Q.1 Supports multiple views (structural, behavioral). 11.

Supports multiple views (structural, behavioral). 11. List technical and organizational factors need to consider during release Q.2 Answer the following questions Waterfall Model: A linear and sequential approach where each phase must be
1.Overview of Software Engineering Scalable for large and complex systems. management. 1. Overview of Software Engineering completed before the next begins. It is simple and easy to manage but inflexible to
What is Software Engineering? Language-agnostic. Technical Factors: 1) Explain the SDLC with its Limitations. changes.
ANS: Software engineering is the systematic approach to the development, operation, 5) Define the thing. Explain types of things in UML. Code quality and stability. SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) is a structured process for developing Agile Model: An iterative and incremental approach focusing on flexibility and
maintenance, and retirement of software. It applies engineering principles to software Thing: Basic building block in UML. Compatibility with existing systems. software efficiently. The main phases are: stakeholder collaboration. It allows for continuous feedback and adaptation
creation to ensure it is reliable and efficient. Structural Things: Classes, interfaces, components, nodes. Testing and validation procedures. Requirements Analysis: Gathering and analyzing user requirements. throughout the development process.
What is SDLC? What are its Phases? Behavioral Things: Interactions, state machines, activities. Automation and deployment tools. Design: Creating system and software design. 3.
ANS: SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) is a process used by software Grouping Things: Packages, subsystems. Organizational Factors: Implementation (Coding): Writing the actual code. 1. What is Project? List characteristics of Project.
industry professionals to design, develop, and test high-quality software. Its phases Annotational Things: Comments, notes. Release schedules and timelines. Testing: Verifying the software meets requirements. A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product, service, or
include:1.Requirements Analysis,2.Design,3.Implementation 6) Which are components of package diagram? Stakeholder communication and coordination. Deployment: Releasing the software to users. result. It has a specific objective and is constrained by time, budget, resources, and
(Coding),4.Testing,5.Deployment,6.Maintenance Components of Package Diagram: Training and documentation. Maintenance: Ongoing support and enhancements. performance specifications.
What is SRS? Packages: Group related elements. Resource allocation and availability. Limitations: Characteristics of a Project:
ANS: SRS(SoftwareRequirements Specification) is a document that describes what Classes: Represented within packages. 12. Which variables are used in basic cost estimation model? Rigidity: Inflexible to changes once started. Unique Purpose: Each project has a specific objective.
the software will do and how it will be expected to perform. It includes requirements Interfaces: Define contracts within packages. Size of the software (KLOC): Thousands of lines of code. Time-Consuming: Extensive documentation and planning. Temporary: Projects have a defined beginning and end.
for functionality, performance, and constraints. Dependencies: Show relationships between packages and elements. Effort (Person-Months): The total effort required to complete the project. High Cost: Requires significant resources and budget. Progressive Elaboration: Projects are developed in steps and continue by increments.
Explain the term Requirement Anticipation in detail. 3. Duration (Months): The total time required to complete the project. Sequential Approach: Issues in one phase can delay the entire project. Resource Constraints: Projects require resources such as time, money, and personnel.
ANS: Requirement anticipation involves predicting future requirements that may arise 1. Names of Project Constraints 13. Write equations and parameters of Basic COCOMO model. Limited User Involvement: Minimal user feedback until final stages. Customer Focus: Projects are carried out to satisfy customer needs.
as the system evolves. It aims to foresee and plan for changes in user needs, 1)Scope,2)Time,3)Cost,4)Quality,5)Risk,6)Resources Basic COCOMO Model Equations: Risk of Overlooked Requirements: Potential for missing essential needs. 2. What is project management? Explain its components.
environmental conditions, and technological advancements to minimize the impact of 2. What is PERT? Effort (E): E=a×(KLOC)bE = a \times (KLOC)^b 2) What do you mean by software requirements? How these requirements can be Project Management: The application of knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to
future modifications and ensure the system’s long-term usability and relevance. PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique): A project management tool Development Time (T): T=c×(Effort)dT = c \times (Effort)^d categorized into functional, non-functional, and domain requirements? project activities to meet the project requirements. It involves planning, executing, and
What are Requirement Specifications? used to schedule, organize, and coordinate tasks within a project. It focuses on Parameters: Software Requirements: Specifications detailing what the software should do and controlling the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific success
ANS: Requirement specifications are detailed descriptions of the software identifying the minimum time needed to complete a project by analyzing the time a, b, c, d: Constants that vary based on the type of project (organic, semi-detached, constraints on its operation. criteria.
requirements, including functional, non-functional, and technical requirements. They required to complete each task and the dependencies between tasks. embedded). Functional Requirements: Define specific behaviors or functions (e.g., user login, Components of Project Management:
serve as a blueprint for the development team to understand what the software should 3. Write the difference between CPM and PERT. Organic Projects: data processing). Scope Management: Defining and controlling what is included and excluded in the
achieve and how it should operate. CPM (Critical Path Method): a=2.4a = 2.4 Non-Functional Requirements: Define system attributes like performance, security, project.
