Chapter 16

Force and
Motion

We learnt about
simple machines in
Grade 3.

What type of simple

machine is used to lift
the heavy power shovel?
16. Describing and
Measuring Motion

Lesson 1: “Position
Objects”
and Motion of
A push and a pull is force. When we use force, we can move
an object. When an object is moving, we say that the object is
in motion.

What is the motion of an object?

Activity : Where is the object?

What to Do: How can you describe

1. Draw a table like the one shown below. the location of each
object in detail?
Object Where is it?

2. Look at the picture below. Choose three kinds of

objects and write their names in the table.
3. Describe the location of the objects in the table.
4. Share your ideas with your classmates. Talk about how we can
describe the location of the objects.

What happens to the

location of an object
if you move it?

209
 Summary
The place or location of an object is called the position. We can
describe the position of an object as compared to other objects. For
example, the position of the red book is on a desk in front of a pink
wall. The position of the blue car is on the road 1m from the road sign.

Position of the objects can be described as compared to other objects.

What happens to the position of an object if it moves? The position

of the object may change. The change in the position of an object
is called the motion. An object in motion moves from one place to
another.
For example, the position of a book changes from an edge to another
edge of the desk when we move the book on the desk. When the car
is moving, its position changes from the road sign to the traffic light.
The car is in motion.

The position of the book changes when A car in motion changes its position from the sign
we push the book. to the traffic light.

210
Lesson 2: “Describing Motion of an
Object”
When an object moves, it changes its position. The change
in an object’s position is called motion. A moving object is in
motion.

How can we describe the motion of an

object?

Activity : How is the object moving?

What to Do:
1. Draw a table like the one shown below.
Motion Describing how the ball is moving
When you drop a ball
When you throw a ball

2. Go outside of the classroom.

3. Hold a ball and drop it. Observe how the ball is moving and
describe the motion of the ball in the table.
4. Next, hold the ball and throw it. Observe how the ball is moving
and describe the motion of the ball in the table.
5. Share your observation with your classmates. Talk about how we
can describe the motion of an object.

How far and in which

direction is the ball moving?

211
 Summary
The distance travelled by
The motion of an object can be described by the ball is the length from
its distance, speed and direction. me to the place where the
ball stops.
Distance
A distance is the same as length. A distance
is a measure of how far an object has travelled from
its starting point. For example, if you kick a ball on
the ground, the ball travels to
one place. The distance is the The distance of a ball
length from your place to the
place the ball is located.
Speed
Speed is a measure of how fast
an object is moving. For example,
cheetahs can run almost at a
speed of 120 km/h. Pigs can run
at a speed of 17.7 km/h. Cheetahs
can run faster than pigs. Pigs
move slower than cheetahs. Cheetahs are the fastest animals.
Direction
In which direction is
A direction is the path that the ball going next?
an object takes. We can find
the direction of an object by
comparing its current position
to its earlier position. We can
describe the direction using
words such as straight, east,
west, up, down, right or left. For
example, a car is moving straight
A ball is bouncing on the oor. The direction of
east or turning right. the ball always changes.

212
Lesson 3: “Measuring Motion of an
Object”
The direction of an object can be found by comparing its
positions. ow can we find the distance and speed of an object?

How can we measure the distance and speed

of an object?

Activity : Measuring distance and time

What We Need:

What to Do:
1. Draw a table like the one shown below.
Attempt Time (second) Distance (cm)
1st
2nd
3rd

. ark a starting line n the sm th r with ta e and t a t y

car on the starting line.
3. Push the car forward. Measure the time from when it starts
moving to when it stops with a stopwatch. Record the time in the
table.
4. Measure the distance from the starting line to the car with a tape
measure. Record the distance in the table.
5. Repeat steps 2-4 three times.
Measure this distance
6. Share your observation with your classmates. with a tape measure

Stop the Start the

stopwatch! stopwatch

213
 Summary
The distance and speed of an object
Ruler
can be measured.
Distance
Distance can be measured using a
Tape measure
ruler, a tape measure or a measuring
Measuring tape
tape. The distance of an object is often
measured in kilometres (km), metres (m) or centimetres (cm).
Speed
Speed is a measure of how far an object can go in a certain amount
of time. We can find the speed of an object when the distance the
object travelled is divided by the time it took to travel that distance.
For example, if a person runs 200 m in 20 seconds, the speed of the
person is 200 m divided by 20 seconds or 10 m in 1 second.
This means that in 1 second the person
Your time is 20
can move 10 m. seconds!

The distance is 200 m.

She can run 200 m in 20 seconds.

Discussion

What is the speed of the toy car?

1. Calculate the speed of the toy car on the 1st, 2nd and 3rd attempts in the
activity.
2. Find the average speed of the toy car.

214
 m ary
Sum 16.1 Describing and
and Summary Measuring Motion
cise
Exer

Position and Motion of Objects

The place or location of an object is called the position.
The change in the position of an object is called motion.

Describing Motion of an Object

The motion of an object can be described by its:

Distance
A measure of how far an object has
travelled from its starting point.

Speed
A measure of how fast an object is moving.

Direction
The path that an object takes. It can be
described using words such as east, west,
up, down, right or left. The direction of the ball changes
always

Measuring Motion of an Object

Distance can be measured by using a ruler, tape measure or measuring
tape. Distance is often measured in kilometres (km), metres (m), or
centimetres (cm).
Speed is a measure of how far an object can go in a certain amount of
time. Speed can be found if the distance the object travelled is divided by
the time it took to travel that distance.

215
 m ary
Sum 16.1 Describing and
and
c ise
Exercise Measuring Motion
Exer

Q1. Complete each sentence with the correct word.

