LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER Lady Augusta Ada Byron – the first Computer Programmer.

She
helped developed the instructions for doing computations on
Computer – any form of electronic device that manipulates information, or the analytical engine
data. It can store, retrieve, and manipulate information, and it is used for a
wide range of activities, such as browsing the internet, writing documents, 3. Electromechanical Computers
and running applications.  Hollerinth’s punched card machines – Invented by Dr.
Herman Hollerith to help process the results of the 1890
History of Computers census
The development of computational devices can be grouped into:

1. Manual Computational Devices

 Abacus - was used in Babylon 2000 years before the
Greeks used it to help with calculating

4. Electronic Computers
 Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC) – The world’s first
automatic electronic digital computer

 Napler’s Bones – John Napler invented “logarithms” used

to lookup tables to find the solution to otherwise tedious
and error-prone mathematical calculations.

Konrad Zuse (1939) – invented the first generalpurpose

computer.
Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff with student Clifford Berry,
build prototype of the first computing machine to use
electricity, vacuum tube, binary numbers and capacitors.
 Oughtred’s Slide Rule – created by English mathematician
William Oughtred on 1632. A slide rule consists of a
 Mark I – 1940, invented by Howard Hathaway Aiken. It is
movable ruler placed between two fixed and marked
an automatic general purposed calculator.
rulers.

 Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) –

2. Manual-Mechanical Calculators
invented by John Mauchly and John Eckert. It was used in
 Pascaline – invented by Blaise Pascal. The first calculator
World War II to calculate trajectory tables for new guns.
to help with collecting taxes. It could add and subtract by
rotating dials.

 Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC)

 Leibnitz’s Calculator – invented by Gottfried Wilhelm von
Dr. John von Neumann (1946) – He proposed a modified
Leibnitz. He called it the “Stepped Reckoner”. It could not
version of ENIAC. He developed the concept where the
only add and subtract but multiply and divide as well.
program and data reside in the same memory locations in
the computer.

 Jacquard’s Weaving Loom – invented by Joseph-Marie

Jacquard, a weaver. He got the bright idea of adapting use
 Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC) - developed by
of punched cards used in musical boxes to control his
Mauchly and Eckert. The first general-purpose commercial
looms.
computer.

 Difference Engine and Analytical Engine – invented by

Charles Babbage, the father of computer.
Generation of Computers Advantage and Disadvantage of using a Computer

First Generation (1940 – 1956) Advantages:

- It used wired circuits containing several thousands of vacuum  Multitasking

tubes (invented by Sir John Ambrose Fleming)  Record Keeping
- It used punch cards as the main storage medium and computer  Best of entertainment and online services
input  Great educational tool

Second Generation (1956 – 1963) Disadvantages:

- transistors has been invented by William Shockley, John  Reduction in employment opportunity
Bardeen, and Walter Brattain  Wastage of time and energy
- It used magnetic core technology for primary memory  Computer crimes
- Magnetic tapes and magnetic disks – secondary storage  Health Risks

Third Generation (1964 – 1971) Types of Computers

- Computers used Integrated Circuits (Ics) or chips  Analog Computers

- Computers were called minicomputers - almost extinct
- Developed by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce - form of computer that uses continuous physical
phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic
Fourth Generation (1971 – Present)
quantities to model the problem being sold.
- Computers use microprocessor (also called “computer-on-a-  Digital Computers
chip) - use digital circuits and are designed to operate on two
- Supported by Graphical User Interface (GUI) states, namely bits 0 and 1
- Introduced by Intel in 1971 - more suitable for complex computation and have higher
- It is named Intel 4004 processing speeds
- are programmable
Fifth Generation (Present – Next)
Two kinds of Digital Computers:
- The goal is to develop computer that are capable of learning
1. Special purpose computer – are designed for
and self-organization.
specific types of data processing.
- Use Super Large Scale Integrated (SLSI)
2. General Purpose Computers – meant for general use
- It is based on Artificial Intelligence (AI)
 Hybrid Computers
- Ai includes Expert System (ES), Natural Language Processing
- computers that are a combination of both Digital and
(NLP), speech recognition, voice recognition, robotics, etc
Analog computers
Functions of Computer - the digital segments perform process control by
conversion of analog signals to digital ones
1. Input – refers to any information, or data, that is sent to a
computer for processing (e.g., keyboard, mouse, scanner, Classification of Computers
webcam, microphone, touchscreen, etc.)
 Mainframe Computers – has capacities to host multiple
2. Processing – is the core function of the modern-day Personal
operating systems and operate as a number of virtual machines.
Computer. When the data is received from the memory it
It can substitute for several small servers.
transfers the data or information for further processing
3. Output – receive data from the system and further process the
data in human-readable form. (e.g., monitor, printer, speaker,
headphone, projector)
4. Storage – is the component of your computer that allows you to
 Mini Computers – also called midrange systems or workstations.
store and access data on a longterm or short-term basis. (e.g.,
A relatively smaller third generation computers.
memory cards, hard disk drive, floppy disk, pen drive, optical
discs)