2.System Analysis and Modeling Focuses on time-cost trade-offs. b=1.05b = 1.05 and usability (e.g., response time, encryption). Time Management: Planning and controlling the schedule to ensure timely
2) Explain common uses of interaction diagram. Uses deterministic time estimates. c=2.5c = 2.5 Domain Requirements: Specific to the application's domain, including industry- completion.
Interaction Diagram: Shows interactions between objects in a system. Common uses Suitable for projects with well-known activities. d=0.38d = 0.38 specific regulations and standards (e.g., medical data compliance). Cost Management: Estimating, budgeting, and controlling costs.
include: PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique): Semi-Detached Projects: Quality Management: Ensuring the project meets the required standards.
Modeling the dynamic behavior of a system. Focuses on time variability. a=3.0a = 3.0 3) Explain 4 phases of Requirement Engineering. Resource Management: Planning, acquiring, and managing resources.
Showing message exchange between objects. Uses probabilistic time estimates. b=1.12b = 1.12 1)Elicitation: Gathering requirements from stakeholders through techniques like Communication Management: Ensuring effective communication among
Capturing the sequence of events in a use case Suitable for projects with uncertain activities and time estimates. c=2.5c = 2.5 interviews, surveys, and observation. stakeholders.
1) Explain activity diagram with an example. 4. Write steps how to create a task list in MS Project. d=0.35d = 0.35 2)Specification: Documenting the gathered requirements in a detailed and structured Risk Management: Identifying, analyzing, and responding to project risks.
Activity Diagram: Visual representation of the flow of activities within a system or Open MS Project. Embedded Projects: format.3)Validation: Ensuring the requirements accurately reflect stakeholder needs Procurement Management: Acquiring goods and services from external sources.
process. Go to the "Task" tab. a=3.6a = 3.6 and are feasible.4)Management: Handling changes to requirements throughout the Stakeholder Management: Identifying and managing stakeholder expectations.
Example: User login process. Click on "Gantt Chart" view. b=1.20b = 1.20 project lifecycle to maintain relevance and accuracy. 3. Explain project constraints.
Enter tasks in the "Task Name" column. c=2.5c = 2.5 4) With the help of a diagram, describe SRS format. Project Constraints: Limitations or restrictions that affect the project's outcome. The
Set start and finish dates for each task. d=0.32d = 0.32 A Software Requirements Specification (SRS) outlines the requirements for a software main project constraints are often referred to as the "Triple Constraint" or "Iron
Define task durations. These parameters help estimate the effort and time required for software development system. Here's a concise format: Triangle":
Link tasks to show dependencies (using "Predecessors" column). based on project size and complexity. 1)Purpose: Purpose of the SRS document. Scope: The specific goals, deliverables, and tasks that define the project's boundaries.
5. Which are Predecessor and dependency types w.r.t. MS project? 2)Scope: Scope of the software system. Time: The project schedule and deadlines.
Finish-to-Start (FS): Task B cannot start until Task A finishes. 3)Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations: Terms used. Cost: The budget allocated for the project.
Start-to-Start (SS): Task B cannot start until Task A starts. 4)References: Source materials. Additional constraints may include:
Finish-to-Finish (FF): Task B cannot finish until Task A finishes. 5)Overview: Structure of the document. Quality: The standards and criteria to which the project must adhere.
Start-to-Finish (SF): Task B cannot finish until Task A starts. Overall Description1)Product Perspective: Context and origin.2)Product Resources: The availability of personnel, equipment, and materials.
6. Write the steps to view Gantt chart, network diagram, and schedule table in Functions: Major functions.3)User Characteristics: User profile. Risk: Potential events that could impact the project.
MS Project. 4)Constraints: Design/implementation constraints.5)Assumptions and Stakeholders: The influence and requirements of project stakeholders.