(1) The place or location of an object is called the ______.
(2) The measure of how far an object has travelled from its starting point
is called _________.
(3) _______ is the path that an object takes.
(4) The measure of how fast an object is moving is called _______.

Q2. Choose the letter with the correct answer.

(1) Which of the following is a correct explanation about motion?
A. It is the change in the position of an object.
B. It is the change in the size of an object.
C. It is the change in the colour of an object.
D. It is the change in the shape of an object.
(2) Which of the following is used to measure distance?
A. Stop B. Thermometer C. Tape D. Compass
watch measure

Q3. Answer the following question below.

Study the picture on the right.
What causes the moving object to change
direction?

Q4. Amy and Ellie left school at the same time and went back to their homes
on foot. Amy lives further away than Ellie, but they arrived at their homes
at about the same time. Whose walking speed is faster than the other?
Write your answer with reasons.

216
16. Machine and Its Work

Lesson 1: “Six Simple Machines”

We use different types of simple machines in daily life.
Hammer, ramp, knife and doorknob are examples of simple
machines.

What types of simple machines are there?

Activity : Grouping simple machines

What to Do: Group Simple machines How do you group them?

1. Draw a table like the one 1

shown on the right.

2
3
2. Look at the pictures 4
below. 5
3. Compare the simple 6

machines and group them into How do we use those

six groups according to how they simple machines? How are
they alike or different?
work and look.
4. Share your ideas with your classmates. Talk about
the way you grouped the simple machines.

217
 Summary
A tool or device that can make work easier is called a simple
machine. The word work has a special meaning in science. Work
is the movement of an object by using a force. A simple machine can
move an object easily when a force is applied to the simple machine.
There are six types of simple
Can you tell how each
machines such as lever, pulley, type of simple machine
works?
inclined plane, wheel and
axle, wedge and screw.
The pictures below show examples of each type of
simple machine.
Lever Pulley Inclined Plane

Wedge Wheel and Axle Screw

218
Lesson 2: “Lever”
Lever is one of the simple machines. We use levers everywhere
in daily life. A hammer is an example of a lever.

How does a lever make work easier?

Activity : How a hammer works

What We Need: Is it easy to remove the

nails from the board
using your hand?

What to Do:
1. Use a hammer to drive a nail
into a wooden board.
2. Try to pull out the nail from the board using
your hand.
3. Try to pull out the nail from the board
using the claw of the hammer.
4. Compare which way is easier to pull out
the nail.
. Share y r findings with y r lassmates.
Talk about how a hammer helps us make
work easier.

Which way is easier

for you to pull out the
nail from a board?

219
 Summary
A lever is a simple machine Moving up!
Arm
made up of an arm and a
fulcrum. A lever makes it easier
to lift and move objects.
A bottle opener, shovel and Fulcrum Pushing down!
scissors are examples of levers. A Simple Machine: Lever

Flip top Shovel Scissors

We can pull out a nail from the

wood easily using a hammer than
using our fingers. When we use a
hammer, we apply a weak force Downward and
weak force
to the handle of the hammer. The
hammer changes the weak force
Upward and
to a strong force on the nail. The strong force
hammer also changes the direction
of the force from downward to
upward. A lever can change the
strength and the direction of a
Fulcrum
force. The changes in the strength
and the direction of the force make
it easier to remove the nail.

A lever changes the strength and the

direction of a force.
220
Lesson 3: “Inclined Plane”
An inclined plane is one of the simple machines. Inclined planes
help us to move an object.

How does an inclined plane make work

easier?

Activity : Which is easier?

What We Need:

What to Do: A slanted board

plays the role of
1. Draw a table like the one shown below.
G4_16_2_L3_1
an inclined plane!
Which method did you need more
How far did you pull? (cm)
or less force?
Without a board
With a board

2. Tie a string around a book.

3. Set the string like the picture shown on
the right, and pull the book to the top of
the bench.
4. Measure the distance you lifted the
book, and record the distance in the
table.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 by using a board G4_16_2_L3_2

as shown on the right.

6. Compare the two methods you lifted
the book. Record which methods
needed more or less force to lift the
book in the table.
. Share y r findings with y r lassmates.G4_16_2_L3_3
alk ab t h w
inclined plane helps us make work easier.
221
 Result
Without a board, we used more force but we moved the book a
shorter distance. When we pulled the book up the slanted board or
inclined plane, we used less force and the book was moved a longer
distance.
How far did you pull? (cm) Which method did you need more or less force?
Without a board e.g. 60 cm e.g. More force without a board
With a board e.g. 120 cm e.g. Less force with a board

Summary
An inclined plane is a simple machine
made up of a slanted surface. An inclined
plane decreases the force and increases Inclined Plane
the distance to move an object to a higher position. When a heavy
object is lifted straight up to a higher position, we use a stronger force
but we move the object a shorter distance. By pushing the object
up an inclined plane to a higher position, we need less force but the
object must be moved over a longer distance. Ladders, stairs and a
wheelchair ramp are examples of an inclined plane.

er dista e t push
up i i ed p a e

ess r e t push
up i i ed p a e

re r e t
i t strai ht up

sh rter dista e t
push up i i ed p a e

An inclined plane makes it easier to move a box.

222
Lesson 4: “Pulleys”
Pulleys are found around us. We use pulleys in many ways.

How does a pulley make work easier?

