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Chapter

Cyber - A Digital Cultural Heritage

in a Museum and University
Setting
Ladislav Župčán and Martina Župčánová

Abstract

In recent years, we have registered for the professional and lay public several
published scientific and popularization papers on the use of virtual reality in
cultural institutions, especially from abroad. The applicability of the components
of virtual reality at present is not only dependent on the technical or economic
nature, but also on the degree of mutual teamwork forming the basic framework
of the project. The presented study consists of a theoretical nature in the context of
the analysis of museum virtualization with an impact on positive and negative use
in practice. The purpose of the practical section is direct examples of use in practice
with a connection to the educational environment.

Keywords: museum, virtual reality, cyber-exposition, online exhibition, source

1. Introduction

The instinct of the collector and exhibitor has been present in man since the
earliest phase in the form of cave paintings and sculptural art in the form of
Paleolithic and later Mesolithic Venus. This trend of preserving and expanding
the “art of past generations” took place in all subsequent periods and centuries.
However, it gradually manifested itself as an attribute of preserving and docu-
menting the authenticity of time through objects.
Today’s exhibition language is the product of a combination of current knowl-
edge of science and exhibition practices, knowledge and needs of the visitor of the
21st century. Among the priority needs for visitors to a modern museum is not only
to learn about collection items, but also to examine them in detail, e.g. try them,
touch them, or make a true copy of them. At present, the needs of visitors can be
saturated with technology in the form of 3D printers, as well as the direct craft
creation of castings of selected collection items.
Alternatives to adapting modern cyber technology are almost limitless; from
visual presentations (from educational aids such as PowerPoint, Impress, Kyenote
and others) to the technological creation itself (eg. software - graphic reconstruc-
tion of monuments and collection objects, 3D shapes and forms of architecture
of cities using 3D printing, or 3D Puzzle of world cities and cultural heritage and
others).
Today we can no longer talk only about the form of “help and finding solutions
to problems” but it is necessary to create modern procedures (online presentation of

1
Heritage - New Paradigm

field results associated with video calling, practical adaptation of acquired theoreti-
cal knowledge into practice, for example when researching issues using a virtual
archive, verification of architectural knowledge in constructed 3D and XD virtual
monuments, and the like) in combining the acquired knowledge with technological
advances.

2. Methodology of the study

The research samples were selected according to the following basic factors:

• Constant and stable attendance of selected institutions.

• The scope of digitized collection items and the degree of execution of virtual
reality.

• Necessary economic stability (eg. the largest state support) and cooperation
with the private sector, which helps to create alternative exhibitions in the form
of a virtual presentation.

• Marketing and advertising promotion.

• Multimedia education and interactive research of collections for practical

purposes [1].

Based on the above criteria, several national and specific museums of diverse
character were documented (according to the typology: artistic, historical-patriotic
and ethnographic), which applied elements of cyberculture as much as possible
(2014/2015–2019/2020).
The priority of the research was to analyze the following pitfalls using comparison,
area diagnostics, psychological and axiological methods:

• Virtual interface of the museums website (eg obtaining clear information,

degree of online interaction, etc.).

• The impact of visual design on the visitor or his need for self-education and
relaxation.

• Invoking an emotional experience from a selected exhibition and presentation.

• Empirical experience in demonstrations of the application of virtuality (an

effort to understand collection items and today’s technologies).

• Inducing renewed interest in visiting selected museums.

Register of cultural institutions using elements of virtuality, resp. virtual real-
ity is geographically and technologically diverse. The main criteria in compil-
ing the list of museums for the study that apply cyberculture to their prepared
programs were:

• Combination of classic and virtual exhibitions. A key factor is the degree of

diversity in the design and adaptation of digital collections.

• Offer interaction on the web, even in classic spaces.

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Cyber - A Digital Cultural Heritage in a Museum and University Setting
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• Use of virtual and multimedia elements in the advertising presentation of the

museum. It goes e.g. about the use of 3D videos. This includes design promo-
tion based on the use of technical innovations such as. handheld scanner.

• Experimenting with interactive components of cyberculture during the tour,

such as e.g. tablets, audio-guide devices and others.

• Presentation of development stages of the application of technical innova-

tions in the interpretation of their collections in the form of pilot projects and
short-term exhibitions.

