SANITATION, PLUMBING DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
MODULE3
BY ENGR. DELENJER H. ALASAGAS, CE, RMP
CONTENTS
DRY AND WET STANDPIPES
WATER HEATING SYSTEM
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Fire code considers the density in the locality and the flammability of
the structures and its contents. Fire exit doors on buildings having four
storeys and above should be provided with re-entry mechanism every four
floors that provide a way out of the stairways.
G.I STANDPIPE
It is a type of rigid water piping which is built into multi-storey
buildings in a vertical position or bridges in a horizontal position to which fire
hoses can be connected, allowing manual application of water to the fire.
The design, installation and maintenance of standpipe systems shall be in
accordance with NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe, Private
Hydrate and Hose Systems.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Classes of Standpipe:
1. Class 1 System
This system is provided with 64mm (2.5 in) hose connections
for full-scale firefighting.
Designated Locations:
• At each intermediate landing between floor levels in every required
exit stairway;
• On each side of the wall adjacent to the exit openings of horizontal
exits;
• In each exit passageway at the entrance from the building areas into
the passageway;
• In covered mall buildings, at the entrance to each exit passageway or
exit corridor, and at exterior public entrances to the mall;
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
• At the highest landing of stairways with stairway access to a roof and on the
roof where stairways do not access the roof. An additional 64 mm (2.5 in) hose
connection shall be provided at the hydraulically most remote riser to facilitate
testing of the system;
• Where the most remote portion of a non-sprinklered floor or storey is located in
excess of 40 m of travel distance from a required exit containing or adjacent to
a hose connection, or the most remote portion of a sprinklered floor or storey
is located in excess of 61 m of travel distance from a required exit containing
or adjacent to a hose connection, additional hose connections shall be
provided, in approved locations, where required by the BFP (Bureau of Fire
Protection).
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
2. Class 2 System
This is a hose connection provided with 38 mm hose or within thirty seven meters (37 m) of
a hose connection system shall be provided with 38 mm(1.5 in) hose connection for first aid
firefighting, so that all portions of each floor level of the building are within forty meters (40 m) of
provided with less 38 mm (1.5 in) hose. Distances shall be measure along a path of travel
origination at the hose connection.
3. Class 3 System
This system shall be provided with hose connections as required for both Class 1 and
Class 2 system.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Dry Standpipe System –
It is a standpiping system installation where there is no water standing in the distribution
pipe. A fire service connection is placed in the exterior of the building connected to the
distribution pipe.
This is usually used nowadays and is usually a minimum requirement for building with 4
storeys and above.
Dry standpipe requirements:
• Fittings and connections should withstand 300 psi (21 kg / cm^2) of water pressure
Size of Standpipe:
• At least 102 mm (4 in) diameter if the highest outlet is 23 more less above the fire service
connections.
• At least 153 mm (6 in) diameter if the highest outlet is higher than 23 m above the fire service
connections.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Fire service connection requirements:
• All 102 mm dry standpipes shall be equipped with a four way fire service connections;
• Shall be equipped with an approved straight way check valve and plugs; and
• Shall be installed within 46 cm - 122 cm above grade
• Fire service outlets:
• Shall be installed on every floors of the building;
• Shall be equipped with an approved 64 mm diameter outlet placed within 61 cm to 122 cm above
the floor of each storey.
• All dry standpipe shall be equipped with a two way sixty four millimeters (64 mm) outlet above the
roof line of a building when the roof has a slope of less than thirty centimeters (30 cm long)
wrench on all sides of the outlet.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Signs:
• Approved durable sign with raised letters of
at least 25 mm in height permanently
attached to all fire Service street
connctions, cast on a plate that reads “DRY
STANDPIPE”
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Wet Standpipe System
It is a standpipe system piping installations herein both the mains and the distribution pipes
are constantly filled with water. Wet standpipe with Siamese connection is one of the most
common types of fire protection.
Wet standpipe system extending from the cellar or basement into the topmost storey shall be
required in:
• Assembly occupancies exceeding 1,000
• Educational, healthcare and detention and correctional, business and mercantile, industrial,
hotels, apartment, four or more storeys in height
• Hazardous storage and business occupancies with floor area exceeding 1,860 sq.m per floor
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Wet Standpipe Requirements:
• The size of the standpipes shall not be less than 64 mm in diameter.
• It shall be located so that all portions of the building are within 6m of a nozzle attached to 22 m of
hose.
