Section 1

Complete the notes below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each
answer.

Notes on Adult Education Classes

Example Answer
Number of classes per week: 7

Tuesday:
1________________ 6-7.30 pm
—Limited space: no more than 2_______________ participants
Book Club
—Must read 3_______________ books
4______________ Group
—Learn about local events last century
Wednesday: Thursday:
Scrabble Club 5______________ Chess Night
—popular —serious
6______________
—For special occasions

Complete the notes below.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

Adult Learners' Week

No cost but must make 7_____________
—September 1-8
Techno Expo

—Learn how to use 8______________

—Learn about online security issues and online entertainment

—Monday, 1-4.30 pm
9_____________
- Consider values
- Learn how to attain harmony
- Wednesday, I-4.30 pm
Venue: 10______________
Section 2

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

11 Most infants are hurt

A. at the supermarket.
B. at home.
C. in car accidents.
12 Children should learn good safety habits from
A. their pre-school teachers.
B. television programmes.
C. their parents.
13 Why are kitchens more dangerous for infants than adults?
A. They may get stood on.
B. They may get burnt.
C. They may cut themselves.
14 Poisons should never be kept
A. in glass drink bottles.
B. within reach of adults.
C. in their original containers.
Which TWO items of playground equipment pose the most danger for
children?
A. Roundabouts
B. Slides
C. Swings
D. Seesaws
E. Climbing frames

15 ________________
16 ________________
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

17 If you are bathing the baby and the phone rings, what should you do?
18 What can you install to stop a child from poking things into a power point?
19 Where should a parent go to smoke a cigarette?
20 When can a parent leave a young child alone in a room with a heater?
Section 3

Questions 21-26

Complete the summary below.

Choose your answers from the box and write the letters A-N next to
questions 21-26.

A wetland is an area where the soil is typically water-logged. Plants and

animals living there depend on the wetness for their 21____________. Draining
swamps is a widespread occurrence which kills off wildlife and, consequently,
wetlands are 22____________ worldwide. It is a feature of wetlands that
conditions vary according to 23_____________. Water-tolerant plants grow
both in and out of the water and water levels are usually 24____________.
Wetlands naturally occur between land and water and become
25____________ for various wildlife during very dry periods. They also act as
nurseries for different kinds of animal life. Wetlands are known to upgrade
26_____________ by removing pollutants.

A water quality F quite high K extinct

B seasonal change G nutrients L continued

existence

C saturated soil H nurseries M commercial

D safe places I international recognition development

E quite slow J farming activity N at risk

Complete the diagram below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Section 4

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Name TWO elements which produce weather:

31___________________
32___________________
Label the diagram below.
Choose your answers from the box and write the letters A-E next to
questions 33-37.

A. Cirrus
B. Cumulonimbus
C. Stratus
D. Fog
E. Cumulus
Complete the flow chart below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Old assumption:
Large dust particles → __ __38__ __ → more rain
New research:
More dust → less rain (because water too dispersed to form __ __39__ __ )
Conclusion:
Loss of topsoil in nearby areas → progressive __ __40__ __ of deserts
Answer key

ESTELLE: Good afternoon. Estelle speaking... What can I do for you?

