COMBATING DIGITAL DIVIDE, ADDICTION, AND BULLYING

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Media and Information Literacy (MIL) encompasses the skills required to access, analyze,
evaluate, and create media in various forms. It is essential for individuals to navigate the complex
landscape of information in the digital age. The proliferation of digital technologies has transformed
how we communicate, learn, and interact with one another. However, this transformation has also
led to challenges such as the digital divide, addiction to technology, and online bullying.
I. Understanding the Digital Divide

The digital divide refers to the gap between individuals who have easy access to digital technology
and those who do not. This divide can be based on socioeconomic status, geographic location, age,
education level, or disability.

1. Causes of the Digital Divide:

• Economic Factors: Individuals from lower-income backgrounds often lack access to

high-speed internet or modern devices.
• Geographic Disparities: Rural areas may have limited infrastructure for internet
connectivity compared to urban centers.
• Educational Inequities: Schools in affluent areas may provide students with better
access to technology than those in underfunded districts.

2. Consequences of the Digital Divide:

• Limited access to information can hinder educational opportunities.
• Individuals without digital literacy skills may struggle to find employment or participate
fully in society.
3. Combatting the Digital Divide:

• Initiatives such as community internet programs and public libraries offering free access
can help bridge this gap.
• Educational programs focusing on digital literacy are crucial for empowering
marginalized communities.

II. Addressing Technology Addiction

Technology addiction is characterized by excessive use of digital devices that interferes with daily
life activities.

1. Signs of Technology Addiction:

• Preoccupation with online activities.
• Withdrawal symptoms when not using devices.
• Neglecting responsibilities due to screen time.
2. Impact on Mental Health:

• Increased anxiety and depression linked to social media usage.

• Sleep disturbances due to prolonged screen exposure.
3. Strategies for Mitigating Addiction:

• Setting time limits for device usage.

• Encouraging offline activities such as sports or reading.
• Promoting awareness about healthy technology habits through educational campaigns.

III. Combating Bullying in Digital Spaces

Cyberbullying involves harassment or intimidation through electronic means such as social media
platforms, messaging apps, or gaming environments.

1. Forms of Cyberbullying:

• Harassment through repeated messages or posts.

• Impersonation or spreading false information about someone online.
 2. Effects on Victims:

• Emotional distress leading to anxiety or depression.

• Decreased academic performance due to distraction and fear.

3. Preventive Measures Against Cyberbullying:

• Education on respectful online communication should be integrated into school

curricula.
• Encouraging bystanders to report bullying incidents can create a supportive
environment for victims.
4. Role of Parents and Educators:

• Parents should monitor their children’s online activity while fostering open
communication about their experiences online.
• Schools must implement clear policies against cyberbullying and provide resources for
affected students.

Conclusion
Media and Information Literacy plays a pivotal role in addressing contemporary issues such
as the digital divide, addiction, and bullying in our increasingly connected world. By fostering critical
thinking skills regarding media consumption and encouraging responsible use of technology, we can
empower individuals to navigate these challenges effectively.
 CITE PRACTICAL SITUATION WHEN TO APPLY KNOWLEDGE IN
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY, COPY RIGHT, AND FAIR USE GUIDELINES
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The creativity of human beings is arguably due to having a superior intellect, humans continue
to survive because of their ability to create or invent technology furthering the preservation of the species.
In contemporary times, (1500-1800) the creation of the human mind is given so much value to the extent
that mechanisms to protect this creation are put in place.

Property rights is defined as the theoretical and legal ownership of resources and how they can be
used. These resources can be tangible or intangible and can be owned by individuals, businesses, and
governments.

Intellectual Property (IP) refers to the legal rights that arise from intellectual activity in the industrial,
scientific, literary, and artistic fields. These rights are designed to protect the interests of creators by
granting them exclusive rights to their creations for a certain period. The primary categories of
intellectual property include patents, trademarks, copyrights, industrial design, and geographical
indication and appellation of origin.
1. Copyright: a legal term used to describe the rights that creators have over their literary and artistic
works and gives the creator the sole right to publish and sell that work. Filing for a copyright is very
important because it protects the form of material expression and is only available for works that are
fixed in tangible form. Filing a copyright is not mandatory but it is recommended. If someone violates
the copyright, then it is called infringement. Part of these copyright and copyright infringement
claims is plagiarism.

Plagiarism is an act of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author
without authorization; the representation of that author works as one’s own, as by not crediting the
original author.
Understanding Copyright
▪ Rights Granted: The copyright holder has exclusive rights to reproduce the work, distribute
copies, perform publicly, display publicly, and create derivative works.
▪ Duration: Copyright protection typically lasts for the life of the author plus 50 years (in many
jurisdictions), after which the work enters the public domain.

Copyright Validity period

Literary works During the lifetime of the author plus 50 years after death
Art 25 years from the date of the creation
Photographic work 50 years from publication
Audio-visual work 50 years from publication
Sound recording 50 years from year recording took place
Broadcast recording 20 years from date of broadcast
Trademark Valid for 10 years and may be renewed for a period of 10 years
Invention patent Valid for 20 years from filing date application
The spectrum of rights
▪ Copyright: all rights reserved; re-use requires permission from the copyright owner.
▪ Creative commons: Some rights reserved; re-use is permitted without permission under the
specification shared in the license.
▪ Public domain: no rights reserved; may be used without permission.

