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SECTION-3 BENAZIR BHUTTO & NAWAZ SHARIF

BENAZIR BHUTTO AS PRIME MINISTER DURING (1988-1990)

1ST TENURE

BENAZIR BHUTTO AS PM (1ST TERM IN OFFICE)

Benazir Bhutto won the elections of 1988 and became the first women to lead Pakistan as prime

minister on 2 December 1988. She was not only the 11TH prime minister and first lady to rule

Pakistan but also the first women prime minister of the Islamic world as well. As she was the co

chairman of Pakistan People’s party the party nourished by her father Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto from

1967-79 Benazir led a very strong resistance and opposition during 1986-88 against Zia-ul-Haq

through platform of MRD and got a massive support behind her of pro-democratic people in

Pakistan specially Sindh which helped PPP to win the elections against various other political

forces in the country. Her elections as prime minister was not only a step towards restoration of

democracy in Pakistan but was a new phase of development in political history of the country in

which various reforms were initiated by her. Despite multiple reforms done by her as prime

minister she was not able to sustain in the office for more than 1 year, 247 days and was dismissed

by 6th August 1990.

CONTRIBUTIONS/SUCESSES OF BENAZIR DURING 1988-90:

 Pakistan rejoined commonwealth.

 Three peace agreement with India

 Resumed the labor student and trade unions

 Participated in SAARC during 1988

 Reserved seats for Sindhi community in civil services

 Promotion of Sindhi language

PAKISTAN REJOINED COMMONWEALTH IN 1989: Pakistan left commonwealth under Zulfiqar

Ali Bhutto during 1972 as it supported Indian and east Pakistan stand during civil war of 1971

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between east and west Pakistan which also ended all fiscal aid programs for the country during

1972-89. Benazir Bhutto as prime minister for the first time in the office rejoined commonwealth

so that Pakistan could fight the economic crisis faced by the country after end of Afghan war in

1988. This step of Benazir proved fruitful for the country as Pakistan was now again able to get

financial and military support from the countries which were member of this international

organization like England, Canada and Australia. Rejoining the commonwealth by Benazir Bhutto

in 1989 resulted in to support of the commonwealth Secretariat for Pakistan in improvement of its

management of elections and election laws.

PARTICIPATED IN SAARC DURING 1988: South Asian association of regional cooperation is a

group of international countries which has always played important role in the development of

trade and other opportunities for its member nations. Under Benazir Bhutto Pakistan hosted the

fourth SAARC conference held in 1988 and improved its bonds with south Asian countries for

betterment of trade and industrial sector of Pakistan. Pakistan did not only sign trade and other

agreements with India, China, Sri Lanka in this SAARC conference but also was able to normalize

its relations with India after Siachen conflict.

RESUMED THE LABOR STUDENT AND TRADE UNIONS: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was the pioneer

of the idea of socialism in Pakistan as prime minister during 1973-76 and was a strong supporter

of the trade, student and labor unions. He during his tenure promoted these unions and

considered them important part of the democratic system but Zia-ul-Haq and his dictatorship

banned these types of political activities in the country during 1978-88. Benazir did not only

resume these types of political activities and platforms but also encourage them to be a tool in

democratic system. This step of Benazir Bhutto as prime minister strengthens the democratic

values in the country during 1988-99.

THREE PEACE AGREEMENT WITH INDIA: Pakistan and India were not at good terms during

1982-88 because of the Siachen conflict and nuclear tensions between them. Pakistan under
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Benazir Bhutto was able to sign three peace agreements with India which were vital for the

developments on Kashmir and boarder security issues between the countries. Foreign policy of

Benazir remained friendly towards India which helped Pakistan to focus on other issues faced by

the country during this phase.

RESERVED SEATS FOR SINDHI COMMUNITY IN CIVIL SERVICES: Benazir Bhutto in order

to encourage Sindh’s to take part in competitive exams and educational activities reserved the

seats for the Sindhi community in the civil services of Pakistan which helped the community to

play its role in the administrative circles of the country and improve as an ethnic group in society.

She did not only improve educational standards in Sindh through her educational reforms in the

government schools and colleges but also improved infrastructure of the sector.

PAK-US RELATIONS UNDER HER: Benazir’s greatest achievement in foreign policy came in

June when she made an official visit to the United States of America in 1989, to meet President

Bush and other and other government officials. The visit was a great and did much to restore

good relations between the two countries as after end of Afghan war US was not that much

interested to have interactions with Pakistan.