Activity : Lifting up a bottle

What We Need:

What to Do:
1. Draw a table like the one shown below in your exercise book.
Distance of the string you pulled (cm) Which method do you need less force?
A
B

2. Tie one end of a string around a bottle and Compare the two pulleys
t the b ttle n the r. in picture A and B. How
are they different?
3. Set the pulley and the string as shown in
picture “A”.
4. Lift the bottle 50 cm off the ground by pulling the other
end of the string.
5. After lifting the bottle, measure how
far you pulled the string to lift the
bottle 50 cm off the ground, and
record it in the table.
6. Set a pulley and a string like the one
in picture “B”. Repeat steps 4 and 5.
7. Compare the two methods you lifted
the bottle and record which method
you use less force to lift the bottle in
the table. A B
8. Share your ideas with your classmates. Talk about how a pulley
works.

223
 Result Pulley A cannot move
freely but pulley B
can move freely!
When we lift the bottle with pulley B,
we used less force but we must pull
the string a longer distance than pulley A.
Distance of the string you pulled (cm) Which method do you need less force?
A e.g. 50 cm e.g. We needed more force
B e.g. 100 cm e.g. We needed less force

Summary Wheel

A pulley is a simple machine which is

useful to lift or lower an object. A pulley Rope

consists of a wheel with a groove through

which a string or rope runs. There are two
Groove
main types of pulleys; fi s and
Pulley
movable pulleys.
A fixed pulley is fixed in one place and cannot be moved. The fixed
pulley changes the direction of the force but it does not change the
amount of the force needed to lift the object. An object moves in the
same distance as we
pull the rope.
A movable pulley is a
pulley that is free to
move up and down.
The movable pulley
allows us to use less
force to lift an object but
we must pull the rope a
longer distance than the
object moves. A Fixed Pulley A Movable Pulley
1 _ _L 1_ __ _L Fixed 修正
_ _ pulley and movable Pulley 修正

224
Lesson 5: “Wheel and Axle”
A wheel and axle is one of the simple machines. It consists of
two circular objects of different sizes attached to each other.

How does a wheel and axel work?

Activity : Turning a broom

What We Need:

What to Do:
1. Place the two chairs back-to-back
with some space between them and
place a broom over the chairs as
shown on the right.
2. Tie a 1m piece of rope to the handle
of the bucket and the centre of the
broom stick. Put some stones into
the bucket.
3. Hold the end of the broom handle 1 _ _L _A 修正

and turn its handle to raise the

bucket higher.
4. Hold the head of the broom and turn
the broom handle to raise the bucket
higher.
5. Compare which part of the
broom makes it easier to lift 1 _ _L _A 修正 The broom handle
represents an axle, and
the bucket.
the head of the broom
6. Share your ideas with your represents a wheel!
classmates. Talk about how
wheel and axle works.
225
 Summary Wheel

A wheel and axle is a simple machine

made up of two parts; a wheel and an
axle. The wheel is a round disk. The
axle is a rod that runs through the Axle

centre of the wheel. When the wheel is Wheel and Axle

turned, the axle is
Shaft16_2_L5_s_wheel and Axel
also turned. (axle)
The wheel and Knob
(wheel)
axle makes work
easier by increasing
the strength of the
force. A doorknob is A strong force
on a shaft
A weak force
one example of a wheel and axle. to a knob
The knob is the wheel and the shaft
is the axle. When we turn the knob
with a weak force, it changes to a
strong force on the shaft. Then we
can open and close doors easily.

A wheel and axle is used in many

ways. Screwdrivers and faucets are A wheel and Axle can change the strength
of the force.
examples of devices that use wheel
Can you come up
and axle. with other examples
of wheel and axle?

Faucet Screwdriver

226
Lesson 6: “Wedge”
A wedge is one of the simple machines. It is V-shaped like a
knife. We use a wedge in many ways.

How does a wedge make work easier?

Activity : Splitting clay

What We Need:
Which parts of a
block are V-shaped?
What to Do:
1. Draw a table like the one
shown below in your exercise book.
Which way can you split the clay easily? How does a wedge work?

2. Place clay on a table. Flat face

. la e the at art a of a block

rectangular block on the Clay

clay. Push it down and try to

split the clay.
4. Place the edge of a
rectangular block on the
clay. Push it down and try to
split the clay. Edge of a
5. Record which way is easier block

to split the clay in the table. Clay

. Share y r findings with

your classmates. Talk about
how a wedge works.

227
 Summary
A wedge is a simple machine
made up of two inclined planes
back to back. These planes meet
Inclined Inclined
and form a sharp edge. This edge plane plane

can cut or split objects apart. Wedge

Wedges change the direction of Downward

force
the force. When
The narrower the
we push down wedge, the easier Outward
it is to cut or split force
on a wedge, we
objects apart.
apply a downward
force. The wedge
changes the
downward force to
an outward force.
This helps to cut
A wedge changes a downward force to an
or split objects into two pieces. outward force.
G4_16_2_L6_S
Wedges are used in many ways.
Knives, axes, doorstops and nails
are examples of wedges.

Splitting a log with an axe

Cutting an apple with a knife Holding back a door with a doorstop

228
Lesson 7: “Screw”
A screw is a simple machine. We can
understand the screw by wrapping the
paper around a pencil. The spiral shaped
is a screw.

How does a screw work?

Activity : Turning a screw

What We Need: Look at a nail and a

screw. How are they
alike or different?

What to Do:
1. Draw a table like the one
shown below.
How did the screw move? Which is harder to get out of the wood?

2. Turn a screw into a wood with When you turn a

a screwdriver paying attention screw, in which way
do you turn the
to how the screw moves. Leave
screw and how does
some part of the screw above the screw move?
the surface of the wood.
3. Hammer a nail into a wood with
a hammer. Leave some part of the
nail above the surface of the wood.
4. Pull the screw and the nail out of
the wood with the claw of the hammer.
. e rd y r findings in the table.
. Share y r findings with y r lassmates.
Talk about how a screw works.