WOMAN: I was told that the school holds...umm, adult education classes?
ESTELLE: Yes, it does. We run seven a week: three on Tuesdays and Thursdays and
one on Wednesdays.
WOMAN: Are they all evening classes?
ESTELLE: No, because of the number of people who work shifts these days we've
found there's quite a demand for day classes as well.
WOMAN: Well, I don't work and I really want to get out and meet people so daytime
or evening would suit me.
ESTELLE: What is it you're particularly interested in?
WOMAN: Oh, anything, really.
ESTELLE: Okay...on Tuesdays we have a Writing Workshop for those people
who've always longed to write but are hesitant about putting pen to paper.
WOMAN: Hmm...
ESTELLE: It's an evening class and runs from six to seven thirty but there is a
restriction on numbers.
WOMAN: Oh?
ESTELLE: Yes. The tutor has advised us to restrict participants to a maximum
of ten per session...so, I'll have to check and let you know if there is room for you.
WOMAN: Thank you.
ESTELLE: Also on Tuesdays there is a Book Club designed for older adults looking to
be inspired, to learn, and share insights with one another.
WOMAN: Are there any restrictions on that?
ESTELLE: Not really but you'd have to be able to read the prescribed book every
week.
WOMAN: Mmm, you have to read set books, do you?
ESTELLE: Yes, and keep up with the others by finishing one a week.
WOMAN: I understand. What else do you have?
ESTELLE: There's a History Group on Tuesdays as well...run by a researcher and
historian who provides a fascinating glimpse for you into the lives and society
around this area a hundred years ago.
WOMAN: Hmm...I don't think so.
ESTELLE: Well, what about Scrabble Club on Wednesday—it's extremely popular,
you know.
WOMAN: Sounds good. What time?
ESTELLE: Two to three thirty in the afternoon .
WOMAN: Yes. I think I could manage that.
ESTELLE: Well, if you like scrabble you might like to join the Chess Night...on
Thursday evenings—it's more for serious players though.
WOMAN: Unfortunately I don't play chess...
ESTELLE: Would you be interested in Cake Decorating ?
WOMAN: Well, I do enjoy baking from time to time...
ESTELLE: Have you thought about decorated cakes though? You know they make a
wonderful focal point of any special celebration.
WOMAN: Maybe not.
……………………………………………………………………………………
ESTELLE: Look, I don't know if you'd be interested but next month there's going to
be an Adult Learners' Week and it's a great opportunity to learn something new and
meet a lot of people. All events are free but booking is essential.
WOMAN: What are the events?
ESTELLE: I'll give you a brief run-down and if you decide there's something in it for
you, I can send you all the details.
WOMAN: Great! When is it?
ESTELLE: The first week in September, from the first to the eighth.
WOMAN: Oh, are they all daytime events?
ESTELLE: Yes, but some are half-day and some are whole-day sessions.
WOMAN: Can you just quickly tell me about the half-day ones, please?
ESTELLE: Okay. The Techno Expo will help you work with social networking
tools and you can learn more about online privacy and security and online
entertainment. That's Monday the first.
WOMAN: In the morning?
ESTELLE: Actually it's after lunch, from one to 4.30.
WOMAN: What else is there in the afternoon?
ESTELLE: Well, on Wednesday, there's Work/Life Balance —understanding how
to assess what you really value, the importance of balance and harmony in your life
and how to achieve it.
WOMAN: That's another one I'd like to go to—are there any more?
ESTELLE: No, no more half days in the afternoon. Wait a minute...there is a poetry
event.
WOMAN: What does that entail?
ESTELLE: Write some inspirational poems and share them with the class.
WOMAN: No, thank you—I'm not going to read my poems to other people!
ESTELLE: I know what you mean.
WOMAN: One more thing—can you tell me where all the events are being held?
ESTELLE: Yes—all the workshops are at the Central Library .
WOMAN: Oh, good. That's handy.

1
Correct answer: WRITING WORKSHOP
2
Correct answer: 10/TEN
3
Correct answer:PRESCRIBED/SET
4
Correct answer: HISTORY
5
Correct answer: 2 + 3.30 (PM/PM)
6
Correct answer: CAKE DECORATING
7
Correct answer: BOOKING
8
Correct answer: SOCIAL NETWORKING TOOLS
9
Correct answer: WORK//LIFE BALANCE [OR] WORK-LIFE BALANCE
10
Correct answer: CENTRAL LIBRARY