REASONS OF BENAZIR DECLINE DURING 1988-90:

 No-Confidence motion in assembly during 1989

 Role of Islamic Jamori-e-etihad and Nawaz sharif

 Problems with president Ghulam Ishaq Khan

 Rise in Inflation and unemployment

 Pucca Qilla massacre

 Charges of corruption

NO-CONFIDENCE MOTION IN ASSEMBLY DURING 1989: Benazir Bhutto faced tough

resistance from her opponents like religious political parties JI, JUI and Nawaz Sharif under the

platform of IJI in parliament. During October 1989 a no confidence motion was moved against her
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in national assembly to remove her from the office although she was able to beat this challenge

and was able to fail this attempt by the margin of 7 votes only but she lost her moral justification

to remain on the seat. Islamic Jamori-e-etihad pushed her to leave this office by 1990 which she

did under the immense pressure of the opposition in the national assembly of Pakistan.

PUCCA QILLA MASSACRE: On 30th September 1988 gunmen on motorbikes, believed to be

Sindhi militants, fired into a crowd in Hyderabad, causing 250 casualties, mostly Muhajirs. This

led to widespread riots in Karachi. In August 1989 the MQM ended its alliance with the PPP.

Violence continued with hundreds more deaths in 1989-90. On 27 May 1990, the Sindh

government launched a crackdown in Hyderabad, the center of the MQM power. A shoot-on-

sight curfew was imposed, and a police house-to-house search operation began. The Muhajirs

protested at this treatment and fighting broke out. In what has become known as the “Pucca Qila

massacre”, 31 women and children were killed, leading to relationship in Karachi and elsewhere

and over 300 more deaths. Because of these political crisis Benazir was heavily criticized and

was declared as a complete failure in the office so she left the office by 1990 because of the

security conditions of Sindh and growing pressure on her after Pucca Qila incident.

ROLE OF ISLAMIC JAMORI-E-ETIHAD AND NAWAZ SHARIF: Religious political forces like

Jamait-e-Islami and Jamiet-e-Ulema-Islam were never willing to accept the rule of Benazir Bhutto

as prime minister as they held this point of view that Pakistan is an Islamic country and as per

ideology of Islam leadership is the domain of the male only and women is not allowed to lead the

country in Islamic Shariah. They were supported by Islam-e-Jamoori-Etihad led by Nawaz Sharif

in Punjab which started a massive political campaign in different parts of KpK and Punjab resulting

into decline and defamation of Benazir as prime minister by 1990.

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PROBLEMS WITH PRESIDENT GHULAM ISHAQ KHAN: Ghulam Ishaq Khan was the

president of the country during 1988-1993 who had political and administrative issues with

Benazir Bhutto government in the first tenure as both wanted to take charge of the important

appointments in the different executive offices of the state like governors of the provinces, Judges

of the higher courts and military officials so they were not able to establish working relations with

each other. Ghulam Ishaq Khan wanted to appoint his mind like people and Benazir wanted her

own team in various offices finally this tug of war in this context ended in 1990 when the president

removed the prime minister by using his authority of the office.

RISE IN INFLATION AND UNEMPLOYMENT: Despite several efforts were made in the country

by Benazir Bhutto to restore economy after the Pressler amendment one of the major reasons

behind the decline of Benazir government became inflation and rise of unemployment in the

country. The government lost support as it was unable to deliver on its promised employment and

economic development programs. Inflation and unemployment were high & Rapid increase in the

country’s population meant the already overburdened education and health system could not

cope.

CHARGES OF CORRUPTION: Benazir Bhutto’s government had to deal with accusations

from its political opponents that it encouraged corruption. There were allegations that loans were

being given to party supporters to start business which they had no skills to run. Benazir’s Bhutto

husband and father-in-law were accused by her political opponents of corruption and alleged

rake-offs in deals. There were major confrontations with Nawaz Sharif which hindered smooth

governance. She and her government were becoming part of many corruption scandals because

of which she was removed by the president of the country Ghulam Ishaq Khan by 1990.

EXPECTED 4 MARKS QUESTIONS FROM TOPIC

1. Discuss what was no confidence motion against Benazir 1989?

2. What was Pucca Qilla massacre?

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in the country’s population meant the already overburdened education and health system could

not cope. Besides that, Religious political forces like Jamait-e-Islami and Jamiet-e-Ulema-Islam

were never willing to accept the rule of Benazir Bhutto as prime minister as they held this point of

view that Pakistan is an Islamic country and as per ideology of Islam leadership is the domain of

the male only and women is not allowed to lead the country in Islamic Shariah. They were

supported by Islam-e-Jamoori-Etihad led by Nawaz Sharif in Punjab which started a massive

political campaign in different parts of KPK and Punjab resulting into decline and defamation of

Benazir as prime minister by 1990.