If a particular piece of media is already available on the internet as a resource, then it can be use in.
▪ Fair use: a legal principle stating that one can use a copyrighted work without a license for
the following purposes: commentary, criticism, reporting, research, and teaching. Fair Use is
a legal doctrine that allows limited use of copyrighted material without permission from the
copyright owner under certain circumstances. It is particularly relevant in educational
settings.
2. Trademarks: These are symbols, words, or phrases legally registered or established by use as
representing a company or product. It is a distinguished signs of goods and services that identifies
and differentiate from one enterprise to another: a signature mark. Trademark symbols include:

▪ Registered trademark ®
▪ Unregistered trademark ™
▪ Unregistered service trademark SM
3. Patents: These protect inventions and grant the inventor exclusive rights to use their invention for a
certain period, which is a product or a process that provides, in general, a new way of doing
something, or offers a new technical solution to a problem. Filing a patent provides a consent on the
invention or a way for others to use it. (functional use, establishing the credibility as the inventor or
the creator of that product) it also gives the technical information about the invention must be
disclosed to the public. Example of famous patent: Light bulb by Thomas Edison
4. Industrial design: Protects only the appearance or aesthetic features of a product such as shape,
surface, patterns, lines, or color. Examples: Coca cola glass bottle design and the Vespa motorcycles.
5. Geographical indication and appellation of origin: signs used in products possessing qualities, a
status, or characteristics that are essentially attributed to that location of origin. Example:
Strawberry jam in Baguio and dried mangos of Cebu.

In the Philippines, these intellectual property rights are all covered by the.

REPUBLIC ACT 8293.

AN ACT PRESCRIBING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE AND ESTABLISHING THE
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE, PROVIDING FOR ITS POWERS AND FUNCTIONS, AND FOR
OTHER PURPOSES
Implications for Students
Students must understand these concepts as they engage with various media forms in their academic
pursuits:
▪ Always credit sources when using someone else’s work.
▪ Seek permission when necessary—especially for larger excerpts or commercial purposes.
▪ Be aware that just because something is available online does not mean it is free to use without
restrictions.
Practical Situations for Applying Knowledge in Intellectual Property, Copyright, and Fair Use
Guidelines
1. Academic Research and Publishing: When conducting academic research, scholars often utilize
existing literature, images, or data that may be protected by copyright. Understanding copyright laws
is crucial to ensure that they properly attribute sources and seek permissions when necessary. For
example, if a researcher wishes to include a chart from a published study in their own paper, they
must determine whether the chart is copyrighted and whether it falls under fair use guidelines. If it
does not qualify as fair use (e.g., it is used for commercial purposes or significantly alters the original
work), the researcher must obtain permission from the copyright holder.
2. Creative Works Production: Artists, musicians, and writers frequently create original works that
are automatically protected by copyright upon creation. However, they must also be aware of how
their works can be used by others. For instance, if a musician samples a portion of another artist’s
song in their own track without permission, they could face legal repercussions for copyright
infringement unless the sampling qualifies as fair use (e.g., transformative use or commentary).
Understanding these nuances helps creators protect their rights while navigating collaborations or
remixes.
3. Educational Settings: Educators often incorporate multimedia resources into their teaching
materials. They need to understand fair use guidelines to determine what content can be used
without permission in classrooms or online courses. For example, an instructor may wish to show a
film clip during a lecture; under certain conditions (such as being part of an educational setting and
not for profit), this may fall under fair use provisions.
4. Digital Content Creation: In the age of social media and digital content creation, influencers and
content creators must navigate intellectual property laws carefully. For instance, when creating
videos or blog posts that include images or music created by others, they need to assess whether
those materials are copyrighted and if their usage qualifies as fair use (e.g., commentary or criticism).
Failing to do so could lead to takedown notices or legal action.
5. Business Branding and Marketing: Companies must protect their intellectual property through
trademarks while also ensuring that their marketing materials do not infringe on others’ copyrights.
For example, if a company uses a popular character from a movie in its advertising without
permission from the copyright holder, it risks facing legal challenges. Understanding both trademark
law and copyright law helps businesses navigate these issues effectively.
Conclusion

