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GNU Emacs Manual
 GNU Emacs Manual

Sixteenth Edition, Updated for Emacs Version 22.1.

Richard Stallman
This is the Sixteenth edition of the GNU Emacs Manual,
updated for Emacs version 22.1.
Copyright c 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002,
2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under
the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later
version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections
being “The GNU Manifesto,” “Distribution” and “GNU GENERAL PUBLIC
LICENSE,” with the Front-Cover texts being “A GNU Manual,” and with the
Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License.”
(a) The FSF’s Back-Cover Text is: “You have freedom to copy and modify
this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software
Foundation raise funds for GNU development.”

Published by the Free Software Foundation

51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor
Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
ISBN 1-882114-86-8

Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.

 i

Short Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1 The Organization of the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Characters, Keys and Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 Entering and Exiting Emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4 Basic Editing Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5 The Minibuffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
6 Running Commands by Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7 Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
8 The Mark and the Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
9 Killing and Moving Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
10 Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
11 Controlling the Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
12 Searching and Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
13 Commands for Fixing Typos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
14 Keyboard Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
15 File Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
16 Using Multiple Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
17 Multiple Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
18 Frames and Graphical Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
19 International Character Set Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
20 Major Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
21 Indentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
22 Commands for Human Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
23 Editing Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
24 Compiling and Testing Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
25 Maintaining Large Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
26 Abbrevs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
27 Sending Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
28 Reading Mail with Rmail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
29 Dired, the Directory Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
30 The Calendar and the Diary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
31 Miscellaneous Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
32 Customization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
 ii

33 Dealing with Common Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409

A GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
B GNU Free Documentation License . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
C Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation . . . . . . . . . . 436
D X Options and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
E Emacs 21 Antinews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
F Emacs and Mac OS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
G Emacs and Microsoft Windows/MS-DOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
The GNU Manifesto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Key (Character) Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
Command and Function Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Variable Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Concept Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
 iii

Table of Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1 The Organization of the Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.1 Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 The Echo Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 The Mode Line. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 The Menu Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2 Characters, Keys and Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.1 Kinds of User Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 Keys and Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4 Character Set for Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

3 Entering and Exiting Emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3.1 Exiting Emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

4 Basic Editing Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

4.1 Inserting Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2 Changing the Location of Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.3 Erasing Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.4 Undoing Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.5 Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.6 Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.7 Blank Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.8 Continuation Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.9 Cursor Position Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.10 Numeric Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.11 Repeating a Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
 iv

5 The Minibuffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.1 Minibuffers for File Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.2 Editing in the Minibuffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.3 Completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.3.1 Completion Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.3.2 Completion Commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.3.3 Strict Completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5.3.4 Completion Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.4 Minibuffer History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.5 Repeating Minibuffer Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

6 Running Commands by Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

7 Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.1 Documentation for a Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7.2 Help by Command or Variable Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
7.3 Apropos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7.4 Help Mode Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.5 Keyword Search for Lisp Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.6 Help for International Language Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.7 Other Help Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.8 Help Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
7.9 Help on Active Text and Tooltips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

8 The Mark and the Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

8.1 Setting the Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
8.2 Transient Mark Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
8.3 Using Transient Mark Mode Momentarily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
8.4 Operating on the Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
8.5 Commands to Mark Textual Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
8.6 The Mark Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
8.7 The Global Mark Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

9 Killing and Moving Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

9.1 Deletion and Killing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
9.1.1 Deletion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
9.1.2 Killing by Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
9.1.3 Other Kill Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
9.2 Yanking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
9.2.1 The Kill Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
9.2.2 Appending Kills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
9.2.3 Yanking Earlier Kills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
9.3 Accumulating Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
9.4 Rectangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
9.5 CUA Bindings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
 v

10 Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
10.1 Saving Positions in Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
10.2 Saving Text in Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
10.3 Saving Rectangles in Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
10.4 Saving Window Configurations in Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
10.5 Keeping Numbers in Registers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
10.6 Keeping File Names in Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
10.7 Bookmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

11 Controlling the Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

11.1 Scrolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
11.2 Automatic Scrolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
11.3 Horizontal Scrolling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
11.4 Follow Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
11.5 Using Multiple Typefaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
11.6 Standard Faces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
11.7 Font Lock mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
11.8 Interactive Highlighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
11.9 Window Fringes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
11.10 Displaying Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
11.11 Useless Whitespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
11.12 Selective Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
11.13 Optional Mode Line Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
11.14 How Text Is Displayed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
11.15 Displaying the Cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
11.16 Truncation of Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
11.17 Customization of Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

12 Searching and Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

12.1 Incremental Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
12.1.1 Basics of Incremental Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
12.1.2 Repeating Incremental Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
12.1.3 Errors in Incremental Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
12.1.4 Special Input for Incremental Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
12.1.5 Isearch for Non-ASCII Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
12.1.6 Isearch Yanking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
12.1.7 Lazy Search Highlighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
12.1.8 Scrolling During Incremental Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
12.1.9 Slow Terminal Incremental Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
12.2 Nonincremental Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
12.3 Word Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
12.4 Regular Expression Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
12.5 Syntax of Regular Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
12.6 Backslash in Regular Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
12.7 Regular Expression Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
12.8 Searching and Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
12.9 Replacement Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
 vi

12.9.1 Unconditional Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

12.9.2 Regexp Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
12.9.3 Replace Commands and Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
12.9.4 Query Replace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
12.10 Other Search-and-Loop Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

13 Commands for Fixing Typos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

13.1 Undo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
13.2 Killing Your Mistakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
13.3 Transposing Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
13.4 Case Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
13.5 Checking and Correcting Spelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

14 Keyboard Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

14.1 Basic Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
14.2 The Keyboard Macro Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
14.3 The Keyboard Macro Counter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
14.4 Executing Macros with Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
14.5 Naming and Saving Keyboard Macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
14.6 Editing a Keyboard Macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
14.7 Stepwise Editing a Keyboard Macro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