I'm sure you are all aware that babies, infants and children are exposed to an
enormous number of potentially serious accidents all the time. Accidents
where vehicles are involved are always awful but particularly so when
children are injured. Now, of course, most should never happen but,
unfortunately, the casualty lists increase every year. It still surprises me that
so many youngsters fall from shopping carts, for example. With small
children, however, the highest proportion of accidents will occur inside the
house or in the back yard . Many of the risks are obvious, but are often
ill-considered—even in well-organized homes. Older children are exposed to
a greater number, for they are also open to the hazards of the adult world.
This should be kept well in mind by parents.
Education is vital. There are some very good television shows which do the
job quite well but children should be educated from the moment they learn
to crawl and so I'd say the best teachers are parents who can instil safety
habits in the responsive minds of their children by constant repetition. In this
way, they will gradually learn to avoid the danger zones. Of course, if they go
to pre-school, there'll be fewer hazards there but I'm going to cover a few of
the important household areas now.
Firstly, kitchen hazards—the family kitchen is actually no place for a child
although children may spend a lot of time there with their mothers. All I can
say is: never leave saucepans on stoves with their handles jutting out—it's
easy for little hands to seize hold of them and adults can even catch
themselves on them too. Scalding is a serious issue for grown-ups and
children alike.
If you are transporting dangerous items about the kitchen, always look to see
where children are standing. Hot items are naturally high risk. Cooking with
an infant at your feet can be very dangerous. Be careful with sharp and
heavy objects as well. And not the least of dangers is treading on the
child —or their hands or feet at any rate!
Let's move on to poisoning now. An amazing number of household items are
potentially lethal to babies but are often carelessly left around. Bleach, drain
cleaner and similar items should be kept out of reach of infants, who have no
idea of their risks. And a word of warning here: never re-use juice
bottles as containers for lethal fluids and never leave these items within
access of infants.
Playground equipment deserves a mention, too—even in the most skillfully
designed playground, accident occurred. We all enjoy the seesaws but do
make sure they are evenly balanced. Personally, I don't understand the
attraction of the roundabout—it makes me feel sick to my stomach but the
little ones enjoy the ride. Swings are great fun but children just don't
understand the danger of a swing suddenly coming back and striking a
standing child—the results are often big bruises or even broken bones.
Fractured skulls are the worst playground injuries I've seen and these are
common when young ones fall from a height such as the top of a climbing
frame . I think the slides are much safer. Whatever your preference,
though, be sure to keep a watchful eye on your children in the playground.
……………………………………………………………………………………
We're up to bath-time now...you know that you should never leave a baby
alone in a bath because it's possible for babies to drown in a few centimeters
of water; but how many of you have been tempted to go and grab the phone
when it rings? My advice to you is to let it ring ! And remember when
you're filling the bath to put cold water in before the hot to prevent severe
scalding in case baby climbs in before it's ready.
Moving on to electrical dangers...first of all, power points. These have a
fascination for toddlers and they'll shove things into the holes like hairpins,
nails, screwdrivers—you name it. Points should always be fitted
with protective plugs to prevent this. Teach children to respect all
electrical appliances—because they are all potential hazards.
Do I need to mention cigarettes? Unfortunately, I still see parents smoking in
space where their children have to inhale the cigarette smoke—we all know
the dangers of second-hand smoke...But even leaving a packet of cigarettes
within reach is dangerous because eating just one cigarette may poison a
small child. If quitting the habit is too difficult, please ensure all tobacco
products are kept out of reach and smoke outside .
Finally, given our cold winters, I need to warn you about heating systems.
Open fires and heaters must be covered by protective devices. Even
radiators and other sources of heat—which are attractive to children—can
cause a nasty burn on sensitive young skin. Remember, there is never a
good time to leave infants by themselves in a room where there is an
unprotected source of heat.