• Applying more demanding components of cyberculture (eg holograms) to the

exhibition process.

3. Deepening the exhibition plans of museums with university practice

From the very beginning, museums have promoted the idea of providing new
facts to those who intend to broaden their knowledge horizons. Such an example
are the collections from the 2nd millennium BC. from the city of Larsa for didactic
purposes. It is education and the acquisition of new knowledge that play a key role
in the creation of museums and their collections. This moment intensified at the
turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, when the foundations of exhibition plans for
the realization of expositions were laid.
At present, we can prove the existence of three exhibition plans:
Syntagmatic plan. The plan was created in about 1750, depending on European
countries. When visiting the exhibition, the social status of the visitor was impor-
tant in the given period, as well as his education. The change in the exhibition plan
came only after 1950, when some of the artifacts were made available to the public
freely. The syntagmatic plan represents a diverse complex of collection objects,
which are directly set in the display case, in the pre-planned space. According to this
plan, all collections should be displayed in display cases or plastic structures.
Syntagmatic plan. The plan was created in about 1750, depending on European
countries. When visiting the exhibition, the social status of the visitor was impor-
tant in the given period, as well as his education. The change in the exhibition plan
came only after 1950, when some of the artifacts were made available to the public
freely. The syntagmatic plan represents a diverse complex of collection objects,
which are directly set in the display case, in the pre-planned space. According to this
plan, all collections should be displayed in display cases or plastic structures.
Associative plan. The plan creates a multi-colored non-linear form of presenta-
tion in a directly reserved space [2]. We can also declare this state on the idea of I.
Maroevič that “the gradual professional elaboration of a museum object leads to the
reduction of ambiguity (museal indefiniteness) through more detailed knowledge,
which is presented through communication levels” [3]. M. McLuhan also drew
attention to the associative plan in the sense of communication in museums in
1967 when creating expositions [4]. The author stated that the exhibition collec-
tions should be exclusively without descriptions, so that the visitor participates in
the interpretation of the facts. This thesis was refuted in the following years, but
nevertheless in the last twenty years, its basic idea in the form of virtual exhibitions
has come to life again [5]. In the associative plan, the education of visitors plays an
important role in understanding the interpretation, social status plays a marginal
role, as museums are accessible to everyone. This condition is currently visible even
at the free entrances of some museums every first or last Sunday of the month.

3
Heritage - New Paradigm

Visual-virtualization plan. The plan began to be used in museums at the turn

of the 20th and 21st centuries. It is related to the gradual establishment of the idea
of “self-survival of values” obtained from the visit to the exhibition [6]. On this
principle, a new digital exhibition language was created. In practice, the scheme is
based on the purposeful intervention of the visitor in terms of his initial interest.
The digital language is directed through several channels and gradually penetrates
the consciousness, with an effort to maximize the expansion of the museum’s
virtual reality.
The basic contours of the visualization-virtualization plan are:
Direct transformation of digitized collection objects into an exhibition hall.
For the visitor, this means moving the collection from the cognitive to the emotional
level. Depending on the technical level, the collections are still available in digital
form in an innovative form. This example is also for collections that have not yet
been made available to the public. Thanks to virtual reality, visitors can explore
collections from almost any angle. Collectibles performed in a virtual form do not
form the exhibition unit itself. In most cases, digitized objects are presented with
authentic collection artifacts. As a suitable example, we can mention a part of the
collections scanned by a 3D optical scanner from the Slovak Mining Museum in
Banská Štiavnica. From a foreign environment it is e.g. permanent exhibition from
the National Museum of Rome (Thermae Diocletiani) or from the Archeological
Museum of Naples (Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli).
Creation of expositions to historical events that have not yet been processed
and presented. In addition to historical contexts, scientific topics also resonate.
Various visual reconstructions in the form of static models or film simulations are
used to achieve the step. Animations can also be linked to interaction. These attri-
butes provide access to current scientific knowledge, which also revitalizes older
claims. An elaborate example of this type is the permanent online exhibition called
“Keys to Rome” [7]. Several museums collaborated on the exhibition, e.g. Museum
dei Fori Imperiali from Rome, Allart Pierson Museum from Amsterdam and more.
The exhibition has been open to the public since September 2014.
By creating various technological constructions depending on the design of
segments of museum cyberculture. In this step, there is an effort to elaborate the
exhibition themes in more detail. As a result, attempts have been made to restore
old exhibits. Archival documentation is used to achieve the output process. A good
example was the 3D exhibition of the most important Italian Renaissance paintings
located in the Louvre Museum. E.g. Using the Nintendo game console, the 3D Mona
Lisa came to life, clipped lashes, nodded, waved, but also answered questions in
seven languages. This exhibition was created using the Nintendo console, and visi-
tors did not even have to wear special glasses to create a 3D image.
Creation of virtual exhibitions and interactive collections that are not located
directly in the museum. In this context, some museums use the so-called multi-
media XD digital objects as well as museum holograms (eg Dubai Museum and Al
Fahidi Fort: ‫ يبد فحتم‬- ‫ )يديهفلا نصح‬to show historical stories. Since about 2013,
we have also registered exhibitions using nanotechnologies (eg the Museum of
Science in Boston) or directly robots (eg the Robot Museum in Madrid), in which
current technological knowledge is applied.

