1.

Who published a treatise on trigonometry which contains the earliest use of our abbreviations:
sin, tan, sec, for sine, tangent and secant?
Albert Gerard
2. An 18th century Swiss Mathematician, he introduced the “Law of Large Numbers” in his (The
Art
of Conjecture). In Statistics, this implies that the larger the sample, the more likely will the
sample become representative of the population. Who was he?
Jacob Bernoulli
3. He has been described as the greatest “might have been” in the history of Mathematics.
.Blaise Pascal
4. He invented a method of determining the optical values of a linear function subject to certain
constraints. This method is known as linear programming? Who was he?
George Dantzig
5. He was a 16th century mathematician, who was the first to define that the probability of an
event
to happen is the quotient of the number of the favorable outcomes and the number of all
outcomes. Who was he?
. Blaise Pascal
6. The first to discover “zero”.
Indian
7. He was mostly remembered for his formula for( , which was important in the early
development
of the theory of complex numbers and for predicting the day of his own death. Who was he?
Abraham de Moivre
8. He achieved real fame when he submitted a paper to the Institute solving one of Fermat’s
claims
on polygonal numbers made to Mersenne. He also wrote the memoir on definite integrals that
later became the basis of his theory of complex functions.
Augustin Cauchy
9. Italian Mathematician during the Renaissance period who was credited for solving one of the
outstanding ancient problems of mathematics, cubic equations.
Scipione del Ferro
10. A Russian Mathematician in the 19th century who would instead develop geometry without
Euclid’s fifth postulate and whose achievement exhibits the development of non- Euclidean
Geometry.
. Nikolai Lobachevsky.
11. A Greek mathematician who remembered for his prime number sieve.
Eratosthenes
12. He was the mathematician who proposed basic descriptions of a point, a line and shapes. He
also discovered that square root of two is an irrational number and that there were infinitely
many prime numbers.

. Euclid

13. An 18th century mathematician who enunciated the principles of the Calculus of variations and
became a lecturer in the Royal Artillery School at the age of 19.

Louis Lagrange
14. Known as the father of modern analysis during 19th century who also devised tests for the
convergence and contributed to the theory of periodic functions, Abelian functions, elliptic
functions, etc.

Karl Wierstrass
15. He proved his famous “Basis Theorem” as he worked on invariant theory and challenged
mathematicians to solve fundamental questions that led to his famous speech “the Problems of
Mathematics”.

. David Hilbert
16. A “grand” Russian mathematician who gave the basis for applying the theory of probability to
statistical data, worked on number of prime numbers not exceeding a given number, and proved
Bertrand’s conjecture in 1850.

Patnuti Chebyshev
17. A mathematician of medieval ages who invented a type of coordinate geometry by finding the
logical equivalence between tabulating values and graphing them.

. Nicole Oresme
18. A rich mathematician in France who invented a new, non-Greek way of doing geometry, now
called “projective” or “modern geometry”.

Girard Desarques
19. He was considered a universal genius by his contemporaries whose work encompasses not only
Mathematics and Philosophy but also Theology, Law, Diplomacy, Politics, and Physics. He also
developed the basic notations of his version of the Calculus and perfected the binary system of
arithmetic.

. Gottfried Leibnitz
20. A Greek mathematician whose most significant accomplishments were those concerning a
cylinder circumscribing a sphere and asked for a representation of this together with his result
on the ratio of the two to be inscribed on his tomb.

