World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology

International Journal of Nutrition and Food Engineering

Vol:4, No:8, 2010

Effect of Wheat Flour Extraction Rates on Flour

Composition, Farinographic Characteristics and
Sensory Perception of Sourdough Naans
Ghulam Mueen-ud-Din, Salim-ur-Rehman, Faqir M. Anjum, Haq Nawaz, Mian A. Murtaza

baked mostly in the country restaurants and small bake shops

Abstract—The effect of wheat flour extraction rates on flour known as tanoor shops and comparatively more nutritious
composition, farinographic characteristics and the quality of than chapatti/roti, as it is prepared from fermented dough.
sourdough naans was investigated. The results indicated that by Sourdough process may be used to prepare various types of
increasing the extraction rate, the amount of protein, fiber, fat and good quality breads. The sourdough fermentation have a
ash increased, whereas moisture content decreased. Farinographic
number of beneficial effects that include, a prolong shelf,
characteristic like water absorption and dough development time
accelerated volume, delayed staling, improved bread flavor
International Science Index, Nutrition and Food Engineering Vol:4, No:8, 2010 waset.org/Publication/2550

increased with an increase in flour extraction rate but the dough

stabilities and tolerance indices were reduced with an increase in and nutritional value [4], [5]. However, quality of sourdough
flour extraction rates. Titratable acidity for both sourdough and bread depends upon several factors such as source of
sourdough naans also increased along with flour extraction rate. The acidification, the form of starter addition and flour extraction
study showed that overall quality of sourdough naans were affected rates [6], [7]. The sourdough bread is preferred over yeast
by both flour extraction rate and starter culture used. Sensory leavened bread due to production of organic acids during
analysis of sourdough naans revealed that desirable extraction rate fermentation which may exert beneficial effects on sensory
for sourdough naan was 76%. properties and keeping quality of the breads. Moreover,
sourdough fermentation may contribute towards production of
Keywords—Extraction rates, Farinographic characteristics, Flour flavoring compounds in the baked goods, thus enhancing their
composition, Sourdough naans, Wheat flour.
popularity among consumers.
Flat bread quality depends upon a number of variables such
I. INTRODUCTION
as wheat quality, flour types, extraction rate, ingredients and
W HEAT (Triticum aestivum) is the most important crop
for making bread, due to its absolute baking
performance in comparison to all other cereals [1]. In
processing methods. Moreover, Inherit characteristics of
wheat, tempering conditions, and milling practices cause a
significant difference in flour quality [3]. Flour extraction rate
Pakistan, 80% of the total wheat produced is used for making has marked effect on its nutritional content [8]. Studies
chapattis, rotis, and naan. These are primary and the cheapest indicated that flour extraction rate affects the protein content,
source of protein and calories for the population [2]. Flat farinographic water absorption and gluten strength [9]. With
breads are oldest, most diverse, and most popular product in an increase in exaction rate, the protein content, fiber, sugar,
the world. It is estimated that over 1.8 billion people consume lipids and mineral matter increase, whereas the starch
various kinds of flat breads all over the world. The popularity decreases [10]. Studies have shown that incidence of
of these traditional breads is growing due to ethnic population, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases have increased
higher demand for exotic, healthy and natural breads [3]. Flat among people living in big cities. The main reason for these
bread (naan) is the usual commercial flat bread of Pakistan. It diseases could be due to the lack of fiber in their diet [11]. Flat
is mostly prepared from lower extraction rate wheat flour and breads prepared from higher extraction rate flours are the best
dough is leavened either with yeast or sourdough or both. It is potential source of fiber to prevent these kinds of diseases.
However wheat bran has adverse effect of bread volume, but,
F Ghulam Mueen-ud-Din is with Department of Food Science and use of bran up to seven percent in bread making could result
Technology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha-40100, Pakistan.phone: 0092-
300-6631122; fax: 0092-41-9201439; e-mail: gmd_ft@yahoo.com
in acceptable quality bread comparable with the bread
Salim-ur-Rehman with National Institute of Food Science and Technology, produced from white flour [12].
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan. Different researches like [13], [14], [15] have investigated
e-mail: drsalim_rehman@yahoo.com
the effect of flour extraction rate on flour composition and
Faqir M. Anjum is with National Institute of Food Science and
Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan. quality of bread. However, there is no information on the
e-mail:dgnifsat@ymail.com effect of flour extraction rate on the quality of sourdough
Haq Nawaz is with Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, naan. Therefore, this study was planned to investigate the
University of Agriculture, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
Mian A. Murtaza is with Department of Food Science and Technology, effect of different extraction rates and mixed cultures of LAB
University of Sargodha, Sargodha-40100, Pakistan. and yeast on the quality characteristics of sourdough naan.
e-mail:anjum_ft@yahoo.com