NAWAZ SHARIF AS PRIME MINISTER (1990-1993)

1ST TENURE

NAWAZ SHARIF AS PM (1ST TERM IN OFFICE)

Ghulam Ishaq Khan terminated Benazir Bhutto from the office in 1990 and called for new elections

in Pakistan which were held in the same year during 24th to 27th October 1990. These elections

were between two main parties in country, Pakistan people’s party led by Benazir Bhutto and IJI.

Islamic-Jamori-e-Etihad was able to win these elections and was able to form the government in

center and all the other provinces of the country, being the head of Islame-Jamori-eithad Nawaz

Sharif became the 12th prime minister of Pakistan on 1 November 1990 through this platform. His

rule extended from 6th of November 1990 till 18th of July 1993 and he remained in the office for 2

years and 254 days. During his first tenure in office of the prime minister Pakistan saw many

important economic developments in the country and growth in industrial agricultural and

transportation sector of Pakistan his era marked many new initiatives in Pakistan and took country

to a new phase of progress but because of the various reasons like problems with the President

and BCCI/Cooperative societies scandal he was dismissed from the office in 1993.Following are

the key developments which took place under him in Pakistan and also the reasons which led to

his fall from the office after 3 years almost.

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CONTRIBUTIONS/SUCESSES OF NAWAZ SHARIF DURING 1990-93:

 Yellow Cab scheme.

 Motorway project was started

 Development of ports and sea trade

 Privatization of industries

 Development of tourist industry in Pakistan

 Islamabad accord

YELLOW CAB SCHEME: Unemployment was the major problem for Benazir and Pakistan during

1988-90 to reduce and resolve this problem Nawaz sharif as prime minister started yellow cab

scheme under which he provided cars to the people with no source of income and living under

poverty line in Pakistan so that they can drive them as taxi service and earn tertiary employment

in Pakistan in easy way. This scheme was aimed at modernizing taxi service in Pakistan while

giving jobless an option of self-employment under which thousands of cars were distributed

during the years 1992-1993.

MOTORWAY PROJECT WAS STARTED: To improve inter city trade and transportation Nawaz

sharif started many large-scale projects in the country such as motorway project in 1991 Nawaz

Sharif planned and started to develop feasibility for the road network in Pakistan which will

facilitate inter city communication and accessibility between important cities of Pakistan with the

name of M2 project under this scheme Nawaz Sharif started building road network between

Lahore and Islamabad. The M-2 was conceived by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in his first term

(1990–1993). The contract was awarded to M/s Daewoo Corporation of South Korea on 30

December 1991 at a cost of Rs. 23.686 billion on a design-cum-construct basis. It was completed

and started to serve people of Pakistan in 1997.

DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS: In order to improve trade and commerce in Pakistan Nawaz Sharif

started working on development of infrastructure and started many projects in this context like
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Gwadar main port was inaugurated by him in 1992.Further during his rule as prime minister many

airlines were given license to operate in Pakistan like Bojja, Shaheen, Hajveri and Aero Asia.

Further to improve telecommunication in Pakistan he allowed Insta one and Pak-Tel to resume

their operations in the country it was his tenure when Pakistan improved its power supply system

by establishing Hesco, Pesco and Lesco. Ghazi Barotha hydro power is an example of such plans

and initiative taken by Nawaz Sharif.

PRIVATIZATION OF INDUSTRIES: Nawaz Sharif was a strong believer of government and

private partnership for the development of economy so under him Pakistan setup its privatization

commission and privatized many industries in Pakistan to boost up the economy of the country

he helped Pakistan to support its fiscal needs by developing partnership between public private

banks and started many loan schemes in this way for the masses in Pakistan. Many new

industries were established like shipping and surgical industry of Pakistan to support the industrial

trade of the country.

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURIST INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN: Nawaz Sharif in order to support the

tourist and small-scale industry of Pakistan started to develop tourist industry in Pakistan under

which many new hill stations and resorts in northern areas were upgraded cities like Murree,

Nathiagali and Abbottabad were given large development projects and funds. His focus was not

only to boost up the tourist sector but also to encourage the small-scale industry of those areas

for that purpose he started vocational centers in those areas specially in northern parts of the

county.

ISLAMABAD ACCORD: The Islamabad Accord was a peace and power-sharing agreement

signed on 7 March 1993 in Islamabad by the help of Nawaz Sharif, between the Islamic State of

Afghanistan between the two warring parties in the War in Afghanistan (1992–1996), one party

being the Islamic State of Afghanistan and the other an alliance of militias led by Gulbuddin

Hekmatyar This was a peace attempt of Pakistan in Afghanistan and was aim to establish better
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relations with the western neighbor under the leadership of Nawaz Sharif. Through this

development Pakistan earned fame in Islamic world as the peace maker of the civilization of

Islam. Despite all these contributions many wrong steps taken by Nawaz Sharif as prime minister

for the first time in the office resulted into his decline by 1993 among them few are listed below.