Understanding intellectual property rights—including copyright and fair use—is vital for
responsible media consumption and production among students. As future creators and consumers of
media content, students must navigate these guidelines carefully to respect others’ rights while
exercising their own.
 COMPARE AND CONTRAST HOW ONE PARTICULAR ISSUE OR NEWS IS
PRESENTED THROUGH THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDIA
(PRINT, BROADCAST, ONLINE)
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Types of Media
Media can be broadly categorized into three primary types: print media, broadcast media, and
online media. Each type has its unique characteristics, advantages, and challenges.
1. Print Media: Print media refers to any form of media that is published in a physical format. This
includes newspapers, magazines, journals, brochures, and books.
Characteristics:
• Tangible Format: Print media provides a physical product that readers can hold and interact
with.
• Credibility: Many print publications are considered more credible due to their editorial
processes and fact-checking practices.
• Targeted Audience: Print media often targets specific demographics through niche
publications (e.g., scientific journals or lifestyle magazines).
Advantages:
• In-depth Coverage: Print allows for longer articles and more comprehensive coverage of
topics.
• Less Distraction: Readers may find it easier to focus on print material without the
distractions present in digital formats.
Challenges:
• Declining Readership: With the rise of digital media, print readership has been declining.
• Production Costs: Printing and distribution involve significant costs compared to digital
formats.
2. Broadcast Media: Broadcast media encompasses television and radio. It involves transmitting audio
and visual content to a wide audience through electromagnetic waves.
Characteristics:
• Real-time Delivery: Broadcast media provides immediate access to news and entertainment
as events unfold.
• Wide Reach: It can reach large audiences simultaneously across vast geographical areas.
Advantages:
• Visual Engagement: Television combines audio with visual elements, making it an effective
medium for storytelling.
• Accessibility: Radio can be accessed in various settings (e.g., cars), making it convenient for
listeners.
Challenges:
• Limited Depth: Broadcast segments are often shorter than print articles, which may limit the
depth of information presented.
• Commercial Influence: Advertising can influence content delivery and programming
decisions.
3. Online Media: Online media includes any content delivered via the internet, such as websites, blogs,
social media platforms, podcasts, and streaming services.
Characteristics:
• Interactivity: Online platforms allow for user engagement through comments, shares, and
likes.
• Instant Updates: Content can be updated instantly as new information becomes available.
Advantages:
• Global Reach: Online media can reach a global audience without geographical limitations.
 • Diverse Formats: It supports various formats including text, video, audio, infographics, etc.,
catering to different preferences.
Challenges:
• Information Overload: The sheer volume of content available online can overwhelm users.
• Credibility Issues: The ease of publishing online raises concerns about misinformation and
lack of editorial oversight.
To compare how a particular issue or news story is presented through different types of media—
print, broadcast, and online—let us consider the topic of climate change. This issue has garnered
significant attention across various platforms, each presenting the information in distinct ways due to
their inherent characteristics.
Print Media
Print media, which includes newspapers and magazines, often provides in-depth analysis and
comprehensive coverage of climate change. Articles typically feature extensive research, expert opinions,
and detailed statistics. For instance, a newspaper article might include interviews with scientists and
policymakers, providing readers with a nuanced understanding of the complexities surrounding climate
change. The layout allows for infographics that can visually represent data trends over time, such as
rising global temperatures or carbon emissions.
Moreover, print articles tend to have a longer shelf life compared to other media forms. Readers
can revisit articles for reference or deeper understanding. However, print media may struggle with
timeliness; by the time an article is published, new developments may have occurred that are not
reflected in the text.
Broadcast Media
Broadcast media encompasses television and radio news programs. These platforms often
prioritize immediacy and visual storytelling. A news segment on climate change might feature live reports
from affected areas (e.g., regions experiencing wildfires or flooding), interviews with eyewitnesses, and
expert commentary delivered in a concise format suitable for short attention spans.
The use of visuals—such as footage of natural disasters or animated graphics illustrating climate
data—enhances audience engagement but may oversimplify complex issues due to time constraints.
Broadcast segments are typically shorter than print articles; thus, they focus on key points rather than
exhaustive analysis. Additionally, broadcast media can reach a wider audience quickly but may lack the
depth found in print journalism.
Online Media
Online media includes websites, social media platforms, blogs, and digital news outlets. This
medium offers unparalleled immediacy; news about climate change can be updated in real-time as new
information becomes available. Online articles often incorporate multimedia elements like videos,
interactive maps, and hyperlinks to related content that enrich the reader’s experience.
Social media plays a crucial role in shaping public discourse around climate change by facilitating
discussions among users worldwide. Hashtags can trend globally during significant events (e.g.,
international climate strikes), amplifying awareness and mobilizing action quickly. However, the rapid
spread of information online also raises concerns about misinformation and sensationalism.
KEY POINTS TO REMEMBER:

• Print Media: Offers depth and thorough analysis but lacks immediacy.
• Broadcast Media: Provides timely updates with engaging visuals but often oversimplifies
complex issues.
• Online Media: Combines immediacy with multimedia elements but can contribute to
misinformation.
Media Convergence
Media convergence refers to the merging of traditional media forms with digital technologies. In the
context of COVID-19 reporting, convergence is evident when print articles are shared online or when
broadcast segments are made available as podcasts or streamed on social media platforms. This blending
allows for a richer dissemination of information where audiences can access multiple formats
simultaneously.
For instance:
 • A newspaper article about vaccine distribution may be accompanied by an infographic shared on
social media.
• A television news report could link viewers to an online forum for discussion or further reading.
• Podcasts featuring expert interviews may reference articles from reputable journals for deeper
insights into specific topics related to the pandemic.
This convergence enhances audience engagement but also raises questions about source reliability and
editorial standards across different platforms.
In conclusion Each type of media plays a crucial role in disseminating information to the public.
While print offers depth and credibility, broadcast provides immediacy and engagement. Online media
excels in interactivity but faces challenges regarding information overload and credibility. Understanding
these differences is essential for consumers navigating today’s complex information landscape. The
phenomenon of media convergence further enriches this landscape by allowing audiences to interact
with content in diverse ways.
EXPLAIN HOW THE EVOLUTION OF MEDIA FROM TRADITIONAL TO NEW
MEDIA SHAPED THE VALUES AND NORMS OF PEOPLE AND SOCIETY
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The evolution of media from traditional forms, such as print and broadcast, to new media,
including digital platforms and social networks, has significantly shaped the values and norms of
people and society. This transformation can be understood through several key dimensions:
accessibility, interactivity, immediacy, diversity of voices, and the impact on social behavior.
1. Accessibility - Traditional media was often characterized by limited access; newspapers were
physically distributed, radio waves were regulated, and television broadcasts required specific
infrastructure. This exclusivity meant that information was controlled by a few entities—large
corporations or government bodies—that dictated what content was available to the public.
With the advent of new media, particularly the internet and mobile technology, access to
information has become democratized. People can now create content and share it widely without
needing significant resources. This shift has fostered a culture where individuals feel empowered
to express their opinions and share their experiences. The value placed on individual voices has
increased dramatically, leading to a more participatory culture where norms around authority and
expertise are challenged.