4. Cyberspace - museum (cultural heritage) - university (virtual

education)

Life in society has changed a lot in the last 50 years. Undoubtedly, this is also a
consequence of the technology that, with the advent of classic television sets, was

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already creating a ramp to gradual virtualization. This was most evident in cinema-
tography. Virtuality is one of the basic forms of cyberculture, which is “generated
through fiction and illusiveness in confrontation with mimeticism, emphasis on
identity in terms of ideal presentation and the existence of what is otherwise impos-
sible, inaccessible, and brings a permanent deal with the degree of expression,
disrupted to hyperreality and superficiality... “ [8].
However, we can not understand virtualization purely as a way of visual
presentation, [9] as it is a fundamental phenomenon of network, so-called cyber-
communication. From a sociological point of view, virtuality is an epistolary genre,
[10] that is, writing on the screen, not on paper. This type of writing is mostly used
for communication, especially on social networks and e-mail.
The development of science and technology in the field of communication
and information means has opened up new, previously non-existent spaces. These
spaces are connected by relatively large geographical distances, it is possible to move
in them and create virtual communities. The current consumer population is adapt-
ing space and time, even discovering and explaining the importance of connecting
borders. In this spirit, J. Pašiak sketched the basic scheme of spatial trends, forms
and types of society, which in the course of historical development reacted to the
then technological boom [11].
Similar views arose from the technological and economic predictions of many
authors (eg. D. Bell and H. Kahn), [12, 13] who emphasized the evolutionary model
of post-industrial society. A. Toffler also predicted in 1968 that the main “feature of
cyberculture” would be “work from home”, performed using a computer connected
to a telecommunications network [14]. These predictions led from industrial and
urbanized space to cyberspace and virtual networks. This transformation of pro-
cesses represents a global trend and is characteristic of the civilizational component
of globalization [15].
In the context of globalization, cyberculture has strengthened certain boundar-
ies and barriers between the various strata of society, such as:

• Between people who have access to information and people without access.

• Among people who can work with new technologies and among people who do
not have the necessary knowledge to use technology.

This trend is also applied in museums and galleries through museum digitization
and elements of virtual reality, especially with regard to virtual reconstructions
and high technology [16]. The purpose of museums is not only exhibition activity,
but also the formation of public opinion of the past. Contemporary museums are
exposed to a compromise between authenticity, the display of original museum
collections and virtual pomp in the struggle for their existence. This situation is
primarily influenced by the website and the degree of presentation of digitized
collections to the public via the Internet, which has its supporters and opponents.
A significant shift in information and a cross-section of traffic was also ensured by
Google’s computer application. Google Corporation has launched a project called
“Google Art Project” to unite selected world museums with art and graphics in a
virtual environment using the Internet [17]. The revolutionary idea was to create
a list of the best virtual museums in the world according to certain criteria. The
criteria were e.g. virtual museum with the best exhibition activity, the best applica-
tion of virtual products, animation-virtual stories (scenes), interest of visitors, etc.
The list of museums is expanding every year and even new applications are being
created in the project with the basic intention of attracting visitors to the museum
premises. Currently, the leading position in Google search traffic per weekly click