REASONS OF NAWAZ SHARIF DECLINE DURING 1990-93:

 BCCI scandal

 Cooperative housing societies scandal

 Problems with Ghulam Ishaq Khan

 Shariat bill

 Kalashnikov culture and its promotion

 Loss of US aid programs

BCCI SCANDAL: One of the major reasons for the decline of Nawaz Sharif during the first phase

of his rule as prime minister was Bank of commerce and credit investment. Government

encouraged people to do business with them at state level and created business opportunities for

the bank. Soon it became the leading bank of Pakistan with trust and investment or deposits of

many customers but unfortunately the world’s 7th largest bank and Pakistan’s most famous bank

during 1990-1993 got collapsed resulting into loss of money for its investors and customers.

Government of Nawaz Sharif was criticized by masses in Pakistan for supporting this bank and

later it was also found that his personal business as Itifaq foundries was granted many loans by

this bank which were unpaid by him. People and opposition under Benazir accused Nawaz Sharif

the culprit of this scandal along with the BCCI bank which resulted into his defamation at large by

1993.

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COOPERATIVE HOUSING SOCIETIES SCANDAL: During 1992 a housing scheme was started

in Pakistan with the encouragement and support of Nawaz Sharif government in Pakistan on the

bases and promises of providing homes to the poor people on easy terms and payment plans.

Many poor families deposited the initial amounts and savings in hope of getting a home for the

family but unfortunately the society failed to deliver the promises and declared bankruptcy in 1992.

Approximately 70 thousand people in Punjab only lost investment because of this scandal. Nawaz

Sharif and his family business yet again was linked with this scandal and he was also alleged with

charges of the corruption with this society. Because of the public outrage and opposition on this

issue by Benazir the government of Nawaz Sharif was ended in 1993.

PROBLEMS WITH GHULAM ISHAQ KHAN: Ghulam Ishaq Khan was the president of the

country during 1988-1993 who had political and administrative issues with Nawaz Shair

government in the first tenure as both wanted to take charge of the important appointments in the

different executive offices of the state like governors of the provinces, Judges of the higher courts

and military officials so they were not able to establish working relations with each other. Ghulam

Ishaq Khan wanted to appoint his mind like people and Nawaz Sharif wanted her own team in

various offices finally this tug of war in this context ended in 1993 when the president removed

the prime minister by using his authority of the office.

KALASHNIKOV CULTURE AND ITS PROMOTION: Afghan war ended in 1988 but the outcomes

of that war were very disturbing for Pakistan. As Pakistan remained active part of the Afghan war

through support of Afghan Mujahedeen during 1979-88 it became hub of drug trafficking, weapon

smuggling and other crimes militant organizations were admired like hero’s and appeased by the

government of Nawaz Sharif which resulted into growth of gun culture In Pakistan because of

which crime rate kidnaping and murder incidents became common in various parts of the country

specially in Karachi, Quetta and Peshawar. Law and order situation of the country started to

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decline by 1993 which resulted into massive criticism against Nawaz Sharif weak control over

such issues added another factor into his removal by 18th July 1993.

LOSS OF US AID PROGRAMS: Benazir and the government of Zia-ul-haq before were facilitated

by US through various aid programs which were helping them to maintain economy but under

Nawaz Sharif through Pressler amendment much of the aid was stopped by US and demanded

from Pakistan information and plan about its nuclear program. Because of this loss of US aid

government faced economic challenges and was not able to control inflation which increased

poverty in the country by 1993. He was criticized by opposition for not handling the economy well

without the US aid programs and eventually was removed in 1993 under massive public outrage

specially in Sindh and Punjab.

EXPECTED 4 MARKS QUESTIONS FROM TOPIC

1. Describe yellow cab scheme of Nawaz Sharif

2. What was BCCI scandal of Nawaz Sharif?

3. Discuss M2 project of Nawaz Sharif?

4. What was cooperative housing society scandal of Nawaz Sharif

5. Write about Kalashnikov culture during Nawaz Sharif

EXPECTED 7 MARKS QUESTIONS FROM TOPIC

1. Explain Why Nawaz Sharif was removed from the office during 1990-1993?

2. Why Nawaz Sharif first tenure in the office was important for Pakistan during 1990-93?

EXPECTED 14 MARKS QUESTIONS FROM TOPIC

1. Yellow cab scheme of Nawaz Sharif was the greatest achievement as prime minister in

the years 1990 to 1993. Do you agree? Explain your answer.

