Chapter 01:

General information on
cross-platform
technologies
 Chapter 01:General informationplatform technologies

 Introduction:
In this section, I will begin by providing an overview of cross-platform
technologies and their importance in application development. We will
start by examining the cross-platform technology (.NET), which is an
integrated platform for developers consisting of tools, programming
languages, and libraries, enabling the building of diverse applications
including desktop, web, and mobile applications. Next, we will review Java
and PHP, two of the most prominent cross-platform technologies used
today, providing a brief explanation of each technology and its
importance in the development of software solutions. Finally, we will
cover the concept of cross-platform DBMSs and how to connect to them,
enabling efficient and sustainable data management across different
environments.

 Definition:
Cross-platform technologies are one of the most important developments
in modern software development, as they aim to enable developers to
build applications that run on multiple operating systems using a single
code base. In the past, developing applications required creating a
separate version for each operating system, which meant duplicating
effort and time, in addition to additional costs to ensure that the
application runs efficiently on each platform. However, with the
development of cross-platform technologies, it has become possible to
develop a single application that can run on multiple operating systems
such as Windows, macOS, Android, and iOS [01].

Cross-platform technology(.NET) :
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 Chapter 01:General informationplatform technologies
1.1 Definition:
.NET is a developer platform made up of tools, programming languages, and libraries for
building many different types of applications.
There are various implementations of .NET. Each implementation allows .NET code to
execute in different places—Linux, macOS, Windows, iOS, Android, and many more.
 .NET is a cross-platform implementation for running websites, services, and console apps
on Windows, Linux, and macOS. .NET is open source on GitHub. .NET was previously
called .NET Core.
 Framework is the original implementation of .NET. It supports running websites,
services, desktop apps, and more on Windows.
.NET Standard is a formal specification of the APIs that are common across .NET
implementations. This allows the same code and libraries to run on different
implementations.[2]
1.2 Components of .Net Framework:
The two major components of .NET Framework are the Common Language Runtime and the
.NET Framework Class Library.[3]
1.2.1Common Language Runtime (CLR):
.Net Framework provides runtime environment called Common Language Runtime (CLR).It
provides an environment to run all the .Net Programs. The code which runs under the CLR is
called as Managed Code. Programmers need not to worry on managing the memory if the
programs are running under the CLR as it provides memory management and thread
management. Programmatically, when our program needs memory, CLR allocates the
memory for scope and de-allocates the memory if the scope is completed. Language
Compilers (e.g. C#, VB.Net, J#) will convert the Code/Program to Microsoft Intermediate
Language (MSIL) intern this will be converted to Native Code by CLR. See the below
Fig. [4]

1.2.1Figure01:CLS diagram
1.2.2 Framework Class Library (FCL):
This is also called as Base Class Library and it is common for all types of applications i.e. 3
 Chapter 01:General informationplatform technologies
the way you access the Library Classes and Methods in VB.NET will be the same in C#, and
it is common for all other languages in .NET. The following are different types of
applications that can make use of .net class library.
 Windows Application.
 Console Application
 Web Application.
 XML Web Services.
 Windows Services.
In short, developers just need to import the BCL in their language code and use its
predefined methods and properties to implement common and complex functions like
reading and writing to file, graphic rendering, database interaction, and XML document
manipulation. Below are the few more concepts that we need to know and understand as part
of this .Net framework. [5]
1.2.3.Common Type System (CTS):
It describes set of data types that can be used in different .Net languages in common. (i.e.),
CTS ensures that objects written in different .Net languages can interact with each other.
For Communicating between programs written in any .NET complaint language, the type
shave to be compatible on the basic level. The common type system supports two general
categories of types:
 Value types:
Value types directly contain their data, and instances of value types are either allocated on
the stack or allocated inline in a structure. Value types can be built-in (implemented by
the runtime), user-defined, or enumerations.
 Reference types:
Reference types store a reference to the value's memory address, and are allocated on the
heap. Reference types can be self-describing types, pointer types, or interface types. The
type of a reference type can be determined from values of self-describing types. Self-
describing types are further split into arrays and class types. The class types are user-
defined classes, boxed value types, and delegates. [6]
1.2.4. Common Language Specification (CLS):
It is a sub set of CTS and it specifies a set of rules that needs to be adhered or satisfied by all
language compilers targeting CLR. It helps in cross language inheritance and cross language
debugging. [7]
 Common language specification Rules:
It describes the minimal and complete set of features to produce code that can be hosted by
CLR. It ensures that products of compilers will work properly in .NET environment.
Sample Rules:
 Representation of text strings
 Internal representation of enumerations

