DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT

QUARTER 1 – MODULE 1
DISASTER AND DISASTER RISK

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION · REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

Disaster Risk and Reduction Management– Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1– Module 1: Disaster and Disaster Risk
First Edition, 2020

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 DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND
MANAGEMENT
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Disaster and Disaster Risk

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed

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trademarks, etc.) included in these modules are owned by their respective
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 Table of Contents

What I Need to Know .............................................................................................. 5

How to Learn from this Module .............................................................................. 5
Icons of this Module ............................................................................................... .6
What I Know .......................................................................................................... ...7

Lesson 1: Definition of disaster and Disaster Risk

What’s In ........................................................................................... .9
What New ......................................................................................... .10
What Is It ........................................................................................... .11
What’s More ...................................................................................... .13
What I Have Learned………………………………………………………14
What I Can Do ……………………………………………………………..14

Lesson 2: Risk Factors Underlying Disasters

What’s In ........................................................................................... .16
What New ......................................................................................... .16
What Is It ........................................................................................... .16
What’s More ...................................................................................... .18
What I Have Learned………………………………………………………18
What I Can Do ……………………………………………………………..18

Lesson 3: Effects of Natural Disasters on Human Life

What’s In ........................................................................................... ..19
What New ......................................................................................... ..19
What Is It ........................................................................................... ..19
What’s More ...................................................................................... ..20
What I Have Learned………………………………………………………20
What I Can Do ……………………………………………………………..20

Assessment: (Post-Test)………………………………………………………………….21
Additional Activity ................................................................................................. 22
Key to Answers .................................................................................................... 22
References …………………………………………………………………………….....25
What I Need to Know
Every year, millions of people around the world are affected by either human-
caused or natural disasters. Disasters take different forms, like volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, tornados, or fires. In a disaster, people face the
danger of death or physical injury. They may also lose their home, possessions, and
community where they live in. Disasters can cause a full range of mental and physical
reactions. Those affected may also react to problems that occur after the event, as
well as to triggers or reminders of the trauma.
This module is about definition of disaster and disaster risk, risks factors
underlying disasters, effects of natural disasters on human life, how and when an
event becomes a disaster, and areas and locations exposed to hazards. It consists of
the following lesson:
• Lesson 1 – Definition of Disaster and Disaster Risk
• Lesson 2 – Risk Factors Underlying Disasters
• Lesson 3 – Effects of Natural Disasters on Human Life

Learning Objectives
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Explain the meaning of disaster,

2. Differentiate the risk factors underlying disaster;
3. Describe the effects of disaster on one’s life.

How to Learn this Module

To attain the goals of this module, please do the following;
1. Take your time to read and understand the concepts in this module.
2. Follow the instruction carefully in every given task.
3. Answers all the given test and exercise
4. Work on the activities in this module and in every performance task given.
5. Take the Post-Test after you are done with all the lessons and activities in the
module
6. Familiarize yourselves with the given terms.
7. Meet with your teacher. Ask him/her about any difficulty or confusion you have
encountered in this module.
8. Finally, prepare and gather all your outputs and submit them to your teacher.
9. Please write all your answers of the tests, activities, exercises, and others on
your separate activity notebook.

5
ICONS OF THIS MODULE
ICON LABEL IN THE MODULE DETAILS
What I Need to Know This part contains learning
objectives that are set for you to
Learning Objectives
learn as you go along the module

What I Know? This is an assessment as to your

level of knowledge to the subject
Pre-Assessment
matter at hand, meant specifically
to gauge prior related knowledge
What’s In? This part connects the current
lesson with the previous lesson by
Review Activity
going over points that were taught
or learned previously
What’s New This part introduces the new
lesson through various activities
Motivational Activity
like story, an activity, a poem, a
song, or a situation
What is it This a brief discussion of the
lesson as a way to deepen your
Lesson Proper
discovery and understanding of the
concept
What’s More These are follow-up activities that
are intended for you to practice
Performance Task
further in order to master the
competencies
What I Have Learned Activities designed to process what
you have learned from the lesson
Generalization