11
Correct answer: B
12
Correct answer: C
13
Correct answer: A
14
Correct answer: A
15
Correct answer: C/E
16
Correct answer: C/E
17
Correct answer: LET IT RING
18
Correct answer: PROTECTIVE PLUGS
19
Correct answer: OUTSIDE
20
Correct answer: NEVER
PERRY: Hi, Opal. Any ideas about what we should do for our geography
project?
OPAL: Hi, Perry. Yes, I'd like to do something on Wetlands.
PERRY: I think that's a great idea—where do we start?
OPAL: With a definition of course—something like: 'a marshy area of land
where the soil near the surface is saturated or covered with water, forming a
special habitat for wildlife'.
PERRY: And we could add: 'the flora and fauna of the area are reliant on the
water-logged soil for their survival '.
OPAL: Yes, that's a major problem actually—when commercial developers or
farmers come along and decide to drain the swamps—everything dies. The
practice is all too common unfortunately. Did you know that, as a result,
wetlands are recognized internationally as one of the
most threatening types of habitat?
PERRY: That's right. We'll have to be sure to discuss their importance in our
assignment.
OPAL: But, first, I think we should state some of the particular characteristics
of wetlands.
PERRY: Well, there are three that I can think of. To start with: wetlands are
limited areas of open water, which vary depending on seasonal
fluctuations .
OPAL: Yes...and the second could be that there's usually a variety of water-
tolerant flora on the banks and throughout the water.
PERRY: Of course, depending on the time of year, there may be more or less
water but levels generally remain quite shallow .
OPAL: Okay...now let's move on to the importance of wetlands.
PERRY: Shall we start with plants and wildlife habitat?
OPAL: Yes, I think we should point out that wetlands are homes for millions of
species of water birds, frogs, invertebrates and fish...
PERRY: ...and they support many varieties of water-loving plants...
OPAL: which brings us naturally to the topic of biodiversity—even small
wetlands act as borders between land and permanent water. They turn
into refuge areas or sanctuaries in times of drought and they often
support rare and threatening plants and animals found nowhere else.
PERRY: Exactly. And they're especially important as nurseries and breeding
grounds for all kinds of fish, birds and invertebrates.
OPAL: Wetlands are important for improving the purity of the water , too.
PERRY: Yes, that's because the flow of water through the wetlands is slowed
by banks and in-stream plants, and so it allows sediment to settle. Nutrients,
such as nitrogen and phosphorous and other pollutants are removed as the
water passes through.
……………………………………………………………………………………
OPAL: Okay, at this point I think we should look at mangroves...they're
important for nutrient removal...
PERRY: I thin k 'nutrient recycling' is more accurate...and biological
productivity...because wetlands are really very productive ecosystems.
OPAL: Should we do a food web, then?
PERRY: We should do a diagram of some sort showing the importance of
mangrove trees but maybe not a food chain...
OPAL: How about you explain it while I try and sketch it?
PERRY: Right. Well, let's start with the mangrove trees. They're very special
because of their aerial roots that allow them to breathe even when the
tide is high and their roots are underwater. They can live in salt water and
the salt enters through the roots, travels up to the older leaves and then
these die and drop back into the water. A unique feature of mangroves is
their ability to grow leaves on their seeds while they're still on the tree and
the seedlings drop down planting themselves directly into the mud
underneath.
OPAL: Mmm, got that. What happens to those older leaves that fall?
PERRY: The fallen leaves, or litter, decay in the water and form a rich mud
that feeds bacteria, worms and small crustaceans.
OPAL: You mean things like prawns and crabs feed on the decomposed
leaves ?
PERRY: Yes, and even little fish do as well.
OPAL: And bigger fish feed on them.
PERRY: eventually the remaining organic matter—which is now just very tiny
particles—is taken up through the root system providing nourishment for the
mangrove trees.
OPAL: And the cycle begins all over again.
PERRY: Yes, that's exactly it, that's what we'll call it—the nutrient cycle of
mangrove litter.
OPAL: Great. I'll go home and work on this and we'll meet again tomorrow.
PERRY: Okay, see you then.