15 File Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

15.1 File Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
15.2 Visiting Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
15.3 Saving Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
15.3.1 Commands for Saving Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
15.3.2 Backup Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
15.3.2.1 Numbered Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
15.3.2.2 Single or Numbered Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
15.3.2.3 Automatic Deletion of Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
15.3.2.4 Copying vs. Renaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
15.3.3 Customizing Saving of Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
15.3.4 Protection against Simultaneous Editing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
15.3.5 Shadowing Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
15.3.6 Updating Time Stamps Automatically. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
15.4 Reverting a Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
15.5 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
15.5.1 Auto-Save Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
15.5.2 Controlling Auto-Saving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
15.5.3 Recovering Data from Auto-Saves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
15.6 File Name Aliases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
15.7 Version Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
15.7.1 Introduction to Version Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
15.7.1.1 Supported Version Control Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
15.7.1.2 Concepts of Version Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
15.7.1.3 Types of Log File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
 vii

15.7.2 Version Control and the Mode Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

15.7.3 Basic Editing under Version Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
15.7.3.1 Basic Version Control with Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
15.7.3.2 Basic Version Control without Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
15.7.3.3 Advanced Control in C-x v v . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
15.7.3.4 Features of the Log Entry Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
15.7.4 Examining And Comparing Old Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
15.7.5 The Secondary Commands of VC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
15.7.5.1 Registering a File for Version Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
15.7.5.2 VC Status Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
15.7.5.3 Undoing Version Control Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
15.7.6 Multiple Branches of a File. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
15.7.6.1 Switching between Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
15.7.6.2 Creating New Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
15.7.6.3 Merging Branches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
15.7.6.4 Multi-User Branching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
15.8 File Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
15.9 Comparing Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
15.10 Diff Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
15.11 Miscellaneous File Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
15.12 Accessing Compressed Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
15.13 File Archives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
15.14 Remote Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
15.15 Quoted File Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
15.16 File Name Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
15.17 Convenience Features for Finding Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
15.18 Filesets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

16 Using Multiple Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

16.1 Creating and Selecting Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
16.2 Listing Existing Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
16.3 Miscellaneous Buffer Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
16.4 Killing Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
16.5 Operating on Several Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
16.6 Indirect Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
16.7 Convenience Features and Customization of Buffer Handling
.............................................................. 151
16.7.1 Making Buffer Names Unique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
16.7.2 Switching Between Buffers using Substrings . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
16.7.3 Customizing Buffer Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
 viii

17 Multiple Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

17.1 Concepts of Emacs Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
17.2 Splitting Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
17.3 Using Other Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
17.4 Displaying in Another Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
17.5 Forcing Display in the Same Window. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
17.6 Deleting and Rearranging Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
17.7 Window Handling Convenience Features and Customization
.............................................................. 158

18 Frames and Graphical Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

18.1 Killing and Yanking on Graphical Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
18.1.1 Mouse Commands for Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
18.1.2 Cut and Paste with Other Window Applications . . . . . . . . 161
18.1.3 Mouse Commands for Words and Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
18.1.4 Secondary Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
18.1.5 Using the Clipboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
18.2 Following References with the Mouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
18.3 Mouse Clicks for Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
18.4 Mode Line Mouse Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
18.5 Creating Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
18.6 Frame Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
18.7 Speedbar Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
18.8 Multiple Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
18.9 Special Buffer Frames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
18.10 Setting Frame Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
18.11 Scroll Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
18.12 Scrolling With “Wheeled” Mice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
18.13 Drag and Drop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
18.14 Menu Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
18.15 Tool Bars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
18.16 Using Dialog Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
18.17 Tooltips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
18.18 Mouse Avoidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
18.19 Non-Window Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
18.20 Using a Mouse in Terminal Emulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

19 International Character Set Support . . . . . . 173

19.1 Introduction to International Character Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
19.2 Enabling Multibyte Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
19.3 Language Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
19.4 Input Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
19.5 Selecting an Input Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
19.6 Unibyte and Multibyte Non-ASCII characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
19.7 Coding Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
19.8 Recognizing Coding Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
19.9 Specifying a File’s Coding System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
 ix

19.10 Choosing Coding Systems for Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

19.11 Specifying a Coding System for File Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
19.12 Coding Systems for Interprocess Communication . . . . . . . . . . . 185
19.13 Coding Systems for File Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
19.14 Coding Systems for Terminal I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
19.15 Fontsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
19.16 Defining fontsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
19.17 Undisplayable Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
19.18 Unibyte Editing Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
19.19 Charsets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

20 Major Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

20.1 How Major Modes are Chosen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

21 Indentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
21.1 Indentation Commands and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
21.2 Tab Stops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
21.3 Tabs vs. Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

22 Commands for Human Languages . . . . . . . . . 198

22.1 Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
22.2 Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
22.3 Paragraphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
22.4 Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
22.5 Filling Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
22.5.1 Auto Fill Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
22.5.2 Explicit Fill Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
22.5.3 The Fill Prefix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
22.5.4 Adaptive Filling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
22.5.5 Refill Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
22.5.6 Long Lines Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
22.6 Case Conversion Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
22.7 Text Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
22.8 Outline Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
22.8.1 Format of Outlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
22.8.2 Outline Motion Commands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
22.8.3 Outline Visibility Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
22.8.4 Viewing One Outline in Multiple Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
22.8.5 Folding Editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
22.9 TEX Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
22.9.1 TEX Editing Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
22.9.2 LaTEX Editing Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
22.9.3 TEX Printing Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
22.9.4 TEX Mode Miscellany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
22.10 SGML, XML, and HTML Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
22.11 Nroff Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
22.12 Editing Formatted Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
 x

22.12.1 Requesting to Edit Formatted Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

22.12.2 Hard and Soft Newlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
22.12.3 Editing Format Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
22.12.4 Faces in Formatted Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
22.12.5 Colors in Formatted Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
22.12.6 Indentation in Formatted Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
22.12.7 Justification in Formatted Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
22.12.8 Setting Other Text Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
22.12.9 Forcing Enriched Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
22.13 Editing Text-based Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
22.13.1 What is a Text-based Table? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
22.13.2 How to Create a Table? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
22.13.3 Table Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
22.13.4 Commands for Table Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
22.13.5 Cell Justification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
22.13.6 Commands for Table Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
22.13.7 Commands for Table Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
22.13.8 Fix Width of Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
22.13.9 Conversion Between Plain Text and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
22.13.10 Analyzing Table Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
22.13.11 Table Miscellany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

