth at a constant acceleration.
b. Bodies will fall on the surface of the Earth at a constant speed.
c. Bodies will fall on the surface of the Earth at a constant velocity.
d. Bodies will fall on the surface of the Earth at a constant projectile.

2. Which of the following is NOT considered part of Aristotelian’s natural motion?

a. A book resting on top of a table
b. Pushing a cart
c. An apple falling from a tree
d. Smoke naturally rises

3. Which of the following is NOT an assertion of Galileo?

a. A body that is in uniform motion will move a distance that is
proportional to the time it will take to travel.
b. A uniformly accelerating body will travel at a speed proportional to time.
c. An object in motion will keep moving; and the external force is not
necessary to maintain the motion.
d. A body will fall on the surface of the Earth at a constant speed.

4. Which of the following is TRUE about Aristotle’s assertion about vertical

motion?
a. The distance of a body is inversely proportional to the time it covers to
travel a certain height.
b. The mass of a body is inversely proportional to the time it covers to travel
a certain height.
c. The acceleration of a body is inversely proportional to the time it covers
to travel a certain height.
d. The velocity of a body is inversely proportional to the time it covers to
travel a certain height.

5. Which of the following is TRUE about inertia based on Galileo’s conception?

a. Inertia is responsible for bringing a body to motion.
b. Inertia is responsible for the continuous acceleration of a body.
c. The amount of inertia of a body is directly proportional to its mass.
d. The amount of inertia of a body is inversely proportional to its mass.

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 Lesson
Investigating Principles
1 Governing Motion
“The physics of motion provides one of the clearest examples of the intuitive and
unexpected nature of Science.” -Lewis Wolpert

What’s In

In the previous module, you have learned how ancient Greeks presented the
concept of spherical Earth, cited different astronomical phenomena known before
the advent of the telescope, and explained Brahe’s inventions and discoveries which
paved the way to the development of Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. In this
module, you will examine Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions regarding motion,
describe a body in motion exhibiting uniform acceleration, explain the distinction
between Newton’s first law of motion to Galileo’s assertion, and identify the practical
applications of the aforementioned topics in our day to day living.

What’s New

Fall for You

Materials: 5 peso-coin, 1 whole paper, meter stick, glue

Setup A Directions : Hold a pen and 1 whole paper one meter above the ground.
Drop both items simultaneously. Measure the time it hit the ground.

Setup B Directions: Attach the pen to the paper using a glue. Drop both items
simultaneously. Measure the time it hit the ground.

Setup A Setup B
Trials Recorded time in seconds
Pen Paper Pen & Paper
First
Second
Third

Guide Questions

1. Give the time it took for the two items to hit the ground in both setups.
2. Describe your derived inference based on the activity.

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 What is It

Galilean Conceptions vs. Aristotelian Conceptions

According to Aristotle, motion is classified as natural or violent motion. He
explained that in a natural motion, a body will move and will return to its natural
state based on the body’s nature and composition. In contrast, a body moving in a
violent motion needs an external force for it to move. However, Galileo disproved
Aristotle’s claims and stated that the motion of a body is not due to its composition.
He further asserted that the motion of a body can be described by measurement
and the changes in quantifiable variables such as time and distance. Lastly, he
further asserted that:

1. A body who is in uniform motion will move a distance that is proportional to

the time it will take to travel;

2. A uniformly accelerating body will travel at a speed proportional to time; and

3. An object in motion will keep moving; and the external force is not
necessary to maintain the motion.

With regards to the concept of vertical motion, Aristotle pointed out that the
velocity of a body is inversely proportional to the time it covers to travel a certain
height. On the other hand, Galileo emphasized that if two objects of different weights
are dropped from a high point, both will hit the ground at the same time.

In terms of horizontal motion, Aristotle mentioned that bodies require force

to maintain horizontal motion. In the contrary, Galileo asserted that if there is no
interference, a body in motion will keep moving in a straight line forever. He
further added that there is no need to apply force for it to continuously move. The
external force will act upon the body not to keep it from moving, but for it to stop
moving.

Lastly, with regards to projectile motion, Aristotle coined the concept of

antiperistasis which is the resistance of a medium in response to the movement of a
body; while Galileo explained that projectiles follow a curved path with a horizontal
and vertical component.