21
Correct answer: L
22
Correct answer: N
23
Correct answer: B
24
Correct answer: E
25
Correct answer:D
26
Correct answer: A
27
Correct answer: AERIAL ROOTS
28
Correct answer: SEEDLINGS
29
Correct answer: DECOMPOSED LEAVES/LITTER
30
Correct answer: NUTRIENT CYCLE
Good morning. It's good to see so many of you taking an interest in
meteorology. As you are all newcomers to the topic, let's keep it simple to
start with. In fact, let's begin with a very simple definition of what
meteorology is—the suffix '-ology' gives you a clue—at least you can all
guess that it is 'the study of'...something. Meteorology is in fact the scientific
study of all changes in the atmosphere—essential for forecasting the
weather, of course. And you all know what the weather is, right? The four
main ingredients are...the sun , the atmosphere, water vapor and
the wind . They all come together, disseminating heat from the sun around
the globe and making clouds in the layer of the atmosphere directly above
the ground which is called the troposphere . Look up into the sky and on
almost any day of the year you'll see clouds.
Clouds form when water that has evaporated from the surface of the Earth
condenses onto microscopic dust particles (or other particles) floating in the
air. Cloud formation takes different shapes and they mostly get their names
from Latin roots. Now, let's look at the five most basic. We'll start
with Cumulus which is a low cloud with a white, puffy appearance and
most often composed of water drops. It gets its name from 'cumulo' meaning
'heap' for its typical 'piled-up' appearance.
Now, let's move on to Stratus (from 'strato' meaning 'layer')—these are
the gray, horizontal ones (often with a flat base ) that you see on an
overcast day and they too are mostly made up of water. At this point, I
should mention Fog , which you probably don't even think of as clouds, but
fog consists of very low stratus— ground-hugging clouds.
The high altitude Cirrus cloud, on the other hand is mostly made of ice
crystals and appears wispy and thin—almost hair-like—in fact, that's where
they get their name...from the word 'cirro' meaning 'wisp of hair '. They are
generally fair-weather clouds.
Not so the Cumulonimbus — the tallest of all clouds—they extend way
up into the troposphere and these are the ones that produce lightning,
thunder, heavy rain, strong winds and tornadoes. Beware the
Cumulonimbus! You already know what cumulo means and it won't surprise
you to find out that 'nimbus' means 'rain' and, added as a suffix, is an
indication of the cloud's ability to produce precipitation which could be rain,
snow or hailstones.
As this course progresses, you'll learn a lot more about cloud types but
before I finish today, I want to go back to something I mentioned before—
dust. It is generally accepted that when water vapor ascends in the process
of cloud formation it condenses onto dust particles. So, it was assumed, large
dust particles would produce larger and enhance the formation of rain.
However, recent research has shown the opposite to be true. Droplet size
increases the farther the clouds are from dust-tilled air. More dust reaching
rain clouds produces less rainfall. Scientists have shown that as more and
more dust enters a rain cloud, the same amount of water becomes spread
out. The resulting smaller water scatter instead of combining and growing
large enough to make up raindrops .
This study shows that higher dust frequency is not inevitable the result of
limited rainfall but rather its cause! Therefore, loss of topsoil from over-
grazing, over-cultivation or bad livestock management in areas neighboring
desert will contribute to the continuing expansion of those arid regions.
Your assignment for this week will be to read up on this research and write a
report on how dust from damaged land may exacerbation drought conditions
and lead to further desertification of arid areas. In other words, how land use
has an impact on climate change.

31
Correct answer: SUN/ATMOSPHERE/TROPOSPHERE/VAPO(U)R/WIND
32
Correct answer: SUN/ATMOSPHERE/TROPOSPHERE/VAPO(U)R/WIND
33
Correct answer: A
34
Correct answer: E
35
Correct answer: C
36
Correct answer: B
37
Correct answer:D
38
Correct answer: LARGE(R) DROPLETS
39
Correct answer: RAIN(DROPS)
40
Correct answer: EXPANSION
Section 1

Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.

1 What did Nadia buy at the bookshop?

A. a newspaper
B. a novel
C. crossword puzzles
2 Thomas is interested in the play about
A. hunter.
B. a pirate.
C. a doctor.
3 The couple in the bookshop were discussing
A. funny play.
B. a smooth play.
C. a boring play.
4 How does Nadia want her coffee?
A. sweet and black
B. with milk
C. black with no sugar
5 What kind of muffin does Nadia want?
A. plain
B. berry
C. chocolate
How likely are Thomas and Nadia to visit the following attractions?
Write the correct letter, A, B or C next to questions 6-10.
A. they will definitely visit
B. they might visit
C. they will not visit

6 the Tower of London

7 the Wheel
8 Westminster
9 the British Museum
10 Buckingham Palace

Section 2

Answer the questions below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each

answer.