Aristotle
21. A 19th century mathematician who added the integers from 1 to 100 within seconds by a
flash of
mathematical insights.
Johann Gauss
22. He measured the length of the year as 365.2421986 days. He was well known for inventing
the
method of solving cubic equations by intersecting a parabola with a circle and for Fitzgerald’s
popular translation of Rubaiyat.
Omar Khayyam
23. One of the earliest cities of the world built in India and was built to carefully planned and
tessellations.
Indus
24. He did notable work in Geometry, particularly studying higher plane curves. He also
considered
the geometric problem of finding the difference between the volume of the frustum of a solid of
revolution and the volume of the cylinder of the same height as frustum.
Colin Maclaurin
25. An extinct Mesoamerican culture with surviving treatise on astronomy called Dresden Codex
and
used vigesimal number system.
. Mayans
26. It is the famous Chinese Mathematics book of all time which is also called Nine Chapters on
Mathematical Art.
Suan Chu
27. A Bernoulli who considered the function and investigated series using the method of
integration
by parts.
Johann Bernoulli
28. The FIRST mathematician to attempt to classify according to the types of equations that
produce
them and also made contributions to the theory of equations.
Rene Descartes
29. He was the writer of set theory and was first to appreciate the value of one-to-one
correspondence for set theory.
Georg Philip Cantor
30. He wrote De Triangulus Omnimodis, a systematic account of methods for solving triangles,
and
made important contributions to Trigonometry and Astronomy.
Regiomontanus
31. His greatest contributions include such groundbreaking texts in invention of divining rods
used
as multiplication tables.
. John Napier
32. Began the Algebra of logic by approaching logic in a new way, reducing to a simple Algebra
and
incorporating logic into Mathematics.
George Boole
. 33. Which is NOT TRUE about mathematics teaching in the 18th century?
Mathematics was taught to gain more insights about religious living.
34. This century came to be known as the Age of Scientific Revolution which saw an
unprecedented
explosion of mathematical and scientific ideas across Europe.
. 17th century
35. It is a period prior to people kept written records.
Prehistory
36. An 18th century mathematician who invented an analytical machine that can tabulate the
values
of any function and print the results.
Charles Babbage
37. To whom the Greeks inherited their mathematical basis?
Babylonian
38. People in Early Civilization who used Quipo to encode the numerical details and a counting
board, called YUPANA, to solve mathematical problems.
Incans
39. A 17th century French mathematician, philosopher, and scientist who was honored by having
Cartesian coordinate system. His rule of signs is also a commonly used method in modern
Mathematics.
Rene Descartes
40. He was considered as the father of differential geometry who introduced geometries
descriptive
now known as orthographic projection.
Gaspard Monge
41. Who laid the foundations for differential and integral Calculus?
Sir Isaac Newton
.) This famous Greek mathematician, and author of The Elements, is known as the “Father of
Geometry.”
Answer: Euclid
2.) This famous English mathematician is often credited as the inventor of calculus also had a
deep interest in alchemy, spending many years of his life conducting secret experiments in the
hope of discovering the fabled Philosopher’s Stone.
Answer: Sir Isaac Newton
3.) This famous German mathematician is best known for his contributions in the field of
statistics and the Gaussian distribution, which we know today as the normal distribution curve.
Answer: Carl Friedrich Gauss
4.) This famous mathematician and philosopher developed the Cartesian coordinate system in
the 17th-century.
Answer: René Descartes
5.) This famous German mathematician has a rival claim to Sir Issac Newton as the inventor of
calculus.
 Answer: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
6.) This famous French physicist and mathematician is best known for formulating Pascal’s
Triangle.
 Answer: Blaise Pascal
7.) This famous Iranian mathematician became the very first woman to win the Fields Medal
for mathematics in 2014.
 Answer: Maryam Mirzakhani
8.) This famous Greek mathematician is known for having accurately calculated the
circumference of planet Earth using only shadows and some simple geometry.?