Gantt Chart: Dependencies: Assumptions and dependencies. 4. Write in detail roles and responsibilities in project organization.
Go to the "View" tab. Specific Requirements1)Functional Requirements: Specific Roles and Responsibilities in Project Organization:
Click on "Gantt Chart" in the Task Views group. behaviors/functions.2)External Interface Requirements: Interactions with other Project Manager: Responsible for planning, executing, and closing the project.
Network Diagram: systems.3)System Features: Detailed features.4)Non-Functional Requirements: Manages the project team and resources, and ensures project objectives are met.
Go to the "View" tab. Performance, security, usability. Project Sponsor: Provides financial resources and support. Has a vested interest in
. Click on "Network Diagram" in the Task Views group. Appendices:1)Glossary: Definitions of terms.2)References: Additional the project's success and serves as a champion for the project.
Schedule Table: references.3)Index: Alphabetical index Project Team Members: Perform the tasks and activities defined in the project plan.
Go to the "View" tab. Contribute expertise and effort to achieve project goals.
Click on "Tables" in the Data group. Stakeholders: Individuals or groups affected by the project. Their needs and
3) Explain the use case diagram with an example. Select "Schedule". expectations must be managed throughout the project.
Use Case Diagram: Depicts system functionality and user interactions. 7. What is version control? Functional Managers: Manage organizational units that provide resources or
Version Control: A system that records changes to a file or set of files over time so expertise to the project. Ensure their teams contribute effectively to the project.
that specific versions can be recalled later. It helps manage changes, maintain a history Business Analyst: Identifies and documents project requirements. Ensures the
of changes, and collaborate on projects. solution meets business needs.
8. What is versioning model? Quality Assurance (QA) Team: Ensures that project deliverables meet quality
Versioning Model: A strategy for versioning software, which involves assigning standards. Conducts testing and reviews.
version numbers to software releases. Common models include: Risk Manager: Identifies, analyzes, and manages project risks. Develops mitigation
Semantic Versioning: Uses a version number format like MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH. 5) Explain/Compare functional and non-functional requirements in brief.
strategies.
Date-Based Versioning: Uses the date of release as the version number. Functional Requirements: Define what the system should do (e.g., processing
5. Explain project organization structure.
9. Define release management. transactions, managing user accounts). They specify the functions the system must
Project Organization Structure: Defines the hierarchy and reporting relationships
Release Management: The process of managing, planning, scheduling, and perform.
within the project team. Common structures include:
controlling the movement of releases to test and live environments. It ensures that the Non-Functional Requirements: Define how the system should perform (e.g.,
Functional Organization: Project tasks are assigned to functional departments, and
integrity of the live environment is protected and that the correct components are performance, security). They specify the quality attributes and constraints like speed,
team members report to functional managers.
released. security, and usability.
Matrix Organization: A hybrid structure where team members report to both
10. Write difference COCOMO-I and COCOMO-II. 6) Elaborate various methods of Requirement Elicitation.
functional managers and project managers. Can be weak, balanced, or strong matrix
COCOMO-I: Interviews: Direct conversations with stakeholders to gather insights and
based on authority distribution.
Developed in 1981. requirements.
Projectized Organization: Project managers have full authority over the project, and
Focuses on basic cost estimation for software projects. Surveys/Questionnaires: Collecting data from a larger audience to identify needs and
team members report directly to the project manager.
Less flexible and based on a fixed set of parameters. preferences.
COCOMO-II: Workshops: Group sessions to discuss and refine requirements with multiple
stakeholders. 6. Explain Communication steps.
4) What is UML? Which are characteristics of UML? Developed in the 1990s. Communication Steps:
Provides more flexible and accurate cost estimation. Observation: Studying how users interact with the current system to understand their
UML (Unified Modeling Language): A standardized modeling language used to needs. Planning: Define the communication plan, identifying what information is needed, by
visualize the design of a system. Accounts for modern software development practices and different types of projects. whom, and when.
Document Analysis: Reviewing existing documents to extract relevant information.
Characteristics: 7) Describe any two SDLC Models. Encoding: Convert the information into a message suitable for transmission.
Standardized and widely accepted.

Transmission: Send the message through an appropriate medium (e.g., email, Parametric Estimation: Using mathematical models to estimate costs based on 19. Write a case study on Function Point Analysis. Change Control Board (CCB): A group of stakeholders responsible for reviewing Q.3.SHORT NOTES Definitions, Acronyms, and Abbreviations: Lists and explains the terms and
meeting). project parameters (e.g., cost per line of code). Case Study: Function Point Analysis in an E-commerce Application and approving or rejecting change requests. Ensures that changes align with project 1. acronyms used in the document.
