BIOLOGY
UNITVI CHAPTER 3: HUMAN REPRODUCTION
(KEYPOINTS)
S.NO Term Explanation
1 Spermatogenesis The immature male germ cells produce sperms that begins at
puberty (Production of sperm)
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2 Spermiogenesis The process of transformation of spermatids into sperm
3 Spermiation Release of sperms from seminiferous tubule
4 Oogenesis Process of formation of a mature female gamete initiated
during embryonic development
5 Ovulation The process during which the Graafian follicle ruptures to
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6 Menarche
release the secondary oocyte (ovum) from the ovary
The first menstruation that begins at puberty (Starting of first
menstrual flow in females)
7 Menstrual cycle Cycle of events starting from one menstruation till the next
one after every 28 / 29 days
8 Menopause Ceasation of menstrual cycle around 50 years of age
9 Cleavage The mitotic division the zygote undergoes when it moves
toward uterus and forms blastomeres
10 Implantation Embedding of blastocyst in the endometrium of the uterus
leads to pregnancy
11 Parturition Vigorous contraction of the uterus at the end of pregnancy
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causing expulsion/delivery of the foetus (child birth)
12 Foetal ejection reflex Mild uterine contractions induced by the signals for
parturition from the fully developed foetus and the placenta
13 Lactation The process by which the mammary gland start producing
milk
14 GnRH Gonadotropin releasing hormone
15 LH Luteinising hormone
16 FSH Follicle stimulating hormone
17 hCG Human chorionic gonadotropin
18 hPL Human placental lactogen
BIOLOGY
CHAPTER 3: HUMAN REPRODUCTION
(FLOW CHART)
(1) Male reproductive system
Male accessory ducts – Testes – primary organ Male accessory gland –
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rete testis , vasa in scrotum seminal vesicle ,prostate
efferentia gland , bulbourethral
Testicular lobule -250 compartments
Seminiferous tubule –highly coiled tubule- 3 Leydig cells – secrete androgen
AR Spermatogonia – form sperms by meiosis Sertoli cells – provide nutrition to germ cells
(2) Female reproductive system
Accessory ducts – oviduct-
Ovary – Mammary gland – alveoli,
(infundibulum ampulla , isthmus)
primary organ mammary tubule
, uterus-( perimetrium
myometrium,endometrium
(3) Gametogenesis- formation of gametes
Spermatogenesis – formation of sperms Oogenesis- formation of ovum
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Spermatogonia – at puberty Oogonia – During embryonic development
Spermatids – undergo spermiogenesis After the entry of sperm – completes Meiosis II
Spermatozoa/sperm Ovum
BIOLOGY
(4) Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual phase – Follicular phase- Ovulatory phase- Luteal phase –
Ovary -Primary release of ovum Corpus luteum –
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break down of
endometrium Follicle to Graafian progesterone –
follicle
(5) Fertilisation and implantation
Sperm
AROvum
Fertilisation Zygote Cleavage - blastomeres
Morula
Blastocyst
Trophoblast –Nutrition Inner cell mass –
embryo – ectoderm
,endoderm,mesoderm
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Placenta- supply O2 , Foetal ejection reflex –
nutrients , remove co2
and wastes products signal from fully formed
foetus
Parturition –child birth
Lactation –
colostrum – milk
produced during
BIOLOGY
CHAPTER : 3 HUMAN REPRODUCTION
(CONCEPT MAP)
Spermatogenesis Oogenesis
Menstural
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cycle
Testi Ovary
s
Female
Male reproductive
reproductive Human
reproduction system
AR system
Fertilisation
Zygote
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Implantation
Pregnancy
Parturition
BIOLOGY
CHAPTER 3 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION
(CROSS WORD)
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Across Down
3 Embryo with eight to sixteen blastomers 1 Matured follicle
5 The layer wihich underoes cyclicalchanges 2 The structure which provides vascular
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during menstrual cycle connection between foetus and uterus
7 Release of sperm from seminiferoustobule 4 Hormone which causes stronger uterine
10 The funnel shaped part of fallopiantube contractions
12 First menstruation that begins at puberty 6 The last part of the oviduct that joins the
13 Process of delivery offoetus uterus
15 The part of the sperm filled with enzymes 8 Mitotic division the zygote undergoes
that help infertilisation 9 Fluid filled cavity of a tertiary folicle
20 The process of transformation of spermatidto 11 Energy source for swimming of the sperm
sperm 14 Pouch help in maintaining the low
21 Outer layer of the blastocyst temperature of the tests
22 Provides nutrition to the male germcells 16 Milk produced during the initial few days
23 Secrete androgens of locations
24 External thin membranous layer of uterus 17 Secrete progesterone
25 Release of secondary oocyte from the ovary 18 The membrane that surrounds the
secondary oocyte
19 Ceasation of menstrual cycle
BIOLOGY
CHAPTER : 3 HUMAN REPRODUCTION (QUESTION BANK)
1. Name the cells which secrete androgens
2. What does the head of a sperm consists of?
3. Name the structure which secretes progesterone.
4. Name the structures which secrete estrogen.
5. Name the site of fertilization in human beings.
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6. What is the main function of Sertoli cells?
