International Peer Reviewed Journal
Vol. 30 · October 2017 JPAIR Multidisciplinary Research is produced
Print ISSN 2012-3981 • Online ISSN 2244-0445 by PAIR, an ISO 9001:2008 QMS certified
DOI:https://doi.org/10.7719/jpair.v30i1.556 by AJA Registrars, Inc.
Journal Impact: H Index = 3 from Publish or Perish
Library Logging System Design
Based on Radio Frequency Identification
Interface using Arduino Uno Board
as Platform
NARCISA T. MORALLO
http://orcid.org 0000-0002- 5468-9179
narcisamorallo@gmail.com
Negros Oriental State University, Bajumpandan,
Dumaguete City, Philippines
Originality:100% • Grammar Check: 92% • Plagiarism: 0%
ABSTRACT
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology revolutionizes the
automatic identification of objects. In this paper, library logging system based
on radio frequency identification (RFID) interface using Arduino Uno board
as platform is proposed and prototyped. Technology in Arduino and RFID are
reviewed. RFID MFRC522, is a highly integrated reader/writer IC for contactless
communication at 13.56 MHz. RFID technology uses electromagnetic fields to
transfer data to automatically identify objects. Information of books with RFID
tags are registered in the database system. When books are scanned in the RFID
reader, the system will automatically give the information of the book and the
current date and time. User will input the borrowers’ information which will
automatically login into the system with the book details. Arduino microcontroller
is used as a micro web server and a communications gateway among hardware
modules. Design shows that RFID interfacing using Arduino Uno board as
platform can make library logging system more efficient and convenient through
the automation of workflow processes. To reduce library losses, security and item
identification should be combined in a single tag in future designs.
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Keywords — Engineering processes and systems, Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID), Arduino Uno, experimental method, Philippines
INTRODUCTION
Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is used all over the
world. In China, RFID is expected to reach $952 million in 2025 according to
IDTechEx. The total RFID market in 2014 was US$1.7 billion covering chips,
tags, readers, software/services and system integration. RFID tags take 25% of
the total market reaching $430 million in 2014 (PR Newswire, November 22,
2017).
Technavio’s analyst forecasts a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of
38.26% for global retail RFID security tags market during the period 2017-2021.
RFID tags are primarily used for monitoring and tracking objects through an
RFID reader. In retail operations, RFID tags reduce delivery cycle time, provide
transparency, streamline supply chain operations, and help retailers capture data
(Report Buyer, 2017). The projected size of the global market for RFID tags from
2016 to 2020 (in billion U.S. dollars) is around 24.5 billion U.S. dollars in 2020
(Statista, 2015).
RFID is used for tracking, access control, supply chain management, smart
labels, and more. This technology is composed of a reader and a tag. With read
and write capabilities, data in the RFID tags can be changed, updated, and locked.
RFID tag is composed of a microchip, antenna, and a battery which can store
up to 2 KB of data. Tag is a small device which stores and sends data to RFID
reader. RFID system is categorized as active and passive. Active RFID system
uses battery-powered RFID tags which provide extremely long read ranges and
large memory banks. Battery of tags is replaceable which could last three to five
years. Active tags continuously broadcast their own signal to accurately track the
real-time location of the object or person. These tags can be used in high-speed
environments and much more expensive compared to passive RFID tags. Active
RFID system consists of a reader, antenna and a tag.
Passive tags are powered by electromagnetic energy. These tags are used for
file tracking, access control, smart labels and other related applications. Passive
RFID system consists of a reader, an antenna, and tags. Passive tags have no
batteries and depend on RFID reader for operating power. RFID tag has low
range and is powered by the energy sent by the RFID reader in the form of
radio frequency wave. The RFID tag antenna generates back the electromagnetic
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waves to the reader which interprets the information in the form of backscatter.
Passive tags cost less which is economically used in many industries. In the future,
passive RFID tags can be found in every manufactured object and also in natural
resources, animals and people (Borriello, 2005).
Privacy and security technical issues with FRID technology is examined in
the study of David Monar and David Wagner, entitled Privacy and security in
library RFID: issues, practices, and architectures. According to the study, privacy
risk of the technology is negligible. Private authentication and security scheme are
suggested. This scheme is to build a private authentication with work logarithmic
in the number of tags (Molnar & Wagner, 2004).