Decoding: The receiver interprets the message. Bottom-Up Estimation: Estimating costs for individual tasks and summing them to Background: objectives. 1. Prototyping Model References: Lists reference materials and documents used in preparing the SRS.
Feedback: The receiver responds, confirming understanding or seeking clarification. get the total project cost. An e-commerce company is developing a new online shopping platform. The project Project Manager: Coordinates with the change manager to integrate approved Prototyping Model: The Prototyping Model is an iterative, trial-and-error approach Overview: Provides an overview of the document structure and contents.
Monitoring: Track communication effectiveness and make adjustments as needed. Expert Judgment: Using the expertise of experienced professionals to estimate costs. manager decides to use Function Point Analysis (FPA) to estimate the size and changes into the project plan. Manages communication and implementation of used in software development where a prototype (an early approximation of the final Overall Description:
Three-Point Estimation: Using optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely estimates to complexity of the software. changes within the project team. product) is built, tested, and then reworked until an acceptable prototype is achieved. Product Perspective: Provides context and background of the product.
7. Explain communication documents. calculate an expected cost. Process: Developers: Implement the approved changes, update documentation, and ensure the This model is especially useful when requirements are not well understood at the Product Functions: Summarizes the major functionalities of the software.
Communication Documents: Identify Functions: changes are thoroughly tested. beginning. User Characteristics: Identifies the characteristics of the intended users.
Project Charter: A formal document that authorizes the project and outlines 14. Explain COCOMO-I with its Model. Inputs: User registration, product search, order placement. Quality Assurance (QA) Team: Verifies that changes meet quality standards and do Key Phases: Constraints: Lists constraints such as regulatory requirements, hardware limitations,
objectives, scope, and stakeholders. COCOMO-I (Constructive Cost Model): An algorithmic software cost estimation Outputs: Order confirmation, user account details, product recommendations. not introduce new defects. Conducts regression testing. Requirement Gathering and Analysis: and others.
Status Reports: Regular updates on project progress, milestones, risks, and issues. model developed by Barry Boehm. It estimates project costs based on the size of the User Interactions: Login, add to cart, checkout. Stakeholders: Provide input on the impact of changes and participate in the approval Initial requirements are gathered from stakeholders. Assumptions and Dependencies: States assumptions made during the requirement
Meeting Agendas and Minutes: Outline the topics to be discussed and record the software in lines of code (LOC) and a set of cost drivers. Files: User database, product catalog, order history. process. Ensure their requirements and expectations are met. These requirements are often incomplete or unclear. gathering process and dependencies on other projects or systems.
outcomes of meetings. COCOMO-I Model: Interfaces: Payment gateway, shipping API. Quick Design: Specific Requirements:
Change Requests: Documents proposing changes to the project scope, schedule, or Basic COCOMO: Estimates effort (person-months) and cost based on LOC and Assign Weights: Based on complexity (low, medium, high). A preliminary design is created, focusing on user interface and input/output formats. Functional Requirements: Detailed descriptions of the specific functionalities the
budget. project type (organic, semi-detached, embedded). Calculate UFP: Sum the weighted function points. The goal is to develop a quick and simple version of the system. software must provide.
Risk Reports: Identify and assess project risks, and outline mitigation strategies. Effort = a * (KLOC)^b Adjust for Complexity: Apply adjustment factors. Building the Prototype: External Interface Requirements: Describes how the software will interact with
Stakeholder Communication Plan: Defines how and when to communicate with Development Time = c * (Effort)^d Calculate FP: Adjust UFP using the complexity adjustment factor. The initial prototype is built based on the quick design. other systems, hardware, and users.
stakeholders. Constants (a, b, c, d) vary based on project type. Outcome: This prototype is not complete or fully functional but includes key elements to provide System Features: Lists and describes each feature of the system, including inputs,
Intermediate COCOMO: Adds cost drivers to the basic The Function Point Analysis provided a reliable estimate of the project's size, helping a feel for the system. outputs, and processing.
8. Describe phases of PMLC. the project manager plan resources, schedule, and budget effectively. User Evaluation: Non-Functional Requirements: Defines system attributes such as performance,
Phases of Project Management Life Cycle (PMLC): 15. Explain Delphi cost estimation technique. Users interact with the prototype to provide feedback. security, reliability, and usability.