What I Can Do? These are tasks that are designed

to showcase your skills and
Application
knowledge gained and applied into
real life concerns and situations
Assessment This part evaluate your level of
mastery in achieving the learners
Post-Assessment
objectives

Additional Activities Thus are activities in any form that

can increase the strength of the
Enrichment
response and tends to induce
repetitions of actions/learning

6
 What I Know

A. Encircle the letter of your correct choice that best completes the statement or
answers the question.
1. A process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life, injury or
other health impacts, properly damage, social and economic disruption or
environmental degradation is called ______________________.
a. Disaster b. Emergency c. Hazard d. Vulnerability

2. The following are common long-term impacts of natural hazards EXCEPT

a. Destruction of vital infrastructure like roads and bridges.
b. Disconnection of communication lines
c. Widespread loss of housing
d. Permanent disability

3. A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a widespread human,

material, economic or environmental losses is called __________________.
a. Disaster b. Vulnerability c. Resiliency d. Hazard

4. The variables that amplify the effects of hazards, affecting the degree or scope of
a disaster is called ______________________.
a. Exposure b. Elements at risk c. Risk drivers d. Vulnerability

5. Which is not an effect of disaster on human life?

a. Food Scarcity c. Displaced Population
b. Illnesses and disease d. Disturbance of Biodiversity

6. Disaster frequently result in all of the following EXCEPT

a. Displacement of populations
b. Damage to the ecological environment
c. Destruction of a population’s homeland
d. Adequate supply of goods and services

7. It is the chance or likelihood of suffering harm and loss as a result of a hazardous

event.
a. vulnerability b. disaster c. disaster risk d. hazard

7
8. Disaster is frequently described as a result of various condition except
___________________.
a. exposure to hazard
b. having enough physical, social, and attitudinal capabilities
c. conditions of vulnerability at present
d. insufficient capacity or measures to cope with disasters

9. Which can be prevented but can be anticipated generally?

a. human-made hazards c. Socionatural hazards
b. Disasters d. Natural Hazards

10. Which group belongs to the most vulnerable?

a. professional c. indigenous people
b. government officials d. small entrepreneurs

11. Which is not a volcanic hazard?

a. carbon dioxide b. lapilli c. turbulent ash cloud d. mudflow
12. All of the following are TRUE about disasters EXCEPT:
a. A disaster may be domestic or international
b. A disaster may be caused by nature or human origins
c. A disaster always receives widespread media coverage
d. A disaster may have a known and gradual onse

13. Which is possible cause of earthquake?

a. Tsunami b. Volcanic Eruption c. Landslide d. Typhoon
14. Which is not an example of capacity?
a. adequate income c. local knowledge
b. savings d. isolation

15. Which is not a geological hazard?

a. Earthquake b. Tsunami c. Tephra Fall d. Tornado

Key to answers on page 17

8
 Lesson Definition of Disaster
1 and
Disaster Risk
What’s In
Identify the following event that is happening in the picture.

1.
2.

3.
4.

5. 6.

9
7.
8.

9. 10.

Key to answers on page 17

What’s New
Provide a word that associate the word DISASTER inside the cloud that
surround.

Disaster

10
 What is it
Disaster is defined as a serious disruption of functioning
of society, causing widespread human, material or environmental
losses, which exceed the ability of the affected people to cope using
their own resources.

An event, either man-made or natural, sudden

or progressive, causing widespread human, material
or environmental losses.

Examples of Disaster

Typhoon Yolanda
➢ Strength 290 km/hr
➢ The storm surge it brought was sudden
and unexpected.
➢ Its devastating effect to human, material,
and environment.
➢ More than 7,000 people perished
➢ The entire city of Tacloban was flattened

Wowowe Stampede
➢ The became so popular that thousands of fans flock
to ULTRA to watch the noon time show. That turned
out to disastrous tragedy when there was a human-
induced disturbance among the watching crowd that
cause a stampede. Many spectators were hurt and
some even died which led to the dissolution of the
said TV program.