Any contributions can be cited during Nawaz Sharif. Arrangement of arguments will be
changed as per statement with same format

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Mujahedeen during 1979-88 it became hub of drug trafficking, weapon smuggling and other

crimes militant organizations were admired like hero’s and appeased by the government of Nawaz

Sharif which resulted into growth of gun culture In Pakistan because of which crime rate kidnaping

and murder incidents became common in various parts of the country specially in Karachi, Quetta

and Peshawar. Law and order situation of the country started to decline by 1993 which resulted

into massive criticism against Nawaz Sharif weak control over such issues added another factor

into his removal by 18th July 1993.

During his first tenure in office of the prime minister Pakistan saw many important economic

developments in the country and growth in industrial agricultural and transportation sector of

Pakistan his era marked many new initiatives in Pakistan and took country to a new phase of

progress but because of the various reasons like problems with the President and

BCCI/Cooperative societies scandal he was dismissed from the office in 1993 which resulted into

political crisis in Pakistan once again which were fixed by fresh elections in the country during

1993 as a result of which Benazir Bhutto by wining these elections became the prime minister of

Pakistan for the second tenure.

BENAZIR BHUTTO AS PRIME MINISTER DURING (1993-1996)

2ND TENURE

BENAZIR BHUTTO AS PM (2nd TERM IN OFFICE)

Because of the political crisis between Nawaz Sharif and President Ghulam Ishaq Khan both

resigned from the respective offices on July 18 th 1993 which paved way to new elections in the

country once again which were held during 6 th to 9th of October 1993. These elections were held

mainly between Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto and both these parties observed election

campaigns against each other to the best of the level of political agitation. elections were

boycotted by the M. Q. M. No party emerged with an absolute majority in the elections. As a result,

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the P. P. P. formed the new government with the help of alliances. Benazir Bhutto took oath as

Prime Minister on October 19, 1993. The Presidential election was held on November 13. Farooq

Ahmad Khan Leghari, the P. P. P. candidate, won by 274 to 168 votes against the then acting

President Wasim Sajjad.

The second tenure of Benazir Bhutto in Pakistan marked many developments in the political

history of the country but yet again as her first tenure she was not able to sustain in the office and

was not able to complete her constitutional term when the President Farooq Ahmed Khan Legari

dismissed her government because of many factors on 5th November 1996.Following key

developments and events took place in during the second tenure of Benazir during 1993-96.

CONTRIBUTIONS/SUCESSES OF BENAZIR DURING 1993-96:

 Agenda of Change by Benazir

 Visit to US and thaw

 Brown amendment

 Started system of lady health workers

 First women bank started

 Rights of Minorities

AGENDA OF CHANGE BY BENAZIR: Agenda of change was the reform package of Benazir

Bhutto during her second tenure in the office from 1993-1996 for improvement of the condition of

women in Pakistan. Under this agenda of change women were given representation in banks

through jobs women police stations were established and lady health workers were appointed in

various parts of the country to improve health sector in this context. This agenda was popular in

Pakistan as women were uplifted in society through establishing women courts and providing

them with educational and professional opportunities.

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VISIT TO US AND THAW: The second tenure of Benazir Bhutto was, however, highlighted by

the visit of the U. S. first Lady Hillary Clinton and her daughter Chelsea in 1995. Hillary’s visit

considerably changed the world’s perceptions about Pakistan and highlighted Pakistan as a

liberal, modern and forward-looking country. In April 1994, Benazir visited the U. S., and projected

Pakistan’s stance on the F-16 fighter planes withheld by the U. S. despite payments. Her visit

resulted in the passing of the Brown Amendment by the U. S. Senate on September 21, 1995,

easing restrictions on Pakistan. It also helped in attracting foreign investors.

BROWN AMENDMENT: Lastly, in 1995, Defence secretary, William Perry, visited Pakistan

during her rule and declared that Pressler Amendment had been a mistake. In 1996, Brown

amendment authorized the US government to reimburse Pak for F-16 payments and provide $388

million in military equipment. Pakistan was again provided with assistance from US which was at

halt during 1985-1995. The Brown amendment came as a hope for better relations between these

two countries in the future. Benazir Bhutto visited US in 1995 and convinced US to provide with

brown amendment which was necessity for the improvement of the defense of Pakistan. This

development helped Pakistan to improve its foreign relations under Benazir Bhutto during the

years 1993-1996.

RIGHTS OF MINORITIES AND WOMEN: Seeking to advance women's rights, in her second

term Bhutto signed Pakistan to the international Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Discrimination Against Women. She was also a founding member of the Council of Women World

Leaders, a group established in 1996. She also advocated the rights of minorities in Pakistan and

also worked for their safeguard and representation in political and economic terms.