23 Editing Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

23.1 Major Modes for Programming Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
23.2 Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
23.2.1 Left Margin Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
23.2.2 Moving by Defuns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
23.2.3 Imenu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
23.2.4 Which Function Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
23.3 Indentation for Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
23.3.1 Basic Program Indentation Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
23.3.2 Indenting Several Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
23.3.3 Customizing Lisp Indentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
23.3.4 Commands for C Indentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
23.3.5 Customizing C Indentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
23.4 Commands for Editing with Parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
23.4.1 Expressions with Balanced Parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
23.4.2 Moving in the Parenthesis Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
23.4.3 Automatic Display Of Matching Parentheses . . . . . . . . . . . 241
23.5 Manipulating Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
23.5.1 Comment Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
23.5.2 Multiple Lines of Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
23.5.3 Options Controlling Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
23.6 Documentation Lookup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
23.6.1 Info Documentation Lookup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
23.6.2 Man Page Lookup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
23.6.3 Emacs Lisp Documentation Lookup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
23.7 Hideshow minor mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
 xi

23.8 Completion for Symbol Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

23.9 Glasses minor mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
23.10 Other Features Useful for Editing Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
23.11 C and Related Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
23.11.1 C Mode Motion Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
23.11.2 Electric C Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
23.11.3 Hungry Delete Feature in C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
23.11.4 Other Commands for C Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
23.12 Asm Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

24 Compiling and Testing Programs . . . . . . . . . . 254

24.1 Running Compilations under Emacs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
24.2 Compilation Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
24.3 Subshells for Compilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
24.4 Searching with Grep under Emacs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
24.5 Finding Syntax Errors On The Fly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
24.6 Running Debuggers Under Emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
24.6.1 Starting GUD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
24.6.2 Debugger Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
24.6.3 Commands of GUD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
24.6.4 GUD Customization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
24.6.5 GDB Graphical Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
24.6.5.1 GDB User Interface Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
24.6.5.2 Source Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
24.6.5.3 Breakpoints Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
24.6.5.4 Stack Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
24.6.5.5 Other Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
24.6.5.6 Watch Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
24.7 Executing Lisp Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
24.8 Libraries of Lisp Code for Emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
24.9 Evaluating Emacs Lisp Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
24.10 Lisp Interaction Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
24.11 Running an External Lisp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

25 Maintaining Large Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

25.1 Change Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
25.2 Format of ChangeLog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
25.3 Tags Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
25.3.1 Source File Tag Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
25.3.2 Creating Tags Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
25.3.3 Etags Regexps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
25.3.4 Selecting a Tags Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
25.3.5 Finding a Tag. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
25.3.6 Searching and Replacing with Tags Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
25.3.7 Tags Table Inquiries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Arthur. (Aside.) Great God! Now my heart breaketh.
(To Launcelot.) Begone, false Knight. ’Tis enough.
Laun. Yea yet a little, Sire, it is the end.
If Gwaine would hearken I would answer him
For his two brothers.
Gwaine. Nay, nay I’ll not hearken.
Laun. ’Tis ended then, but I would say to thee,
That nothing next to this most heavy matter,
The most dread, sorrowful matter in this poor world,
Hath grieved me so as that I did that deed.
All blinded with my sorrow for the Queen,
I knew not ’twas your brothers that I slew.
Gwaine. Nay, nay, blood, blood alone will answer.
Laun. (To the Queen.)
And thou sad Guinevere, thou Queen of women,
Sweetest of soul and form upon this earth,
I’ll look upon thy beauteous face no more.
Let womanhood blossom the days to come,
There never-more will be one like to thee.
(Bends and kisses her hand.) (Guinevere goes toward him.)
Guin. Launcelot, take me with thee, I am thine.
Arthur. And thou the Queen?
Guin. I am no Queen of realm save this man’s heart.
And where he treads, that land to me alone
Beloved of the kingdoms of this earth.
Oh! take me Launcelot, my Lord! my King!
Arthur. Ladies, the Queen to her apartments!
Laun. I would not shame thy kindness, Guinevere.
We were each others ere this world began,
And we together, unshamed yet will go
To meet our God, sweet Love farewell, farewell.
(Hurries out. The Queen borne slowly to her apartments weeping.)
Arthur. Oh, black brute Evil, why was Arthur born?
Now is all loveliness gone out from life.
Yea, I will sink. Nay, I am Arthur still.
The Kingly still, defying Hell and Fate.
To arms! to arms! Red battle is my mood.
Mordred. Yea, battle!
Gwaine. Yea, blood, for blood! my brothers’ spirits call.
Arthur. My heart awakens! Mordred, as my regent,
I leave thee filial keeper of my crown,
My queen and kingdom, while I wed with war,
And bring as issue, yon foul Launcelot’s doom.
Make my forces ready. France! is the word.
All. (Draw swords and shout.) Yea, battle! [Curtain.
 SCENE V.—A Corridor in the Palace. Enter two Gentlemen.