5
Heritage - New Paradigm

belongs to the French Louvre. The museum currently has the most detailed elabo-
rate graphic design and interactive interface. In addition to the interior, the virtual
tour also offers some of the floors of the museum’s exterior.
In other leading places in the ranking were placed museums, such as
Smithsonian Institute: Museum, NASA Museum or Virtual Museum of Canada,
etc. A rather specific virtual museum is the NASA Museum in Washington.
The museum has an animation-interactive page. The robot in the role of a guide
accompanies the virtual visitor through the history of the American national space
program. The virtual museum is complemented by original, authentic materials
from the archives, photographs and various audio / audio samples.
The museum with the largest number of existing virtual exhibitions so far is the
Virtual Museum of Canada. The virtual museum operates on the basis of a grouping
of physical museums from the territory of Canada. So far, 752 virtual exhibitions
have been constructed. The most interesting presentations within the exhibitions are
considered to be cartoons in 2D and 3D and profile cities. Individual cities are pro-
cessed in a virtual form. It is possible to follow their historical-architectural develop-
ment, or contemporary local sounds from factories, neighborhoods, cars, etc. It
should be noted that the latter museums are located exclusively on the Internet.
The basic forms of museum cyberculture include digitization, internet commu-
nication, cyberspace, virtual reality and online presentation. Defining the concept
of museum cyberculture is complicated for several reasons, such as non-uniform
terminological bases, absence of elaboration of methodological procedures in
analysis of impact of digitization and virtualization of museum artifacts, different
execution of virtual reconstructions on the basis of technical complexity and lack of
financial and marketing promotion [18].
From the museum practice, the most used elements of cyberculture are the
digitization of museum artifacts and the internet presentation of the museum, the
so-called virtual tours [19].
Although digitization is a relatively long-term matter in terms of time and
technology, it is gradually becoming established in the pedagogical environment.
We can observe the greatest manifestation in the creation of digital and multimedia
laboratories directly at universities or in the museum sphere. In addition, the digital
- visualization trend also affected the educational process. Nevertheless, various
forms of application of the components of cyberculture prevail among individual
departments (as well as universities) for the benefit of research and interpretation
of knowledge. This fact is also noticeable in the Slovak Republic, where it is neces-
sary to improve the usability of digitization and work with virtualization in the
university environment. Compared to other, comparable countries (eg Poland, the
Czech Republic or Hungary), this situation is considerably underestimated in our
region, which is also reflected in the acquisition of European projects or the success
of graduates with digital experience in obtaining employment.
In several humanities and social sciences, the adaptation and dissemination of
technological innovations (eg the use of tablets, smartphones, Tesla’s transformer,
etc.) is currently the most prone in the field of visualization elements. The basic
task of virtualization is the presentation and verification of theoretical knowledge
in real form. It is visual practice that documents other research alternatives from
other scientific disciplines.
Currently, the following scientific phenomena are the most preferred:

• creation of reconstruction models of existing collection objects in order to

present them online as a promotional item, as well as for available study (eg the
Digital Museum project, which is under the patronage of the SNP Museum in
Banská Bystrica).

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Cyber - A Digital Cultural Heritage in a Museum and University Setting
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Figure 1.
Example: Life and works of Galileo - a virtual 3D survey [21].

• creation of various collection items (most often damaged or stolen, processed

on the basis of preserved documentation) using 3D printers.

• making available reconstructive museological exhibitions of historical and

social themes in universities (eg “Virtual Exhibition of Slovak Castles” at the
University of St Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, or “History of Scotland” at the
University of Glasgow.). In this regard, it should be noted that most foreign
universities (eg, the University of Denver, the University of Maryland, and
many others) focused on the study of history and architecture on their official
(department) site offer direct virtual exhibits.

• construction of an ideal virtual form of cultural monuments (especially

ancient and medieval buildings: sacral and profane buildings) in a digital
format for the study of the history of architecture.

• virtual animated demonstrations and feature films about individual historical

periods. They are mostly 2D, or. 3D examples documenting the social condi-
tions of the time [20].

• virtual geographical and cartographic plans and maps created using techno-
logical and navigation systems (eg GIS).

• creating simple educational presentations (Figure 1) using multimedia tools

(eg. virtual book) to simplify and explain historical - socio - cultural processes
for high school students (especially grammar schools) and universities.