Initiation: Define the project, its objectives, scope, and stakeholders. Obtain approval Delphi Cost Estimation Technique: The Delphi method is a structured 20. What is software configuration management? Explain activities of Their feedback focuses on usability, functionality, and design. Appendices:
to proceed. communication technique used for systematic, interactive forecasting. It involves a configuration management. Refining the Prototype: Glossary: Defines key terms used in the SRS.
Planning: Develop a detailed project plan, including schedule, budget, resources, risk panel of experts who anonymously answer questionnaires in multiple rounds. Software Configuration Management (SCM): SCM is the discipline of tracking and Based on user feedback, the prototype is refined. References: Provides additional references and resources.
management, and communication plans. Process: controlling changes in software, ensuring that the integrity and traceability of the This cycle of user feedback and refinement continues until the prototype meets the Index: An alphabetical index for easy reference to key terms and sections.
Execution: Implement the project plan, manage resources, and execute tasks to Questionnaires: Experts provide their estimates for project costs based on their software artifacts are maintained throughout the project lifecycle. users' needs and expectations. Advantages:
produce deliverables. experience and intuition. Activities: Developing the Final Product: Clarity and Consistency: Provides a clear and consistent structure for documenting
Monitoring and Controlling: Track project performance, manage changes, and Aggregation: Responses are compiled and summarized. Version Control: Managing different versions of software artifacts. The final system is developed based on the refined prototype. requirements.
ensure project objectives are met. Feedback: Summarized responses are shared with the panel, and experts are asked to Change Control: Tracking and managing changes to the software. Rigorous testing and validation are performed before deployment. Facilitates Communication: Ensures all stakeholders have a common understanding
Closing: Finalize all project activities, obtain acceptance of deliverables, and close the revise their estimates considering the feedback. Configuration Identification: Defining and identifying the configuration items. Advantages: of the software requirements.
project. Conduct a post-project review. Iterations: This process is repeated for several rounds until a consensus is reached. Configuration Auditing: Verifying the integrity of configuration items and their Better User Involvement: Users are actively involved, leading to a product that better Comprehensive Documentation: Covers all aspects of the software, including
Advantages: adherence to requirements. meets their needs. functional and non-functional requirements.
Reduces the bias that might occur in group discussions. Release Management: Managing the release of software versions and ensuring proper Improved Requirement Clarity: Ambiguous or unclear requirements are discovered Limitations:
9. What is risk identification? Explain with risk list.
Leverages the collective knowledge of experts. documentation. and clarified through the prototype. Time-Consuming: Creating a detailed SRS can be time-consuming.
Risk Identification: The process of identifying potential events that could impact the
Provides a more accurate estimate through consensus. Reduced Risk of Failure: Issues are identified and resolved early in the development Requires Expertise: Requires a thorough understanding of both the domain and the
project. It involves recognizing and documenting risks that may affect project
process. software development process.
objectives. 21. Explain change management process.
Risk List: 16. Explain NPV, ROI and Payback Model . Change Management Process: Change management involves managing changes to Limitations:
Time-Consuming: Iterative refinement can be time-consuming. 2.
Technical Risks: Technology failure, lack of technical expertise. NPV (Net Present Value): NPV calculates the present value of all cash flows (both the project scope, schedule, and resources systematically to minimize the impact on
Operational Risks: Process inefficiencies, resource shortages. incoming and outgoing) associated with a project, discounted at a specified rate. A project objectives. Scope Creep: Continuous changes and improvements may lead to scope creep. 1) Interaction
Financial Risks: Budget overruns, funding issues. positive NPV indicates that the project is expected to generate profit. Steps: Higher Costs: The repeated design, development, and testing cycles can increase Interaction: In software engineering, an interaction refers to the communication and
Strategic Risks: Misalignment with business goals, market changes. ROI (Return on Investment): ROI measures the gain or loss generated on an Change Request: Identify and document the proposed change. costs. data exchange between different objects, components, or systems within a software
Legal Risks: Regulatory compliance, contractual issues. investment relative to the amount of money invested. It is calculated by dividing the Impact Analysis: Assess the potential impact of the change on project objectives, application. Interaction modeling helps visualize how various parts of the system
External Risks: Natural disasters, supplier failures. net profit from the project by the initial cost and expressing it as a percentage. resources, and timelines. 2. Spiral Model collaborate to perform specific functions and achieve overall system behavior.