RFID technology is expected to proliferate in the coming years with the
dropping of its cost. This study examines how the scientist deals with privacy
protection and integrity issues in the RFID technology resulting to its rapid
growth of application (Juels, 2006).
Cheng, Huang, Xu, Hu, and Wang (2016) designed a corresponding
handheld device client software for visual book search and management system.
This system not only improves the efficiency of book search and management but
also save the manpower and material resources.
Younker and Ribaric (2013) presented on how Arduino as platform is used
in designing a production portable barcode-scanning utility for in-house use
statistics collection at the James A. Gibson Library at Brock University.
In this study, a design in library logging system based on RFID using
Arduino Uno board as platform makes library logging system fast and efficient.
A visual studio is used in developing a software application program for human-
computer interaction. The program is connected to MySQL which serves as the
database for the record logs and books. This design will optimize the collection
of fines and payments due from students. Library stock-taking of books can be
more efficient and fast.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study is to design a library logging system based on
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) interface using Arduino Uno board as
platform.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
Library Logging System
Library logging system is equipped with RFID MFRC522, which uses
electromagnetic fields in transferring data over short distances. Database of
the system contains the information of the books with RFID tags. System will
give the relevant information of the books when scanned in the RFID reader.
Information added by the user will be automatically logged in into the system.
System Architecture
In this study, designing of library logging system based on radio frequency
identification (RFID) interface using Arduino Uno board as platform is
presented. Arduino microcontroller is the gateway to all hardware and software
communication in the system.
The hardware required materials in this design are Arduino Uno, RFID
MFRC522, NFCC sticker tags and connecting wires. Arduino as an open-source
platform, consist of a microcontroller and a software that is used to write and
upload computer code to the physical board.
Figure 1. Arduino microcontroller
As shown in figure 1, Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328. To get started, this microcontroller can be supplied with a battery,
an AC-to-DC adapter and a computer. With reset button, this board has 14
digital input/output pins, 6 analog inputs, 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB
connection, a power jack and an ICSP header.
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Figure 2. RFID MFRC522
RFID tag is made of silicon microchip attached to a small antenna. A
reader consists of a scanner with antennas to transmit and receive signals and is
responsible for communication with the tag and receives the information from
the tag.
There are two types of RFID system. Active RFID system, tag has its own
power source like any external power supply unit or a battery. The only constraint
is the life span of the power devices. These systems can be used for larger distances
and to track high-value goods like vehicles. Passive RFID system, where the
tag gets power through the transfer of power from a reader antenna to the tag
antenna. They are used for short-range transmission.
Figure 2 shows RFID MFRC522, a highly integrated reader/writer IC
for contactless communication at 13.56 MHz. RFID reader as an interface
is used to read RFID tags to communicate with Arduino microcontroller.
RFID tags contain unique data stored in a chip. Both RFID tags and reader
contains coil surrounding them. The chip inside the tag can be powered through
electromagnetic induction as shown in Figure 3. When an RFID tag is shown
near the reader, electromagnetic induction takes place between the coils which
activates the chip inside the tag. This chip sends data electromagnetically to the
reader. RFID reader comes with serial output pins which read data using Arduino
microcontroller.
MFRC522 RFID reader supports ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE and
NTAG. Without additional active circuitry, MFRC522 transmitter is designed
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to communicate with ISO/IEC 14443 A/MIFARE cards and transponders.
MFRC522 supports MF1xxS20, MF1xxS70 and MF1xxS50 products.
Figure 3. Schematic diagram
As shown in figure 3, the information of the books with the RFID tags will
be registered in the database system. When the books are scanned in the RFID
reader the system will automatically give the information of the book and the
current date and time. The user will now only input the name of the borrower of
the book. The information of the borrower and the book being borrowed will be
automatically logged in into the system.
The following are the steps in making this design:
Step 1. Setting up the hardware connections.
For setting up this system, wiring connections have to be made between
RFID Module and Arduino as shown in figure 4.
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Figure 4. RFID Module wiring connection
MFRC522 module uses SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) in communicating
with Arduino through digital pins 10 , 11, 12 and 13 as shown in figure 5.
While the 3.3V pin and ground are connected to the corresponding supply and
ground connections. Figure 6 shows RC522 RFID reader testing.
