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Family

Presentation · January 2022

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Jay K Sheth
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Dr. JAY K. SHETH
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, P&SM
AMCMET Medical College
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• Good doctors are those who treat people;
bad ones are those, who treat cases

“Man is born free yet everywhere in chains.”

- Jean Jacques Rousseau

2
 Focus Areas
This lecture will help you understand…
• Family
• Types of families
• Functions of family
• Role of Family in Health & Disease
• Positive and negative features of family life
• The way in which families are changing

3
4
• A family is a group of biologically related
individuals living together and eating
from a common kitchen

• The family is primary unit of all society

5
 Household Vs. Family
• A household refers to all individuals who
share a common dwelling, regardless of
kinship or economic ties
• A family is a social group having a
common residence, economic ties and
reproduction, consists of two adults of
the opposite sex and their children

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 Family – Basic Unit
• Biological Unit : share a pool of genes in
common
• Social unit : common physical and social
environment
• Cultural Unit : Reflects culture of a wider
society
• Epidemiological Unit : Providing health care,
social services and disease epidemiology

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 Family – Basic Unit
Biological Unit share a pool of genes in
common
Social unit common physical and social
environment
Cultural Unit Reflects culture of a wider
society
Epidemiological Providing health care, social
Unit services and disease
epidemiology
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• Usual image:
working father
housewife mother
dependent children
• Reality: This is becoming less and less common as
more & more mothers work outside the home.
Also because of behaviour changes (rising divorce
rates, unmarried rate etc.)

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• Marriage is the “...socially recognized, legitimized,
and supported union of individuals of opposite sexes.”
• Marriage differs from other unions or partnerships in
the following ways:
– The marriage ceremony takes place in a public
manner
– Sexual relationship is explicitly recognized as an
element of this relationship
– It provides the basis for legitimizing offspring
– It is intended to be a stable and enduring
relationship
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Sociological terminology
Marriage (Relationships)
• Monogamy
• Polygamy
• Polygyny (most common)
• Polyandry (fraternal polyandry)
• Endogamy
• Exogamy
• Serial monogamy !!!

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Sociological terminology
Residential Pattern
• Patrilocality
• Matrilocality
• Bilocality
• Neolocality

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Sociological terminology
Authority Patterns
• Patriarchy
• Matriarchy
• Egalitarian

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Sociological terminology
Descent Patterns
• Patrilineal descent
• Matrilineal descent
• Bilateral descent

14
 Family – Life Cycle
• Families are not constant
• They are ever changing
• There are six phases
• It’s a westernized concept
(Indian scenario ?!!)

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 Family Life Cycle
Phases with the characterizing events
Stage of family
Beginning of phase End of phase
life cycle

Formation Marriage Birth of 1st child

Extension Birth of 1st child Birth of last child
Complete
Birth of last child 1st child leaves home
Extension
1st child leaves Last child leaves
Contraction
home home
Complete
Last child leaves.. 1st spouse dies
Contraction
Dissolution 1st spouse dies Death of survivor
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 Family Life Cycle
Phases with the characterizing events
Stage of family
Beginning of phase End of phase
life cycle

Formation Marriage Birth of 1st child

Extension Birth of 1st child Birth of last child
Complete
Birth of last child 1st child leaves home
Extension
1st child leaves Last child leaves
Contraction
home home
Complete
Last child leaves.. 1st spouse dies
Contraction
Dissolution 1st spouse dies Death of survivor
17
 Family Life Cycle
Phases with the characterizing events
Stage of family
Beginning of phase End of phase
life cycle

Formation Marriage Birth of 1st child

Extension Birth of 1st child Birth of last child
Complete
Birth of last child 1st child leaves home
Extension
1st child leaves Last child leaves
Contraction
home home
Complete
Last child leaves.. 1st spouse dies
Contraction
Dissolution 1st spouse dies Death of survivor
18
 Family Life Cycle
Phases with the characterizing events
Stage of family
Beginning of phase End of phase
life cycle