229
 Summary
A screw is a simple machine made up of
an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder
Inclined
or a cone. plane
Screws are used to hold objects together. Screw
The top of a plastic bottle has
Inclined
an inclined plane and a bottle plane
cap has a matching inclined
plane on the inside. When we
turn the bottle cap, the inclined
planes help it to hold the bottle
and the cap better. Inclined plane helps it to hold or tighten the plastic
bottle.
Screws can change a weak
force to a strong downward or
upward force. When we turn a A weak
circular force
screw with a screwdriver, we
apply a weak force. The weak
force applied to the screw
A strong
changes to a strong downward downward
force to move the screw into a force

wooden board.
Screws can change a weak force to a strong
The screws are used in many downward or upward force.
ways. Examples of screws include bolts, screws,
bottle caps, light bulbs and car jacks.

Bolt Car jack Light bulb

230
 m ary
Sum
and Summary 16.2 Machine and Its Work
cise
Exer

Six Simple Machines

Work is the movement of an object by using a force.
There are six types of simple machines that can make work easier.
Lever
A lever is made up of an arm and a fulcrum. It is
easier to lift and move objects with a lever.

Inclined Plane
An inclined plane is made up of a slanted surface.
It decreases a force to move an object to a higher
position but increases the distance.

Pulleys
A pulley consists of a wheel with a groove. It is
useful to lift or lower an object. There are two main
types of pulleys, fixed pulley and movable pulley.

Wheel and Axle

A wheel and axle is made up of two parts; a wheel
and an axle.
When we turn the wheel with a weak force, it
changes to a strong force on the axle.
Wedge
A wedge is made up of two inclined planes back to
back. These planes meet and form a sharp edge.
This edge can cut or split objects apart.

Screw
A screw is made up of an inclined plane wrapped
around a cylinder or a cone. They are used to hold
objects together.

231
 m ary
Sum
and
e
Exercise 16.2 Machine and Its Work
Ex ercis

Q1. Complete each sentence with the correct word.

(1) A simple ________ is a tool that can make work easier.
(2) Work is the movement of an object by using a ________.
(3) A _______ is made up of an arm and a fulcrum.
(4) A _______ is made up of two inclined planes back to back.
(5) A _______ is made up of an inclined plane wrapped around a
cylinder or a cone.
Q2. Choose the letter with the correct answer.
(1) Which of these shows a Wheel and Axle?
A. Scissor B. Hammer C. Door knob D. Slope

(2) Which simple machine has two inclined planes placed together and
it is used to help cut objects?
A. Lever B. Wedge C. Screw D. Pulley
Q3. Answer the question below.
What type of simple machines are shown in the pictures?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Q4. xplain the difference between a fixed

pulley and a movable pulley.

232
 Chapter 16
Science Extras

Speed of animals
What animal is the fastest on the land? The cheetah is the fastest land
animal in the world. It runs much faster than every other land animal
alive today. The fastest human in the world recorded about 9.6 seconds
to run 100 metres, while the cheetah can run the same distance in only
3.2 seconds in the same distance.
Cheetahs live in Africa

A cheetah is the
fastest land animal in
the world!

Different animals move at different speed

233
 Chapter Test

16. Force and Motion

Q1 Complete each sentence with the correct word.
(1) An object’s ________ is its location or place.
(2) The measure of how fast an object is moving is its _________.
(3) A simple machine is a tool that can make ________ easier.

Q2 Choose the letter with the correct answer.

(1) Which of these tools is a type of screw?
A. Flagpole
B. Doorknob
C. Scissor
D. Jar lid

(2) Which one of these would be best to use to move a box out of the
truck?
A. A pulley
B. A lever
C. A wheel and axle
D. An inclined plane

(3) Which of the following describes the change in the position of an

object?
A. Force
B. Motion
C. Distance
D. Direction

(4) Which of the following defines the path that an object takes?
A. Direction
B. Motion
C. Distance
D. Force

234
Q3 (1) What is a type of simple machine often used to hold things
together?
________________________________

(2) A doorknob is an example of what kind of simple machine?

________________________________

(3) Label the simple machine found in each picture below.

A B C
(4) What are the three things that describe the motion of an object?
_______________________________________________

Q4 (1) How does a pulley make work easier?

_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

(2) Ellanie wants to move a clock face from her room to the living room.
What happens to the position of the clock face if she moves it?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________

235
 Science Tool Box
1. How to use a Thermometer
2. How to use a Compass
3. How to use a measuring cylinder

I would like to use

these science tools
in the lesson!

Let's check and

learn how to use the
science tools here.

Compass

Thermometer

Measuring cylinder

236
How to use a
Thermometer

1. What is a thermometer?
A thermometer is an
instrument we use to measure
temperature. A thermometer
consists of a glass tube with
marks on it. When the liquid
in the glass tube is heated, it
expands and begins to rise
up the tube. Temperature is
measured in degree Celsius [°C].

2. Measuring temperature
STEP 1:
Place the bulb in the place where you want to Thermometer
measure the temperature. Make sure that there
are no bright lights or direct sunlight shining on the bulb
bulb.
STEP 2:
Wait for a few minutes until the liquid
in the tube stops moving. Position your
eyes at the same level with the top of the
liquid in the tube.
STEP 3:
Read the scale line that is closest to the e e e e
top of the liquid. The thermometer as
shown on the right shows 27 °C.

237
 How to use a
Compass

1. What is a compass?
A compass is an instrument you use
for finding directions (North, South,
East and West). It has a dial and a
magnetic needle that always points
to the north/south. This helps you to
Compass
locate your position on a map and to
set the direction you wish to travel.