Figure 5. Arduino Pin Out
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Figure 6. RC522 RFID reader testing
STEP 2. Graphical User interface Development
A graphical user interface (GUI) using visual studio as shown in figure 7
is designed in developing a software application program for human-computer
interaction. The program is connected to MySQL which serves as the database of
the record logs and books.
Figure 7. Graphical User Interface
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STEP 3. Loading the Arduino Software
Aduino Integrated Development Environment can be downloaded from
Arduino. The open source Arduino Software (IDE) makes it easy to write code
and compile it to the board. It runs on Windows, MAC OS and Linux. The
environment is written in java based on processing and other open source
software. The software can be used with any Arduino development board.
The RFID module should be removed from the Arduino board and
connected once the upload is complete.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Library management requires laborious activities. To increase efficiency,
libraries are deploying RFID to enable automation. In the study of Dwivedi,
Kapoorb, and Williams (2013), it was found out that user satisfaction influence
person’s attitude towards RFID based technology. Using the technology has a
positive influence on user satisfaction.
For unique identification of people and assets, RFID technology is used.
The study of Singh and Midha (2008) explains the various uses of RFID in
libraries. In this paper, a design of library logging system based on radio frequency
identification interface using Arduino Uno board as platform is built. The
working unit of the proposed system has been successfully developed as shown
in Figure 8.
For contactless communication at 13.56 MHz, RFID MFRC522, is used
in the designed. RFID technology uses electromagnetic fields to transfer data to
automatically identify objects. Information of books with RFID tags are registered
in the database system. When books are scanned in the RFID reader, the system
will automatically give the information of the book and the current date and
time. User will input the borrowers’ information which will automatically login
into the system with the book details. Arduino microcontroller is used as a micro
web server and a communications gateway among hardware modules. Design
shows that RFID interfacing using Arduino Uno board as platform can make
library logging system more efficient and convenient through the automation of
workflow processes.
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Figure 8 . RFID reader
CONCLUSION
A design of logging system using RFID MFRC552, MYSQL, visual studio
and Arduino Uno is successfully developed. A working designed for the system
can make library logging system more efficient and convenient. RFID module
and Arduino Uno, proved to be very efficient in designing a library logging
system with Arduino as platform. It is concluded that the design of library logging
system using RFID module, MYSQL, visual studio and Arduino will restructure
the library management system. This system enables librarian to manage library
resources in a more effective way to save time and effort. This system increase
collections management efficiency.
RECOMMENDATION
In this study, library logging system is designed for contactless communication
for efficiency and convenience. To reduce library losses, security and item
identification should be combined in a single tag in future designs. Tracking
library books for longer distance range and ease of laborious stock takes, active
RFID tags maybe implemented in future studies.
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TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH
The system design can be introduced at the university library to make
logging system more efficient and convenient through the automation of
workflow processes. Collection of fines and payments due from library patrons
can be more systematic with this record-keeping. Library stock-taking of books
can be efficient. The design concept can also be evaluated by stakeholders alike
for acceptability and impact.
LITERATURE CITED
Borriello, G. (2005). RFID: Tagging the world. Communications of the
ACM, 48(9), 34-37. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6a26/
ec5e4fafacd21e91fcec1adf988aad163f72.pdf
Cheng, H., Huang, L., Xu, H., Hu, Y., & Wang, X. A. (2016). Design and
implementation of library books search and management system using RFID
technology. In Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems (INCoS),
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Dwivedi, Y. K., Kapoor, K. K., Williams, M. D., & Williams, J. (2013). RFID systems
in libraries: An empirical examination of factors affecting system use and user
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Report Buyer (2017). Global Retail RFID Security Tags Market 2017-2021.
https://www.reportbuyer.com/product/5219302/global-retail-rfid-
securitytagsmarket-2017-2021.html
Juels, A. (2006). RFID security and privacy: A research survey. IEEE journal
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Molnar, D., & Wagner, D. (2004, October). Privacy and security in library
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Statista (2015). Projected size of the global market for RFID tags from 2016 to 2020
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the-global-rfid-market/
PR Newswire (November 22, 2017). RFID in China 2015-2025:
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Singh, G., & Midha, M. (2008). RFID: A new technology in library management
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Younker, J., & Ribaric, T. (2013). Beyond open source software: Solving common
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