5. Cyber - artifacts and cultural heritage

In the way of studying and interpreting the nature of complex historical

processes and their connections as a whole, implementation using individual
virtual elements is increasingly present on a global scale. Important promoters
of virtualization include, in particular, German, Anglo-Saxon, Francophone and

7
Heritage - New Paradigm

Sino-Japanese university experts, who apply forms of virtualization and cyberspace

in the analysis of the history of the human population.
This situation manifests itself in several patterns (eg from short clips to rehearsal
and repetition alternatives, etc.), which are accessible to the public, especially in
the online interface. In the educational process and especially in the interpretation
of the history of architecture, especially in the presentation of building changes in
urban planning and differences in the architecture of monuments, we can consider
the following forms as decisive elements:

• 2D to 3D virtual reconstructions of various cultural monuments included in

the then cities (Figure 2). These forms are based on sources of archeological
provenance and also on architectural and historical graphic documents.

• cartographic, geographical virtual plans and floor plans of the then cities.
(Figure 3). Virtual maps as well as books are based on the geography of the
time and preserved maps.

• static and virtual reconstruction models of cultural heritage (layout of

buildings, natural attributes, as well as period sounds). Knowledge from the

Figure 2.
Example: 3D castle Slanec [22].

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Cyber - A Digital Cultural Heritage in a Museum and University Setting
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literature and previous graphic and sound analyzes play a significant role in the
creation. A typical example is the exhibition at The Virtual Museum of Canada
(VMC), which documents one of its exhibitions of the social changes of
selected Canadian cities from the 19th and 20th centuries through old photo-
graphs and period sounds (Figure 4) or he - line exhibition of the floor plan of
the city of the Manhattan district from 1812 to the present (Figure 5).

• reconstructions of the then portraits of the most important figures, which

changed the character of the history of cities (eg kings, statesmen, architects,
etc.). Selected reconstructions are created mainly with preserved artifacts (eg.
sculptures, busts, paintings, graphics, photographs and others).

Today, there are a relatively large number of professional websites on several

Internet browsers that visually process the history of individual European and
non-European cities. Nevertheless, no website (with the exception of the National
American Archive with its own virtual museum) offers the online user historical
[26] and factual interactions (except for pre - stored facts and graphic recordings).
Almost all websites lack the alternative of creating and documenting the history
and visualization of cultural artifacts.

Figure 3.
Example: 3D floor plan of the city of Lucca [23].

Figure 4.
Sample: Exhibition entitled “Urban Life Through Two Lense” at VMC [24].

9
Heritage - New Paradigm

Figure 5.
Sample: Online exhibitions of Manhattan Island history [25].

6. Virtual museums and contemporary pedagogy

Virtual museums are created with innovative technology and represent the most
modern virtual and didactic models. Their purpose is to ensure current marketing
progress, they are part of an entertaining, but mainly educational digital - virtual
space, where we can move, walk, respond to stimuli and gain certain knowledge
[27]. The authenticity of visual - virtual objects and artifacts in a cyber exhibition
depends on the processing and application of current technology. The originality of
a virtual object is not always static, so it is necessary to approach it broadly, as it has
the dimension of the original objects and we can not talk about copies, but illusions
or even reproductions of missing articles that directly create a visual experience, but
many times do not correspond to the original objects. and thus create hypotheses of
the selected object, the artifact [28].
The virtual museum represents a hybrid concept [29] of a physical museum with
digital flexibility of technological and technical equipment, while it has alternatives
such as:

1. Digital collections are independent of physical artifacts.

2. Digital exhibits can facilitate the purchase distribution of replica sales, thus
creating an effort for non-violent marketing and promotion of a cultural
institution.

3. Digital exhibits can be used in another digitization process.

4. Digital, but especially virtual exhibits can be applied in the pedagogical

process in several dimensions.