Characteristics of a Computer
 Servers – designed to provide services to client machines in a
 Speed – can solve complex computations and analyze data in a computer network. They have larger storage capacities and
few second (e.g., calculators, weather forecasting, PCOS powerful processors
machine)
 Accuracy – any error that may occur can be attributed to human
error
 Diligence – can consistently perform any task for a long period  Supercomputers – the highly calculationintensive task can be
of time effectively performed by this. Quantum physics, mechanics,
 Storage Capability – once data or information is stored, it can weather forecasting, molecular theory are best studied in it.
never be forgotten and can be retrieved at any time
 Versatility - computers are capable of performing any task even
at the same time
  Microcomputers – computer with a microprocessor and its Types of Hard Drive:
central processing unit. When supplemented with a keyboard
and a mouse, microcomputers can be called personal  Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment
computers. (PATA) - stored the operating system,
applications, and user data such as documents,
media files, and software

 Wearable Computers – can be worn on the body and are often  Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)
used in the study of behaviour modelling and human health – used to store the operating system, software
applications, and user data such as documents,
photos, videos, and music

 Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) –

Computer System similar to IDE hard drive but they make use of
the Small Computer System Interface to
All of the components of a computer system can be summarized with the
connect to the computer
simple equations.

 Hardware – is a collection of physical components that  Solid State Drives (SSD) – it does not consist of
constitute a computer system. Computer hardware is a physical moving parts, do not store data in magnetism.
part or components of a computer. (e.g., mainboard, power It makes sue of flash memory technology
supply, CPU, RAM, harddisk, etc.)
 Software – part of computer system that consist of data or
Types of Software
computer instructions. It’s all information processed by
computer systems, programs, and data. (e.g., chrome, MSWord, 1. Application Software – computer programs designed to perform
MSPowerpoint, Microsoft Windows, Gmail, Microsoft Excel, a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities for the
etc.) benefit of the users (e.g., Google Docs, Google Sheets,
 User/ Peopleware – refer to anything that has to do with the Photoshop, Chrome, etc.)
role of people in the development of use of computer software 2. Operating Systems – system software that manages computer
and hardware systems hardware and software resources and provides common
services for computer programs (e.g., android, iOS, linux,
Types of Hardware
Microsoft Windows)
1. Input Devices – allows user to enter information into the 3. Peopleware – or a user is a person who uses a computer or
system, or control its operation network service (e.g., Computer Programmers, Computer users)

LESSON 3: MICROSOFT WORD: INTRODUCTION TO WORD

Two types:
a. Keyboard Entry - data is inputted to the computer Word Processing Program – is a software program that includes tools for
through keyboard – first input device developed for entering, editing, and formatting text and graphics
the PC
b. Direct Entry – form of input that does not require Microsoft Word
data to be keyed by someone sitting at a keyboard
- It is a graphical word processing program that users can type
with.
Four categories:
- It is made by the computer company Microsoft.
 Pointing Devices
- The purpose is to allow the users to type and save documents.
 Scanning Devices
 Voice-input Devices
Feature of MS Word
 Web Camera
2. Output Devices – display information in a human readable form  Create and save a file
a. Computer Display Monitor – displays information in  Editing and formatting a document
visual form, using text and graphics  Paragraph formatting
 Inserting header and footer and page number
Types of Monitor  Checking spelling and grammar
 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Monitors  Subscript and superscript
 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Monitors  Inserting symbols
 LED Monitors (Light Emitting Diode)  Print preview and printing
b. LCD Projects  Inserting clipart, word art and picture
c. Printer  Page setting
d. Speaker  Bullets and number
e. Headset  Border and shading
3. Storage Devices – can hold and store information both  Inserting table
temporarily and similar computing device
Title Bar – displays the name of the document and the name of the
Types of Storage Devices program
 Floppy Diskette
Quick Access Toolbar – displays shortcut icons for frequently used tools. It
 Compact Disc
is possible to add buttons by clicking drop-down button
 Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)
 Jump Drive and USB Flash Drive
 Hard Drive
Ribbon Menu Tabs – provide major categories of tools and features  Borders – are lines placed around text, paragraphs,
available in Microsoft Word. Each of the tabs is associated with an entire or tables to highlight sections and improve structure
set of menu items.  Shading – adds a background color to text,
paragraphs, or tables to highlight sections and
Status Bar – It displays along the bottom of the Word window and has improve readability
information on the left side and icons on the right side
Types of Borders:
File Tab – contains the menu items associated with managing document
files. This is sometimes referred to as the “backstage view”  Text Borders
 Paragraph Borders
LESSON 4: DOCUMENT PRESENTATION
 Page Borders
TEXT FORMATTING FEATURES – describes features within word processors  Table Border
that are used to change the appearance of the text, such as its size and 7. Tabs and Hanging Indents – controls how text is positioned in
color. relation to tab stops
 Tabs – allow you to align text precisely at specific
Two Main Ways to apply points in a document
 Hanging Indent – is a type of paragraph formatting
1. Changing Formatting Before you Type where the first line stays at the margin while the
2. Changing Formatting After you Type following lines are indented
Features: Types of Tabs:

1. Font – describes the style of a text’s lettering.

 Left Tab (Default)
2. Font Size – describes the size of the text and how much space it
 Center Tab
will take up on a page
 Right Tab
3. Border, Italics, and Underline – are common text-formatting
 Decimal Tab
features
 Bar Tab
Shortcuts:
STYLES – in Microsoft Word are predefined formatting options that allow
 Bold = Ctrl + B you to quickly apply a consistent look to text, headings, and paragraphs
 Italics = Ctrl + I
1. Paragraph Styles
 Underline = Ctrl + U
 Font (type, size, color)
 Text alignment (left, center, right, justified)
4. Text Color – the text color feature changes the color of text
 Line spacing (single, 1.5, double)
5. Highlight – inserts a colored filler behind text
 Indentation (left, right, first line, hanging)
6. Clear Formatting – removes all special formatting from text
 Spacing before and after paragraphs
PARAGRAPH FORMATTING FEATURES – refers to the way text is arranged  Borders and shading
within a paragraph 2. Character Styles – apply formatting to selected text without
affecting the entire paragraph
Paragraph Formatting Features:
Character styles only apply to text selection, not the whole
1. Alignment – determines how text is positioned within a
paragraph. They can change:
paragraph
 Font type, size, and color
 Align Left
 Bold, Italics, Underline
 Align Center
 Superscript and Subscript
 Align Right
 Strikethrough, Small Caps, All Caps
 Justify
 Highlighting and text effects
2. Indention – controls the space between the paragraph and the
3. Linked Styles – work as both paragraph and character styles,
left or right margin
depending on selection
3. Line Spacing – adjusts the space between lines within a
paragraph
Linked Styles can apply formatting to:
 The entire paragraph (like a Paragraph Style)
Shortcut:
 Specific text within the paragraph (like a Character
 Single space = Ctrl + 1
Style)
 Single and a half = Ctrl + 5
4. Table Styles – apply formatting to tables, including borders,
 Double Space = Ctrl + 2
shading, and fonts. (e.g., Grid Table Light, List Table)
4. Paragraph Spacing – defines the space before or after a
 Table borders (thickness, color, and style)
paragraph
 Shading (cell background color)
 Font formatting (font type, size, and color)
Types of Paragraph Spacing:
 Cell alignment (text alignment inside each cell)
a. Spacing Before – Adds extra space above a
 Header row formatting (highlighting the top row to
paragraph
distinguish it from the rest of the table)
b. Spacing After – Adds extra space below a paragraph
 Banding (alternating row colors for easy readability)
5. Bullets and Numbering – formats paragraphs into lists
5. List Styles – control the appearance of bullet points and
 Bullets – are used for listing items that don’t follow a
numbered lists (e.g., Bullet List, Number List)
specific order
 Bullet type (e.g., dots, squares, checkmarks)
 Numbering – is used for listing items in a sequence
 Number format (e.g., numbers, letters, Roman
6. Borders and Shading – adds visual elements around paragraphs
numerals)
  Indentation (space between list items and the
margin)
 Spacing between list items
 Alignment (alignment of numbers or bullets)

GRAPHICAL OBJECTS – refer to various visual elements that can be

inserted into a document to enhance its presentation

1. Images – are pictures or graphics that can be inserted into a

Word document to illustrate content or add visual interest
2. Shapes – are simple graphical elements such as lines, arrows,
circles, squares, and other basic forms that you can insert and
customize
3. SmartArt – allows you to create visually appealing diagrams to
represent concepts, relationships, processes, or hierarchies.

Common Types:
 Lists
 Processes
 Pyramids
 Cycle Diagrams
4. Charts – are used to represent data graphically.

Types of Charts:
 Bar Charts
 Line Graphs
 Pie Charts
5. Text Boxes – are used to display text in a specific location of the
document
6. WordArt – adds a special text effect to your document, such as
3D text, shadowed text, and other artistic styles. It's commonly
used for titles, headings, or emphasis