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
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Vol:4, No:8, 2010

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sourdough naans were prepared by using wheat flours
A. Materials of different extraction rates. Dough was prepared by mixing
Pakistani grown winter wheat variety AS-2002 was flour (250 g), fermented sponge (100 g), sugar (10g), salt (6
procured from Wheat Research Institute, Ayub Agriculture g), and water as determined by farinographic water absorption
Research Institute, Faisalabad-Pakistan. Freeze dried cultures and incubated for 20 h at 30 °C. A dough ball of 100 g was
were procured from Lallemand Baking Solutions, Montreal, taken and sheeted into a disk of 7-in. diameter with rolling
Canada. Freeze dried cultures namely, LA-1 containing homo- pin. The disk was pressed with the fingertips in the center
fermentative strain Pediococcus acidilacti along with yeast covering 5-in. diameter. Put it in proofing chamber at 37°C
Saccharomyces cerevisiae and LA-5, mixed culture and 85% RH for 45 min. Finally it was baked in oven at
containing hetero-fermentative strain L. brevis and homo- 315ºC for 3 min. The sourdough breads were packed in a
fermentative strain L. casei, along with yeast Saccharomyces polyethylene bag and kept at -20°C for further analysis.
cerevisiae, was used. I. Measurement of pH and Titratable acidity
B. Different extraction rate flours pH and total titratable acidity (TTA) of sourdough naans
Wheat tempered to 15% moisture was milled by using were determined using the Inolab WTW Series 720 pH meter.
Quadrumate Senior Mill (C. W. Brabender, Duisburg, A 10g sample was blended with 90 ml distill water and the
Germany). Four milling fractions namely break flour, suspension was then titrated with a 0.1 mol/L NaOH to a final
reduction flour, bran and shorts were obtained. Break and pH of 8.5. The TTA was expressed as the amount (ml) of
reduction flours were mixed to get straight grade flour. The NaOH used.
International Science Index, Nutrition and Food Engineering Vol:4, No:8, 2010 waset.org/Publication/2550