1st Gent. Hast heard the news? Mordred’s usurped the kingdom,
hath seized the Queen, and backed by half the realm doth
challenge Arthur to a warm homecoming. ’Tis said he hath
plotted this long time and now hath proved his chances. How
stand you in this most bitter struggle?
2nd Gent. I’m for Arthur and now for Dover and France this
coming night.
1st Gent. Then I am with you. May we bring these shores
New peace from this usurper when we come. [Exit both.
Enter Vivien with a dagger.
Vivien. Nay he shall never make her Queen. Nay never!
She shall die first! No Queen but Vivien
Shall royal it while Mordred lifts the crown.
His slave, his creature, yea, in all save this.
I’ll make her beauty wan, I’ll curtain her lights.
Yea she shall Queen in Tartarus this night.
(Sounds heard without, Vivien gets behind the tapestry.)
Enter Mordred as King.
Mordred. Now have I reached the pinnacle of my revenge
In these uncertain heights of Arthur’s glory.
And even now I sicken of the struggle.
Even now I top a tower of fear.
A thousand swords, would leap at my command,
And swim this land in blood at my one word,
Would at a stronger power but turn and rend me.
The thousand throats that this morn shouted, “Mordred!”
Tomorrow morn may shout as loud for Arthur.
’Tis but a petty thing to be a King,
And strut an hour to crown a people’s will
And make them think they wield a majesty,
And hold a phantom rule; then pass and be
A little dust in a forgotten heap.
Nay, ’tis not worth the blacking of a soul,
The letting of a single human life,
The fouling o’er of youthful memory.
And I am now this self-contemnéd thing,
A man of truest sorrows who descended
From out the pedestal of nobler dreams,
And used the subtle intrigues of this world
To climb this pyramid of human weakness.
And now I hate it as I hate myself
Who stooped to gain it. Yet must Mordred king
This realm with a tyranny that fear
Wields o’er a monarchy that knows not love.
And burn his heart out for a woman’s scorn.
Yea she shall be my Queen if love can win her.
Enter Guinevere as a State Prisoner.
Mordred. Madam, I would detain you.
Guin. Usurper King! what means this bringing of me here?
I deemed the shelter of a sisterhood
Were not denied me.
Mordred. Madam, I would to you unfold this matter.
I am not all you think me in your scorn
Though I be born mis-shapen, yet my soul
Hath appetite for beauty like a man’s
That shows the inward in the outward mien.
Madam, I would lay the matter plainly,
I have long been a victim to thy beauties,
And would new-make thee Queen of this old Kingdom.
Guin. Never! Were Launcelot or Arthur standing by,
Insulter of thy Queen, thou wouldst die.
Make way! Make way!
Mordred. Madam, have compassion on my weakness!
A soul is lodged within this crooked body.
No man hath ever loved as Mordred loves.
Guin. Make way! this be hideous.
Mordred. Lady, let your own sorrow plead for Mordred’s sorrow.
As thou hast loved Launcelot unhappy,
So he loves thee.
Guin. Show thy love by closing this audience quickly.
I am all Launcelot’s in this world and the next,
As Heaven knoweth.
Mordred. Then thou wilt not have compassion.
Guin. I pity thee, but this may never be.
Mordred. Never?
Guin. As I am a Queen, never!
Mordred. Lady thy pity doth but little help me.
Yet will I show thee Mordred hath a heart.
Know then thou hast killed the spark of Mordred’s hope,
And silenced the music of this world for him,
Yet lady as rightful king of this great land
He grants thee safest passage where thou wilt.
Guin. I would go to a Nunnery.
Mordred. As thou wilt. Not one word? Not one token?
Guin. Prince, thou hast my respect and gratitude
For this thine act.
[Exit Guinevere and her train.
Vivien comes forward.
Vivien. Ha! Ha! Ha! King Mordred!
Mordred. (Springs forward and draws.) Fiend! thou diest! (He
clutches her, they stand confronting each other.) Nay, nay and
thou didst hear all? Nay, I will not kill thee. Thy punishment
 hath been more than I could mete thee. I see sharp agony in
thine evil face. Yea, Woman thou hast suffered.
Vivien. Oh God! My love! My love! (Would stab herself.)
Mordred. Nay, die not! (Throws the dagger away.) Thou deservest
thy reward. Mordred will crown this farce and make thee Queen.
Vivien. Me! thy wife?
Mordred. Nay, nay, nor mistress even, only Queen.
[Curtain.
 SCENE VI.—France—A Tent on the Field near Launcelot’s Castle.
Arthur paces to and fro.

Arthur. I would I were on British soil again

This leaguer goes but feebly. I am sick
Of losing battles to this Launcelot,
Whose strength and prowess in far kinder days,
Was my heart’s pride. Arthur thy star grows dark.
Thou canst not keep the love of woman. Nay,
Men’s friendships turn to traitor on the lips.
Oh, Merlin; couldst thou now but see thine Arthur.
Enter Messenger.
Arthur. Well!
Mess. Sir Launcelot met Sir Gwaine beneath the wall.
And of all the bloody fights betwixt them two,
Which have enhorrored this ensanguined war,
This was the bloodiest.
Arthur. Speak on!
Mess. Sir Gwaine be mortal wounded, so it seemeth.
Arthur. Nay!
Mess. He even fought on after he was down,
Till his blade fell from out his palsied hand.
Arthur. This time maketh thrice that he hath been defeated,
And surely this will cool his fiery blood.
He is the strongest hater I have known
In all my royalty. He would as lief go
To Hell, so that his foe might forfeit Heaven.
Enter Gwaine, borne by Squires and Attendants.
Gwaine. Let me forth—forth, I say! Hell! catiffs, I be better now.
I would at him. Oh!
 Attendants. Sire, if he rest not he will die.
The blood runneth from him in streams
So we cannot quench it, do he not lie still.
Gwaine. King, I be a shamed man. Damn this world!
I will shut it out o’ my knowledge. I be in pieces.
Arthur. Thou hast had enough, temper thy hates.
And do thy brothers more they lodge in Hell.
I am for England.
Gwaine. Nay, King, let me but once more.
Arthur. Thou canst scarce utter, thou wilt die.
Gwaine. Nay, I will stand his front so long as I may hold a blade,
and shake it at him!
Enter a Messenger in great haste.
Arthur. Whence come you?
Mess. From England. Mordred hath made him King.
Arthur. Nay! nay!
Mess. ’Tis true, and seized the Queen.
Arthur. Great Heaven!
Mess. Even now he sitteth robed in thy late state,
And wieldeth puissance.
Gwaine. The damned hunchback!
Arthur. Oh World, would I were gone! My Queen untrue,
My heart’s best brother traitor, even my son,
Mine ill-got son doth rend me. Who would now
Hold fate with sunken Arthur?
(To the Messenger.) Be there more?
Mess. Nay, Sire, I came in haste at the first news,
Though it is said that he would wed the Queen.
Arthur. A thousand devils take him!—Nay, not that
Not that most foul completion!
Ho! Sir Hake, Sir Mark. Ho Knights without!
Enter Knights.
Arthur. Mordred’s usurped the kingdom. We must haste to England
now. The siege is raised. Yea I will blot him out or make an end
righting mine old glory.
Gwaine. (Borne out.) Now are my chances gone. Gwaine is
disgraced. This is a world of woe. I’ll fight no more. But one
more bout, and my sword might ha’ done it.
[Curtain.
 ACT V.
SCENE I.—(Rise outer Curtain.) Enter two Soldiers.