Galileo and his Uniform Acceleration

Galileo asserted using his cannonball experiment that when objects are
dropped simultaneously at the same height, they will reach the ground at the same
time regardless of mass, size, and air resistance. This experiment paved the way for
the discovery of the principle of uniform acceleration.

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 Furthermore, he noticed that falling objects increases
their speed as they go down and he coined this change in speed
as acceleration. His observations lead to remarkable conclusions
that regardless of the mass, size, and shape of an object, and air
resistance, falling objects will always have uniform acceleration
and that, force is not necessary to sustain the horizontal motion
of a body. He further asserted that the speed of a body is directly
proportional to the time it travels a path and that the distance
covered by a moving body is directly proportional to the square
of time interval which implies that the speed of a falling object
Figure 2.
does not depend on a body’s weight but on the time of fall.
Galileo and his
Lastly, using his inclined plane experiment and cannonball
Cannon Ball
experiment, he came up with the following observations and Experiment
conclusions:

 A body moving down an inclined plane increases its acceleration

by the same value after every second.
 The maximum acceleration of a body is attained when the
inclined plane is positioned vertically as if the body is falling.
 Using the law of parabolic fall, he concluded that bodies fall with
Figure 3. constant acceleration on the surface and that gravity pulling all
Inclined Plane
bodies downward is a constant force. In this regard, he found out
Experiment
that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion.

Galileo’s Assertion and Newton’s Laws of Motion

Galileo Galilei proposed the first accurate principle governing motion and
masses in his experiments wherein, remarkable findings such as bodies accelerate
at the same rate regardless of their respective masses and sizes and that force is not
needed to sustain horizontal motion were emphasized. He stated that the mass of an
object is proportional to its resistance to move and that force is not necessary to keep
an object in motion. However, Sir Isaac Newton proposed Laws on Motion anchored
on the findings of Galileo and expounded his assertions. In his first law of motion,
he mentioned that an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an
external force and a body in motion will keep moving unless external force is acted
upon it. Lastly, he stated that a body will only accelerate if an external force is acted
upon it.

Newton’s first law states that, if a body is at rest or in motion, it will remain
at rest or keep in motion unless an external force is acted upon. This postulate is
known as inertia which was proposed by Galileo in his experiment about horizontal
motion wherein, he stated that a body requires an external force to move and that
an external force must be acted upon for a body to rest. On the other hand, the
second law states that the change in momentum of a body is equal to the magnitude
and direction of force acting upon it. He further added that force is the product of
the mass of an object and its acceleration. Lastly, the third law also known as the
law of interaction states that when two bodies interact, both will apply equal
amount of forces to one another in the opposite direction.

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 What’s More

Activity 1 Great Motion Debate

Directions: Based on your understanding about Galilean and Aristotelian concept
of principles governing motion, COMPARE and CONTRAST their assertions
regarding vertical motion, horizontal motion, and projectile motion by completing the
table below.

Concept Aristotle Similarities Galileo

VERTICAL MOTION
HORIZONTAL MOTION
PROJECTILE MOTION

Activity 2 Science Consensus

Directions: Explain the subtle distinction between Newton’s first law of motion and
Galileo’s assertions regarding force and motion by completing the table below:

Isaac Newton Concept Galileo Galilei

INERTIA
FORCE
BODY AT REST
BODY IN MOTION

Activity 3 Graph it All the Way

Directions: Demonstrate understanding of uniform acceleration by analyzing and
explaining the distance vs. time graph, velocity vs. time graph, and acceleration vs.
time graph to explain the situation below.

Situation: Describe the motion of a ball placed on an inclined plane with smooth
surface.

Acceleration vs. Time

Distance vs. Time graph Velocity vs. Time graph
graph

d v a

t t t

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 What I Have Learned

1. The motion of a body can be described by the measurement and the changes
in quantifiable variables such as time and distance.
2. Objects dropped simultaneously at the same height will hit the ground at the
same time regardless of mass, size, and air resistance.
3. Force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion.
4. Inertia refers to the ability of a body to resist change in motion.

What I Can Do

In order to concretize the concepts you have learned from this module,
relate your understanding of the conceptions, assertions, and principles of motion
to the safety on the road/transportation (safe vehicle distance, seatbelt, and
airbags), sports, parachuting and in other practical applications. In addition,
discuss how will you share your understanding of these concepts to others
considering its implication to our life. Lastly, explain how early conceptions and
assertions regarding motion paved the way to modern day understanding of
fundamental principles of mechanics.