by-products obtained during milling such as bran and shorts J. Sensory evaluation
were milled in a hammer mill and blended with 64% Freshly prepared sourdough naans were evaluated for
extraction rate flour by passing through a 40-mesh sieve (610 sensory characteristics like color, flavor, taste, texture,
μ). The 64%, 76%, 88% and 100% extraction rates flours foldingability, chewability and overall acceptability at room
were obtained by proportional mixing of the by-product of temperature in sensory evaluation laboratory by a panel of 10
wheat with 64% extraction rate flour. judges on 9-point Hedonic Scale [19].
C. Proximate analysis of wheat flours K. Statistical analysis
Wheat flours with different extraction rates were analyzed Statistical analysis was carried out using Minitab (V.13.1,
for moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, total ash Minitab Inc., PA 16801-3008, USA). Duncan’s Multiple
and NFE contents according to their respective standard Range Test was applied to calculate the level of significance
methods [16]. [20].
D.Farinographic studies
Rheological behavior of different flour samples was III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
evaluated by running flour samples through Brabender A. Proximate analysis of wheat flours
Farinograph (C. W. Brabender, Duisburg, Germany) [16]. Results for proximate composition of different extraction
Dough characteristics such as water absorption, dough rate flours is shown in Table I. All the parameters showed
stability, dough development time and tolerance index of highly significant (P<0.01) differences from each other. The
dough were interpreted from farinogram. moisture contents of different extraction rate flours ranged
E. Mother sponge from 9.8 to 11.78%. The highest moisture level (11.78%) was
Mother Sponge was prepared from flour (200g), tap water found in 64% extraction rate flour which decreased gradually
(200ml at 30°C) and freeze dried starter culture was added to with an increase in extraction rate and the lowest (9.80%)
give colony-forming units (cfu) of 108 bacteria per gram and moisture was found in 100% extraction rate flour. The
yeast count as 106 cfu per gram of sponge. This was mixed by decrease in flour moisture contents might be due to the higher
hand with a spoon and incubated for 20 h at 30 °C [17]. amount of bran in higher extraction rate flours. The protein
F. Sourdough preparation contents increased with an increase in extraction rate. The
Sourdough was prepared from flour with 64, 76, 88 and 64% extraction rate flour showed the lowest crude protein
100% extraction rates. The flour (200 g), water (100 ml) and (12.05%) whereas, 100% extraction rate flour showed the
fermented sponge (70 g) were mixed together into dough and highest (13.36%) protein contents. low quantity of protein in
incubated for 20 h at 30°C. straight grade flour might be due to the removal of bran and
G. Acid content analysis aleurone layer which contains appreciable amount of protein
pH and total titratable acidity (TTA) of dough samples were [21]. Both crude fat and fiber contents increased with an
determined according to method given by [18], using the increase in flour extraction rate. The highest fat content
Inolab WTW Series 720 pH meter. A 10g sample was blended (2.76%) was found in 100% extraction rate flour, whereas, the
with 90 ml distill water and the suspension was then titrated lowest (1.40%) was found in 64% extraction rate flour. The
with a 0.1 mol/L NaOH to a final pH of 8.5. The TTA was fat percentage was higher in 100% extraction rate than that of
expressed as the amount (ml) of NaOH used. 64% extraction rate or white flour because germ is ground
H. Preparation of sourdough naan along with endosperm during milling [22]. The crude fiber

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
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Vol:4, No:8, 2010

contents ranged from 0.40 to 2.14%. The 64% extraction rate that TTA value of 100% extraction rate flour sourdough naan
flour showed less fiber contents because wheat bran was was almost double than sourdough naan made from straight
removed during milling process which decreased the amount grade flour. Brümmer and Seibel [27] Suggested TTA values
of fiber in flour. Similarly ash contents increased with an between 3.5 and 4.0 in order to get good taste in wheat bread.
increase in flour extraction rate. This increase might be due to Similarly Martinez-Anaya [28] reported lower pH and higher
higher proportion of pericarp and aleuronic layer as reported TTA in breads fermented with LAB than yeast fermented
by [21]. breads.
B. Farinographic studies E. Sensory evaluation
The effect of flour extraction rate on farinographic The Sensory characteristics of sourdough naans prepared
characteristics is shown in Table II. The farinographic from different extraction rates are shown in Fig.I. Sourdough
parameters like Water absorption, dough development time, naans were evaluated for sensory characteristics like color,
dough stability and tolerance index were found highly flavor, taste, texture, foldingability, chewability and overall
significant (P<0.01) among all the flours. The water acceptability by a panel of 10 expert panelists. All treatments
absorption was found in the range of 55.83 to 64.72%. It differed significantly (P<0.01) with regards to all sensory
increased with an increase in flour extraction rate and was parameters. Comparison of control with sourdough naan
observed the highest (64.72%) in flour with 100% extraction prepared from LAB cultures resulted in significant effect
rate and gradually decreased to 55.83% in 64% extraction rate (P<0.05) on color and taste, whereas flavor, texture,
flour. The increase in WA might be due higher protein and flexibility, chew ability and overall acceptability were effected
International Science Index, Nutrition and Food Engineering Vol:4, No:8, 2010 waset.org/Publication/2550