11
 Typhoon Ondoy
➢ Typhoon Ondoy turned into a disaster
because of the amount of precipitation
brought by its torrential rains that lasted
for several days causing flood and flash
floods in Metro Manila.
➢ Thousand of houses were submerge in
flood water. Hundreds of shelters along
river banks and steros were washed out.
Power and water supplies were cut off for
several weeks. Hundreds of lives
perished.

Disaster Risk
➢ The probability that a community’s structure or geographic area is to be
damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular hazard, on account of its
nature, construction and proximity to a hazardous area.
➢ It signifies the possibility of adverse effects in the future. It is derived from the
interaction of social and environmental process, from the combination of
physical hazards and the vulnerability of exposed elements.

Nature of Disasters
Natural Disaster – these originate from the different
‘forces’ of nature. Natural disasters such as earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, typhoons, and cyclones affect many countries
in Asia particularly the Philippines.

Human-made – these disasters occur due to people’s

actions against human, material, and environment. These
include transport and industrial accidents, such as air and train
crashes, chemical spills, and building collapses. Terrorism is
also categorized as human-made disaster.

Types of Disaster
Natural Disaster
• Agricultural disease and pests
• Storm Surge
• Drought and water shortage
• Earthquakes

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 • Hurricanes and Tropical storm
• Landslide and debris flow
• Thunder storm and lightning
• Tornadoes
• Tsunamis
• Wildfires
• Sinkholes
• Emergency disease
• Extreme heat
• Floods and flash floods
• La Niῆa

Human-Made and Technological Types of Disasters

• Hazardous material
• Power service and siruption and blackout
• Nuclear power plant and nuclear blast
• Radiological emergencies
• Chemical threat and biological weapons
• Cyber Attacks
• Explosion
• Civil Unrest

What’s More
Direction: Read the newspaper article. Based on the details of the articles,
provide the indicated key concepts on the blank provided for.

Surprise

Iligan City Mayor Lawrence Cruz said many people were caught by surprise
when water rose one meter (three feet) high in less than an hour, forcing people onto
roofs. “Most of them were already sleeping when floodwaters entered their homes.
This the worst flooding our city has experienced in years. “The national disaster
agency said it could not estimate crop and property damage because emergency
workers, including soldiers and police officers, were evacuating families and
recovering casualties. Benito Ramos, head of the NDRRMC told reporters Mindanao
residents were warned about the dangers posed by the storm days earlier but elected
not to move to safe areas. He said Mindanao was rarely visited by storms, even as 20
major storms strike the Philippines annually, with the most hitting Luzon, the largest
and most populous island in the Southeast Asian archipelago. “We expect huge
damage, especially on agriculture,” Ramos said. Two of the three rivers that flow into
the port of Iligan had overflowed, he added, and a popular radio commentator was
among those killed. Other affected areas on Mindanao included Bukidnon province,

13
where 47 people died, while nine other people were killed elsewhere on the island,
Pang of the Red Cross said.

1. What disaster has taken place?

2. Was the disaster caused by natural or

manmade event?

3. What did the disaster incur to the

community?

4. Did the community know about the

occurrence of the disaster?

5. What did the community do to prepare

for the impacts of the disaster?

Key to answers on page 17

What I Have Learned

Fact Checking:
WHAT I KNOW ABOUT DISASTER
Before Now

What I Can Do
Identify whether the following item is a hazard or a disaster.
1. A super typhoon with storm surge affecting Leyte.
2. A typhoon passing over remote and unpopulated island.
3. A flood in rural area which floods the roads but does not
affect any houses.
4. A volcano erupting an isolation in the middle of Pacific
Ocean.
5. An avalanche in ski report.
6. An avalanche high on the mountain and slopes remote from
ant settlements.
7. A tsunami wave 5 meters high off the cost of Japan.
14
8. An earthquake in Davao.
9. A drought and wildfire in Brazil.
10. A landslide in Tiwi last 2018.