REASONS OF BENAZIR DECLINE DURING 1993-96:

 Family feuds of Benazir Bhutto

 Problems with Farooq Ahmed Khan Lagari

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 Inflation corruption and unemployment

 Train march of Nawaz Sharif

 Corruption cases of Asif Ali Zardari

 Resistance in Sindh by MQM.

FAMILY FEUDS OF BENAZIR BHUTTO: The major problem faced by the Benazir Bhutto

government during her 2nd tenure which also led to her decline from the office was her family

feuds. Nusrat Bhutto was the wife of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and mother of Benazir Bhutto. She was

also the co-chairperson of the Pakistan people’s party but she did not considered Benazir Bhutto

as the legitimate heir of the party and always favored Murtaza Bhutto brother of Benazir Bhutto

who was in opposition to her sister in politics and fought elections as well against people’s party

in 1993 by defeating their candidate Further Nusrat Bhutto was not happy at the style of

governance provided by Benazir as prime minister , Mir Murtaza Bhutto, was assassinated under

mysterious circumstances in a police ambush on September 20, 1996. She started facing tough

resistance from the family members as well after this event The high-profile killing of her brother

in her tenure damaged her political career and she was morally discouraged and forced to leave

the office by 1996.

PROBLEMS WITH FAROOQ AHMED KHAN LAGARI: Farooq Ahmed Khan Lagari was the

president of the country during 1993-1997 who had political and administrative issues with

Benazir Bhutto government in the second tenure as both wanted to take charge of the important

appointments in the different executive offices of the state like governors of the provinces, Judges

of the higher courts and military officials so they were not able to establish working relations with

each other. Farooq Ahmed Khan wanted to appoint his mind like people and Benazir wanted her

own team in various offices finally this tug of war in this context ended in 1996 when the president

removed the prime minister by using his authority of the office. Differences soon appeared and

the Government felt that there was interference in the political matters of the Government by the

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President. President Farooq Leghari dismissed Benazir Bhutto’s Government on charges of

corruption and mismanagement on November 5, 1996, under the Article 58(2) b of the Eighth

Amendment.

INFLATION CORRUPTION AND UNEMPLOYMENT: Mismanagement of the government under

Benazir Bhutto led to increase inflation corruption and unemployment in the country which gave

birth to nationwide hatred for the government. Opposition of Benazir Bhutto took these issues on

streets and people joined them massively because of the increasing price hike in the products of

daily needs of the citizens the popular perception was that the economic decline was because

corruption had reached its zenith during that era. Berlin-based Transparency International in its

report ranked Pakistan as the second most corrupt country in the world.

TRAIN MARCH OF NAWAZ SHARIF: Nawaz Sharif did tough opposition against the government

of Benazir Bhutto during 1993-96. He did not only highlighted mis governance of the government

but also practically demonstrated his resistance against the government of Benazir by conducting

the Train march. In the autumn of 1994, Nawaz Sharif led a “train march” from Karachi to

Peshawar. This was followed by general strike on September 20. Two weeks later Nawaz Sharif

called a “wheel jam” strike on October 11. During the train march of Nawaz Sharif, he addressed

all the major cities of Pakistan between Karachi to Peshawar and criticized Benazir Bhutto policies

and government. This train march morally discouraged Benazir Bhutto eventually which led to her

decline during 1996.

CORRUPTION CASES OF ASIF ALI ZARDARI: Asif Ali Zardari is the husband of Benazir Bhutto

and has served the country as environment minister under her cabinet was alleged with charges

of corruption he was called as Mr. 10% because of the popularity of his commission cases of any

governmental contract or deal which need to be done through ratification by prime minister. He

was jailed for years because of these cases against him which demoralized the government of

Benazir Bhutto as prime minister. President Farooq Leghari dismissed Benazir Bhutto’s
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Government on charges of corruption and mismanagement on November 5, 1996, under the

Article 58(2) b of the Eighth Amendment.

RESISTANCE IN SINDH BY MQM: MQM was the political opponent of Benazir in Sindh and was

giving her tough time in main cities of Sindh like Karachi and Hyderabad. MQM did not participated

in the elections of 1993 as well and always criticized the policies of Benazir government during

1993-96. MQM besides Nawaz Sharif held various strikes in Sindh and forced Benazir to step

down from the office because of increasing political issues in Pakistan.