complex carbohydrate contents contributed from bran [13]. highly significantly (P<0.01).
Similar results were reported by [23], who reported WA of In the present study scores for color of sourdough naans
different extraction rate flours in the range of 56 to 66%. were higher than color scores shown by control bread, might
Similarly Dough development time (DDT) also increased be due to the production of lactic acid which improved bread
with an increase in flour extraction rate. The highest DDT color. The color scores decreased with an increase in flour
(6.58 min) was given by 100% extraction rate flour. The flour extraction rate due to the increase in bran portion, which
with 64% extraction rate showed DDT 4.53 min. High DDT masked the color of sourdough naan at higher extraction rat.
maybe due to the presence of increased amount of bran There was considerable improvement in bread flavor due to
particles in high extraction rate flours, which may interfere in sourdough addition. The sourdough naan flavor was improved
the quick development of gluten and hydration of endosperm up to 88% extraction rate flour. The higher ash content flour
[24]. Both Dough stabilities (DS) and tolerance indices (TIs) strongly increased the metabolic activities like formation of
were reduced with an increase in flour extraction rates. The acids and volatile compounds but resulting stronger flavor of
DSs were in the range of 1.80 to 6.27 min, whereas, TIs were bread was not necessarily accepted and liked by the consumer
found in the range of 45 to 64 BU. The variations in the [29]. The present study showed that sourdough naan made
farinographic characteristics might be due to difference in from both LA-1 and LA-5 starter culture got higher scores for
endosperm portion among the different extraction rate flours taste as compared to control. The control bread produced
[24]. sweet yeasty odor and sweet bread taste, whereas sourdough
C. pH and acidity of sourdoughs naans resulted in mild pickling and sour odor and had home
The results for pH and acidity are shown in Table III. Flour made bread taste. The taste of sourdough naans were
extraction rate showed highly significant effect (P<0.01) on improved up to 88% extraction rate, higher extraction resulted
TTA and with the increase in flour extraction rate TTA in sourdough naan with extreme sour taste, disliked by the
increased. Flour ash content might have influenced the panel. This extreme sour taste might be due to higher TTA.
acidification of sourdough [25]. The sourdough made from Similarly, results for the texture of sourdough naan showed
whole meal flour showed almost double TTA than sourdough improvement in texture and palatability. Production of organic
made from straight grade flour. The increase in TTA might be acids during sourdough fermentation helps in the swelling of
due to the presence of more quantity of fermentable gluten and increases gases retention which produces products
carbohydrates in whole meal flour. The starter culture also had with good texture and increased volume [30].
an effect on TTA, but this effect was small in comparison to Flexibility of sourdough naans decreased with an increase
flour extraction rates [26]. in flour extraction rate due to the increase of bran particle. The
D. pH and acidity of sourdough naan difference in flexibility of all the flat breads may be due to the
The results of pH and acidity are shown in Table IV. Yeast difference in the hardness of wheat grains and several other
leavened naan showed the highest pH (5.2) and the lowest factors like flour types and milling characteristics [31]. The
acidity (3.5) values. The pH of sourdough naan changed little scores for chewability indicated that judges gave maximum
with an increase in flour extraction rate and was in the range scores to 76% extraction rate sourdough naan followed by
of 4.6 to 4.8. The sourdough naans prepared from different 64% extraction rate sourdough naan which were little sticky
extraction rate flours using LA-1 and LA-5 starter culture due to the absence of bran particles (Fig. I). Freshly prepared
showed acidity in the range of 3.5 to 9.7 ml, which increased naan had maximum chewability that gradually decreased with
with an increase in flour extraction rate. The results showed the passage of time due to the loss of moisture