11 What time does the museum open on Thursday morning?

12 How much does it cost to hire a multi-media guide?

13 Where should visitors leave their coats and bags?

14 How much does it cost to leave a package there?

15 Where can visitors buy a cup of tea?

Label the plan below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Section 3

Complete the notes below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

'Research Methodology'
● Use scientific method based on empirical evidence (= __ __21__ __ )
● Find a research problem or question
- a commonly held belief eg lack of sleep has negative impact on __ __22__ __
- review the literature
- an everyday problem: eg research different memorization __ __23__ __
● Define your variables
● Develop a hypothesis
● Conduct __ __24__ __ research
- books; journals; online databases & websites
- make notes and create __ __25__ __
● Select an experimental design
- pre-experimental = experimental group only
- quasi-experimental = include control group but not random
- true experimental = both kinds of groups + random
● Standardise your __ __26__ __
- compare like with like
● Choose your participants
● Use different __ __27__ __ :
- random sample = select from same group
- stratified random sample = select from subsets with different __ __28__ __
● Conduct tests and collect data
● Analyse the results
- use __ __29__ __ methods (to be covered next week)
● Write up and communicate results
- 30__ ____ __ and ______ of paper is important; tips for writing (to be covered
next two weeks)

Section 4

Complete the table below.

Write ONE WORD OR A NUMBER for each answer.

Cereal MMT
31________ 600
32________ 560
coarse grain 33__________
cereal grown for 34__________ 300

Complete the summary below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Production of Rice
Rice gives more __ __35__ __ per hectare than other cereal crops and
production has increased over 100% in recent years because of better yields.
Land area has only increased by 30% due to the need for wet land so
availability of land is quite limited by __ __36__ __ type
and __ __37__ __ supply. The dry-land variety gives poorer yields and
poorer __ __38__ __ No weed killers have been developed yet that do not
harm the main crop. Heavy machines are unable to work in paddy fields so
most rice is still grown __ __39__ __ .

Complete the diagram below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for the answer.
THOMAS: Where have you been, Nadia?
NADIA: Browsing in the bookshop.
THOMAS: What took you so long? You said you were only going to be away
for 5 minutes.
NADIA: I was only gone for a quarter of an hour .
THOMAS: Well, it seemed much longer than that. Did you buy anything?
NADIA: I was tempted to get the latest novel by Dan Brown but it's quite
heavy and I'd have to carry it around with me. If I could have found a
crossword puzzle book, I'd have bought it; but in the end I was attracted to a
front-page article in today's issue of the New York Times .
THOMAS: Is that all you bought then?
NADIA: Yes. Look, why don't you read the business section while I catch up
on the news and then we can swap.
THOMAS: I'd rather have the entertainment section.
NADIA: Are you looking for anything in particular?
THOMAS: I just thought they might have a review in there of that new play
that opened on Broadway yesterday.
NADIA: The drama about that awfully cruel pirate?
THOMAS: Oh, I'd forgotten about that, mmm, I wonder how good it
is...actually I was thinking of the new comedy...the one about...the physician.
NADIA: Doctor Hunter .
THOMAS: That's the one.
NADIA: Well, when I was in the bookshop I overheard a couple talking about
it and they said it was fantastic—not in the least bit boring. They especially
liked the actor who played the main part—very smooth, apparently.
THOMAS: Lots of fun, then?
NADIA: Well, according to those two they thought it was hilarious .
THOMAS: Ooh, we'll have to make a point of seeing it when we get back.
NADIA: Definitely.
THOMAS: We didn't have time for breakfast and I'm hungry. Do you fancy a
coffee and a muffin?
NADIA: Sounds like a good idea.
THOMAS: And how will you have your coffee today? Long and black as usual?
NADIA: I think I might have something different this morning.
THOMAS: What? You don't mean a fiat white or some other milky one?
NADIA: Oh, I don't know, I want something to perk me up.
THOMAS: An espresso? Short and black with sugar ?
NADIA: Perfect!
THOMAS: Would that be with a chocolate muffin or a berry muffin?
NADIA: I'll try to stay off chocolate— the berry sounds healthier.
THOMAS: And I'll have a plain one with butter. Won't be long...
……………………………………………………………………………………
THOMAS: Here you are. Mind the coffee, it's really hot.
NADIA: Thank you. I'm really ready for this.
THOMAS: Have you thought about what we should see when we get to
London?
NADIA: The Tower, of course . I've always wanted to get a look at the
Crown Jewels. That is where they keep the jewels, isn't it?
THOMAS: I think so. And, what about the Wheel? I hear it's quite
extraordinary.
NADIA: I'm not that keen on the wheel . Do you want to ride on it?
THOMAS: No way.
NADIA: Well, let's leave it out of the route then.
THOMAS: Okay. So, do we do the Tower first?
NADIA: Yes, that's the idea. And then we absolutely have to go to
Westminster .
THOMAS: Really?
NADIA: Yes. Look, it's not going to cost us anything and I promised my sister
I'd take photos there.
THOMAS: Well, if you insist.
NADIA: I do. Oh, did you know the British Museum is free to the public? Not
just residents but tourists as well?
THOMAS: Well, I did know that but I was hoping we wouldn't have to spend
time in any museums—we've only got three days in all and it'll take at least
one whole day to go through the museum .
NADIA: Well, let's say we leave it till day three and see how you feel
then ?
THOMAS: Okay, I can't argue with that.
NADIA: And Buckingham Palace?
THOMAS: I suppose you've promised lots of photos of that as well have you?
NADIA: Well, no, not really, but we can't say we've been to London and
haven't seen the Queen's palace !
THOMAS: I guess not and there's the added benefit that it won't cost
anything as well.
NADIA: Oh, Thomas. It's not that I'm afraid of spending money; it's just that I
want to see all the traditional sights first.
THOMAS: Good. I'm glad that's sorted. Listen, I think they just called our
flight.