• In theaters, auditoriums and other assembly occupancies exceeding 1,000 occupant load, outlets
shall be located at each side of any stage, each side of the rear and each side of the balcony.
Fire Service Requirements:
• All interior wet standpipes shall be equipped with 38 mm valve in each storey.
• It shall be located not less than 91 cm nor more than 182 cm above the floor.
• Shall deliver at least 132 liters of water per minute at not less than 1.8 kilos per square cm of
residual pressure for 30 minutes
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
• Pressure or gravity tanks shall have a capacity sufficient to furnish at least 265 liters of water per
minute for 30 minutes
• Each wet standpipe outlet shall be supplied with a hose not less than 38 mm in diameter
• Signs shall be provided. If automatic sprinklers are also supplies, signs should also indicate.
“STANPIPE AND AUTOSPKR” or “AUTOSPKR AND STANDPIPE”
Combination Standpipe System
Combination standpipe systems shall not be less than 150 mm in diameter. All combination
standpipe systems shall be equipped with a 4-way fire service connections. It shall be equipped
with an approved straight way check valve and plug. It shall be also installed within 46 cm - 122 cm
above grade.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Fire service outlet:
It shall be installed on every floors on the building, and shall be equipped with an approved
three-way 64 mm diameter outlet placed within 61 cm to 122 cm above the floor of each storey.
SIAMESE CONNECTIONS
2-way 102 mm
3-way 125 mm
4-way 152 mm
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Sprinkler System
It is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply system, providing
adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers
are connected.
Coverage of one sprinkler heads:
20 square meters for light hazard occupancy
10 square meters for extra hazard condition
The spacing of sprinkler heads depends upon the ff conditions:
• Fire rating of the building
• Construction of the ceiling
• Types of occupancy
• Total Area
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Two common types of sprinkler heads
• Pendent Type – Used in areas with architectural ceiling (i.e,
gypsum boards)
• Upright Type – Used in areas with exposed ceiling (i.e, parking
areas)
At 136 degrees Fahrenheit, the bulb breaks and
automatically releases a water stream.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Fire Extinguishers
Fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device
used to extinguish or control small fires, often in emergency
situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire,
such as one which has reached the ceiling, endangers the
user (i.e., no escape route, smoke, explosion hazard, etc.),
or otherwise requires the expertise of a fire brigade.
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
WATER HEATING SYSTEM
Hot Water System
Hot Water supply in building can be categorized into three types of distribution which are
as follows:
• The Up-Feed and Gravity Return System
• The Overhead Feed and Gravity Return System
• The Pump Circuit System
The Up-Feed and Gravity Return System
This type of distribution is usually used in small residential houses. The piping system has
the larger pipe installed at the bottom of the riser and the diminishing pipe sizes passes through the
upper floors of the building.
WATER HEATING SYSTEM
Advantages:
• It provides constant circulation of hot water.
• Hot water is quickly drawn from the fixtures at any time desired.
• Provide economical circulating return of unused hot water
• Eliminate waste of water
The Overhead Feed and Gravity Return System
This type of distribution is usually used in buildings of extreme heights. The piping system
has the larger pipe installed at the top of the riser and the diminishing pipe sizes through the lower
floors.
WATER HEATING SYSTEM
Advantages:
• Water distribution is dependent on the expansion of hot water and gravity.
• In a closed pipeline system, water rises up to the highest point of the installation when heated.
• The natural force of gravity, return the water into the storage tank
• Water will circulate, even if there may be defect in the mechanical construction.
The Pump Circuit System
This type of distribution relies on mechanical devices to circulate hot water to the plumbing
fixture. It is usually recommended for large building where difficulty of providing natural circulation
of hot water is encountered. Usually, the centrifugal type of pump is used.
WATER HEATING SYSTEM
Advantages:
• Increases efficiency of the system than the overhead feed or up-feed
system
• Faster circulation of hot water giving the occupants a better supply.
Types of Hot Water Tank
Range Boiler – small hot water tank
• Made of copper or stainless steel sheet
• It is built in cylindrical shape with concave ends
• Varies in sizes from 30 cm - 60 cm diameter and a length of not more than
180cm.
• Installed in either vertical or horizontal position.
WATER HEATING SYSTEM
Storage Boiler – Large hot water tank
• Made of heavy-duty stainless steel sheet of diameter varying from 60 cm to 130 cm.
• It is not more than 5 m long
• Installed in either vertical or horizontal position.