Formation Marriage Birth of 1st child

Extension Birth of 1st child Birth of last child
Complete
Birth of last child 1st child leaves home
Extension
1st child leaves Last child leaves
Contraction
home home
Complete
Last child leaves.. 1st spouse dies
Contraction
Dissolution 1st spouse dies Death of survivor
19
 Family Life Cycle
Phases with the characterizing events
Stage of family
Beginning of phase End of phase
life cycle

Formation Marriage Birth of 1st child

Extension Birth of 1st child Birth of last child
Complete
Birth of last child 1st child leaves home
Extension
1st child leaves Last child leaves
Contraction
home home
Complete
Last child leaves.. 1st spouse dies
Contraction
Dissolution 1st spouse dies Death of survivor
20
 Family Life Cycle
Phases with the characterizing events
Stage of family
Beginning of phase End of phase
life cycle

Formation Marriage Birth of 1st child

Extension Birth of 1st child Birth of last child
Complete
Birth of last child 1st child leaves home
Extension
1st child leaves Last child leaves
Contraction
home home
Complete
Last child leaves.. 1st spouse dies
Contraction
Dissolution 1st spouse dies Death of survivor
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Types of families

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 Types of families
• Family of Origin
• Family of procreation

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 Types of families
• Nuclear
• Joint
• 3 Generation
• ? !!!

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 Nuclear Family
• Elementary family
• Universal in all human society
• Definition: It consist of the married
couple and their children who are still
considered as dependent
• They tend to occupy the same
dwelling place
• Husband usually play a dominant role
• The absence of parents,
grandparents, uncles, aunts and near
relatives
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 Joint Family
• Extended family
• It is kind of family grouping
• Which is common in India,
Africa, Far East and Middle East
• More common in
agriculture/rural areas
• Now a days, the joint family
concept is losing

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Largest Indian Family

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Largest Indian Family

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Characteristics of a Joint Family
• It consist of numbers of married couples and their
children who live together in the same household
• All the man are related by blood and the women of the
household are their wives, unmarried girls and widows of
the family kinsmen
• All the property is held in common
• There is common family purse - all income goes and
expenditures met
• All the authority is vested in senior male member who is
dominant and control all internal and external affairs of
the family
• The familial relations often take priority over marital
relations
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 Advantages / Merits of Joint Family

• It is based on the motto “Union is Strength”

• There is sharing of responsibility
• It gives family greater income
• There is higher social security
• It provide economic and social security to the
old, unemployed, vulnerable

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Three Generation Family
• There are representative
of three generations
• They are related to each
other by direct descent
and they live together

31
Three Generation Family
• Common usual scenario
in Indian tradition
• In west, It occurs usually
when young couples are
unable to find separate
accommodation and
continue to live with their
parents and have their
own children
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 Do you consider this as a Family?
• Married couple with children ?
• Married couple without children ?
• Unmarried couple without children ?
• Unmarried couple with children ?
• Same sex couple without children ?
• Same sex couple with (adopted) children ?
• Single parent with children ?

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 Concept of family
• Sociologists today find this definition
restrictive; there are single parent families,
childless families, etc.
• The concept of family needs to be wider &
inclusive
• There is no “ideal, monolithic, standard or
natural family”. Rather, there is “a wide variety
of family arrangements”

34
 New forms of “Family”
• Cohabiting couples (with or without children),
better known as “Live-in”
• Single parent family (because of teen
pregnancy, divorce/abandonment or even
adoption by a single)
• “Blended” family (atleast one stepchild)
• Homosexual couples e.g. some countries
where homosexual marriages are legalised

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Ki & Ka ?!!!

36
Changing Traditional Families…
• Changing roles (role = “expected behaviour” that
goes with a social position)
• People marry later, have fewer kids, and also have
them later
• More divorces
• Single parent families
• More number of working women
• Working mothers are stressed (“Supermom
Syndrome” and “Double Burden of Women”)
• “latchkey kids” (unsupervised children, feel
neglected and not loved by their parents)
37
 Functions of Family
• Residence-Shelter-Protection
• Division of work
• Reproduction & child rearing
• Socialization
• Economy – Earning
• Emotional care & Support
• Social care

38
 Residence
• To provide clean and descent home to its
member
• In west when men marries, get separate from
his parents and sets up his own home
• In India (Hindus) married couple usually reside
in the house of the parent