1st Sol. Ho, without there!

2nd Sol. What news?
1st Sol. Arthur is back for England with all his forces, and the King
hath sent an army to withstand his landing, and himself leaveth
to-night to follow them.
2nd Sol. He be a rare King this Hunchback. He hath a marvellous
power. His Knights be feared of him, but ’tis said he’s just.
1st Sol. He be not lawful got, ’tis said, but none can say his rule
be foul.
2nd Sol. ’Tis said that the new Queen be a witch an’ hath holpen
him wi’ her deviltries.
1st Sol. God save us if it be true! Yet it is safe to say; God save
the King an’ Queen. ’Tis better to cry a witch Queen than to be
split i’ the gullet.
2nd Sol. Yea wi’ plenty ale i’ the pewter and meat o’ the spit, no
matter who queens or kings it, so says I. I’m for Mordred an’
the Witch.

1st Sol. So be I till the next change comes. [Exit both.

(Rise inner Curtain.) Enter Vivien as Queen with many

Ladies and Pages—takes her state.
Enter a Knight, who kneels.
Vivien. What news from France, Sir Bors?
Knight. Arthur cometh back, my Lady.
Vivien. Nay!
 Knight. Yea, my Lady, the army be embarked.
Vivien. Oh short and bitter!
Enter Mordred.
Mordred. Well, Madam!
Vivien. (To the Ladies.) Begone! [Exit all.
(To Mordred.) Hast thou heard the news?
Mordred. ’Tis as I have long expected. He now cometh back.
Vivien. Art thou prepared?
Mordred. Yea, if ’tis death thou meanest.
And ’twere better so. Thou art a Queen already!
I had not thought thou wouldst so look the Queen.
Vivien. Mordred, would that thou mightst also see
I wear a heart, a woman’s heart, beneath
This queenly mask.
Mordred. A heart?
Vivien. That beats and breaks for thee.
Mordred. I’m not myself, I am a hunchback king,
Who stole his father’s rule by subtlety.
And keepeth it by power of being a devil.
I know not love. Woman, thou art mad!
Art thou not satisfied with what thou art?
I made thee all that woman’s heart might crave.
Revenge, ambition, these all can I grant,
But love, a commodity not in Mordred’s giving.
Use this thy power to surfeit while it lasts,
Tomorrow it will topple. I’m o’er-weary
Of all this sycophancy of creeping men,
Who fear my power and sneer upon my back;
A pageantry of lies where human worms,
Who crawl to-day, tomorrow get a sting
And use it on the hand that ’friended them.
I cannot mould the face to popular form,
And hide the thought behind the outward act.
And make good ill, ill good by royal patent.
Nay, I can scorn, and I can hate,—yea strike,
When rules the mood, yea, I’m a very devil;
But cheat myself and others to what I am,
And be a popular dream, a fancied god,
The victim of a world’s delusiveness,
What manner I am, I were not made for this.
Yea coming struggle I meet thee with a joy
’Twere scarce expected. Madam, I bid farewell.
We worked this masque together, thou and I,
And if it like thee little, blame not Mordred.
I go to-night to meet my Sire in battle.
Such fight will be this kingdom hath not known
In all its sorrows. Britain’s darkest hours
Are blacking on her, I feel I go to death.
I leave some knights to guard thee. If thou desirest
Thou canst withdraw unto some convent close,
Till this blows over.
Vivien. Nay, Vivien flees not. She dies first! Woman or Queen
She will be found where dangers threaten thee
And menace thy kingliness, Oh Mordred,
Thou knowest not the woman that I am.
Take me with thee as thy heart’s true slave,
Where thou diest, there would Vivien die,
Or where thou goest, there would she wander too.
Mordred. Nay, nay, ’tis vain, I am a man apart.
Thou knowest not the iron I am become.
Mordred needs no shield of kindly help
Other than what unkind nature gave him.
Woman, thou dost unqueen thyself, I tell thee.
Thou wastest thy words on Mordred.
Vivien. Oh brute, Oh cruel shape, not natural man,
Hast thou no feeling?
Mordred. I go forth to-night.
To wreck my father, stem his tide this way
Unto his rightful kingdom. Speak me love!
Rather tell the lamb skipping the mead,
Go ask the wolf for suckle.
Vivien. Nay Mordred, slay me now and thou wilt know
Vivien had blood full warm to flow for thee.
Mordred. Woman, I’m all iron and adamant
And yet I pity thee for thou hast hell.
I would not slay thee—rather fare thee well.
[Exit Mordred.
Vivien. Oh God! Mordred! Mordred! Is this all?
And I have moulded him unto this iron
I beat against. It is my punishment!
Oh God! Oh God! Nay, I will go with him,
And die with him if need be. Now my wits!
But how? How? How?
Enter a Page.
Page. Madam, the King?
Vivien. He hath just left—Stay, dost thou go with him?
Page. Yea, Madam.
Vivien. Doth see this jewel?
Page. Yea Madam, it be wondrous indeed.
Vivien. It will be thine—wilt thou stay,
And let another go in thy stead.
Page. The King trusteth me.
Vivien. ’Tis the will of one who loveth the King far more than ever
thou couldst. ’Tis my will. Thou must stay. Quick, this way.
[Exit both.
 Re-enter Mordred with his Knights.
Trumpets without.
Mordred. Make haste! Make haste! Where tarrieth this Squire of
mine? We must ride to Dover ere it darkens.
A Knight. He cometh now, Sire.
Enter Vivien, disguised as a Squire.
Mordred. Dost thou keep thy king? thou wert long in coming.
Vivien. I came with all speed, Sire.
Mordred. Thou seemest over pink and white for this work.
Canst thou fight?
Vivien. Yea, Sire, I can use a dagger.
Mordred. Then follow—Ho, there without! Now for Mordred’s
doom.
[Curtain.
SCENE II.—The Kentish Coast. Landing of Arthur’s troops opposed
by Mordred. Battle going on in the distance. Enter Gwaine borne
ashore on a litter. Battle comes near.