Key to answers on page 18

15
 Lesson
2 Risk Factors Underlying Disasters

What’s In

Disaster is a calamitous event that brings destruction to human life,

environment, and other material elements. Disaster risk is the probability that a community’s
structure or geographic area is to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a particular
hazard.
Disaster is generally classified natural and human-made. Natural disasters
originate from the “forces” of nature, like earthquakes, typhoons, volcanic eruptions, floods,
flash floods, tornadoes, storm surge etc. Oil spill, nuclear reactions and leaks, hazardous
materials, terrorism and the like are considered human-made disasters.

What’s New
Answer the question below.
What do you know about disasters risk?

What is it

Risks Factors Underlying Disasters

➢ Severity of Exposure
The amount of exposure to the disaster is highly related to risk of future mental
problems. At higher risk are those that go through the disaster themselves. Next are
those in close contact with victims. At lower risk of lasting impact are those who only
had indirect exposure, such as news of the severe damage.

➢ Gender and Family

Disaster recovery is more stressful when children are present in the home.
Women with spouses also experience more distress during the recovery. Having a
family member in the home who is extremely distressed is related to more stress for
everyone. Marital stress has been found to increase after disasters. Also, conflicts
between family members or lack of support in the home make it harder to recover
from disasters.
16
 ➢ Age
Adults who are in the age range of 40-60 are likely to be more distressed after
disasters. The thinking is that if one is in that age range, he/she has more demands
from job and family. In general, children show more severe distress after disasters
than do adults. Higher stress in the parents is related to worse recovery in children.

Other factors specific to the survivor’s background and resources are important fro
recovery from disasters. Recovery is worse if survivors:
• We’re not functioning well before the disaster
• Have had no experience dealing with
• Must deal with other stressors after the disaster
• Have poor self-esteem
• Think they are uncared for by others
• Think they have little control over what happens to them
• Lack the capacity to manage stress
Other factors have also been found to predict worse outcomes:
• Bereavement (death of someone else)
• Injury to self or another family member
• Life threat
• Panic, horror, or feelings like that during the disaster
• Being separated from family (especially among youth)
• Great loss of property
• Displacement (being forced to leave home)

➢ Developing Countries
There is a strong body evidence that these risk factors can be made worse if
the disaster occurs in a developing country. Disasters in developing countries, like the
Philippines, have more severe mental health impact than do disasters in developed
countries. This is true even with less serious disasters.

➢ Low or Negative Social Support

The support of others can be both a risk and a resilience factor. Social support
can weaken after disasters. This may be due to stress and the need for members of
the support network to get on with their own lives.

17
 What’s More
Let students ponder and answer the question.
1. Will a hazard always cause a disaster?
Sample situation: There is a volcano in the middle of an uninhabited dessert.
What is the hazard? Will there be a human disaster if the volcano erupts?

What I Have Learned

Differentiate the risk factors underlying disaster.

What Can I Do
What factors define disaster risk?

18
 Lesson Effects of Natural Disasters
3 on Human Life

What’s In

These are several risk factors underlying a disaster. These are: 1)

severity of exposure, 2) gender 3) family, 4) age, 5) developing countries and 6) low
or negative social support. These factors are determinants of the degree of disaster
risk.

What’s New
What do you think are the effects of natural disaster on human life?

What Is It

Effects of Natural Disasters on Human Life

➢ Displaced Populations
One of the most immediate effects of natural disasters is
population displacement. When countries are ravaged by
earthquakes or other powerful forces of nature like floods and super
typhoons, many people have to abandon their homes and seek
shelter in other regions. A large influx of refugees can disrupt
accessibility of health care and education, as well as food supplies
and clean water.
When Mt. Pinatubo erupted in 1991, thousands of families in
Zambales and Pampanga were displaced. Their communities were
ravaged by lahar flow that turned these communities.
➢ Health Risks
Aside from the obvious immediate danger that natural
disasters present, the secondary effects can be just as
damaging. Severe flooding can result in stagnant water that
allows breeding of waterborne bacteria and malaria-carrying
mosquitoes. Dengue fever is another serious health problem
cause by mosquitoes (aegis egypti). Without emergency relief
from international danger has passed.