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 Division of work
• The male had the sloe duty to earn a living and
support the family
• The female had total responsibility for day to day
care of children and running of household
• Now a days there are less difference between
function of men and women ---- the coming
together and sharing responsibility

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 Reproduction & Child rearing
• The mother take absolute care of infant and
children during certain age
• The father provides for education and
teaches the social tradition and customs

41
 Socialization
• The family is bridge between generations and
between father and son
• The cultural pattern relating to eating,
cleanliness, dress, speech, language, behavior
and attitude transmitted through the family

42
 Economy - Earning
• The family hold the properties and ownership
like farms, shop, dwelling are handed down to
the children

43
 Emotional care & Support
• Stress & strains are common in one’s life
• Family acts as a shock absorber
• Our Greatest support system

44
 Social Care
The family provides social care by….
• Giving status in society
• Protecting its member from insult
• Regulating marital activities of its
members
• Regulating to a certain extent
political, religion and general social
activities
• Regulating sexual relations through
incest-taboos
45
Role of Family in Health & Disease
• The family is ultimately the unit with which
one has to deal
• There are certain function which are related
with health and health behavior
• Case Study Vs. Family Study

46
 Child Rearing
• One of the important function
• Physical care of dependent young ---- survive to
adulthood
• The child rearing may differ from society to
society and from time to time
• It is important to note the pattern of child care
(feeding, nutrition, hygiene, sleep, clothing, habit
training) affects health & disease
• Child rearing practices from one generation pass
on to another generation
47
 Socialization
• It refer to process whereby individuals
develop qualities essential for functioning
effectively in the society
• The teaching the young, the values of the
society and transmitting information, culture,
belief
• Introduction of young into adult society
• In some societies the young are given freedom
to develop individuals ---- to take initiative

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 Personality Formation
• The capacity of individual to withstand stress
and strain
• The way the child interact with other people

49
 Care of dependent adults
Care of sick and injured:
• So adult become dependent either through
injury, illness or because of biological limitation
• The attitude of society is different
• In some society there is great deal of harshness in
respect to those who are sufferer
• Some times individual are excluded from full
range of benefits
• The kind of illness is important ---- attitude of
society
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 Care of dependent adults (Contd)
Care of women during pregnancy:
• In term of financial help, maternity leave, diet
and nutrition supplement and decrease
workload to the women
Care of the aged and handicapped:
• Without the support of the family, no amount
of medical care can succeed

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 Stabilization of adult personality
• The family is like “shock absorber” --- stress
and strain of life
• The stress could be injury, illness, birth, death,
tension, worry, anxiety etc
• The family provide opportunity to release
tension & attain individual mental equilibrium
• Various addictions (alcoholics and narcotics)
are reflection of this trend
• Stress disease - peptic ulcer, colitis, high B.P.

52
 Familial susceptibility to diseases
• The member of family share a pool of genes,
common environment, nutrition etc…. This
will decide their susceptibility to disease
• Certain disease such as hemophilia, color
blindness, Diabetes, mental illness known to
run through families
• The communicable diseases occur through
close contact
• Common environment puts them at similar
risk for various diseases
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Broken family – Problem family
• Where the parents are separated or where
death of one or both parents

• PROBLEM FAMILY:
• Those families who lag behind the rest of the
community
• The standard of the life are far below the
accepted minimum

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Broken family – Problem family
• The parents are unable to meet physical and emotional
need of their children
• The home life is unsatisfactory
• The underlying factors are backwardness, poverty,
illness, mental and emotional instability, character
defects and marital disharmony
• The problem families found in all social class but more
common in LSEC
• The children reared in such environment more likely go
for crime, prostitution and vagrancy (homelessness)
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“The secret of national health lies in the
homes of the people”

plays an important role

in health and disease
56
 Recap - Summary
• Family
• Family Life Cycle
• Types of families
• Functions of family
• Role of Family in
Health & Disease
• Positive and negative
features of family life
57
 Likely questions….
• Family Life cycle
• Functions of a family
• Role of Family in health & Disease
• Compare - Joint Family Vs. Nuclear family

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Questions

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Comments - Remarks
jayksheth@yahoo.com
9427952244

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