2. Interactivity - Traditional media typically operated on a one-to-many model; audiences received

information passively without much opportunity for engagement or feedback. In contrast, new
media promotes interactivity. Social media platforms allow users not only to consume content but
also to comment on it, share it, and even create their own narratives.
This shift towards interactivity has altered societal norms regarding communication. People
now expect dialogue rather than monologue; they seek engagement with brands, politicians, and
each other. The value of community input is emphasized in this environment—crowdsourcing
ideas or opinions is commonplace—and this has led to a greater appreciation for collaboration
over hierarchical structures.

3. Immediacy - The speed at which information travels has drastically changed with new media.
Traditional news cycles operated on daily or weekly schedules; breaking news could take hours or
days to reach the public. In contrast, social media platforms provide real-time updates that can
spread globally within minutes.
This immediacy shapes societal values around urgency and responsiveness. Audiences
have come to expect quick reactions from institutions during crises or significant events (e.g.,
natural disasters or political upheavals). As a result, there is an increased pressure on
organizations to maintain transparency and accountability in their communications—a norm that
influences how businesses operate and how governments engage with citizens.

4. Diversity of Voices - Traditional media often reflected dominant cultural narratives while
marginalizing minority perspectives due to economic constraints or editorial biases. New media
platforms have enabled a broader range of voices to be heard—from underrepresented
communities to niche interest groups—allowing for a richer tapestry of societal discourse.
This diversification fosters empathy and understanding among different cultural groups as
people are exposed to various viewpoints that challenge preconceived notions. Norms surrounding
inclusivity have gained traction as audiences demand representation across all forms of media
content—from advertising campaigns to television shows—reflecting changing societal values
toward equality.

5. Impact on Social Behavior - The rise of new media has also influenced social behavior
significantly. Online interactions can lead to both positive outcomes (such as community building)
and negative consequences (like cyberbullying). The anonymity afforded by many online platforms
can embolden individuals to express themselves in ways they might not in face-to-face
interactions.
Moreover, the phenomenon of “echo chambers” arises when users curate their feeds based
on personal beliefs, leading them into isolated communities that reinforce existing views rather
than challenge them. This aspect raises questions about critical thinking skills among audiences
as they navigate vast amounts of information online.
THE EVOLUTION OF MEDIA FROM TRADITIONAL TO NEW MEDIA
1. Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700s)-People discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and
forged weapons and tools with stone, bronze, copper, and iron.
• Cave paintings (35,000 BC)
• Papyrus in Egypt (2500 BC)
• The Clay tablets in Mesopotamia (2400 BC)
o The early writing tablet recording the allocation of beer, 3100-3000 B. C.E
• Printing press using wood blocks (220 AD)
o Originated in China, it is technique or printing text, images or patterns used widely
throughout East Asia.
• Dibao in China (2nd Century)
o The only official government newspaper published by the ancient Chinese central
government in different dynasties. (Palace Report)
• Acta Diurna in Rome (130 BC)
o Their original content included results of legal proceedings and outcomes of trials.
Later the content was expanded to public notices and announcements and other
noteworthy information such as prominent births, marriages, and deaths.
• Codex in the Mayan region (5th Century)
o Maya codices (singular codex) are folding books written by the pre–Columbian Maya
civilization in Maya hieroglyphic script on Mesoamerican bark cloth.

2. Industrial Age (1700s-1930s) - People used the power of steam, developed machine tools,
established iron production, and the manufacturing of various products (including books through
the printing press)
• Printing press for mass production (19th century)
• Newspaper- The London Gazette (1640)
o a newspaper for official information and record. Published from Monday to Friday,
The London Gazette is most widely used to search for recipients of military honors
and awards, but it also contains information on many other subjects.
• Typewriter (1800)
• Telegraph
• Telephone (1876)
o Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell independently designed devices that could
transmit speech electrically.
o “Mr. Watson come here.”
• Motion picture photography/projection (1890)
• Commercial motion pictures (1913)
• Motion picture with sound (1926)

3. Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)- The invention of the transistor ushered in the electronic age.
People harnessed the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and
the early computers. In this age, long distance communication became more efficient.
The transistor is a device that can amplify electrical signals and switch them on and off. It
was invented in 1947–48 by three American physicists, John Bardeen, Walter H. Brattain, and
William B. Shockley, at the American Telephone and Telegraph Company’s Bell Laboratories

• Transistor Radio (1954)

• Television (1941)
• Large electronic computers- i.e., Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator EDSAC
(1949) and Universal Automatic Computer UNIVAC 1 (1951)
• Mainframe computers or a big Iron - i.e., International Business machine IBM 704 (1960)
• Personal computers - i.e., Hewlett Packard 9100A (1968), Apple 1 (1976)
• Over Head Projector OHP 1866, LCD projectors (Late 1980’s