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 Chapter 01:General informationplatform technologies
 Definition of static members and this is a subset of the CTS which all .NET languages
are expected to support.
 Microsoft has defined CLS which are nothing but guidelines that language to follow
so that it can communicate with other .NET languages in a seamless manner.
Below mentioned the .Net Architecture stack for easy understanding. [8]

Figure 02: Net Architecture diagram

1.3 Dot NET Framework Class Library:
.NET Framework Class Library is the collection of classes, namespaces, interfaces and value
types that are used for .NET applications.
It contains thousands of classes that supports the following functions.
 Base and user-defined data types
 Support for exceptions handling
 Input/output and Stream operations
 Communications with the underlying system
 Access to data
 Ability to create Windows-based GUI applications
 Ability to create web-client and server applications
 Support for creating web services.[9]
1.3.1 DOT NET Framework Class Library Namespaces:

5
Following are the commonly used namespaces that contains useful classes and interfaces and
defined in Framework Class Library. [10]
 Chapter 01:General informationplatform technologies

NamEspaces Description
It includes all common datatypes, string values,
System
arrays and methods for data conversion.
System.DataSystem.Data.Common,
These are used to access a database, perform
System.Data.OleDb, System.Data.SqlClient,
commands on a database and retrieve database.
System.Data.SqlTypes
System.IO,System.DirectoryServices,
These are used to access, read and write files.
System.IO.IsolatedStorage
It is used to debug and trace the execution of an
System.Diagnostics
application.
These are used to communicate over the Internet
System.Net, System.Net.Sockets
when creating peer-to-peer applications
These namespaces are used to create Windows-
System.Windows.Forms,
based applications using Windows user interface
System.Windows.Forms.Design
components.
System.Web,System.WebCaching, System.Web.UI,
System.Web.UI.Design,
System.Web.UI.WebControls, These are used to create ASP. NET Web
System.Web.UI.HtmlControls, applications that run over the web.
System.Web.Configuration, System.Web.Hosting,
System.Web.Mail, System.Web.SessionState
System.Web.Services,
System.Web.Services.Description,
These are used to create XML Web services and
System.Web.Services.Configuration,
components that can be published over the web.
System.Web.Services.Discovery,
System.Web.Services.Protocols
System.Security, System.Security.Permissions,
These are used for authentication, authorization, and
System.Security.Policy, System.WebSecurity,
encryption purpose.
System.Security.Cryptography

System.Xml,System.Xml.Schema,
These namespaces are used to create and access
System.Xml.Serialization, System.Xml.XPath,
XML files.
System.Xml.Xsl

Table 01 Library Namespaces

1.3.2.NET Framework Base Class Library:
.NET Base Class Library is the sub part of the Framework that provides library support to
Common Language Runtime to work properly. It includes the System namespace and core
types of the .NET framework .[11]

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Figure03 Base Class Library diagram

1.4.NET Programming Languages:
1.4.1.C#:
C# (pronounced "C sharp") is a simple, modern, object-oriented, and type-safe programming
language. Its roots in the C family of languages makes C# immediately familiar to C, C++,
Java, and JavaScript programmers.[12]
var names = new[]
{"HAMZA","MAGDA","TYEB"
};
foreach (var name in names)
{ Console.WriteLine($"Hello {name}");
}

Figure04 execution result

1.4.2.F#:
F# (pronounced "F sharp") is a programming language that makes it easy to write succinct,
robust, and performant code.[13]

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 Chapter 01:General informationplatform technologies

Figure05 F# language Example code

1.4.3.Visual Basic:
Visual Basic is an approachable language with a simple syntax for building type-safe, object-
oriented apps. [13]