2. Finding directions
STEP 1:
When you want to face North, place
the compass flat on your palm and
hold your palm in front of your chest
as shown in the picture on the right.
STEP 2:
Turn your body until the magnetic
needle comes to the North sign on the North
dial. When the needle overlaps the
North sign on the dial, you are facing
North.
STEP 3:
Find other directions when you are
facing North. Your right side points to West East
East and left side points to West, and
your back is facing the South when
you are facing North. South

238
How to use a
measuring cylinder
STEP 1
1. What is a measuring cylinder?
Measuring cylinder, beaker and
measuring jar are used to measure
the volume of water.
Volume of water is often measured
in millilitre (mL) or in litre (L).

2. Measuring Volume of Water

STEP 1: STEP 2

Pour some water into a measuring

container.

STEP 2:
Position your eyes at the level
e e e e
with the top of the water. Read
the scale line that is closest to the
STEP 3
surface of the water.
If the surface of the water is mL
50
curved up on the sides, look at the
lowest point of the curved water 40

surface. 30

se up ie
20
STEP 3:
Read the measurement on the 10

scale. The volume of water in the

figure on the right is 43 mL.
raduated
i der

239
 Answer of Exercise

Chapter 1, Topic 1, Page 18 den, and play outdoor sports and so on / On a

Q1 (1) energy (2) oxygen (3) shelter (4) food rainy day people use umbrella to cover them-
(5) food selves from getting wet, stay indoors and so on /
Q2. (1) D (2) A On a cold day people wear warm clothes and sit
Q3. (1) The bird eats insects living on the skin of by a fire place to keep warm and so on.
the buffalo. (2) When the bird eats insects on his Chapter 8, Topic 1, Page 80
skin, he can be free from parasites. Q1. (1) electricity (2) Thomas Edison (3) electricity
Q4. (Example of the answers) Our people eat fish, (4) outlet (5) battery
chicken, pigs, taro, potato, sago, and vegeta- Q2. (1) D (2) B
bles. We use palm trees and banana leaves for Q3. (1) The cord of the TV has to be connected to
making house and make clothes from cotton the outlet (2) Because it uses dry cells/ battery
and animal furs. as a power source.
Chapter 3, Topic 1, Page 36 Q4. (Example of the answer) No dry cells(battery)
Q1. (1) pottery (2) pollution (3) landfill (4) compost inside / Flat dry cells (battery)
Q2. (1) D (2) A Chapter 8, Topic 2, Page 90
Q3 (1) People use it for growing plants / People Q1. (1) electricity(2) negative (3) metal (4) conduc-
build houses and buildings on it / People make tors (5) insulator
pottery and art work / People use it to burry Q2. (1) D (2) B
rubbish (2) (Example of the answer) Waste Q3. (1) Bulb socket (2) Bulb (3) Wires (4) Battery
disposal on the soil / To many uses of fertilizer (5) Switch
or insecticides in agriculture / Harmful materials Q4. (Example of the answer) The rubber is an insu-
left behind in soil after mining of natural re- lator. It prevents the electric current from flowing
source. through our body and getting electric shocks.
Q4. (Example of answer) Soil pollution can be Chapter 2,4,7,9, Page 100
prevented by: picking up trash or rubbish / put- Q1. (1) seed (2) Plant (3) Fruits (4) Life cycle
ting trash or rubbish in correct places / using the Q2. (1) A (2) D
3R’s (reduce, reuse and recycle) / using com- Q3.
Peanut Water melon
post instead of fertilizers, etc.
Colour Brown Green skin and
Chapter 5, Topic 1, Page 54 red fruits
Q1. (1) Air (2) Wind (3) compressed (4) volume Shape Beans shape Ball shape
Juicy or dry Dry Juicy
Q2. (1) C (2) C
Hard or soft Hard Soft
Q3. Pump for tyre, balloon, a tyre, a ball
Q4. Herbs normally die after producing seeds, but
Q4 (Example of the answer) Air can be seen
many new herbs will grow from the seeds.
through the moving leaves of palm trees.
Chapter 10, Topic 1, Page 114
Chapter 6, Topic 1, Page 66
Q1. (1) Egg (2) Fish (3) Larva
Q1. (1) Temperature (2) Clouds (3) Precipitation
Q2. (1) D (2) C
(4) Wind
Q3 The living things cannot lay eggs and their
Q2. (1) D (2) D
offspring cannot start their life cycles and main-
Q3. (1) Thermometer (2) temperature (3) It is used
tain their numbers. The living things will disap-
to measure strength and direction of wind.
pear from the world.
Q4. (Example of the answer) On a sunny day peo-
Q4. Both plants and animals start to grow from
ple can go swimming, go to the market or gar-
small shape called seeds or eggs. They gradu-