4. Information Age (1900s-2000s)- The Internet paved the way for faster communication and the
creation of the social network. People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of
personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound, and
data are digitalized. In present time we are now living in the Digital age.
• Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet Explorer (1995)
• Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal (1999), WordPress (2003)
 • Social networks: Friendster (2002), Multiply (2003), Facebook (2004)
• Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007)
• Video: YouTube (2005)
• Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality (1968)
• Video chat: Skype (2003), Google Hangouts (2013)
• Search Engines: Google (1996), Yahoo (1995)
• Portable computers- laptops (1980), netbooks (2008), tablets (1993)
• Smart phone 1992—The First Smartphone Came Out
o In 1992, IBM announced the very first smartphone. It released the Simon Personal
Communicator (SPC) for purchase in 1994.
• Wearable Technologies
• Cloud and Big Data

The Evolution of Media in the Philippines

• 1500 – Pre-colonial: Baybayin or Alibata (referred to in Unicode as the

Tagalog content) is a pre-Hispanic Philippine composition framework that started
from the Javanese content Old Kawi. The written work framework is an individual
from the Brahmic family and is accepted to be being used as ahead of schedule as
the fourteenth century. It kept on being used amid the Spanish colonization of the
Philippines up until the late nineteenth Century. The term baybayin implies
spelling.
• 1800- Print Industry and Filipino Freedom: Philippines was acquainted
with books, magazines, and daily papers like "La Solidaridad" by the Spaniards who
colonized the Philippines for around 333 years. American colonialization left a
blemish on the press and molded its style: a flourid lingua, a nonpartisan state of
mind, matched with the commitment of obstinate and prevalent writers.
• 1890 – Broadcast Industry: The first telephone system of the country began
its operations, and the whole archipelago enjoyed this system of information and
communication exchange.
• 1897 – European Film Import: The cinematography film camera and
projector developed by the Lumpier siblings got through the Spanish fighter named
Carlo Naquera. Naquera demonstrated a few Spanish-dialect movies to choose
gatherings of people in 1987.
• 1922 - During this time, the Filipinos readily accepted radio news and
entertainment programs, and local businessmen, who recognized its profitability,
established their own radio stations to advertise their products and services. A couple
of 50-watt radio stations were established in Pasay and in Manila by Henry Hermann.
• 1980 – Electronic Age: Broadcast or storage media that exploits electronic
innovation. They may incorporate TV, radio, Web, fax, Disc ROMs, DVD, and some
other medium that requires power or computerized encoding of data. The term
'electronic media' is regularly utilized as a part of appearing differently in relation to
print media.
• 1994 – Local Online Media: Benjie Tan, who was working for ComNet, an
organization that provided Cisco switches to the Philnet venture, set up Philippine's
first association with the Web at a PLDT arrange focus on Makati City. Presently, he
presented a short message on the Usenet newsgroup soc.culture.filipino to ready
Filipinos abroad that a connection had been made. As of Walk 29, 1994 at 1:15 am
Philippine time.
• 2011 - Philippines was names as the "Social Media Capital of the World"

In summary, the evolution from traditional to new media has reshaped societal values by
enhancing accessibility and interactivity while promoting diversity of voices, ultimately
influencing social behaviors in profound ways.
 DISCUSS RESPONSIBLE USE OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION
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Technology has changed communication and information platforms. In a present time more
than 2 billion people around the world use Facebook, the most popular is the social media platform
to get news, communicate with family, and stay in touch with old friends.
The Importance of Responsible Media Use
Responsible media use is crucial in today’s digital age, where information is readily available
at our fingertips. With the rise of social media, online news outlets, and other digital platforms, it’s
essential to understand the impact of media on our lives and the importance of using it responsibly.
Social media has indeed changed our lives, during in the times of pandemic we are witnessing
how it delivers easy access to communication and information, however if we don’t learn how to use
it responsibly it could have devastated consequence for our lives including society.
The Impact of Media on Society
Media has a significant influence on our perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. It can shape
our opinions, influence our emotions, and even affect our relationships. The media we consume can
also impact our mental and physical health, with excessive screen time linked to increased stress,
anxiety, and decreased attention span.
Media can be unhealthy if use in an irresponsible way, here are the following examples:
1. Distraction and loss of productivity
2. Addiction
3. Stress and mood
In a 2014 study by some researchers, they have found out that the longer people are active in
social media the more negative their mood is afterwards. Negative online interaction such as flame
wars are correlated to anxiety.
FLAME WARS is a series of angry, critical, or disparaging comments by two or more people in an
ongoing online argument.
FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) is a form of anxiety that you get when you fear missing out on a positive
experience that someone else is having.
4. Social isolation
In a 2017 study in America, they found that among people at ages 19 and 32, the people who
spent more time on social media were twice as likely to report feelings of social isolation.
The irony is social media was created to bring people closer together, the problem is people
often feel temporarily fulfilled with an online interaction, so they don’t pursue a more fulfilling real
world one, over time these limited interactions form most of their social life, and they feel isolated as
a result.
This is true in a lot of homes today; every family member gets so busy with their mobile phones
that they forget to talk about their relationship problems and joy. Social media isn’t bad, in fact it is
one of the important tools of communication. As we widely use it today for our business, for
entertainment, for education, and for staying up to date. But if its use is abused it could turn into a
bad media for people. So, if you want to hold a good or at least a neutral place in your life, it’s up to
you to take the necessary measures to use social media responsibly.
The following are some examples of the responsible use of media when you’re at home.
1. Turn off notification while doing something important.
2. Limit your screen time.
3. Note the quality of your online interaction.
4. Beware of what you post and share online.
5. Go for more offline interaction.
Responsible Media Consumption
So, what can we do to use media responsibly? Firstly, it’s essential to be aware of our own
biases and to seek out diverse perspectives. We should also be cautious of sources with a vested
interest in promoting a particular agenda or ideology. Secondly, we should verify information through
reputable sources before accepting it as true. This involves fact-checking, evaluating evidence, and
considering multiple sources.
To use media and information responsibly, you should:
1. Own your image, personal information and how these are used.
2. Pay close attention to the Terms of Use on apps and websites.
3. Obtain permissions when posting videos or images of others on your networks.
4. Scrub your accounts.
5. Password diligence.
6. Check the authenticity of the information.
7. Check the origin of the information to avoid mistakes.
8. Never post something too personal like bank numbers, address or anything that might put you
in jeopardy.
9. Always consider one’s privacy.
10. In detecting biases in media, look for the sources if it involves political perspectives.
11. Not carelessly post content.
12. No need to include detailed information.
13. Maintain ethics in information media.
14. Always be alert and don't believe it right away.
15. Always fact-checked