1
Correct answer: A
2
Correct answer: C
3
Correct answer: A
4
Correct answer: A
5
Correct answer: B
6
Correct answer: A
7
Correct answer: C
8
Correct answer: A
9
Correct answer: B
10
Correct answer: A

Welcome to the museum. Before we go inside, I'd like to remind you of one
or two things. Firstly, you'll be pleased to know that admission is free to all
visitors so explore at your leisure and, if you can't take it all in today, you
can come back again and again without any charge at all. Opening hours are
from 10 am to 5.30 pm most days but the museum closes a little later on
Thursday and Friday evenings. There are new multimedia guides available in
10 languages—they can be picked up from the desk in the covered courtyard
for four pounds fifty and you can have it with you all day—from opening
time in the morning until half an hour before closing—but you will need to
produce ID—a passport, driver's license or national identity card are all
acceptable. These multimedia guides have audio commentary as well as
images and an interactive map for easy navigation. They're simple to
operate and you will get a more detailed insight into many of the objects in
the various galleries.
As a security measure, apart from your camera and a purse, wallet or small
handbag, your other belongings such as large bags, coats and umbrellas will
have to be left at the cloakroom . Please note that the museum has
recently revised the regulations for the size of bags and parcels that it will
accept in its cloakrooms. I think the maximum size is 40 by 40 by 50
centimeters with a maximum weight of 8 kilograms. The only exceptions to
this are prams and pushchairs. There is a charge of one pound per item.
The main cloakroom is to the left of the main entrance and there is another
one at the north entrance.
It may seem obvious but may I remind you also that you should set your
mobile phone to silent or turn it off completely while you are in the museum
and not carry or consume any food or drink in the exhibition halls. If you are
hungry, there is an excellent restaurant where you can purchase a light
lunch or a full meal. If it's just a hot beverage you want, then I can
recommend taking a break at the Gallery Café .
……………………………………………………………………………………
As we enter the museum from the south by going through the main
entrance, as I said before, you'll find the cloakroom immediately on your left
and on your right is the museum shop . They have an outstanding range
of postcards and souvenirs in there and it's well worth a visit but perhaps
best leave till you're on your way out. Then you'll know exactly what you
want. The big room to the right of the entrance behind the shop is
the reference library . Straight ahead of you, yes, the huge circular room,
is the main reading room. If you decide to go in there, please keep noise to a
minimum out of respect for the writers and scholars who use it for their
research. The reading room is surrounded by what is known as the Great
Court—indeed, it used to be an open courtyard—but you will see that it is
now completely covered by a magnificent glass and steel structure.
If you walk around the Great Court in a clockwise direction, on the west side,
you'll see the entrance to the long hall of Ancient Egypt which has an
amazing collection of Egyptian antiquities. The gallery behind the reading
room (directly opposite the entrance) is devoted to China and Southeast
Asia. Here you'll see Chinese civilization explored chronologically from the
Neolithic period through to the twenty-first century. The restrooms for
both men and women are located in the northeast comer of this floor but
don't worry; there are others available on the floors above. Another huge
gallery extends along the eastern side of the courtyard and this is given over
to Greece and Rome—the sculptures in this section are absolutely
spellbinding.
Take your time looking at all the exhibits and when you're ready to see
what's on the next floor, take the magnificent marble staircase by the
entrance.