A Soldier. They come this way, here will we stand and guard thee.
(They put down the litter.)
Gwaine. How goes the fight?
A Squire. Desperate hard. The enemy be strong,
As if half England would shove the other i’ the sea.
Gwaine. Give me my sword, and help me up, I’ll fight.
A Leech. Sir Knight, if you rise up it is your death.
Gwaine. Damn thee, to lie here helpless is to die,
With those fierce sounds of battle in mine ears.
Quick! my sword! mine old strength cometh back.
(A Squire hands him his sword, he leaps to his feet. The battle
comes near and they are all borne out fighting. Re-enter Gwaine
borne by Soldiers and the Leech.)
Leech. I told thee thou wouldst die.
Gwaine. And so wilt thou some day, and like a milksop, i’ thy bed.
’Twas a poor prophesy though a sure one. It is naught.
Turn me over. Yea, I wedged some skulls, and clipped
Damned Mordred’s wings o’ some pen-feathers.
Enter Arthur.
Arthur. So far the battle’s ours, this edge at least
Of Britain’s soil doth Arthur own to-night.
What be this?
Gwaine. ’Tis Gwaine, King, brought to bay at last.
Arthur. Thou wert mad to fight.
Gwaine. ’Twas madness not to fight with all that battle
Ringing its clarion thunders in mine ears.
All life be madness and death but the healing of it.
I have reft some brain-pans, i’ my time, ha! ha!
Tell traitor Launcelot.—Yea turn me softly,
’Twas a deft hand did give me that last stroke.
Leech. What be thy message knight, thy time groweth short?
Gwaine. Yea, take away,—tell Launcelot, Gwaine’s vengeance
waits him i’ the nether black. (Dies.)
[Curtain.
SCENE III.—Night on the battle field. The royal tent, Arthur’s Camp.

Arthur. Ho! there without. (Enter a Page.) Send me Sir Bedivere.

[Exit Page.
Enter Sir Bedivere.
Arthur. Is all safe i’ the camp?
Sir B. Yea, Sire, the sentries are set and watch fires ablaze. And all
ready for battle i’ the first dawn.
Arthur. What of the enemy?
Sir B. They be the same, Sire, all seemeth quiet i’ the camp.
Arthur. Remember all watchfulness, so there be no surprise. Thou
canst go Bedivere, I would fain sleep.
Sir B. Yea, I go, Sire, and God keep thee this night.
Arthur. Stay, Knight, Arthur of England is a lonely man,
Betrayed of those who should have loved him best.
To-night perchance he fronts the brink of death,
In bloody battle for his rightful kingdom.
Take this ring, Knight, in memory of thy King,
(Gives him a ring.) Survive he not the morrow.
Sir B. God keep thee, Sire! [Exit Sir Bedivere.
Arthur. Now what will morrow’s dawn-rise bring to Arthur?
Will it bring bloody victory or defeat?
How like an autumn wood is stript my glory,
Who short since was sole monarch of this realm.
Oh! evil Spite, that ruleth this sad world!
Come joy, come hope, there’s nothing sure but death.
Yea, I will sleep and muffle out my sorrows
A little while. (Goes to the couch.)
Nay, Arthur will not pillow till he beds with death,
Or doth regain his kingdom. I will rest here.
(Seats himself on a chair and wraps his cloak about him.)
Now for Oblivion’s peace!
O stricken King, thou art the loneliest to-night.
In any realm. (Leans forward, falls asleep. A Page steals in.)
Page. He sleeps. (Exit Page.) (Arthur starts and mutters
“Launcelot! Launcelot! My friend! My friend! Guinevere! Ah!
Guinevere!”)
Ghost of Merlin rises.
Ghost. Arthur of England!
Arthur. (In his sleep.) Merlin! Ah! Merlin!
Ghost. I come to tell thy doom. To-morrow! Arthur, to-morrow!
Arthur. Away Spirit! Afright me not. Away! Away!
(Ghost vanishes, Arthur starts up.)
Ah, Merlin! did I dream of Merlin? ’Twas but the fancy.
Oh, great Mage, to-night thy portents wander back
Unto my mind, Oh couldst thou see thine Arthur.
To-morrow, said the voice within my dream.
To-morrow! Yea, to-morrow!
(Sits down again and folds his cloak. Sleeps. Mutters “Mordred! my
son Mordred!”)
Ghost of Gwaine rises.
Ghost. King!
Arthur. Ah! ’Tis thou! Away! away!
Ghost. King, fight not tomorrow.
Arthur. (In his sleep.) Nay, I will!
Ghost. King, fight not to-morrow.
Ghost vanishes, Arthur wakes.
Arthur. Yea, sleep is but the border land o’ death.
’Tis twice! ’Tis twice! It is a certain portent.
Yea, Arthur fights, though Arthur dies, to-morrow.
Yea, now I’ll sleep, for I am over-weary.
Weary of life, yea I am over-tired.
I would fain sleep though night should have no morning.
This night is sweet and restful. To-morrow comes doom,
This hour for soft oblivion. [Curtain.
 SCENE IV.—Near the battlefield. Enter two Knights.

1st Knight. This day is Britain doomed and Arthur’s Court.