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The flour of high extraction rate imparts darker color which [14] J. Qarooni, E. S. Posner, and J. G. Ponte, “Production of tanoor bread
with hard white and other US wheats,” Lebnsm. Wiss. Technol., vol. 26,
was not attractive and got les scores. Also with the increase in pp. 100-106, 1993.
flour extraction rate, taste and other sensory attributes were [15] J. Qarooni, R. Bequetter, and C. Deyoe, “The performance of U.S. hard
also affected significantly. The results of present study whit wheat : effect of milling extraction on flour, pan bread, tortilla, and
pita (arabic) bread quality,” Lebnsm. Wiss. Technol., vol. 27, pp. 270-
suggest that the addition of sourdough improve the overall
277, 1994.
acceptability of sourdough naans. On the basis of sensory [16] AACC, Approved Methods of American Association of Cereal
evaluation it was concluded that sourdough naan prepared Chemists. 15th ed. Am. Assoc. Cereal Chem, Arlington, USA, 2000.
from 76% extraction rate flour and starter culture ranked first [17] B. Hansen, and A. Hansen, “Volatile compounds in wheat sourdoughs
produced by lactic acid bacteria and sourdough yeasts,” Z. Leben. Unter.
for overall acceptability. Fors., vol. 198, pp. 202-209, 1994.
[18] D. Lefebvre, V. Gabriel, Y. Vayssier, and C. Fantange-Faucher,
IV. CONCLUSION “Simultaneous HPLC determination of sugars, organic acids and ethanol
in sourdough process,” Lebensm. Technol. Vol. 35, pp. 407-414, 2002.
After considering all parameters like physico-chemical, [19] D. G. Land, and R. Shepherd, “Scaling and Ranking Methods,” in J. R.
reheological characteristics of flour and sensory evaluation of Piggott, ed., Sensory Analysis of Foods, Elsevier Applied Science,
London, pp. 155-185, 1988.
sourdough naans, it is concluded that the quality of sourdough [20] R. G. D. Steel, J. H. Torrie, and D. A. Dickey, Principles and Procedures
naans might be enhanced depending upon the types of flour of Statistics; A Bio-Metrical Approach, 3rd ed., McGraw Hill Book Co.,
and starter culture used. The overall quality of sourdough Inc. New York, 1997.
naans were affected by flour extraction rates. Keeping in view [21] B. Ramirez-Wong, C. E. Walker, A. I. Osuna-Ledsma, and P. I. Torres,
“Effect of flour extraction rate on white and red winter wheat flour
the nutritional benefits and results of sensory analysis it could composition and tortilla texture,” Cereal Chem., vol. 83, pp. 207-213,
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be concluded that sourdough naan produced from 76% 2007.

extraction was of superior quality. Hence 76% extraction rate [22] H. Rao, P. K. Leelavathi, and S. R. Shurpalekar, “Comparative studies
on atta (whole wheat flour) and resultant atta by product of roller milling
flour declared as best for sourdough naan preparation. industry,” J. Food Sci.,Tech., vol. 21, 1983.
[23] M. H. Azizi, S. M. Sayeddin, and S. H. Payghambardoost, “Effect of
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[5] P. Lavermicocca, F. Valerio, A. Evidente, S. Lazzaroni, A. Corsetti, and between yeasts and lactic acid bacteria in wheat dough and their effects
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sourdough processes, and the use of chemometrics in quality Lebemsm. Unters. Forch., vol. 204, pp. 321-326, 1997.
assessment,” Rev Esp Cienc Tecnol Ailment., vol. 34, pp. 469-493, [30] Y. H. Park, L. H. Jung, and E. R. Jeon, “Quality characteristics of bread
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[7] J. M. Brummer, and K. Lorenz, “European developments in wheat [31] Z. Farooq, S. U. Rehman, and M. Q. Bilal, “Suitability of wheat
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TABLE I
PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTION RATE FLOURS
Wheat flour with different extraction rates
Parameters
64% 76% 88% 100%