Figure06 VB language Example code

1.5.What is ASP.NET?
ASP.NET is an open-source web framework, created by Microsoft, for building modern web
apps and services with .NET. ASP.NET is cross platform and runs on Windows, Linux,
macOS, and Docker. [14]
1.5.1ASP.NET extends .NET:
ASP.NET extends the .NET platform with tools and libraries specifically for building web
apps. These are some things that ASP.NET adds to the .NET platform:
 Base framework for processing web requests in C# or F#
 Web-page templating syntax, known as Razor, for building dynamic web pages using C#
 Libraries for common web patterns, such as Model View Controller (MVC)
 Authentication system that includes libraries, a database, and template pages for handling
logins, including multi-factor authentication and external authentication with Google, X,
and more.
Editor extensions to provide syntax highlighting, code completion, and other functionality
8

specifically for developing web pages. [15]
 Chapter 01:General informationplatform technologies
1.5.2ASP.NET Development Tools ,Technologies and languages:
Quality ASP.NET development requires a variety of tools and technologies to build high-
performance web applications. Here are some of the most important ASP.NET development
tools and related technologies we use here at Keene Systems:
 Visual Studio: Visual Studio is where we spend most of our time during development. It
is a popular and powerful Integrated Development Environment (IDE) used for building
ASP.NET applications. It was developed by Microsoft and comes with numerous tools
for ASP.NET developers. It allows a .NET programmer to edit code, debug code, compile
applications, test applications, manage code, facilitate collaboration, and do application
profiling to identify and fix performance issues.
 C#: C# is a modern and popular programming language used for ASP.NET development.
It is an adaptable language that can be used for many types of software applications, from
web development to gaming and mobile app development. Although Visual Basic
(VB.NET) is also available in ASP.NET, most programmers prefer C# because of its
elegance and strong data types.
 JavaScript: JavaScript is a high-level scripting language used to add dynamic
functionality to web pages. It runs in the user's web browser and is used to manipulate
HTML and CSS, validate user input, and interact with web APIs. It is widely used in web
application development and is also used on the server side with frameworks such as
Node.js.
 Entity Framework: Entity Framework is an object-relational mapping (ORM)
framework that simplifies the process of accessing and manipulating data in a database. It
provides a way to work with databases using a set of high-level abstractions. Entity
Framework works well with SQL Server, as it allows developers to map SQL Server
tables to .NET classes and provides a set of APIs for performing CRUD (Create, Read,
Update, and Delete) operations on the database. This integration enables developers to
build efficient and scalable database-driven applications that are easy to maintain and
update over time.
 Git: Git is a code version control system used for managing and tracking changes to
ASP.NET code. It allows developers to collaborate on code changes and easily roll back
changes if needed.
 Telerik UI for ASP.NET Core: Telerik makes a comprehensive cross-browser
Component Library for ASP.NET Core specifically for front-end developers. It has more
than 110 user interface components that enhance ASP.NET Core applications giving
them rich user interfaces. This library improves the user experience and reduces the
amount of custom software development time.
 ReactJS: React JS is front-end technology, a JavaScript library used for building
dynamic and interactive user interfaces. It can be integrated seamlessly with ASP.NET
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 Chapter 01:General informationplatform technologies
web applications. This integration enables developers to build high-performance web
applications that are scalable and optimized for user experience.
 Angular: Angular is another front-end web application framework set of tools for
building dynamic and interactive web applications.
 Web API: Web API is a framework for building services that can be consumed by
different clients. It works with ASP.NET to provide a complete solution for building
REST API services and web applications that communicate with various clients. This
integration enables developers to build modern web applications that efficiently provide
data and services to different clients.
 MVC: ASP.NET MVC is a framework for building web applications that follows the
Model-View-Controller (MVC) architectural pattern. It provides developers with a way to
separate an app's data, user interface, and control logic, making it easier to build complex
web applications. In ASP.NET MVC, the Model represents the data and business logic,
the View represents the user interface, and the Controller handles user input and updates
the Model and View accordingly.
 Web Services: ASP.NET web services allow developers to expose the functionality of a
web application as a service. These services can be consumed by other applications. They
can be built using SOAP or REST and provide interoperability between different systems
and platforms, even across the internet.
 Web Forms: ASP.NET Web Forms is a framework for web-based data entry forms and
user interfaces using server-side controls and event-driven programming. It provides a
rich set of controls for creating dynamic user interfaces and can be easily integrated with
other ASP.NET frameworks such as MVC and Web API.
 HTML and CSS: HTML, jQuery, Bootstrap, and CSS are the building blocks of web
development and are used for creating the structure and styling of ASP.NET web
applications. They are essential tools for creating a visually appealing and user-friendly
web application.
These ASP.NET development tools and technologies enable our full-stack developers to
build high-quality and scalable web applications that meet the unique needs of our clients.
By leveraging the latest .NET development tools and technologies, our software engineers
build web applications that are optimized for performance, security, and user experience.
[16]
1.5.3.Back-end code :