Payback Model: The payback period is the time it takes for a project to generate Approval/Rejection: Obtain approval or rejection from the change control board Spiral Model: The Spiral Model is a risk-driven software development model that Types of Interaction Diagrams:
combines iterative development with systematic risk management. It emphasizes the Sequence Diagram:
10. Explain risk analysis and give impact and probability of risk. enough cash flow to recover its initial investment. A shorter payback period is (CCB).
preferred as it indicates quicker recovery of the investment. Implementation: Execute the approved change and update project documents. need to go through multiple iterations (or spirals) of development, with each spiral Definition: A sequence diagram shows the sequence of messages exchanged between
Risk Analysis: The process of evaluating risks to determine their potential impact and
Monitoring: Track the implementation and ensure the change is incorporated addressing a different aspect of the product and managing associated risks. objects to carry out a particular function or process.
likelihood of occurrence.
effectively. Key Phases: Components:
Impact and Probability of Risk: 17. Explain Function Point analysis with example. Actors: Represent external entities interacting with the system.
Impact: The potential effect of a risk on project objectives. Can be categorized as low, Function Point Analysis (FPA): FPA is a standardized method for measuring the size Planning:
Initial planning phase involves identifying objectives, constraints, and alternatives. Objects: Represent instances of classes or components.
medium, or high. and complexity of software based on its functionality. It evaluates the system's 22. What is defect management? Explain defect management process.
Establishes the foundation for subsequent spirals. Lifelines: Vertical dashed lines that represent the existence of an object over time.
Probability: The likelihood of a risk occurring. Can be expressed as a percentage or functionality from the user's perspective. Defect Management: Defect management involves identifying, recording, and
Risk Analysis: Messages: Horizontal arrows indicating communication between objects.
categorized as low, medium, or high. Process: tracking defects in the software to ensure they are resolved and the product meets
Each spiral involves a thorough risk analysis. Communication Diagram:
Risk Analysis Steps: Identify Functions: Determine the number of inputs, outputs, user interactions, files, quality standards.
Potential risks are identified, assessed, and mitigated through prototypes, simulations, Definition: A communication diagram (formerly known as a collaboration diagram)
Identify Risks: List potential risks. and interfaces. Process:
and other means. emphasizes the structural organization of objects that send and receive messages.
Assess Impact: Determine the severity of each risk. Assign Weights: Assign complexity weights to each function type (e.g., low, medium, Defect Identification: Detect and document defects during testing.
Engineering: Components:
Assess Probability: Evaluate the likelihood of each risk. high). Defect Logging: Record detailed information about the defect in a defect tracking
Development and testing of the product take place during this phase. Actors: External entities interacting with the system.
Prioritize Risks: Rank risks based on their impact and probability. Calculate Unadjusted Function Points (UFP): Sum the weighted function points for system.
Includes coding, unit testing, integration testing, and system testing. Objects: Instances of classes or components.
all functions. Defect Triage: Prioritize and assign defects based on severity and impact.
Evaluation: Links: Lines connecting objects to indicate relationships.
11. Explain MS Project environment. Adjust for Complexity: Apply adjustment factors based on system characteristics Defect Resolution: Fix the defect and update the status in the tracking system.
The product is evaluated by stakeholders. Messages: Labeled arrows indicating the flow of communication.
MS Project Environment: Microsoft Project is a project management software that (e.g., performance, usability). Verification: Retest the software to ensure the defect is resolved.
Feedback is collected to refine and improve the system in the next spiral. Uses of Interaction Diagrams:
provides tools for planning, scheduling, resource allocation, and tracking project Calculate Function Points (FP): Adjust UFP using the complexity adjustment factor. Closure: Close the defect after successful verification.
Advantages: Behavior Modeling: Capture how objects interact to fulfill a use case or business
progress. Key features include: Example: process.
Gantt Charts: Visual representation of the project schedule. Suppose a system has: 23. Explain different tools used in configuration management. Risk Management: Continuous risk assessment and mitigation reduce the likelihood
of project failure. Sequence and Timing: Understand the order and timing of message exchanges.
Resource Management: Allocation and tracking of resources. 10 inputs (each with a weight of 4) Configuration Management Tools: Various tools are used to manage software Debugging and Maintenance: Visualize interactions for identifying bugs and
Task Management: Creation and management of tasks and dependencies. 5 outputs (each with a weight of 5) configuration, version control, and changes. Some popular tools include: Flexibility: Accommodates changes and improvements at each iteration.