Moisture 11.78±0.70a 11.08±0.22ab 10.42±0.26bc 9.80±0.32c

Crude protein 12.05±0.74c 12.48±0.46bc 12.92±0.44ab 13.36±0.29a

Crude fat 1.40±0.06d 1.90±0.01c 2.34±0.07b 2.76±0.09a

Crude fiber 0.40±0.04d 1.06±0.08c 1.62±0.10b 2.14±0.01a

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Total ash 0.56±0.03d 0.86±0.04c 1.21±0.07b 1.55±0.04a

NFE 73.81±0.16a 72.62±0.75b 71.49±0.41c 70.39±0.56d

*Means with different letters have significant (p<0.05) and with no letter have non-significant variation (p>0.05)

TABLE II
FARINOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTION RATE FLOURS
Wheat flour with different extraction rates
Parameters
64% 76% 88% 100%

WA (%) 55.83±0.14c 58.30±0.23bc 61.24±4.54ab 64.72±1.98a

DDT (min) 4.53±0.09c 5.47±0.10b 6.14±0.56a 6.58±0.17a

DS (min) 6.27±0.22a 3.70±0.46b 2.26±0.15c 1.80±0.08c

TI (BU) 64.00±2.33a 62.10±1.02a 56.24±3.59b 45.08±2.84c

*Means with different letters have significant (p<0.05) and with no letter have non-significant variation (p>0.05)

WA: Water absorption, DDT: Dough development time, DS: Dough stability, TI: Tolerance index

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TABLE III
PH AND ACIDITY OF SOURDOUGH PREPARED WITH DIFFERENT EXTRACTION RATE FLOURS AND CULTURES
Starter cultures Extraction rates pH Acidity (ml 0.1N NaOH)

Control 4.8±0.046a 6.8±0.162f

64% 3.6±0.023b 9.5±0.138e

76% 3.5±0.115bc 16.5±0.537d

LA-1
88% 3.4±0.035bcd 17.5±0.162cd

100% 3.3±0.052cd 20.8±0.439b

64% 3.6±0.023b 10.1±0.335e

76% 3.5±0.046bc 18.7±0.266c

LA-5
88% 3.3±0.109cd 21.4±0.843ab
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100% 3.2±0.023d 22.3±0.369a

*Means with different letters have significant (p<0.05) and with no letter have non-significant variation (p>0.05)
Control dough made from Saccharomyces cerevisiae alone
LA-1 Starter culture containing Pediococcus acidilacti + Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
LA-5 Starter culture L .brevis + L .casei + Saccharomyces cerevisiae

TABLE IV
PH AND ACIDITY OF SOURDOUGH NAAN PREPARED WITH DIFFERENT EXTRACTION RATE FLOURS AND CULTURES
Acidity
Starter cultures Extraction rates pH
(ml 0.1N NaOH)

Control 5.2±0.144a 3.5±0.046f

64% 4.8±0.063b 4.7±0.092e

76% 4.8±0.104b 5.7±0.196d

LA-1
88% 4.7±0.052b 6.9±0.069c

100% 4.6±0.052b 9.5±0.387a

64% 4.8±0.052b 3.5±0.087f

76% 4.8±0.081b 7.2±0.248c

LA-5
88% 4.7±0.156b 8.5±0.179b

100% 4.7±0.017b 9.7±0.300a

*Means with different letters have significant (p<0.05) and with no letter have non-significant variation (p>0.05)
Control Naan bread made from Saccharomyces cerevisiae alone
LA-1 Starter culture containing Pediococcus acidilacti + Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

LA-5 Starter culture L .brevis + L .casei + Saccharomyces cerevisiae

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 4(8) 2010 673 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/2550
 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Nutrition and Food Engineering
Vol:4, No:8, 2010
International Science Index, Nutrition and Food Engineering Vol:4, No:8, 2010 waset.org/Publication/2550

Fig. 1 Sensory characteristics of sourdough naan prepared with different extraction rate flours and cultures

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 4(8) 2010 674 scholar.waset.org/1307-6892/2550