When using ASP.NET your back-end code, such as business logic and data access, is written
using C#, F#, or Visual Basic. Because ASP.NET extends .NET, you can use the large
ecosystem of packages and libraries available to all .NET developers. You can also author
your own libraries that are shared between any applications written on the .NET platform.
[17]
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 Chapter 01:General informationplatform technologies
1.6.Java Technology:

Java Technology is a software platform used to develop and run various applications. It is
based on the Java programming language, which is a powerful and easy-to-use object-
oriented language. It was developed by Sun Microsystems (later acquired by Oracle) in
1995.. [20]

1.6.1.Components of Java Technology :

Figure07 Components of Java Technology

1.6.2.1.Java Virtual Machine Architecture (JVM):

The main feature of Java is WORA. WORA stands for Write Once Run Anywhere. The
feature states that we can write our code once and use it anywhere or on any operating
system. Our Java program can run any of the platforms only because of the Java Virtual
Machine. It is a Java platform component that gives us an environment to execute java
programs. JVM’s main task is to convert byte code into machine code. [22]

JVM, first of all, loads the code into memory and verifies it. After that, it executes the code
and provides a runtime environment. Java Virtual Machine (JVM) has its own architecture,
which is given below:

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 Chapter 01:General informationplatform technologies

Figure09 diagram of Java Virtual Machine (JVM) has its own architecture

1.6.2.2.The JVM performs following operation:

 Loads code
 Verifies code
 Executes code
 Provides runtime environment.[23]
A. The Power Of JVM: Making Java Programs Portable:
 Interpreting Bytecode:—Think of JVM as a language translator for computers. It takes
Java code, known as bytecode, and translates it into instructions that different operating
systems can understand. It’s like having a translator who can convert your messages into
any language, allowing you to communicate with people from different backgrounds.
 Managing Memory:—JVM is like a smart organizer that efficiently handles memory for
Java programs. It ensures that memory space is allocated and released properly, just like a
closet organizer keeps your belongings neat and tidy. This efficient memory management
helps programs run smoothly and prevents memory-related issues.
 Handling Errors:—Imagine driving a car with built-in safety features. Similarly, JVM
acts as a safety net for Java programs. It detects errors, called exceptions, that can occur
during program execution. Like the safety system in a car that prevents accidents and
keeps you safe, JVM manages exceptions, allowing programs to handle errors gracefully
and continue running.
 Portability Across Platforms:—-Consider a universal adapter that allows you to charge
your devices anywhere in the world. Similarly, JVM enables Java programs to run on
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 Chapter 01:General informationplatform technologies
different platforms. It acts as a universal language translator that understands Java
bytecode and adapts it to work on various systems. This means you can write a Java
program once and run it on any platform with a compatible JVM, just like using your
devices with the right adapter wherever you go.
 class Loader: The Java Class Loader is a part of the Java Runtime Environment that
dynamically loads Java classes into the Java Virtual Machine. [24]

1.6.2.2.Figure10 diagram is Java Virtual Machine (JVM) Memory Structure.