EXPECTED 4 MARKS QUESTIONS FROM TOPIC

1. What was Agenda of change of Benazir?

2. Who was Farooq Ahmed Khan Lagari?

3. What were family feuds of Benazir Bhutto?

4. Who was Nusrat Bhutto?

5. Who was Mir Murtaza Bhutto and Shah Nawaz Bhutto?

6. What was train march of Nawaz Sharif during 1996?

EXPECTED 7 MARKS QUESTIONS FROM TOPIC

1. Explain Why Benazir Bhutto faced decline as prime minister during 1993-96?

2. Why the Benazir 2nd tenure in the office was important for Pakistan during 1993-96?

EXPECTED 14 MARKS QUESTIONS FROM TOPIC

1. Agenda of change was the greatest achievement of Benazir as the prime minister in the
years 1993 to 1996. Do you agree? Explain your answer
 Any contributions can be cited during Benazir. Arrangement of arguments will be changed as per
statement with same format
2. Were the family feuds the most important reason for dismissal of the Benazir from office in

1996? Explain your answer.

 Any reason can be cited leading to dismissal of Benazir. Arrangement of arguments will be

changed as per statement with same format.

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NAWAZ SHARIF AS PRIME MINISTER DURING (1996-1999)

2ND TENURE

NAWAZ SHARIF AS PM (2nd TERM IN OFFICE)

Nawaz Sharif was sworn in as the Prime Minister for the second time on 17 February 1997 with

a two third majority in the elections of 1996-97. His party-men also managed to become Chief

Ministers of Punjab, Sindh, and NWFP, while his ally Akhtar Mengal of BNP took charge in

Baluchistan. Nawaz Sharif was lucky that Senate elections were scheduled only a month after he

came to power. With his popularity in national as well as in all four provincial assemblies, he

managed to gain an absolute majority in the upper house. Having two-thirds of support in both

houses, Nawaz Sharif was in a very strong position during the second tenure in the office from

1997-99 which marked many new developments in the country and help Pakistan to grow but

because of the various problems he faced during these years and arrival of the Musharaf to the

power in Pakistan his 2nd tenure ended and yet again Pakistan went into the hands of military

regime in 1999.

SERVICES/CONTRIBUTIONS OF NAWAZ SHARIF 1997-99:

 Yaum-e-Takbeer 1998

 Pakistan as Asian tiger

 Qarz Utaro, Mulk Sanwaro scheme

 Shariat Bill

 Anti-defection bill

 Lahore declaration or bus diplomacy

YAUM-E-TAKBEER 1998: Second tenure of Nawaz Sharif became monumental because of the

nuclear tests conducted by Pakistan under Nawaz Sharif during May 1998 in response to Indian

nuclear aggression. This development proved Pakistan nuclear supremacy at world level and it

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became the first nuclear weapons bearing country of the Islamic world as well. Nawaz Sharif was

given credit for this development and event and Pakistan displayed its military strength in the

region. Pakistan since than observe 28 May every year as Yaum-e-Takbeer in the remembrance

of the nuclear weapon test conducting by Pakistan.

PAKISTAN AS ASIAN TIGER: Nawaz Sharif promised the citizens of Pakistan to make Pakistan

as the Asian tiger in terms of its growth and economy for which he continued his support for

privatization of industries further trade agreements with various trade partners were made to make

economy of Pakistan strong. Large scale projects were again started and developmental projects

were announced in various provinces of the country.

QARZ UTARO, MULK SANWARO SCHEME: Nawaz Sharif during his second tenure in the

office started Qarz utaro mulk sanwaro scheme in order to reduce foreign debts on the country to

reduce poverty and inflation. Under this scheme mass public interaction was established by the

government to collect donations for this purpose. Nawaz Sharif encouraged people to support

Pakistan economy by assisting in reduction of foreign liabilities and to improve balance of

payment and trade. On grass route level government reached people and collected money for

this aim. The foreign debts were reduced which helped the government to deal with economic

challenges faced by Pakistan

SHARIAT BILL: To Islamize Pakistan and win support of religious groups in Pakistan Nawaz

Sharif introduced Shariah bill in the country which promoted the Islamic laws and legal system in

Pakistan. His party tabled the fifteenth amendment bill in the parliament, commonly known as

Shariat Bill, on August 28, 1998, the purpose of which was to become all-powerful Amir-ul-

Momineen. He wanted to see Pakistan as an Islamic welfare state governed through Islamic laws

but liberal classes of the country disapproved this law of Nawaz Sharif and criticized him with the

charges of conservative approach of the government.

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ANTI DEFECTION BILL: Nawaz Sharif during his rule from 1997-99 strengthened the democratic

process in country by introducing 13TH amendment which reduced the powers of the president

and deprived him from the power to remove prime minister on the seat. Nawaz Sharif further

introduced 14th amendment which was also a very important step in the constitutional history of

Pakistan. Anti-defection bill was passed in his government to stop political horse trading in the

country which was not welcomed by many of the politicians use to practice this move in the politics

of Pakistan.