Rent and dismembered by old grisled war.
2nd Knight. Meseems the kingdom’s severed like two tides
That meet together in some mountain course
To whelm other. Arthur’s star grows dark,
And Mordred’s darker. ’Tis the Queen they say,
Hath cursed the realm with her godless loves.
Enter two other Knights, fighting on foot.
1st Knight. A Mordred! Ho! A Mordred!
2nd Knight. An Arthur! An Arthur! Have at you! (They close and
each stabs the other. Both die.)
1st Knight. Thus is the kingdom rent like doomsday’s crack.
Such awful portents have been told abroad,
Since yesternight. Some say the world hath end.
2nd Knight. And what be they?
1st Knight. The crucifixes on the churches’ walls
Have trickled blood, and many abbey bells
Have tolled the midnight, rung by no man’s hand.
Yea, even the dead have risen from their graves.
2nd Knight. Ora pro nobis!
1st Knight. Some even say that Merlin hath come back
And prophesied the kingdom at an end,
And all last night men dreamed such fearsome dreams
Of blight and pestilence and spectres dire;
I fear me much the end of days hath come.
2nd Knight. How goes the fight?
1st Knight. Yea even fiercer, as two tidal waves,
That roar together on some might bore,
And meet in thunders. Never hath such war
Been known in Britain since the ancient days.
The bowman’s arrows darken all the sun.
The battle-axes clamor on the shields,
As on some morn the loud woodcutter’s din
By some bright hillside. Knight encounters knight
In serried thunders. All the kingdom’s turned
To one mad tournament of blood and flame.
(The battle is heard moving nearer. Both rush out.)
Another part of the field. Enter Arthur surrounded by knights.
Arthur. Now where is he, that monster, foul, deformed,
In shape and spirit, Nature calls my son?
Enter Mordred.
Mordred. Here!
Arthur. Ah, Blot on all this sunlight, Creature dire,
Spawn of mine incest. There standest thou my sin,
Incarnate now before me, mine old doom,
Thou that wast stronger in thine influences
To work dread evil in this hideous world,
Than all the glory, all my good might win.
Mordred. Father!
Arthur. Yea, well say Father! Parent I this ill
That hath enrent my kingdom all in twain.
In that dread night of my licentious youth,
When I in darkness thy foul shape begot,
I worked a web of blackness round my fate,
And thine, distorted phantom of my sin,
Not all the tolling of sweet abbey-bells
And murmur of masses sung these thousand years,
Can sweep from this doomed kingdom. Father, yea,
There is no truce betwixt us. Thou art Death
To all that I hold dearest on this earth.
Thou stood’st betwixt me and my gladder fate,
The one black spot on all my glory’s sun.
In thee once more mine evil blackens in,
Reddens mine eyesight. Have at thee, foul Curse!
Mordred. Father!
Arthur. Have at you! (They fight. Arthur wounds Mordred. He falls.
A Knight stabs Arthur from behind.)
Arthur. Ho! all the sunlight blackens! Mordred! Oh!
My glory darkens! Curtain not yon sun! (Dies.)
Mordred. Yea, this is all and I were made for this,
To scatter death and desolation round
On this fair kingdom, ruin this sweet land,
And level all the pride of Arthur’s glory,
As men might level some great castle walls.
And sow with salt the fields of his desire,
And make him mock before the eyes of men.
Turn all his great joy into bitterness.
Yea, I his blood, and I were made for this.
Oh ancient, cruel Laws of human life,
Oh deep, mysterious, unfathomable Source
Of man’s poor being, we are ringed about
With such hard rinds of hellish circumstance,
That we can never walk or breathe or hope,
Or eye the sun, or ponder on the green
Of tented plain, or glorious blue of Heaven,
Or know love’s joy, or knotted thews of strength,
But imps of evil thoughts creep in between,
Like lizards in the chinks of some fair wall,
And mar life’s splendor and its fairness all.
’Tis some damned birth-doom blended in the blood
That prophesies our end in our poor acts.
Oh! we are but blind children of the dark
Wending a way we neither make nor ken.
Yea, Arthur, I had loved thee sweet and well,
And made mine arm a bulwark to thy realm,
Had I been but as fair as Launcelot.
What evil germ, false quickening of the blood,
Did breed me foul, distorted as I am,
That I should mar this earth and thy great realm
With my wry, knotted sorrows? Launcelot’s love
Was manly, kind, and generous as became
A soul encased in such propitious frame.
The kingly trees well turn them to the sun,
And glory in their splendor with the morn.
’Tis natural that noble souls should dwell
’Twixt noble features, but the maiméd soul
Should ever be found in the distorted shape.
But I had loved as never man hath loved
Did nature only plant me sweet at first.
(To his Knights.) And now I die, and blessed be my death,
More blessed far that I had never breathed.
Murder and Treason were my midwives dire,
Rapine and Carnage, priests that shrive me now.
Enter Vivien, disguised as a Squire.
Vivien. Mordred! thou diest!
Mordred. Who art thou?
Vivien. I am Vivien.
Mordred. Hence, hence Viper, incarnate Fiend.
Not natural, woman, but Ambition framed,
And all lust’s envy. Thou wert unto me
A blacker blackness. Did an angel come,
And whisper sweeter counsel in mine ears.
And trumpet hopes that all were not in vain,
But thou wouldst wool mine ears with malice dire,
And play upon the black chords of my heart.
Hence, Devil! Mar not these my closing hours.
Vivien. O, Woe! Woe! (Steals out.)
 Mordred (To the Knights.) Now bear me slowly to great Arthur’s
side
And let me place my hands upon his breast,
For he was mine own father! Alas! Alas!
So hideous is this nature we endure.
(The Soldiers place him by Arthur.)
How calm he sleeps, Allencthon, as those should
Who die in glorious battle. Dost thou know
Oh! mighty father that thine ill-got son,
Ill-got of nature and mysterious night,
To mar thy splendor and enwreck this world
Now crawls to thy dead body near his death,
As would some wounded dog of faithful days,
To lick his master’s hand? Blame not, O King,
If thou somewhere may know what I here feel,
Thy poor, misshapen Mordred. Blame him not
The turbulent, treacherous currents of his blood
Which were a part of thine, nor let one thought
Of his past evil mar thy mighty rest;
I would have loved thee, but remember that.
Now, past is all this splendour, new worlds come,
But nevermore will Britain know such grace,
Such lofty glory and such splendid days.
Back of the clang of battle, back of all
The mists of life; the clamour and the fall
Of ruined kingdoms built on human days,
Arthur! Merlin! Mighty dead, I come!
(Springs to his feet.)
Ho! Horse! To horse! My sword! A trumpet calls!
A Mordred! (Dies.)
[Curtain.
THE END.
 HILDEBRAND

AN HISTORICAL TRAGEDY.