19
 ➢ Food Scarcity
After natural disasters, food often becomes scarce. Thousands of
people around the world go hungry as a result of destroyed crops and
loss of agricultural supplies, whether it happens suddenly in a storm or
gradually in a drought. As a result, food prices rise, reducing families’
purchasing power and increasing the risk of severe malnutrition. The
impacts of hunger following an earthquake, typhoon or hurricane can be
tremendous, cause lifelong damage to children’s development.

➢ Emotional Aftershocks
Natural disasters can be particularly traumatic for young
children. Confronted with scenes of destruction and the deaths
of friends and loved ones, many children develop post-
traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), a serious psychological
condition resulting from extreme trauma. Left untreated,
children suffering form PTSD can be prone to lasting
psychological damage and emotional distress.

What’s More
What are the effects of disaster on human’s life?

What I Have Learned

Describe the effects of disaster on human’s life.

What Can I Do
Answer the following questions;
1. How to keep ourselves safe during the disaster?
2. What are the conditions before a disaster is about to come?
3. What precautions should we talk to prevent such a disaster?

20
 Assessment
A. Encircle the letter of your correct choice that best completes the statement
or answers the question.
1. A process, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life,
injury or other health impacts, properly damage, social and economic
disruption or environmental degradation is called ______________________.

a. Disaster b. Emergency c. Hazard d. Vulnerability

2. The following are common long-term impacts of natural hazards EXCEPT

a. Destruction of vital infrastructure like roads and bridges.
b. Disconnection of communication lines
c. Widespread loss of housing
d. Permanent disability

3. A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a widespread human,

material, economic or environmental losses is called __________________.
a. Disaster b. Vulnerability c. Resiliency d. Hazard

4. The variables that amplify the effects of hazards, affecting the degree or scope of
a disaster is called ______________________.
a. Exposure b. Elements at risk c. Risk drivers d. Vulnerability

5. Which is not an effect of disaster on human life?

a. Food Scarcity c. Displaced Population
b. Illnesses and disease d. Disturbance of Biodiversity

6. Disaster frequently result in all of the following EXCEPT

a. Displacement of populations
b. Damage to the ecological environment
c. Destruction of a population’s homeland
d. Adequate supply of goods and services

7. It is the chance or likelihood of suffering harm and loss as a result of a hazardous

event.
a. vulnerability b. disaster c. disaster risk d. hazard

21
8. Disaster is frequently described as a result of various condition except
___________________.
a. exposure to hazard
b. having enough physical, social, and attitudinal capabilities
c. conditions of vulnerability at present
d. insufficient capacity or measures to cope with disasters

9. Which can be prevented but can be anticipated generally?

a. human-made hazards c. Socionatural hazards
b. Disasters d. Natural Hazards

10. Which group belongs to the most vulnerable?

a. professional c. indigenous people
b. government officials d. small entrepreneurs

11. Which is not a volcanic hazard?

a. carbon dioxide b. lapilli c. turbulent ash cloud d. mudflow

12. All of the following are TRUE about disasters EXCEPT:

a. A disaster may be domestic or international
b. A disaster may be caused by nature or human origins
c. A disaster always receives widespread media coverage
d. A disaster may have a known and gradual onset

13. Which is possible cause of earthquake?

a. Tsunami b. Volcanic Eruption c. Landslide d. Typhoon

14. Which is not an example of capacity?

a. adequate income c. local knowledge
b. savings d. isolation

15. Which is not a geological hazard?

a. Earthquake b. Tsunami c. Tephra Fall d. Tornado

Key to answers on page 18

22