240
 ally grow by changing shapes and finally repro- polluted fish.
duce their seeds or eggs and continue life cycle Chapter 14, Topic 1, Page 192
of next generations. Q1 (1) bones (2) joints (3) with (4) without
Chapter 11, Topic 1, Page 128 Q2 (1) A (2) C
Q1. (1) vibrate (2) Vibration (3) Volume (4) medium Q3 (1) Tendons (2) Triceps (3) Biceps (4) Muscle Y
(5) pitch contract and muscle X relax
Q2. (1) B (2) D Q4 (Example of the answer) If there is no bones in
Q3. Sound our body, we cannot keep our body shape. We
Q4. (Example of the Answer) Because there is not cannot stand and even cannot move. Our or-
enough medium which the vibrations of their gans inside the body are not protected and face
small voice travels through. the dangerous situation. As a result, we simply
Chapter 12, Topic 1, Page 142 die.
Q1. (1) physical properties (2) new (3) five Chapter 15, Topic 1, Page 204
Q2. (1) C (2) C Q1. (1) moon (2) phases (3) east / west
Q3. A chemical change Q2. (1) B (2) C
Q4 (Example of the answer) By folding the coloured Q3. (1) Waning Crescent (2) It reflects light from the
A4 paper to make the paper plane. Sun.(3) 29.5 days
Chapter 12, Topic 2, Page 154 Q4. Both the Moon and the Sun rise into the sky in
Q1. (1) states (2) Melting (3)Water vapour the east, moves across the sky at highest posi-
Q2. (1) A (2) B tion and sets in the west.
Q3. 100 °C Chapter 16, Topic 1, Page 216
Q4 Tiny water droplets would be formed on the Q1. (1) position (2) Distance (3) direction (4) Speed
surface of the mirror. Q2. (1) A (2) C
Chapter 13, Topic 1, Page 168 Q3. (1) Force
Q1. (1) source (2) man-made (3) condensation Q4. (Example of the answer) Walking speed of Amy
Q2. (1) B (2) A is faster than that of Ellie. Amy travelled longer
Q3. (Example of the answer) Rivers, lakes, distance than Elli, while their time to travel are
streams, ponds and springs, etc. same. It means Amy can walk faster than Ellie.
Q4.(Example of the answer) 1) Evaporation: Heat Chapter 16, Topic 2, Page 232
from the Sun cause water in ocean to change to Q1. (1) machine (2) force (3) lever (4) wedge
water vapour. 2) Condensation: The water va- (5) screw
pour in the air cools and change to tiny droplets Q2. (1) C (2) B
that form clouds. 3) Precipitation: The droplets in Q3. (1) Lever (2) Screw (3) Inclined plane (4) Pulley
clouds become larger and fall down as rain. (5) Wheel and axle (6) Wedge
Chapter 13, Topic 2, Page 176 Q4. (Example of the answer) Fixed pulley is fixed
Q1. (1) water (2) oil (3) trash (or rubbish) (4) elec- in one place and cannot be moved. It changes
tricity the direction of the force but it does not change
Q2. (1) A (2) C the amount of force needed to lift the object. / A
Q3. (1) We use water to drink and water plants., movable pulley is a pulley that is free to move
etc. (2) Avoid throwing trash, avoid throwing oils up and down. It lets us use less force to lift an
down the drain, etc. object but we must pull the rope a longer dis-
Q4. We will absorb the harmful materials if we eat tance than the object moved.

241
 Glossary

Anther is the part of a male flower which contains pollen. …………………………………………… 72

Battery is a device that makes it easy to carry electricity any where you go. ……………………… 78
Boiling of water means that large bubbles are formed in the water actively. ……………………… 78
Boiling point of water is the point at which the water boils actively, which is 100oC ……………… 146
Bones support our body and give the body shape. …………………………………………………… 182
Chemical change is a change in matter in which new kind of matter is formed. …………………… 138
Chemical property is the ability to change into new matter that has different properties. ………… 138
Chrysalis is a special case which a pupa makes to protect itself. …………………………………… 106
Compost is a mixture of naturally decaying matter such as plants and animals. …………………… 34
Condensation is a change of state from air to liquid. ………………………………………………… 164
Conductor is a material that electric current easily flows through. …………………………………… 86
Crater is a round hole in the surface of the moon. ……………………………………………………… 198
Direction is the path that an object takes. Direction is expected by comparing its current position to
its past position. ………………………………………………………………………………… 212
Distance is a measure of how far an object has travelled from its starting point. …………………… 212
Electric circuit is the circle of a pathway that electricity flows. ……………………………………… 82
Electric current is the flow of electricity. ………………………………………………………………… 84
Evaporation is a change of state from liquid to gas. …………………………………………………… 162
Fruit comes from flowers and they contain seeds. ……………………………………………………… 96
Gas of water is the invisible form of water. ……………………………………………………………… 152
Inclined plane is one of the simple machines that uses slanted surface to move objects from a lower
position to a higher position with less force. …………………………………………… 218
Insulator is a material that electric current does not flow through easily. …………………………… 86
Joint is the body part where two bones join together. ………………………………………………… 184
Landfill is an area where garbage is an area where garbage is thrown. …………………………… 28
Larva is called a caterpillar, hatches from an egg. ……………………………………………………… 106
Lever is a simple machine made up of an arm and a fulcrum. ………………………………… 218,220
Life cycle is the series of changes that a plant goes through during its life. ………………………… 24
Liquid water means water that we are most familiar with at room temperature. …………………… 152
Medium is a matter that transports sound. ……………………………………………………………… 122
Melting means changing a form from solid to liquid. ………………………………………………… 150
Melting point of water is the point at which the ice starts to melt, which is 0oC. …………………… 150
Metal is a material such as iron and aluminum. ………………………………………………………… 86
Motion is the change in the position of an object. An object in motion moves from one place to
another. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 210
Muscle is under our skin and covers our bones. We use our muscles when we play and work. … 188
Nymph is the young insect in the stage before the adult insect. ……………………………………… 106
Oxygen is one of the gases in the air. …………………………………………………………………… 12
Petal is the bright colourful parts of a flower. …………………………………………………………… 72
Phases of the moon mean a series of changing shapes of the bright part of the moon that we can
see. …………………………………………………………………………………202
Physical change is a change in physical properties of matter. It may make the matter look different,
but it does not change the material of matter itself.………………………………… 136