 Answer: Eratosthenes
9.) Also known as Leonardo of Pisa, this famous Italian mathematician is best known for
discovering a sequence where each number is the sum of the two previous numbers.
 Answer: Fibonacci
10.) This famous British computer scientist and mathematician is known for leading the team
of cryptographers who broke the German Enigma Code during World War II.
 Answer: Alan Turing
11.) This value is, by definition, the smallest prime number.
 Answer: 2
12.) This term refers to any non-prime whole number other than 0 and 1.
 Answer: Composite Number
13.) This value represents the sum of the first five prime numbers.
 Answer: 2 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 11 = 28
14.) True or False: 51 is a Prime Number.
 Answer: False
15.) True or False: 64 is both a Perfect Square and a Perfect Cube
 Answer: True
16.) This mathematical property of numbers states that the order of the terms when
performing addition or multiplication does not affect the end result.
 Answer: The Commutative Property
17.) This classification refers to any number that can not be expressed as a fraction with an
integer in the numerator and an integer in the denominator.
 Answer: Irrational Number
18.) True or False: Zero is an even number.
 Answer: True
19.) This number is the smallest positive integer that is divisible by both 6 and 8.
 Answer: 24
20.) This number is the product of every prime number that is less than 10.
 Answer: 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 210
21.) In this 1997 film, Matt Damon’s character plays a Harvard janitor who is also a natural
genius in mathematics.
 Answer: Good Will Hunting
22.) In this 2001 film, Russell Crowe plays real-life mathematician, John Nash, who is best
known for his contributions in the field of game theory.
 Answer: A Beautiful Mind
23.) In this 2014, Benedict Cumberbatch plays famous mathematician and computer scientist,
Alan Turing, and highlight’s how his team cracked the German Enigma Cold during WWII.
 Answer: The Imitation Game
24.) During the math competition scene in the movie “Mean Girls,” the answer to the calculus
problem “what is the limit as x approaches zero of [ln(1-x)-sinx]/(1-cos²x)” is this.
 Answer: The Limit Does Not Exist
25.) According to the film The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, this number is associated with
life, the universe, and everything.
 Answer: 42
26.) In the 2016 film Hidden Figures, three African-American women mathematicians—
Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson—contributed to the launch of this
NASA space mission.
 Answer: The Mercury-Atlas 6 Mission (John Glenn's famous orbit of Earth)
27.) In this famous fiction novel by author Dan Brown, the main character solves puzzles and
other historical mysteries by using the Fibonacci sequence and other math-related clues.
 Answer: The Da Vinci Code
28.) In the 1993 film Jurassic Park, this actor played Dr. Ian Malcom, a mathematician who
specialized in chaos theory.
 Answer: Jeff Goldblum
29.) In the 1997 film Contact starring Jodie Foster, the main character discovers an alien
communication signal encoded in this type of number.
 Answer: Prime Numbers
30.) In the famous Netflix show Stranger Things, the young characters frequently refer to this
branch of mathematics as it relates to an alternate dimensions, which they call the upside
down.
 Answer: Quantum Mechanics
31.) Binary number systems, often found in computer programming, use only these two digits.
 Answer: 0 and 1
32.) First celebrated in San Francisco in 1988, this mathematical holiday is celebrated annually
on March 14th.
 Answer: Pi Day
33.) In gambling and investing, the term “Perms and Combs” is often used, where “Perms”
refers to Permutations, a set where the order matters, and “Combs” refers to
__________________________, a set where it does not.
 Answer: Combinations
34.) Developed by Alfred Wegener, this mathematical model explains the movements related
to plate tectonics.
 Answer: Continental Drift
35.) Video game designers plan out their games using this kind of system, that, by definition,
uses X, Y, and Z-values to determine the position of a point.
 Answer: Coordinate System
36.) Earning interest on both the principal value invested and on the interest you’ve already
accumulated is known as this.
 Answer: Compounding
37.) Between 4:00 PM and 4:50 PM, the minute hand on Big Ben covers this many degrees.