Incremental Development: Allows for incremental releases and early delivery of optimizing processes.
Reporting: Generation of project reports and dashboards. 3 user interactions (each with a weight of 4) Git: A distributed version control system for tracking changes in source code. Design and Documentation: Document the dynamic behavior of the system for better
Collaboration: Integration with Microsoft Teams for team collaboration. 4 files (each with a weight of 7) Subversion (SVN): A centralized version control system that manages changes to files working software.
Limitations: design and communication among stakeholders.
2 interfaces (each with a weight of 5) and directories.
UFP = (10 * 4) + (5 * 5) + (3 * 4) + (4 * 7) + (2 * 5) = 40 + 25 + 12 + 28 + 10 = 115 Mercurial: A distributed version control tool similar to Git, known for its ease of use. Complexity: Can be complex to manage, especially for large projects.
12. What is CPM? Describe with example. High Costs: The iterative nature and thorough risk analysis can lead to higher costs. 2) SwimLanes
CPM (Critical Path Method): A project management technique used to determine 18. Explain the use of Rayleigh curve in project management. JIRA: A tool for issue tracking and project management, often used in conjunction
SwimLanes: SwimLanes are a feature in activity diagrams used to organize and
with version control systems. Expertise Required: Effective risk management requires skilled and experienced
the longest path of dependent tasks and the shortest possible project duration. It Rayleigh Curve: The Rayleigh curve is used in project management to represent the visualize the activities performed by different actors, departments, or system
ClearCase: An IBM tool for version control and configuration management, personnel.
identifies critical tasks that must be completed on time to avoid delaying the project. distribution of effort over the lifecycle of a project. It typically shows a slow start, components. Each SwimLane represents a participant in the process, clearly showing
Example: followed by a peak in activity, and then a gradual decline. supporting complex software development environments.
3. IEEE SRS Format responsibilities and the flow of control between different actors.
List all tasks required to complete the project. Uses: Key Components:
Effort Distribution: Helps in planning and allocating resources effectively over the IEEE SRS Format: The IEEE Software Requirements Specification (SRS) format is
Identify dependencies between tasks. 24. Explain roles and responsibilities which are involved in change SwimLanes: Horizontal or vertical partitions in an activity diagram, each representing
project timeline. a standardized structure for documenting software requirements, ensuring clarity,
Calculate the duration of each task. management. a specific actor or department.
Progress Monitoring: Allows managers to track actual progress against the expected completeness, and consistency. It is widely used to facilitate communication among
Determine the longest path (critical path) and the earliest and latest start and finish Roles and Responsibilities in Change Management: Activities: Actions or steps performed by the actors.
effort distribution. stakeholders and provide a clear understanding of the software to be developed.
times for each task. Change Manager: Oversees the change management process, ensuring changes are Transitions: Arrows indicating the flow of control from one activity to another.
Risk Management: Identifies periods of high activity where risks might be higher and Key Sections:
13. Explain software project cost estimation techniques. evaluated, approved, and implemented effectively. Coordinates with stakeholders and Introduction: Start/End Points: Indicate the beginning and end of the process.
Software Project Cost Estimation Techniques: requires closer monitoring. manages the change control board (CCB). Uses of SwimLanes:
Purpose: Defines the purpose of the SRS document.
Analogous Estimation: Using historical data from similar projects to estimate costs. Scope: Describes the scope of the software, including objectives and goals.
Clarify Responsibilities: Show which actor or department is responsible for each 4. Software Quality
activity. Software Quality: Software quality refers to the degree to which a software product
Improve Process Understanding: Visualize the entire process, making it easier to meets the specified requirements and satisfies the needs of its users. High-quality
understand. software is essential for user satisfaction, reducing maintenance costs, and improving
Identify Inefficiencies: Highlight bottlenecks and areas for improvement in the overall performance.
process. Attributes of Software Quality:
Functionality: The ability of the software to provide the required functions and
3) Component Diagram features.
Component Diagram: A component diagram is a type of UML diagram that Reliability: The consistency of the software in performing its functions without
represents the physical components of a system and their relationships. It shows how failures.
components like libraries, executables, and web services interact and depend on each Usability: The ease with which users can interact with the software.
other to form the overall system architecture. Efficiency: The software's performance in terms of resource usage and response time.