242
Physical property is a characteristic of matter that can be measured or observed with the five senses
without changing the matter itself. ………………………………………………… 134
Pistil is a female part of a flower. ………………………………………………………………………… 72
Pitch means how high or low a sound is. ……………………………………………………………… 126
Pollen is a fine powder produced by flowers, which is carried by the wind or by insects to other
flowers. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 72
Position is the place or location of an object. ………………………………………………………… 210
Precipitation is any form of water that falls from clouds such as rain, snow, and hail. ……… 62,166
Pulley is a wheel to lift or lower an object easily.………………………………………………………… 218
Pupa is one of stage in the life cycle before an insect becomes adult, when it is protected by a special
case. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 106
Screw is a simple machine made up of an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder or cone to
change a weak force to a strong downward or upward force. …………………………… 218,230
Seed is the part produced by plants from which a new plant grows. ………………………………… 24
Seedling is a young plant that grows from a seed. …………………………………………………… 42
Shelter is a place where animals can be safe. ………………………………………………………… 12
Simple machine is a tool or device that can make work easier. ……………………………………… 218
Soil pollution is the addition of harmful materials to the soil. ………………………………………… 29
Solid of water means iced water. ………………………………………………………………………… 152
Sound is a form of energy that you can hear. ………………………………………………………… 120
Speed is a measure of how fast an object is moving. …………………………………………… 212,214
Stamen is a male part of a flower. ………………………………………………………………………… 72
Steam are the visible tiny water droplets floating in the air when water is boiling. ………………… 148
Stigma is the top of the centre part of a flower that receives the pollen. …………………………… 72
Tadpole is the stage of the frog when the frog eggs hatches. ………………………………………… 108
Thermometer is a tool to measure temperature ………………………………………………………… 62
Three R's means "Reduce", "Reuse things", and "Recycle things". ………………………………… 34
Vibration is a quick movement back and forth. ………………………………………………………… 120
Volume is the amount of a space in a container. Or it means the amount of sound, such as soft or
loud. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 48
Volume of sound is how soft or loud. …………………………………………………………………… 124
Water cycle is the movement of water between the air and the Earth as water changes its state. 166
Water pollution is the addition of harmful things to water. Waste, sewage, oil, and detergent spilled in
water can be harmful things. …………………………………………………………… 172
Water vapour is gaseous state of water. ………………………………………………………………… 148
Weather is the conditions of the air and the sky at a particular time and place. …………………… 60
Wedge is a simple machine made up of two inclined planes back to back to form a sharp edges.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 218,228
Wheel and axle is one of the simple machines to make work easier by increasing the strength of the
force. ………………………………………………………………………………… 228,226
Wind is moving air. ……………………………………………………………………………………… 46,62
Work in science means the movement of an object by using force. ………………………………… 218

243
 Animals of PNG
◎ Emerald green
snail

▲ White-naped friarbird
△

■ New guinea crocodile

▲ Raggiana bird of
● Common spotted cuscus
paradise

● Flying fox
▲ Blue crowned pigeon
▲ Papuan hornbill ▲
△

▲ Southern cassowary
● Goodfellow's tree
kangaroo

● Agile wallaby

■ Pig-nosed turtle

◉ Barramundi ■ Salvadori monitor

▲
△ Black-capped lory

★ Golden stag beetle

▲
△ Australian pelican

◆ White's tree frog

■ Green sea turtle

244
en
◉ Whale shark

◉ Yellowfin tuna

■ Green tree python

▲ Red-knobbed imperial
△
pigeon
◎ Coconut crab

★ Rhinoceros beetle ◉ Skipjack tuna

itor ◉ Lacey scorpionfish ◉ Map puffer

● Bottlenose dolphin

★ Queen alexandra's
birdwing
◉ Clownfish

og
continued
■ Saltwater crocodile
● Dugong

245
 ● Mammals ▲ Birds ■ Reptiles ◆ Amphibians
◉ Fish ★ Insects ◎ Others

Animals in Land and River A

● Short-beaked echidna ● New Guinea quoll ● Sugar glider ● Chestnut tree

mouse

◉
▲ Papuan frogmouth ▲ Azure kingfisher ▲ Grey crow
▲ Fawn breasted
bowerbird

■ Slender emo skink ■ Ground gecko ■ Papuan tree dragon ■ Slatey-grey snake

◆ Striped rocket frog ◆ Brown river tree frog ★ Longhorn beetle ★ Rainbow ant
◉

★ New Guinea birdwing ★ Katydid

◎ New Guinea tarantula ◎ Freshwater crab

246
 Animals of PNG
Animals in Ocean

e ■ Leatherback turtle
◉ Pacific crown toby
● False killer whale

◉ Blue-girdled angelfish
◉ Teira batfish
◉ Yellow and ◉ Purple anthias
blueback fusilier

◉ Grey reef shark ◉ Blackfin barracuda

◉ Manta ray

◎ Nudibranch
◉ Denise's pygmy seahorse ◎ Cuttlefish
◉ Ornate ghost pipefish

◎ Cushion seastar
◎ Painted spiny lobster ◎ Squat shrimp
◎ Giant clam 247
 National Science Grade 4 Textbook Development Committee

The National Science Textbook was developed by Curriculum Development Division (CDD), Department of
Education in partnership with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) through the Project for
Improving the Quality of Mathematics and Science Education (QUIS-ME Project). The following
stakeholders have contributed to manage, write, validate and make quality assurance for developing quality
Textbook and Teacher’s Manual for students and teachers of Papua New Guinea.

