I.
Introduction
A. Current problem: Systematic inequalities that limit access to quality health care to low-
income, minority adults.
B. Population of focus: Low-income minority adults
C. Key terms: Low-income, healthcare
Thesis statement: Due to economic barriers and systemic racism (Gaskin et al., 2012),
minorities of lower income tend to have less access to quality healthcare across the United
States.
II. Background
Low-income minorities in the United States face challenges with obtaining and receiving
quality health care due to systemic inequalities. The historical and structural factors consist
of economic inequality and systemic racism, resulting in limited access to health care and
health insurance. Gaps in healthcare access create a dire need for interventions to address
and eliminate the inequities.
III. Major Point 1: Disparities in Healthcare Access and Quality
A. Koschmann, K. S., Peden-McAlpine, C. J., Chesney, M., Mason, S. M., & Hooke, M.
C. (2021). Urban, Low-Income, African American Well-Child Care: Comparison of
Parent and Healthcare Provider Experiences and Expectations. Maternal & Child
Health Journal, 25(11), 1677–1688.
IV. Major Point 2: Intersection of Age, Health Decline, and Economic Hardship
A. Brooks, R. A. (2023). With Age, Blacks Fall Into Poverty as Their Health
Worsens. Generations, 47, 1–12.
V. Major Point 3: Impact on Health Outcomes and Trust in Healthcare Systems
A. Okoro ON, Hillman LA, & Cernasev A. (2022). Intersectional invisibility experiences
of low-income African-American women in healthcare encounters. Ethnicity &
Health, 27(6), 1290–1309.
VI. Major Point 4: Economic Barriers
A. Gaskin, D. J., Dinwiddie, G. Y., Chan, K. S., & McCleary, R. (2012). Residential
segregation and the availability of primary care physicians. Health Services
Research, 47(6), 2353–2376
VII. Conclusion
Access to quality healthcare in the United States is dependent on economics. The
disparities among low-income minorities stem from economic barriers, resulting in systemic
inequalities and creating a cycle of poor generational health outcomes. Addressing the issues of
systemic racism can eliminate the inequalities experienced in the United States and ensure access
to quality care for everyone, regardless of race, religion, or economic background.