1.6.2.3Java Runtime Environment (JRE):
The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is software that Java programs require to run
correctly. Java is a computer language that powers many current web and mobile
applications. The JRE is the underlying technology that communicates between the Java
program and the operating system. JRE is like a supporting actor that ensures Java
applications have everything they need to perform their best.
 Components of JRE:
 Java Virtual Machine (JVM): JVM acts as the director, translating Java code into a
language that the computer understands. Imagine JVM as a translator at the United
Nations. It listens to speeches in different languages and translates them for everyone to
understand.
 Java Class Libraries: JRE provides a library of ready-to-use code modules that simplify
application development and solve common programming challenges. Java Class
Libraries are like a toolbox filled with tools. Developers can borrow these tools instead of
building everything from scratch, saving time and effort.
 Runtime Environment: JRE creates a comfortable environment for Java applications to
perform their best, taking care of memory management, garbage collection, and security.
Think of the runtime environment as a well-equipped kitchen where chefs can focus on
cooking delicious meals without worrying about ingredient availability or kitchen
cleanliness. .[25]
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 Chapter 01:General informationplatform technologies

1.6.2.3Figure11 diagram Components of JRE

1.6.2.4Java Development Kit (JDK):JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. The
Java Development Kit (JDK) is a software development environment which is used to
develop java applications and applets. It physically exists. It contains JRE + development
tools.

1.6.2.4Figure12 diagram of Java Development Kit

The JDK contains a private Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and a few other resources such as
an interpreter/loader (Java), a compiler (javac), an archiver (jar), a documentation generator
(Javadoc) etc. to complete the development of a Java Application. [26]
1.7.Java Library :
Java Library is one of the most popular and used libraries, which contains a list of libraries to
make work easier. These libraries are called at run time by JVM(Java Virtual Machine). It
provides the following libraries:
 We cannot write any program in Java without String, Enum, Double, etc.
The lang library provides everything to us for writing code in Java.
 In order to use data structures and collections in Java, we need util class because it
contains the definition of all data structures and collections.

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 Chapter 01:General informationplatform technologies
 In order to work with pipes and to read data from files, we need the io library. It
allows developers to use files in their Java applications.
 The Nio is another library that stands for non-blocking I/O and is an alternative to
java.io library. By using it, we can get the advantage of intensive use of I/O
operations.
 The math library is one of the libraries used for mathematical calculation, such as the
sum of Big Integer or Big Decimal.
 In order to work with networks, connections, and sockets, java.net provides all the
required classes for it. The net library is mostly used for developing network
applications.
 The swing and java.awt are two libraries used to create GUI(Graphical User
Interface). The java.awt is available in the older version of Java.
 sound is another library that is used for media content.[27]
1.7.Java programming language:

1. Since Java is a free and versatile language, it can be used to build localized and
distributed software. Common uses of Java include : Java
2. Kotlin
3. Scala
4. Groovy
5. Clojure
6. JRuby
7. Jython
8. Fantom
9. Ceylon
10.Apache Groovy
11.Nashorn (JavaScript)
12.Processing[28]

1.9The Java Programming Language Platforms:

There are four platforms of the Java programming language:
 Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE)
 Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE)
 Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME)
 Java FX
All Java platforms consist of a Java Virtual Machine (VM) and an application programming
interface (API). The Java Virtual Machine is a program, for a particular hardware and

15
software platform, that runs Java technology applications. An API is a collection of software
 Chapter 01:General informationplatform technologies
components that you can use to create other software components or applications. Each Java
platform provides a virtual machine and an API, and this allows applications written for that
platform to run on any compatible system with all the advantages of the Java programming
language: platform-independence, power, stability, ease-of-development, and security.
 Java SE:
When most people think of the Java programming language, they think of the Java SE
API. Java SE's API provides the core functionality of the Java programming language. It
defines everything from the basic types and objects of the Java programming language to
high-level classes that are used for networking, security, database access, graphical user
interface (GUI) development, and XML parsing.
In addition to the core API, the Java SE platform consists of a virtual machine,
development tools, deployment technologies, and other class libraries and toolkits
commonly used in Java technology applications.
 Java EE:
The Java EE platform is built on top of the Java SE platform. The Java EE platform
provides an API and runtime environment for developing and running large-scale, multi-
tiered, scalable, reliable, and secure network applications.
 Java ME :
The Java ME platform provides an API and a small-footprint virtual machine for running
Java programming language applications on small devices, like mobile phones. The API
is a subset of the Java SE API, along with special class libraries useful for small device
application development. Java ME applications are often clients of Java EE platform
services.
 Java FX:
Java FX technology is a platform for creating rich internet applications written in Java FX
Script. Java FX Script is a statically-typed declarative language that is compiled to Java
technology bytecode, which can then be run on a Java VM. Applications written for the
Java FX platform can include and link to Java programming language classes, and may be
clients of Java EE platform services.[30]
1.10. PHP technology:
A PHP framework is a platform that provides developers with a set of tools and libraries to
build web applications more efficiently. It provides a structure for organizing code, handling
requests, and managing databases. PHP frameworks offer several benefits, including faster
development, improved performance, and excellent security. [31]
1.10. 1.Composer tools :
 ComposerRequireChecker : A CLI tool to check whether a specific composer package
uses imported symbols that aren't part of its direct composer dependencies
 composer-unused: Show unused composer dependencies by scanning your code
 composer-normalize: Provides a composer plugin for normalizing composer. Json. [32]
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1.10. 2.PHP libraries and tools:
PHP possesses a rich ecosystem, with plenty of libraries and tools. Here is a list of them
that I consider interesting, beyond any framework. [33]
 Libraries:
Nam spaces Description
brick/math Arbitrary-precision arithmetic library for PHP
Read and write spreadsheet files (CSV, XLSX and ODS),
openspout/openspout in a fast and scalable way