FOUNDED ON THE LIFE AND CHARACTER

OF

THE GREAT POPE GREGORY VII,

His Struggle for Supremacy with Henry IV of Germany, and His Enforcement of the

Celibacy of the Clergy.

DRAMATIS PERSONÆ.

Hildebrand, Pope Gregory VII.

Henry IV, of Germany.
Peter, Damiani, a monk (friend to Hildebrand).
Gerbhert, a married priest of Milan.
Ariald, a decretal preacher (lover of Margaret).
Arnulph, a decretal preacher.
Brunelli, a cardinal.
Bishop of Bamburg.
Wolf, Lord of Bamburg, a German Noble.
Two Burghers.
Brun,
Wast,} two monks.

An Abbot.
A Warder.
Queen of Germany.
Margaret, wife of Gerbhert and daughter of Hildebrand.
Catherine, mother of Margaret and former wife of Hildebrand.
Cardinals, Lords, Bishops, Soldiers, Monks, Burghers and Pages.
 HILDEBRAND.

ACT I.

SCENE I.—(Rise outer Curtain.) An Inn-yard in Milan. Two Burghers

discovered seated at a table, drinking.

1st B. Well, well, these be the strange days indeed, indeed!

2nd B. (Rather drunk.) How now, neighbor Burnard, how now?
1st B. Heardst thou not the news, good Neighbor? But with thy
nose always i’ the wine-pot, thou canst not know anything aside
its rim.
2nd B. Wine-pot, wine-pot, thou sayst ha! ha! nose i’ the wine-pot
thou sayest, ’tis better than sticking it into every business save
thine own, hey! neighbor Burnard! But what be this news that
would keep the nose out o’ the wine-pot?
1st B. There be a new Pope at Rome, the Monk, Hildebrand. How
like you that?
2nd B. God, keep us all! Now thou dost say it! It seemeth they be
making new Popes every Michaelmas. This were no reason for
to keep the nose outside the wine-pot. Here’s to his health, God
save him!
’Twere a merry grape was squeezed for this, good Neighbor.
Here’s long life to thee an’ the Holy Pope, and especially to the
 royal Henry. Soon may he come to Italy.
1st B. It be said, Henry cannot sleep o’ nights i’ his bed, for the
making of this same Pope, Hildebrand, or Hellbrand, as some
folks call him. But hast thou heard the greater news?
2nd B. Nay, what now? Nothing be new now. Nothing be new,
along o’ fighting and preaching and lechering and damning in
the Church and State. Nothing be new save drinking, and that
be ever new. Ha! ha! What else be new?
1st B. ’Tis concerning this same scarce-baked Pope, this
Hellbrand. ’Tis said he hath sworn by the mass and all the saints
never to rest until he hath unwived all the priests i’ Europe. How
like you that, good neighbor Burnard?
2nd B. Ho! ho! ’Tis a good joke. Unwive the priests! ’Tis a good
joke. ’Twere well for me and thee did he swear a vow to unwive
all the burghers i’ Milan. ’Twould gie one I know more peace i’
his bed o’ nights. ’Tis the priests ever have all the good fortune
i’ Europe. Ah me, ah me! ’Tis ever so.
1st B. Yea, but there’s more news yet, good Neighbor, this same
Hellbrand, which be a good name for him if he be Pope, hath
sent out two wondrous preachers, endowed with uncommon
powers of tongue and orders, to spread this same doctrine in all
Italy and throughout Europe; an’ it be said they took fearsome
oaths, on pain of eternal damnation, not to rest till they had
done so; an’ further, ’tis said, they be here to-night to preach i’
the market.
2nd B. I’ Milan?
1st B. (Rising.) Yea i’ Milan, here, i’ the square.
2nd B. Well now! It do be passing strange, well now! It be a damn
law, and he be a damn liar, who saith not. A most unnatural law,
for our good pastor. Were it my case now, it were fitting, (1st
goes out) who taketh a lecture every midnight near upon cock-
crow, such as no Pope’s Bull could outwit in language an’
 rhetoric. Say good Neighbor, what thinkest thou? Might I not be
made a priest? What be qualifications? (Ha! he hath gone!) I
could drink with an abbot, yea, an archbishop, yea, I’ll see this
same Hellbrand about the matter: it shall be done, be done, ha!
ha! it shall be done. (Reels out.)
(Rise inner Curtain, the market place.) Enter several jolly Monks.
1st. (Sings) Ours be a jolly life,
No care nor ill have we,
We neither toil nor starve nor beg,
But live right merrily.
All. No wife to scold, no child to squall,
An’ put us on the rack;
We drink good wine, we kiss the maids,
An’ the Pope is at our back.
2nd. So here’s unto the jolly monk, (all grasp hands),
And here’s to him, alack, (all clench fists)
Who’d turn him from his board and bunk,
For the Pope is at his back.
All. The Pope is at our back, good Freres,
The Pope is at our back;
We fleece the churls, we scorn the King,
For the Pope is at our back. (All pass on.)
Enter a great crowd of Burghers, men and women, who fill the
market. Enter Arnulph and Ariald, the decretal preachers. Arnulph
ascends a pulpit to harangue the crowd.
Arnulph. Know ye Citizens and Burghers of Milan, that whereas in
the past, by reason of evils and curses, through the power of
the Devil, Holy Church hath fallen into abomination, to the
shame of men and sorrow of Heaven, it hath here now and at
this time, behooved her to cast off certain of those
abominations, to wit, especially that most heinous sin, whereby
the priests of the altar, do, without grace and carnally given, co-
habit in concubinage with those weaker vessels, even as do the
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