 Answer: 300
38.) This fraction represents the odds of flipping a coin four times in a row and each time it
landing on heads.
 Answer: 1/16
39.) True or False: -40ᵒ Celsius is equal to -40ᵒ Fahrenheit.
 Answer: True
40.) This statistical measure of central tendency represents the middle value in a data set when
the numbers are arranged from smallest to largest.
 Answer: Median
1.) Located in Washington, D.C., the famous government building, The Pentagon, has this many
sides.
 Answer: Five
42.) Planet Earth’s general shape, despite being slightly flat at its poles, can best be described
as this 3D-shape.
 Answer: Oblate Sphere
43.) Despite its slight vertical tilt, the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy can best be described as
this type of 3D geometric figure.
 Answer: Cylinder
44.) Located in the heart of Paris, the giant glass structure located in the main courtyard of the
Louvre Museum is this geometric shape.
 Answer: Pyramid
45.) Located in St. Louis, Missouri, the famous Gateway Arch is an example of this type of
geometric curve.
 Answer: A Catenary
46.) This famous architect is known for using complex geometric concepts and designs in his
works, which include the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain and the Walt Disney Concert
Hall in Los Angeles, California.
  Answer: Frank Gehry
47.) Often found in tile patterns and in the artwork of M.C. Escher, this concept refers to the
repeated arrangement of interlocking figures and shapes.
 Answer: Tessellations
48.) Dedicated to the goddess Athena, this famous Greek temple is believed to feature the
Golden Ration in its architectural design.
 Answer: The Parthenon
49.) This massive geometric structure covered with a high-tech exterior LED screen began
hosting immersive entertainment experiences in Las Vegas in 2023.
 Answer: The Sphere
50.) Closely resembling a soccer ball, this geometric structure is comprised of interlocking
hexagons and pentagons.
Answer: Buckyball
51.) Honeybees use this geometric shape when constructing their hives as a way of maximizing
space in a mathematically efficient way.
 Answer: Hexagon
52.) Found naturally in pinecones and sunflowers, the spiral arrangement of structures and
seeds follow this geometric sequence.
 Answer: The Fibonacci Sequence
53.) This type of symmetry can be found in Starfish, whose limbs radiate from one central
point.
 Answer: Radial symmetry
54.) This type of symmetry can be found in butterflies, whose wing patterns form a vertical
mirror image.
 Answer: Bilateral symmetry
55.) Due to their unique molecular structure of ice crystals, snowflakes always form this type of
prism.
 Answer: Hexagonal prism
56.) Due to surface tension and air resistance, raindrops form this geometric shape as they fall.
 Answer: Oblate spheroid
57.) Mathematical in nature, ocean waves often follow this type of function, which is used to
describe cyclic oscillations.
 Answer: Sine wave
58.) The atoms in a methane molecule are arranged as a Platonic Solid with four triangular
faces, six edges, and four vertices, also known as this type of 3D figure.
 Answer: Tetrahedron
59.) Known for spiraling upwards in a twisting motion, tornados can be modeled using this
type of 3D mathematical curve.
 Answer: Helical Spirals
60.) Natural objects, such as ferns, often exhibit these patterns of similar structures at smaller
and larger scales.
 Answer: Fractals
61.) In math, the ≈ symbol, which resembles a wavy equals sign, is to represent an
______________________.
 Answer: Approximation
62.) In math, ∠EFG can be used to describe an angle with a vertex at this point.
 Answer: F
63.)In math, the ≥ symbol, represents this phrase.
 Answer: Greater Than or Equal To
64.) In math, the √ symbol is used to denote the ____________ of a number?
 Answer: Square Root
65.) In math, the ∑ symbol, known as sigma, is used to represent _________________ .
 Answer: Summation
66.) In math, the ∞ symbol represents the concept of ____________.
 Answer: Infinity
67.) In math, the ! symbol is used to indicate a ___________________, which represents the
product of the sequence of every positive integer leading up to the given number.
 Answer: Factorial
68.) In set theory, the ∪ symbol represents the ________________ of two sets.
 Answer: Union
69.) In set theory, the ∅ symbol represents the ________________ set.
 Answer: Empty