LAHORE DECLARATION OR BUS DIPLOMACY: During 1999 before the Kargil war the Lahore

declaration was witnessed between these two countries to establish cordial relations. Lahore

Declaration was a bilateral agreement and governance treaty between India and Pakistan. The

treaty was signed on 21 February 1999, at the conclusion of a historic summit in Lahore, and

ratified by the parliaments of both countries the same year. Under the terms of the treaty, a mutual

understanding was reached towards the development of atomic arsenals and to avoid accidental

and unauthorized operational use of nuclear weapons. The Lahore Declaration brought added

responsibility to both nations leadership towards avoiding nuclear race, as well as both non-

conventional and conventional conflicts. This event was significant in the history of Pakistan and

it provided both countries an environment of mutual confidence. Prime Minister Nawaz

Sharif from Pakistan and Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee signed the treaty during his

visit to Lahore because of which it is known as Lahore declaration it was a positive development

between Pakistan India relations as it was aimed to develop coordination between these two

neighbors.

REASONS OF NAWAZ SHARIF DECLINE DURING 1997-99:

 Kargil war with India during 1999

 Problems with General Parvez Musharaf

 Justice Sajad Ali shah case

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 Plane conspiracy of 1999

 Opposition from Benazir Bhutto in Sindh

KARGIL WAR WITH INDIA DURING 1999: The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil conflict,

was an armed conflict fought between India and Pakistan from May to July 1999 in the Kargil

district of Jammu and Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control. Kargil conflict in 1999

was generally portrayed as one of the big events in the relation of two neighboring but hostile

countries Pakistan and India. Kargil War ended up with a lot of casualties from both sides. About

587 soldiers were killed of India and roundabout 387 soldiers were killed of Pakistan.

Repercussions of this conflict were devastating for Pakistan than India. Inability of politicians can

be seen during the war and the result was that in same year Nawaz Sharif’s government had to

depart and Musharaf declared emergency in the country which started forth military rule in

Pakistan as well.

PROBLEMS WITH GENERAL PARVEZ MUSHARAF: The seeds of discord between Nawaz

Sharif and Musharraf were sown during the Kargil conflict as Nawaz Sharif claimed that he was

not aware about the military adventure of Kargil under Musharaf but Musharaf had this claim that

Nawaz Sharif was on board during this plan. Further Lahore declaration signed between India

and Pakistan before even the conflict of Kargil was never welcomed by the military establishment

of the country so Musharaf had difference with Nawaz Sharif and Nawaz Sharif as a pre-emptive

measure, dismissed General Pervez Musharraf on October 12, 1999 during plane conspiracy as

Musharaf during those hours were coming back to Pakistan from an official tour of Sri Lanka. The

army retaliated and took over the political reins of the country.

JUSTICE SAJAD ALI SHAH CASE: Syed Sajjad Ali Shah was the Former Chief Justice of

Pakistan. He remained Chief Justice of Pakistan from 1994 – 1997. During his tenure as chief

justice of Pakistan he was about to decide a case against Nawaz Sharif and his party but before

any decision on the case could be made by Sajad Ali Shah against Nawaz Sharif the prime
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minister of Pakistan during that phase the supports of Nawaz Sharif and his party members

attacked the supreme court of Pakistan in 1997. During this event many judges were beaten and

infrastructure of the supreme court was damaged Sajad Ali Shah escaped from the building but

this development marked an era of tussle between government and the judiciary. The attack on

supreme court by Nawaz Sharif defamed him which eventually resulted to his decline in 1999.

PLANE CONSPIRACY OF 1999: Nawaz tried to stop Musharraf's plane from landing in Pakistan

which was on its way back from Sri Lanka. The seeds of discord between Nawaz Sharif and

Musharraf were sown during the Kargil conflict as Nawaz Sharif claimed that he was not aware

about the military adventure of Kargil under Musharaf but Musharaf had this claim that Nawaz

Sharif was on board during this plan. Further Lahore declaration signed between India and

Pakistan before even the conflict of Kargil was never welcomed by the military establishment of

the country so Musharaf had difference with Nawaz Sharif and Nawaz Sharif as a pre-emptive

measure, dismissed General Pervez Musharraf on October 12, 1999 during plane conspiracy.

But military reacted and announced emergency in Pakistan leading towards dismissal of Nawaz

Sharif during 1999.

OPPOSITION FROM BENAZIR BHUTTO IN SINDH: PPP was the political opponent of Nawaz

Sharif in Sindh and was giving him tough time in main cities of Sindh like Karachi and Hyderabad.

PPP did not participate in the by elections of 1997 as well and always criticized the policies of

Nawaz Sharif government during 1997-99. MQM besides Benazir Bhutto held various strikes in

Sindh and forced Nawaz to step down from the office because of increasing political issues in

Pakistan.

AID TO LEARN BY MR ZUNAIR