All PHP functions, rewritten to throw exceptions instead

thecodingmachine/safe of returning false

PHP Standard Library - a modern, consistent, centralized,

well-typed, non-blocking set of APIs for PHP
azjezz/psl
programmers

Particle\Validator is a validation library with an extremely

particle/validator clean API which makes validation fun!

league/tactician A small, flexible command bus.

This command simulates consumer failures and prints a
timeline of the events. It lets you check whether you retry
golem-ai/messenger-kit
strategy configuration does what you expect it to.

A Omened consumer library, that gives you information

about URLs. It helps you replace URLs to YouTube or
Vimeo for example, with their html embed code. It has
mpratt/embera
advanced features like offline support, responsive embeds
and caching support.

PHP library allowing PDF generation or snapshot from an

pontedilana/php-weasyprint
URL or an HTML page. Wrapper for Kozea/WeasyPrint.
phpro/soap-client A general-purpose SOAP client for PHP
Table 02 Library Namespaces PHP
1.10. 3.PHP frameworks for web development:
Laravel: Modern framework with elegant syntax.
 Symfony: Robust framework for large-scale applications.
 CodeIgniter: Lightweight and fast framework.
 Technological components of PHP
 CakePHP: Rapid development framework. [34]
1.10. Multi-Platform Database Management System:
A database management system (SGBD) is the logical system that allows the storage,
retrieval, addition, deletion, and editing of data. An SGBD contains all aspects of the
underlying database, including the data processing process, as well as user authentication, as
well as data entry or extraction. This SGBD is known as the schema or structure in stored
data. All of our uses often require access to the SGBD. This includes automated bank
ledgers, storage systems, detailed inventory systems, and library catalogs, for example. [35]
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 Chapter 01:General informationplatform technologies
1.10. 1 SQL language:
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a computer language that allows you to interact with
relational databases. It is the most widely used database language, for the ISO standard). It is
still regularly improved. [36]

1.10. 2MySQL:
MySQL is the world’s most popular open-source database management
system. Databases are the essential data repositories for all software applications. For
example, whenever someone conducts a web search, logs into an account, or completes a
transaction, a database stores the information so it can be accessed in the future. MySQL
excels at this task. SQL, which stands for Structured Query Language, is a programming
language that’s used to retrieve, update, delete, and otherwise manipulate data in relational
databases. MySQL is officially pronounced “My ess-cue-El,” but “my sequel” is a common
variation. As the name suggests, MySQL is a SQL-based relational database designed to
store and manage structured data. In recent years, however, Oracle added additional support,
including for the popular JSON data type. [37]

1.10. 3Oracle database:

Oracle, published by Oracle Corporation (which, I remind you, also publishes MySQL) is a
paid RDBMS. Its high cost means that it is mainly used by companies. Oracle manages large
volumes of data very well. There is no point in buying an Oracle license for a small project,
because the performance will not be very different from that of
MySQL or another RDBMS. On the other hand, for large projects (several hundred
GB of data), Oracle will be much more efficient. In addition, Oracle has a very powerful
procedural language (at least more powerful than the procedural language of MySQL):
PL/SQL. [38]