The Dangers of Misinformation

One of the most significant concerns with media use is the spread of misinformation. False or
misleading information can lead to confusion, mistrust, and even harm. The prolife ration of fake
news, propaganda, and disinformation can have serious consequences, including the erosion of trust
in institutions, the manipulation of public opinion, and the undermining of democracy.
There are two major issues in our information use, the spread of fake information and plagiarism.
1. Fake information or fake news is categorized into two types, misinformation, and
disinformation.
• Misinformation is false information that is intentionally or unintentionally
disseminated in the media.
• Disinformation is intended to convince online users to favor a group or individuals’
political perspective.
Misinformation and disinformation can be addressed if we are responsible in our information use, we
must be critical thinkers in dealing with the information we see or read online. The following are the
ways to handle misinformation and disinformation.

• Always check the source and author of the information.

• Check the date of publication.
• Always fact check.

2. Plagiarism is the act of using another author’s language, thoughts, ideas, or expression as
one’s original work.
According to plagiarism.org, plagiarism is an act of fraud, it involves both stealing someone else’s
work and lying about it afterwards.
Being Media and Information Literate Individual
There are two factors that can influence you to become a media and information literate
individual. One is clarifying your goals and motivations for seeking information. The greater your
need, the more effort you exert to become selective of the information at your disposal. Second is
acquiring more skills in discerning, appreciating, and filtering information. This involves being more
media savvy and better acquainted with information sources.
 When you are literate, you are expected to be intellectually critical in interpreting the
things that you see and experience around you. You can decode and have a deeper understanding
of how things are and how they work, being literate means empowering you to be able to affect change
to yourself and to others.
Critical Thinking Skills
Critical thinking is the ability to evaluate the kind of information you access and share, which
is a very vital skill as producers and consumers of information. Being critical means being capable of
judging the merit of something based on certain standards or parameters.
Critical Thinking and Media Literacy
To combat the negative effects of media, it’s essential to develop critical thinking and media
literacy skills. This involves being able to evaluate information, identify biases, and recognize the
difference between fact and opinion. Media literacy education can help individuals develop these
skills, enabling them to navigate the complex media landscape with confidence and discernment.
The media literate person is in control of his or her media experiences because they understand
the basic conventions of various media and enjoy their uses in the deliberately conscious manner.
The Role of Media Creators and Distributors
Media creators and distributors also have a responsibility to promote responsible media use. They
should strive to provide accurate, balanced, and unbiased information, and avoid
sensationalism and clickbait headlines. They should also be transparent about their sources,
methods, and potential biases, and be willing to correct errors and apologize for mistakes.
GENERAL KEY POINTS to remember on how to become a responsible user of media and information.
1. Don’t get too attached to the media.
2. Respect other people’s opinions and ideas on social media.
3. Observe proper conduct online.
4. Do not share fake information.
5. Be a critical thinker.
6. Don’t Plagiarize
7. Think before you click.
Netiquette refers to the set of rules and guidelines that govern online behavior and communication,
ensuring that individuals interact with each other in a respectful, considerate, and responsible
manner on the internet.
In conclusion responsible media use is a shared responsibility that requires effort and
commitment from individuals, media creators, and distributors. By being aware of the impact of
media, developing critical thinking and media literacy skills, and promoting responsible media
consumption, we can create a more informed, engaged, and critically thinking society.
IDENTIFY THE SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AND AMONG
MEDIA LITERACY, INFORMATION LITERACY, AND TECHNOLOGY
LITERACY
(MIL11/12IMILIIIa-2)

During the Covid19 pandemic, online activities had greatly increased, mainly because
of going out is too risky that is why social media has been our companion to shop, to market
business, to entertain and to keep us informed about what is happening outside, and now it
is widely used for education.
In a present time, most of us are now social media independent, thus the frequency of
our media consumption and exposure makes us prone to common and serious problem on
media and information such as follows:

• Cyber addiction • Identity theft

• Misinformation • Cyber bullying
• Disinformation • Other Mistreats
This is the main reason why we need to learn the 3-learning competency in MIL. Now
a days our generation is widely influenced by media, so it is important to determine whether
the information encountered is true or not. Remember not all information on the internet is
true, because anybody who has access to the world wide web and people who can post and
share information can put up anything online which can lead to misinformation and
disinformation. Dealing with media, information and technology requires a certain degree of
competence.
Media refers to the means of mass communication that reach a large audience, including
television, radio, newspapers, magazines, and digital media such as social media, websites,
and online videos.
Information is the result of processing, analyzing, and interpreting data, which provides
meaning, relevance, and usefulness to the recipient.
Data vs. Information
Data refers to the raw, unorganized, and unprocessed facts and figures that are
collected from various sources. Data can be in the form of numbers, words, images,
sounds, or videos. On the other hand, information is the outcome of organizing,
analyzing, and interpreting data to extract meaning and value from it.
Information has several key characteristics, including:

• Relevance: Information must be relevant to the recipient’s needs and goals.

• Accuracy: Information must be accurate and free from errors.
• Completeness: Information must be complete and comprehensive.
• Timeliness: Information must be up-to-date and timely.
• Usefulness: Information must be useful and provide value to the recipient.
Literacy is the ability to create, use and understand a certain knowledge.
UNESCO also defines Literacy as the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create,
communicate, and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying
contexts.
Media Literacy is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of
forms. It aims to empower you by providing the knowledge and skills necessary to engage
with both traditional and new technologies. As a media literate person, you must be able to
access, analyze or evaluate and create media.

• To access means being able to recognize the media needed and its availability for your
use.
 • To analyze and evaluate means having the ability to think critically about the
accuracy, credibility, or evidence of bias in the content presented in various media.
• To create means being able to use media tools to produce media content.
Information Literacy is the ability to recognize when information is needed, and to locate,
evaluate, and effectively communicate information in its various formats. An information
literate person must recognize, locate, evaluate, and communicate information.

• To recognize means having the ability to identify information when needed and to use
it efficiently.
• To locate means having the ability to find reliable sources of information or locate
them when needed.
• To evaluate means having the ability to assess whether the information is true or fake.
• To communicate means having the ability to share information effectively.
Technology Literacy or Digital Literacy is the ability of an individual either working
independently or with others, to use technological tools responsibly, appropriately, and
effectively. A technology literate individual must be skillful, knowledgeable and can engage
in online activity.

• Skillful means being able to use digital tools.

• To be knowledgeable means knowing the basic principles of computing devices.
• To be engaged in technology means having the ability to act responsibly in online
activity.
It is important to become a media, information, and technology literate individual to
become more responsible and more careful in consuming and producing media content,
collecting, and sharing information, and utilizing digital tools while participating in a digital
environment.
Media and Information Literacy means having the essential skills and competencies that
allow individuals to engage with media and other information providers effectively, as well as
develop critical thinking and life-long learning skills to socialize and become active citizen.
Media literacy, information literacy, and technology literacy are interconnected
concepts that play crucial roles in the modern information landscape. Each of these literacies
encompasses distinct skills and knowledge bases, yet they share common goals related to
critical thinking, effective communication, and responsible engagement with various forms
of media and technology.
Similarities
1. Critical Thinking: All three literacies emphasize the importance of critical thinking
skills. Individuals must analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information from various
sources to make informed decisions.
2. Empowerment: Media literacy, information literacy, and technology literacy empower
individuals to navigate complex information environments. They enable users to
discern credible sources from unreliable ones, fostering informed citizenship.
3. Communication Skills: Each form of literacy requires effective communication skills.
Whether it involves creating media content (media literacy), sharing research findings
(information literacy), or utilizing digital tools for collaboration (technology literacy),
strong communication is essential.
4. Ethical Considerations: Ethical use of information and technology is a common
thread among these literacies. Users must understand the implications of their actions
in digital spaces and adhere to ethical standards when consuming or producing
content.
5. Lifelong Learning: All three literacies promote lifelong learning habits. As technologies
evolve and new media emerge, individuals must continuously update their skills and
knowledge to remain competent in navigating these changes.
Differences
1. Focus Areas:
• Media Literacy primarily focuses on understanding media messages across various
platforms (television, social media, print). It involves analyzing the purpose behind
media production and recognizing bias or propaganda.
• Information Literacy centers on the ability to locate, evaluate, and use information
effectively across different contexts (academic research, professional settings). It
emphasizes understanding how information is produced and disseminated.
• Technology Literacy pertains specifically to the skills required to use technology
tools effectively. This includes understanding software applications, hardware
functionalities, and digital communication platforms
2. Skill Sets:
• Media literacy involves skills such as deconstructing media messages, recognizing
audience targeting strategies, and understanding the role of advertising.
• Information literacy includes skills like conducting research using databases,
evaluating source credibility, and synthesizing information from multiple texts.
• Technology literacy encompasses technical skills related to operating devices
(computers, smartphones), using software applications (spreadsheets, word
processors), and engaging with online platforms securely.
3. Application Contexts:
• Media literacy is often applied in contexts involving mass communication
channels—analyzing news reports or advertisements.
• Information literacy is predominantly relevant in academic settings where research
proficiency is necessary for coursework or scholarly activities.
• Technology literacy applies broadly across personal life (social networking) as well
as professional environments where technological proficiency is essential for job
performance.
4. Educational Approaches:
• Media literacy education often incorporates discussions about cultural narratives
and societal impacts of media consumption.
• Information literacy instruction typically focuses on research methodologies and
academic integrity practices.
• Technology literacy training may involve hands-on workshops that teach specific
software tools or coding languages.
5. Outcome Goals
• The goal of media literacy is often to foster critical consumers of media who can
engage thoughtfully with content.
• Information literacy aims at producing competent researchers who can navigate
vast amounts of data responsibly.
• Technology literacy seeks to create proficient users who can leverage technology
effectively for personal or professional purposes.
In summary, while there are significant overlaps between media literacy, information
literacy, and technology literacy—particularly in terms of critical thinking skills and
empowerment—they each serve distinct purposes within our increasingly complex
informational ecosystem. Understanding these similarities and differences allows educators
and learners alike to better navigate the challenges posed by modern communication
technologies.
DESCRIBE HOW COMMUNICATION IS INFLUENCED BY
MEDIA AND INFORMATION
(MIL11/12IMILIIIa-1)

