Evolution-process of change that has transformed life on Earth from the earliest

beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today.

Scientific Inquiry-posing questions about the living world and seeking science based
answers
Biology- the study of life

Properties of Life- Order, Evolutionary Adaptation, Response to the Environment,

Reproduction,Growth and Development, Energy Processing, Regulation

Emergent Properties- due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity

increases (e.i. photosynthesis occurs in intact chloroplast but cannot occur in a test
tube)
---arrangement is important to construct different things
---our thoughts and memories are emergent properties of a complex network of nerve
cells
---how the parts of a cell, organisms, and higher levels of order, such as ecosystems,
work together

Reductionism- the approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that

are more manageable to study

Systems Biology-an approach that attempts to model dynamic behavior of whole

biological systems based on a study of interactions among the system's parts
---levels of biological organization
------the biosphere
------ecosystems
------communities
------populations
------organisms
------organs and organ systems
------tissues
------cells
------organelles
------molecules

Global Climate Change-has dire effects on life forms and the habitats all over planet
Earth
---global warming

DNA-
---- controls the development and maintenance of the entire organism and indirectly
everything the organism does
----provides the blueprint for making proteins, which are the main players in building and
maintaining the cell and carrying out its activities
Gene Expression- DNA of genes controls protein production indirectly, using a related
kind of molecule called RNA as an intermediary, the sequence of nucleotides along the
gene is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into a specific protein with a
unique shape and function.
----Differences between organisms reflect differences between their nucleotide
sequences rather than between their genetic codes

Genome- entire library of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

Genomics- researchers have shifted to studying whole sets of genes of a species as

well as comparing genomes between species
---High-throughput technology
---bioinformatics
---interdisciplinary research teams

Negative Feedback- accumulation of end product of a process slows that process

---most common
---cell's breakdown of sugar generates chemical energy in the form of ATP

Positive Feedback-end product speeds up its own production

---clotting of blood in response to an injury, platelets attract more platelets

Taxonomy-branch of biology that names and classifies species, formalizes this ordering
of species into groups of increasing breadth, based on the degree to which they share
characteristics

The three domains of life- Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

---Bacteria and Archaea are all prokaryotic(single celled)
---Archaea are closely related to Eukarya as they are closely related to Bacteria
----Eukarya
------kingdoms
---------Plantae
---------Fungi
---------Animalia

Inquiry- a search of information and explanation, often focusing on specific question

Inductive Reasoning- collecting and analyzing observations can lead to important

conclusions

Hypothesis- is a tentative answer to all well framed question- an explanation on trial

---must be testable
---must be falsifiable

Deductive Reasoning- after the hypothesis has been developed and involves logic that
flows in the opposite direction from the general to the specific
Controlled Experiment- one that is designed to compare an experimental group with a
control group

Scientific Theory
--- is much broader in scope than a hypothesis
---general enough to spin off many new, specific hypotheses that can be tested
---generally supported by a much greater body of evidence

Model organism- a species that is easy to grow in the lab and lends itself particularly
well to the question being investigated.

Chapter 2
Element- a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical
reactions

Compound-a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a

fixed ratio

of the 92 natural elements, about 20-25% are essential elements that an organism
needs to live a healthily life and reproduce

96% of living matter- Oxygen,Carbon, Hydrogen,Nitrogen

Calcium, Potassium,Sulfur,and a few other elements account for most of the remaining
4% of an organism's mass.

Trace elements- required by an organism in only minute quantities

Atom-smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

---atoms are composed of subatomic particles
------neutrons
------protons
------electrons
--protons and electrons are electrically charged
---------atomic nucleus-protons and neutrons are packed together tightly in a dense core
---for atoms and subatomic particles are measured in daltons, which is the same as
the atomic mass unit, amu
---neutrons and protons have masses close to 1 dalton

atomic number- number of protons which is unique to a specific element

--written as a subscript to the left of the element's symbol 2He

mass number-the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

--written as a superscript to the left of the element's symbol
atomic mass-the mass number is an approximation of the total mass of an atom

Isotopes- different atomic forms of the same element

----some atoms have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element and
therefore have greater mass

Radioactive isotope- one in which the nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles
and energy, leading to a change in the # of protons transforming the atom into another
atom of a different element

energy- capacity to cause change,e.i by doing work

potential energy-energy that matter possess because of its location or structure

electron shells- each with a characteristic average distance and energy levels
---electrons in the first shell have the lowest potential energy and the ones in the second
have more energy and so forth
----an electron can change the shell it occupies but only by absorbing or losing and
amount of energy equal to the difference in potential energy between its position in the
old shell and the potential energy of the new shell
----absorbing energy moves the lectern farther out away form the nucleus(exiting the an
electron to a higher energy level)
----losing energy moves the electron closer to the nucleus, falling back to a shell closer
to the nucleus(usually by heat)

Valence electron-outermost electrons

Valence shell-outermost electron shell

orbital- the three dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time

covalent bond- sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

--molecule-two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds e.e a hydrogen molecule
structural formula one line represent a single bond(a pair of shared electrons) e.i H-H or
H2, double bond (two pairs of valence electrons) e.i O=O or O2

electronegativity- the attraction of a particular atom for the lecterns of a covalent bond
--the more electronegative the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward the atom
-----non polar covalent bond-in a covalent bond between two atoms of the same
element the electrons are shared equally because the two atoms have the same
electronegativity,e.i H2
-----polar covalent bonds- when one atom is bounded to a more electronegative atom
the electrons of the bond are not shared equally, e.i water
---------oxygen is one of the most electronegative of all elects , attracting shared
electrons much more strongly than hydrogen does.
ion-a charged atom
---cation- positively charged atom
---anion-negatively charged atom

Ionic bonds-the attraction of cations and anions

--the transfer of an electron is not the formation of a bond rather it allows a bond to from
because it results in two ions of opposite charges

(weak)Ionic compounds (salts)-compounds formed by ionic bonds

(weak)hydrogen bond- non covalent attraction between a hydrogen atom and an

electronegative atom

chemical reactions- the making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in
the composition of matter

Photosynthesis-
6CO2+6H2O---C6H12O6+6O2

chemical