1.10. 4Microsoft SQL Server:

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 Chapter 01:General informationplatform technologies
Microsoft SQL Server is ideal for storing all the desired information in relational databases,
as well as to manage such data without complications, thanks to its visual interface and the
options and tools it has. This is vital, especially for websites that have the option of
registering users to log in. For companies, using this tool is essential because of the facilities
it offers and the utilities it has. If you have a list of customers, a product catalog or even a
large selection of multimedia content available, Microsoft SQL Server helps to manage
absolutely everything. It is essential for the proper functioning of a website or any
application. Its main component is composed of a relational engine in charge of processing
commands, queries, as well as the storage of files, bb.dd., tables and data buffers. Its
secondary levels are intended for memory management, programming and administration of
request and response interactions with the servers that host the databases. [39]

1.10.connection method:
The International Standards for SQL define a standard high-level language for accessing and
manipulating data stored in a relational database. The standards for the SQL CLI define an
application programming interface (API) that programs use to issue standardized SQL
statements through a set of well-defined API functions. [40]
1.10.1 ODBC :
Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) is an open standard API that allows applications to
access various types of databases. Introduced in 1992 through a partnership between
Microsoft and Simba, the first ODBC driver (SIMBA.DLL) was developed, making it
possible to access data in databases such as SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, and even flat file
databases. ODBC acts as a bridge between an application and the database by allowing the
use of standardized statements to interact with multiple database systems. Each database
requires a separate ODBC driver to communicate with it. This driver translates the ODBC
commands into database-specific commands, promoting versatility and simplifying system
integration.
ODBC Connection String Format:
The general format for an ODBC connection string is:
plaintext
Driver={Driver name}; Server=server name; Database=database name; User=username;
Password=password; Option=value;
Where:
Driver: Specifies the ODBC driver used to connect to a specific type of database (e.g., SQL
Server, MySQL). 19
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Server: The name or IP address of the database server.
Database: The name of the database to which you want to connect.
User: The username used to authenticate the connection.
Password: The password associated with the username.
Option: Additional configuration options for the connection, such as timeout settings or other
custom parameters.
2. Example 1: MySQL Connection String
Driver={Driver_name}; Server=server_name; Database=database_name; User=root;
Password=mot_de_passe; Option=3;
Explanation:
•Driver={Driver_name}: Specifies the ODBC driver for connecting to a database. You
would replace Driver_name with the specific MySQL ODBC driver, e.g., {MySQL ODBC
8.0 Driver}.
•Server=server_name: Indicates the hostname or IP address of the MySQL server (e.g.,
localhost or 192.168.1.100).
•Database=database_name: The name of the database you want to connect to (e.g., test_db).
•User=root: The username for authentication, here it's root, the default MySQL admin user.
•Password=mot_de_passe: The password for the user root.
•Option=3: A configuration option that can vary depending on the ODBC driver, such as
timeout settings or other preferences.

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3. Example 2: SQL Server Connection String

Driver={SQL Server}; Server=nom_du_serveur\instance; Database=nom_de_la_base;

Trusted_Connection=yes;
Explantation:
•Driver={SQL Server}: Specifies the ODBC driver for connecting to Microsoft SQL Server.
•Server=nom_du_serveur\instance: The server name where the SQL Server is hosted, with
an optional instance name (e.g., localhost\SQL2019 or 192.168.1.100\SQLEXPRESS).
•Database=nom_de_la_base: The name of the database to connect to (e.g., sales_db).
•Trusted_Connection=yes: Specifies that Windows Authentication (rather than SQL Server
Authentication) should be used for connecting to the SQL Server.

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1.10.2 JDBC:
Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is an API specification for connecting applications
written in Java to data in popular databases. The JDBC API lets you encode access request
statements in Structured Query Language (SQL) that are then passed to the application that
manages the database. It returns the results through a similar interface. [42]
JDBC Connection String for MySQL
Stringurl="jdbc:mysql://server_name:3306/database_name?
user=root&password=mot_de_passe&useSSL=false";
Explanation:
 jdbc:mysql://: Specifies that you're using MySQL as the database type.
 server_name: The hostname or IP address of the MySQL server (e.g., localhost or
192.168.1.100).
 3306: The default port for MySQL (can be changed if a different port is used).
 database_name: The name of the MySQL database you want to connect to (e.g.,
test_db).
 user=root: The username for authentication (root is the default admin user).
password=mot_de_passe: The password for the user root.
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 useSSL=false: Disables SSL encryption for the connection. You may set it to true for
secure connections.