These alternatives are intended to support the diversity of the use of virtual-
ity, from websites to virtual cyberspace. 2D and 3D exhibition (not to mention
the application of anaglyphs, holograms, but especially the so-called augmented
reality in the presentation process) serves as a tool for education and assistance in

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solving other research hypotheses. The aim of the virtual exhibition is not only the
creation of virtual space, respectively. Cybercocks, but especially the spatial ren-
dering corresponding to the real state of the monument or artifact in the relevant
historical decade.
Impact of museum virtualization [30].
Among the positive elements we include:

• in the long run they are lower costs,

• exhibiting other collection objects and objects not in the given museum,

• association of museums due to mutual cooperation and creation of joint

projects,

• virtual reality is more personal than ordinary means of communication such as

e-mails or social networks,

• virtuality has socio-sociological significance regardless of language, age

and gender,

• the virtual reality community forms a whole without the influence of the
geographical environment,

• virtual reality helps to more effective and productive communication between

individual scientific disciplines,

• each individual can find their own territory of interest,

• the space of virtual reality offers complete free communication with the world.

Among the negative elements we include:

• lack of personal contact with collection items,

• hypothetical conclusions of newly created objects,

• loss of radiation and radiation from original collection items,

• restriction, even loss of social life and erosion of interpersonal relationships,

• virtual interaction gradually replaces social communication and discussion in

the public,

• greater socio-property differentiation in society and increasing industrializa-

tion of everyday life,

• the virtual environment provides the risks of various hypotheses,

• virtual reality in some cases brings worthlessness, even insignificance of

personalities, leading to destructive features,

• deterioration of the health status of users, especially the possible occurrence of

ophthalmological, mental and neurological disorders.

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Heritage - New Paradigm

7. A few words in conclusion

We can observe urban changes in culture in several spheres, but especially in

the way of perceiving art and presenting cultural heritage. Today, it is no longer
enough for visitors to present facts, as was the case in the past. It is necessary to
process the overall context and create a diverse art and life of previous generations.
Cyberculture components can handle this attribute.
We can also observe a fundamental change in the influence of cyberculture in
museums, when documenting in the form of exhibition, educational and scientific
activities. Cyberculture in the presentation and protection of cultural heritage can
modify the basic emotional elements that affect human organs to such an extent
that they evoke the impression of infinite space. The artificial virtual world, in
which the human visitor feels without limitations and boundaries, is created
with the intention of direct participation in the cyber world. Existing virtual
exhibitions have created certain standards for the presentation of artifacts and
individual themes.
This situation can be reflected from the opening of exposures to cyberspace
at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. It is the openness of free cyberspace
that creates new types of presentation of cultural monuments and artifacts to the
public. It is one of the globalization trends taking place in museums and monu-
ments. With the help of accessible cyberspace (eg. virtual tour), every potential
visitor gets the opportunity to look at the world’s cultural uniqueness. Year-on-year,
European archeological sites (eg Pompeii, Herculaneum, Lasaux Cave, etc.) as well
as American natural curiosities (eg Grand Canyon or Niagara Falls and others) will
receive the most “clicks”. Adherents of cyberculture also welcome the application
called “Live” as a positive side, t. j. live broadcast from relevant sites. In recent years,
this trend of a lively, current environment has also been applied to the largest cities
in the world, or tourist sites. Most of the world’s museums and galleries already have
a similar treatment. It should be noted that negative attitudes prevailed among the
conservative group in making the cultural heritage accessible in the cyber world.
At present, the mentioned phenomenon is supplemented by a new technologi-
cal element, i.e. j. 3D reconstruction of ideal forms and shapes of existing cultural
monuments. This type is mainly used by important tourist regions (eg. 3D Ancient
Rome, 3D Louvre, etc.) using portable audio- guides.
The phenomenon of cyberculture is an extraordinary component of the presen-
tation and its possibilities are almost limitless. For this reason, a wider application
would be needed in the humanities, which lags behind the technical sciences. It
is only up to the researchers of the humanities which direction their future will
develop and what position they will build in the university environment.

Acknowledgements

The paper is part of the solution of the grant task APVV-18-0196 Knowledge of
the Nitra capital M. Bel (interpretation and application) and KEGA 005UCM/4-
2019 Natural conditions of the Nitra capital in the 18th century from the perspec-
tive of M. Bel (university textbook).

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Cyber - A Digital Cultural Heritage in a Museum and University Setting
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97296

Author details

Ladislav Župčán1* and Martina Župčánová2

1 Faculty of Arts, Department of Historical Sciences and Central European Studies,

University of St. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia

2 ZSS Viničky, Nitra, Slovakia

*Address all correspondence to: ladislav.zupcan@gmail.com

© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.

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Heritage - New Paradigm

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