Key Components: Maintainability: The ease with which the software can be modified to correct defects
Components: Represent physical and replaceable parts of the system that encapsulate or implement changes.
implementation. Portability: The ability of the software to be used in different environments.
Interfaces: Define the points of interaction between components.
Dependencies: Show how components depend on each other. 5. Process and Activity
Artifacts: Represent the actual physical files or data produced by the system. Process: A process is a set of interrelated or interacting activities that transform inputs
Uses of Component Diagrams: into outputs. In software engineering, a process defines the sequence of steps to
Design: Provide a high-level view of the system architecture. develop and maintain software.
Documentation: Document the organization and relationships of components. Activity: An activity is a specific task or set of tasks that are part of a process.
Development: Help developers understand the system structure and component Activities are the building blocks of a process, each contributing to the overall goal.
interactions. Importance:
Processes: Provide a structured approach to software development.
4) Deployment Diagram Activities: Ensure that each step of the process is executed correctly and efficiently.
Deployment Diagram: A deployment diagram is a UML diagram that models the
physical deployment of artifacts on nodes. It illustrates the hardware configuration of 6. Software Size Estimation Techniques
a system, including nodes (physical devices or servers) and their relationships, and Software Size Estimation Techniques: These techniques are used to estimate the size
shows how software components are distributed across them. and complexity of a software project, which is crucial for planning, scheduling, and
Key Components: resource allocation. Accurate size estimation helps in predicting project costs and
Nodes: Represent physical devices or servers. timelines.
Artifacts: Represent the physical files or data deployed on nodes. Common Techniques:
Relationships: Show the connections and interactions between nodes. Lines of Code (LOC): Counting the number of lines in the source code.
Uses of Deployment Diagrams: Advantages: Simple and straightforward.
System Configuration: Visualize the physical deployment of software components Limitations: Language-dependent, not indicative of complexity.
on hardware. Function Points (FP): Measuring functionality provided to the user based on inputs,
Planning: Plan the allocation of resources and infrastructure. outputs, user interactions, files, and interfaces.
Documentation: Document the deployment architecture for reference and Advantages: Language-independent, considers user perspective.
maintenance Limitations: Requires detailed requirements.
Use Case Points (UCP): Estimating size based on use cases in the system.
3. Advantages: Incorporates user interactions.
1. Slack Time Limitations: Requires well-defined use cases.
Slack Time: Slack time, also known as float, is the amount of time that a task in a
project schedule can be delayed without causing a delay to subsequent tasks or the 7. Domain Values in FPA
project's overall completion date. It is a crucial aspect of project management as it Domain Values in FPA (Function Point Analysis): Function Point Analysis (FPA)
helps identify the flexibility within the project schedule and allows project managers is a technique used to measure the functional size of a software application. It evaluates
to manage resources effectively. the functionality provided to the user, measured in function points (FP).
Calculation: Key Components:
Total Slack: The difference between the latest start time and the earliest start time, or Inputs: Data entering the system.
the latest finish time and the earliest finish time. Outputs: Data leaving the system.
Free Slack: The amount of time a task can be delayed without affecting the early start User Interactions: User interface elements.
of any subsequent tasks. Files: Internal and external files used by the system.
Importance: Interfaces: Connections to other systems.
Helps identify critical and non-critical tasks. Importance:
Allows for better resource allocation. Provides a standardized method for measuring software size.
Provides a buffer for unforeseen delays. Helps in comparing and estimating different software projects.
Facilitates better planning and resource allocation.
2. Earliest Start Time and Late Start Time
Earliest Start Time (EST): The earliest time a task can begin without any delay,
considering the project's timeline and dependency constraints. It is determined by the
earliest time that all preceding tasks are completed.
Late Start Time (LST): The latest time a task can start without delaying the project's
overall completion. It is calculated by working backward from the project's end date
and considering the dependencies.
Importance:
Helps in planning and scheduling tasks.
Identifies tasks that have flexibility in their start times.
Aids in optimizing the project schedule.

3. Latest Finish and Earliest Finish Time

Latest Finish Time (LFT): The latest time a task can be completed without delaying
the overall project completion. It is determined by working backward from the
project's final deadline, considering the dependencies.
Earliest Finish Time (EFT): The earliest time a task can be completed, considering
its earliest start time and duration. It is calculated by adding the task's duration to its
earliest start time.
Importance:
Helps in identifying the critical path of the project.
Allows project managers to ensure tasks are completed on time.
Provides a clear timeline for task completion.