2. JDBC Connection String for SQL Server

Stringurl"jdbc:sqlserver://server_name\\
instance_name:1433;databaseName=database_name;user=username;password=password;";
Explanation:
 jdbc:sqlserver://: Specifies that you're using SQL Server as the database type.
 server_name\\instance_name: The hostname or IP address of the SQL Server,
followed by the instance name (e.g., localhost\\SQL2019 or 192.168.1.100\\
SQLEXPRESS).
 1433: The default port for SQL Server (can be modified if a different port is used).
 databaseName=database_name: The name of the SQL Server database (e.g., sales_db).
 user=username: The SQL Server username used to authenticate the connection.
 password=password: The password associated with the SQL Server user.

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1.10.3 OLEDB :
OLEDB stands for Object Linking and Embedding Database. It is a Microsoft technology
that provides a standardized way to represent and work with data from different sources,
enabling applications to access and manipulate data in a consistent and efficient manner.
OLEDB is a Windows-only database API for accessing data in a variety of file formats
including any SQL-based data sources and relational databases (MySQL, MS-SQL, Oracle
etc.), as well as non-SQL-based data sources, such as directory services, XML spreadsheets,
emails on MS Exchange Server etc. The API provides a set of interfaces implemented using
component-based data access technology, Component Object Model (COM), which allows
applications to access data from these sources.
Microsoft initially developed OLE DB as a successor to the Open Database Connectivity
(ODBC) standard, extending its feature set to support a wider variety of non-relational
databases, such as object databases and spreadsheets. OLE DB is often used in combination
with other Microsoft technologies, such as ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) and Microsoft SQL
Server, to provide a comprehensive data access solution for Windows-based applications.
[43]
1. OLE DB Connection String for MySQL
Provider=MSDASQL; Driver={MySQL ODBC 8.0 Driver}; Server=server_name;

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Database=database_name; Uid=root; Pwd=mot_de_passe;
 Chapter 01:General informationplatform technologies
Explanation:
 Provider=MSDASQL: Specifies the OLE DB provider for ODBC connections,
allowing OLE DB to use an ODBC driver for MySQL.
 Driver={MySQL ODBC 8.0 Driver}: Specifies the ODBC driver for MySQL. Ensure
that the MySQL ODBC driver is installed on the system.
 Server=server_name: The hostname or IP address of the MySQL server (e.g.,
localhost or 192.168.1.100).
 Database=database_name: The name of the MySQL database you want to connect to
(e.g., test_db).
 Uid=root: The username for authentication (e.g., root).
 Pwd=mot_de_passe: The password for the user (mot_de_passe).

2. OLE DB Connection String for SQL Server

Provider=SQLOLEDB; Data Source=server_name\instance_name; Initial
Catalog=database_name; User ID=username; Password=password;
Explanation:
 Provider=SQLOLEDB: Specifies the OLE DB provider for SQL Server connections.

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 Data Source=server_name\instance_name: The SQL Server hostname and instance
(e.g., localhost\SQLEXPRESS or 192.168.1.100\SQL2019).
 Initial Catalog=database_name: The name of the SQL Server database (e.g., sales_db).
 User ID=username: The SQL Server username for authentication (e.g., sa or another
user).
 Password=password: The password associated with the SQL Server username.

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 Conclusion:
In conclusion, cross-platform technologies are a mainstay of modern software
development, allowing developers to build solutions that can run on different
systems and environments. By looking at .NET, Java, and PHP, we can see how
flexible these technologies are in meeting the needs of different applications,
whether on the web, mobile devices, or desktop. In addition, cross-platform
database management systems enhance the efficiency of operations and provide
seamless communication between applications and data. Using these
technologies, developers can deliver innovative and versatile solutions that
efficiently meet the needs of modern businesses.

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