70.) In calculus, the ∫ symbol represents an _____________________.
 Answer: Integral
71.) This number equals to the sum of any integer and its negative.
 Answer: 0
72.) This number equals to the number of square inches in a square foot.
 Answer: 144
73.) This number equals to the sum of the first three perfect cubes.
 Answer: 1 + 8 + 27 = 36
74.) This number equals to the product of the first three prime numbers.
 Answer: 2 x 3 x 5 = 30
75.) This number equals 44 plus 7, minus 23, times 10, divided by 2.
 Answer: 140
76.) The length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle with legs whose lengths are 6 and 8 is this
number.
 Answer: 10
77.) This number equals 2⁵.
 Answer: 2⁵ = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 32
78.) Jake has 6 oranges, Brett has 4, Mikey has 2, and Drew has 8 for an average of this many
oranges.
 Answer: 5
79.) If 5 chickens each lay an egg every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday only, it’ll take this
many weeks to make a 30-egg omelet.
 Answer: 2 Weeks (15 eggs per week)
80.) The fraction (8x⁴)/(2x) reduces to this number.
 Answer: 4x³
81.) Rounded off after two decimal places, the mathematical constant pi (π) is often
approximated as this number.
 Answer: 3.14
82.) Rounded off after two decimal places, the Golden Ratio (φ) is often approximated as this
number.
 Answer: 1.62
83.) This mathematical constant represents the square root of negative one.
 Answer: i (the imaginary number unit)
84.) This cornerstone of Newton’s Law of Gravity, this mathematical constant is equal to
approximately 6.674 × 10⁻¹¹ N(m/kg)².
 Answer: G (The Gravitational Constant)
85.) This mathematical constant represents the ratio between a circle’s circumference and its
diameter.
 Answer: π (Pi)
86.) This mathematical constant represents the ration between a circle’s circumference and its
radius.
 Answer: τ (Tau)
87.) In exponential mathematics, e⁰ is equal to this integer.
 Answer: 1
88.) In Einstein’s famous equation, E=MC², the constant used to express the speed of light is
represented by this letter.
 Answer: C
89.) This mathematical constant represents the natural logarithm of 1.
 Answer: 0
90.) This mathematical constant is used as the base value of the natural logarithm and can be
approximated to 2.72.
 Answer: e (Euler's Number)
91.) The sum of the interior angles in angle triangle will always equal this number.
 Answer: 180
92.) This field of mathematics is concerned with the sines, cosines, and tangents of angles.
  Answer: Trigonometry
93.) This word describes and angle greater than 90 degrees, or a person who is a bit slow-
witted.
 Answer: Obtuse
94.) In 1975, John Playfair simplified Euclid’s famous axiom about these, still saying they will
never meet.
 Answer: Parallel Lines
95.) A prism has the same relationship to a pyramid as a cylinder does to a
____________________.
 Answer: Cone
96.) An icosahedron is a polyhedron with 20 faces, each of which is one of these shapes.
 Answer: Triangle
97.) This unimaginably large number can be represented by 10 raised to the power of 100.
 Answer: A Googol
98.) The sum of the interior angles in angle triangle will always equal this number.
 Answer: 180
99.) Thousands, then Millions, then Billions, then Trillions, then ___________________.
 Answer: Quadrillions
100.) A fraction is known as improper only if it is greater than this number.
 Answer: 1
101.) This value is the only whole number that can not be represented using Roman Numerals.
 Answer: 0

ARCHIMEDES - invented a division of a square into 14 pieces leading to a game similar to

Tangrams involving making figures from the 14 pieces. Tangrams are of Chinese origin and
require little mathematical skill. It is interesting however to see how many convex figures you
can make from the 7 tangram pieces. Note again the number 7 which seems to have been
associated with magical properties. They were to have a new popularity when Dodgson,
writing as Lewis Carroll, introduced Alice type characters.

Raymond Smullyan, a mathematical logician, composed a number of chess problems of a

very different type from those usually composed. They are know known as problems of
retrograde analysis and their object is to deduce the past history of a game rather than the
future of a game which is the conventional problem. Problems of retrograde analysis are
problems in mathematical logic.
Here is the first one composed by Smullyan in 1925 when he was 16 years old