Joint Coordinating Committee members for QUIS-ME Project

Dr. Uke Kombra, Secretary for Education - Chairperson, Mr. Walipe Wingi, Deputy Secretary - Deputy Chairperson, Mr. Baran
Sori, Mr. Samson Wangihomie, Mr. Titus Romano Hatagen, Dr. Eliakim Apelis, Mr. Godfrey Yerua, Mrs. Annemarie Kona, Mr.
Camilus Kanau, Mr. Joseph Moide, Mr. Peter Kants, Mr. Maxton Essy, Mr. Steven Tandale, Ms. Hatsie Mirou, Mr. Paul Ainui,
Mr. Packiam Arulappan, Mr. Allen Jim, Mr. Nopa Raki, Mr. Gandhi Lavaki, Mr. John Kakas, Ms. Philippa Darius, Mr. Alex
Magun, Ms. Mary Norrie, Mr. James Namari, Ms. Kila Tau, Mr. Moses Hatagen Koran, Ms. Colette Modagai, Ms. Dorothy
Marang, Mr. Dan Lyanda, Representatives from Embassy of Japan and JICA PNG Office, Mr. Akinori Ito, MPS, Mr. Chiko
Yamaoka and other Project Experts

Steering Committee members for QUIS-ME Project

Mrs. Annemarie Kona, First Assistant Secretary - Chairperson, Mr. Steven Tandale - Assistant Secretary, CDD - Deputy,
Chairperson, Ms. Hatsie Mirou, Mr. Paul Ainui, Mr. Gandhi Lavaki, Mr. John Kakas, Ms. Philippa Darius, Mr. Alex Magun, Ms.
Mary Norrie, Mr. James Namari, Ms. Kila Tau, Mr. Moses Hatagen Koran, Ms. Mary Phillips, Mr. Nopa Raki, Mr. Geoff Gibaru,
Ms. Jean Taviri, Mr. Akinori Ito, MPS, Mr. Chiko Yamaoka, Mr. Satoshi Kusaka, Mr. Ryuihi Sugiyama, Mr. Kenichi Jibutsu, Ms.
Masako Tsuzuki, Dr. Kotaro Kijima, Ms. Kyoko Yamada and Representatives from Textbook writers and JICA PNG Office

Curriculum Panel
Mr. Steven Tandale, Mr. Gandhi Lavaki, Ms. Philippa Darius, Mr. Alex Magun, Mr. John Kakas, Ms. Mirou Avosa, Ms. Mary
Norrie, Mr. Gilbert Ikupu, Mr. John Wek, Ms. Betty Bannah, Mr. Vitus Witnes, Ms. Clemencia Dimain and Ms. Celine Vavetaovi

Editorial Supervisors
Mr. Ryuichi Sugiyama, Mr. Kenichi Jibutsu, Prof. Masakazu Kita, Dr. Kotaro Kijima, Mr. Susumu Komazawa, Mr. John Kakas
and Mr. Moses Hatagen Koran

Content Supervisors
Prof. Hiroaki Ozawa, Ass. Prof Kazuyuki Tamura and Prof. Yasuhiko Makino

Writers & Proofreaders (Curriculum officers & Textbook writers - Science Working Group)
Mr. John Kakas - Science Working Group Leader, Ms. Collette Modagai, Mr. Moses Hatagen Koran, Mr. Emmanuel Ragu, Mr.
Jimmy Pulpulis, Mr. Michael Kwadogi, Ms. Sandra Uramani, Ms. Brenda Kautu, Ms. Raphaella Barau and Ms. A’alia Nissar

Chief Proofreader, Illustrations, Photos & Desktop Publishing

Mr. Alex Magun (Chief Proofreaders), Mr. Micheal John, Ms. Atsuko Yano, Mr. Fumihiko Kobori, Nihon Graphics Co.,Ltd.
(Illustrations), Mr. Angus Fraser, Mr. Rocky Roe, Wildlife Conservation Society, Piku Biodiversity Network Inc., Mr. Chiko
Yamaoka, Dr. Kotaro Kijima, Mr. Masaki Kubo, JICA Volunteers, Aflo, amana images, ARTEFACTORY, CORVET, Getty Images,
NaRiKa, NASA, NICT, NNP, OASIS, PIXTA, PPS (Photos), Mr. David Gerega, Mr. Vitus Witnes (Graphic designers), HIZU
INC., Mr. Haruo Yoshida, Ms. Ayako Sakano (Desktop Publishing) and Gakko Tosho Co.,Ltd. (Photos and illustrations)

Validation Team (Science working group & Teachers from pilot schools)
Mrs. Anne Afaisa, Ms. Esther Yambukia, Mr. Freeman Kefoi, Ms. Heidi Supa, Ms. Ikai Koivi, Ms. Jill Koroi, Ms. Kila Vela Ymana,
Ms. Lino Eaki, Ms. Louisa Kaekae, Ms. Lucy Paul, Ms. Margaret Itoro, Ms. Martha Dimsock, Mr. Tom Ovia and Mrs. Wilfreda Efi

Cooperation
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Department of National Planning & Monitoring (DNPM), PNG Conservation &
Environment Protection Authority (CEPA-JICA Biodiversity Project), PNG Forest Authority (PNGFA-JICA, PNGFRIMS
Project), Piku Biodiversity Network Inc., Okayama University, Naruto University of Education, Gakko Tosho Co.,Ltd. , Bank of
Papua New Guinea, Gaire Primary School, Iobuna Kouba Primary School, Koki Primary School, Koiari Park Primary School,
St. John Primary School, St. Peter Primary School, St. Therese Primary School, Sogeri Primary School, Tubuseria Primary
School and Wardstrip Primary School

Department of Education

248
 Papua New Guinea
Department of Education