7. Name the outermost layer of the blastocyst
8. What promotes completion of second meiotic division in oogenesis?
9. Testes normally remain suspended in scrotum in mammals. Why?
10. How many spermatozoa will be produced from 100 primary spermatocytes and how many ova
will be produced from 100 primary oocytes?
11. Name the three layers of embryo that give rise to all tissues and also name the cells which have
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12.
13.
the potency to give rise to all the tissues and organs.
What is oogenesis? Where does it occur?
What is ovulation? What happens to Graafian follicle after ovulation?
14. What is colostrum? What is its importance?
15. Draw a labeled diagram of the following and label six parts
i) T.S. of a testes ii) T.S. of an ovary iii) Sperm iv) Ovum.
v) Embryo development (vi) Female reproductive system
16. Mention any three differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
17. Differentiate between Leydig cells and Sertoli cells with reference to their location in the organ
and their function
18. What is parturition? How is it induced? Which hormones are involved in induction of parturition?
19. What is seminiferous tubule? Name the various types of cells present in it and explain its function.
20. Explain different phases of spermatogenesis with schematic representation.
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21. Explain different phases of oogenesis with schematic representation
22. Name the glands associated with male reproductive organs and state their functions.
23. Explain the various phase of menstrual cycle with reference to changes in ovary and uterus and
hormonal cycle.
24. Explain the process of fertilization.
25. Explain the stages of embryo development from fertilization to implantation.
26. Draw a diagrammatic presentation of various events during a menstrual cycle.
27. What is placenta? What is its role? Justify Placenta as an endocrine tissue.
28. What are the main features of embryonic development at various months of pregnancy?
29 Is it correct to say that the sex of the child is determined by the woman and not by the
man?Explain
BIOLOGY
CHAPTER.3 : HUMAN REPRODUCTION
(MARKING SCHEME)
Q.NO Answer Marks Allotted
1 Leydig cells 1
2 Haploid nucleus , acrosome ½x2
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3 Corpus luteum 1
4 Ovarian follicles 1
5 Ampullary-isthmic junction of fallopian tube 1
6 Provide nutrition to germ cells 1
7 Trophoblast 1
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8 Entry of sperm into cytoplasm of the ovum through zona pellucida
membrane and plasma
½x2
9 Scrotum helps in maintaining low temperature , necessary for 1x2
spermatogenesis
10 400 spermatozoa , 100 eggs 1x2
11 Ectoderm , endoderm , mesoderm , stem cells ½x4
12 Formation of mature female gamete , Ovary 1x2
13 The release of secondary oocyte from ovary , transforms into 1x2
corpus luteum.
14 Milk produced during initial days of lactation , antibodies 1x2
(IGA)to give resistance
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15 Diagram – six parts 6x½
16 At puberty / during embryonic development ;four sperms / one egg ; 1x3
equal division / unequal division
17 Leydig–in interstitial space, form androgen, Sertoli– in ½ x 4+1
seminiferoustubule, give nutrition to germ cells
18 Delivery of foetus , foetal ejection reflex , oxytocin 1x3
19 Highly coiled in testicular lobule ,male germ cells ,sertoli cells ; sperm 1x5
formation, provide nutrition
20 Spermatogonia – primary spermatocyte (meiosis I)– secondary
spermatocyte(meiosis II) – spermatid – sperm 1x5
BIOLOGY
21 Oogonia- primary oocyte , primary -->secondary---> tertiary graafian 1x5
follicles –> secondary oocyte –> ovum
22 Paired seminal vesicles , a prostate gland paired bulbourethral gland ; 1x5
seminal plasma rich in fructose calcium enzymes , bulbourethral -
lubrication of penis
23 Menstrual phase – flow ;follicular phase – follicular growth regeneration 1x5
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of endometrium ;Ovulation ; secretary phase – corpus luteum LH ,FSH role
24 Sperm come s in contact with zona pellucida , block entry of 10 x ½
additional sperms , acrosome helps in entry , completion second ,
meiotic division second polar body , ootid , haploid nucleus of sperm
fuses with ovum
25 Zygote – cleavage , blastomeres ,morula ,blastocyst ,trophoblast , 10 x ½
inner cell mass ,attached to endometrium implantation, diiferentiate
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26
as embryo.
Schematic representation of menstrual cycle ovarian events , uterine events ,
hormones of pituitary , ovarian hormones
1x5
27 Structural and functional unit between foetus and mother , supply of 1 + 1+3
nutrients and oxygen removal of wastes secretes, hCG, hPL ,estrogens,
progestogens
28 One month- heart , end of second month –limbs and digits , end of 12 1x5
weeks –major organ system – limbs genital organs. fifth month-
movements ,second trimester fine hair, eyelids separate eye lashes
29 No, Genuine reason 2 +1
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