Communication
Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person or
group to another (SkillsYouNeed, 2020). It is the process of sending and receiving messages
through verbal or nonverbal means, including speech, or oral communication; writing and
graphical representations (such as infographics, maps, and charts); and signs, signals, and
behavior (Nordquist, 2020). At its core, communications are the use of messages to generate
meaning, both within and across a myriad of cultures, contexts, channels, and media. Through
the effective practice of communications, we can improve cultural, social, personal, and
professional experiences, whether between individual, enterprises or even nations (What is
Communications Studies? 2020).
To better
understand the
communication
process, we can break
it down into a series of
eight essential
components. These are
the eight parts as
presented by What is
communication (2012):

Role Of Media and Information Technology to Communication

Media and information technology play a vital role in globalization. Through these, we
become connected to different people around the world. These have a significant influence on the
modern culture and become tools in sharing information, ideas, personal messages, and other
content and have become more widespread and accessible. Not only that they become sources of
information, but entertainment as well.
The influence of media and information on communication is a multifaceted topic that
encompasses various dimensions, including the evolution of communication technologies, the role
of media in shaping public discourse, and the impact of information dissemination on societal
interactions.
The Influence of Media and Information on Communication
1. Evolution of Communication Technologies: The advent of new media technologies has
transformed traditional forms of communication. From print to digital platforms, each
technological advancement has altered how messages are created, shared, and received.
For instance, the transition from print newspapers to online news platforms has not only
increased the speed at which information is disseminated but also diversified the sources
from which individuals can obtain news. This shift has led to a more fragmented media
landscape where audiences can choose from a plethora of viewpoints.
2. Shaping Public Discussion: Media serves as a critical platform for public discourse by
framing issues and influencing perceptions. The way information is presented—through
headlines, images, or editorial choices—can significantly affect public opinion. For example,
studies have shown that sensationalist reporting can lead to heightened emotional
 responses among audiences, thereby influencing their attitudes toward specific issues or
events.
3. Information Overload: In the digital age, individuals are bombarded with vast amounts of
information daily. This phenomenon known as “information overload” can lead to difficulties
in processing and making sense of data. As a result, people may rely on heuristics or
cognitive shortcuts when evaluating information, which can lead to misinterpretations or
oversimplifications of complex issues.
4. Social Media Dynamics: Social media platforms have revolutionized communication by
enabling real-time interaction among users across the globe. These platforms facilitate not
only personal communication but also collective action through movements such as
#MeToo or Black Lives Matter. However, they also raise concerns regarding misinformation
and echo chambers where individuals are exposed predominantly to views that reinforce
their existing beliefs.
5. Cultural Impact: Media and information play a crucial role in shaping cultural narratives
and identities. Through representation in films, television shows, and online content, media
influences societal norms and values. This cultural dimension underscores how
communication is not merely about exchanging information but also about constructing
meaning within specific social contexts.
6. Globalization of Communication: The globalization facilitated by modern media allows for
cross-cultural exchanges that were previously unimaginable. While this fosters greater
understanding among diverse populations, it also poses challenges related to cultural
imperialism where dominant cultures overshadow local traditions.
While media can be a good channel for communication and a good source of information,
they also pose some threats to users. Among these are as follows.
1. Media becomes a source of misinformation and fake news. These sometimes are utilized to
push personal gain and agenda, making the receiver of the information deceived, confused,
and misinformed.
2. Though the media help us improve the way we communicate; it is also abused by many.
Everybody publishes whatever they want and is unmindful of the consequences of their
posts. Social media made everyone feel that they are allowed to say whatever comes to their
mind, making them say things that they would not normally say on personal encounters, thus
fueling up bullying.
3. Media can also pose medical, social, and psychological issues. What is posted on media
may cause dissatisfaction with body image, creates addiction, promotes identity stealing and
can destroy interpersonal relationships.
Media and information affect communication in the following ways.
1. Media makes communicating a lot easier than before, with the internet enabling chatting
with friends and families through phone screens. It greatly affects the distribution of
information, widening the range in just a short time.
2. Information is the supply of communication, making talking and sharing opinions with
others much more meaningful and with sense.
3. Video conferencing allows teams to collaborate from the comfort and safety of their homes.
4. Text messaging, emojis, and emoticons are other ways media can affect communication.
5. Social media is another way media can affect communication.

In summary, the influence of media and information on communication is profound and

pervasive; it shapes how we perceive reality, interact with one another, and engage with our
communities at both local and global levels.