Assessment

DIRECTIONS: Read each question carefully. Choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Rising of smoke is an example of what type of motion according to Aristotle?

a. natural b. normal c. reaction d. violent
2. Which of the following is needed to put a body to rest?
a. inertia b. force c. gravity d. mass
3. The resistance of a medium in response to movement of a body is known as;
a. antiperistasis b. force c. inertia d. gravity
4. What will happen if an external force is acted upon a body at rest?
a. it will move c. nothing will happen
b. it will not move d. it will remain in motion
5. What will happen to the acceleration of the body if a marble moves in a
sloped downward plane?
a. accelerates b. decelerates c. nothing d. not determined
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11
 Additional Activities

Rolling in the Deep

Activity Objective: Investigate Galileo’s assertion regarding uniform acceleration by
performing the activity.

Materials: 2 long folders, 1 marble

Instructions: Cut the folder at the middle and create an inclined plane/ramp
indicated on the right as your pattern. Hold 1 marble on 1 end of the plane/ramp
and let it roll. Carefully observe the acceleration and distance covered by the
marble as it rolls on the planes/ramps. Based on your observation and
understanding of the lesson, analyze, illustrate and answer the guide questions
below.

Guide Questions:
1. Describe the acceleration and the distance covered by the rolling ball by the two
setups.

2. What factor causes the difference between the acceleration and distance covered
by the two setups?

3. What do you think will happen to acceleration of the marble and to the distance it
will cover considering factor in question number 2 is not present?

4. What do you think will happen to the rolling marble on a horizontal plane with
initial velocity?

5. Describe how Galileo asserted his conception regarding motion using the activity.

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 Answer Key

rate, A vs. T. the ball is in uniform acceleration.

ant
of time, V vs. T: velocity of the ball is increasing at const
vs. T: the ball covers long er dist ance for a short peri od
3.
to D ertia,
in keeps a body in motion unless acted upon by force body in motion
necessa to sustain a moving body, keeps a body at rest due necessary to keep a
ry
5. A not mass, to & Proportional motion Resists Galileo: not is Force
4. A keeps a body in motion unless acted upon by external force. it. upon exerted
force, external without at rest stop, remains to body and is force external
3. A unless
stationary resists motion, necessary to move a 2. Newton: move
2. B will continuously
traveling a trajectory.
1. A upon friction) and (antiperistasis medium with interacting It height. original
will is similar to the
of body the effect both considers Similarity: component.
Assessment and vertical horizontal a path with a curved follow covered istance d
ent of a body. Galileo explained that projectiles and the uniform
ant movemsis
the
is the resistance of a medium in response to acceleration will be
iperista
C 5. Aristotle: motion, Projectile to move. a body causing distance,
4. D a factor acts force Similarity: move. it to continuously shorter of covering
for deceleration
3. C horizontal motion. Galileo: there is no need to apply force ain and
Horizontal motion: Aristotle: bodies require force to maint the causes friction
2. B setups, both in
bodies. on all force acts gravitational Similarity: time.
1. A nd at the same is reduced covered
from a height both of them will hit the grou
heig ped
ht. Galileo: if two objects of different weight are drop distance and
Know ain acceleration The
inversely proportional to the time it covers to travel cert
What I is body of a the veloci ty Aristotle: motion: 1. Vertica l Activities
What’s More Additional

References

Bayo-ong, Roly., Coronacion, Maria Lourdes., Jorda, Annamae., &

Restubog, Anna Jamille. Physical Science for Senior High School (1st
edition). Quezon City: Educational Resources Corporation, 2017.
DepEd. K to 12 Senior High School Core Curriculum – Physical Science Curriculum
Guide. Learning Resource Portal,
2020.
https://lrmds.deped.gov.ph/detail/14519
DepEd. Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC). Teach Pinas,2020.
https://www.teachpinas.com/k-12-most-essential-learning-
competencies- melc/
Malenab, Ryan., Catchiller, Gerry., Vibal, Pablito., & Martinez, Felipe.
Essentials of Physical Science. Quezon City: Rex Bookstore, 2016.
Punzalan, Jervy., & Monserrat, Richard. Science in Today’s World for Senior
High School: Physical Science. Quezon City: Sibs Publishing House,
2016.
Santiago, Karen., & Silverio, Angelina. Exploring Life through Science: Physical
Science. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing, 2016.
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