11
Correct answer: 10/TEN O'CLOCK/AM/AM
12
Correct answer:(£)4.5/4.50 [OR] 4.5/4.50 POUNDS [OR] FOUR POUNDS FIFTY
[OR] £4.5(0)
13
Correct answer: (THE) CLOAKROOM
14
Correct answer:1/ONE POUND/£ [OR] (£)1
15
Correct answer: (GALLERY) CAFE/CAFÉ
16
Correct answer: (MUSEUM) SHOP
17
Correct answer: (REFERENCE) LIBRARY
18
Correct answer: ANCIENT
19
Correct answer: RESTROOMS
20
Correct answer: SCULPTURES

LECTURER: Good morning. Now, what is it you want to discuss today?

STUDENT: Good morning, Dr. Reed. This assignment you've given us is the
first psychology experiment I've had to do and I'm not sure where to begin or
which steps to take.
LECTURER: Well, conducting your first psychology experiment can be quite a
complicated and confusing process but just remember that like other
sciences, psychology uses the scientific method and bases its conclusions
upon empirical evidence.
STUDENT: What do you mean by 'empirical' evidence?
LECTURER: Ah, well, empirical evidence is established
by observation rather than theory.
STUDENT: And the scientific method?
LECTURER: Oh, yes, when conducting an experiment you need to follow a
few basic steps.
STUDENT: I know the first step is to come up with a research question or
problem.
LECTURER: Yes, a question that can be tested.
STUDENT: How do I find an appropriate question?
LECTURER: I would suggest one of three methods. Firstly, you can
investigate a commonly held belief or what we call 'folk' psychology.
STUDENT: I see. So, I could examine the belief that staying up all night to
study for an important exam can seriously affect test performance ?
LECTURER: That's right. In that case you would compare the scores of
students who stayed up all night with those of students who got a good
night's sleep.
STUDENT: I think I could do that.
LECTURER: Well, alternatively, you might want to consider reviewing the
literature on psychology. You know, published studies can be a good source
of unanswered research questions. I'm sure you've read papers where the
authors note the need for further research.
STUDENT: So I would come up with some questions that remain
unanswered?
LECTURER: Correct. But there is a third source of ideas: just think about
everyday problems and then consider how you could investigate potential
solutions.
STUDENT: Okay...perhaps I could study various memory strategies to find
out which are the most effective.
LECTURER: That's the idea. Next, you need to define the variables—you
know, anything that might have an effect on the outcome of your research.
STUDENT: Yes, I remember we learned about that last week.
LECTURER: Yes. That's right. Then you have to develop a testable hypothesis
that predicts how the variables are related.
STUDENT: For example: 'Students who are sleep deprived will perform worse
in an exam than students who are not sleep deprived'?
LECTURER: Exactly. Once you have developed a hypothesis you must carry
out background research.
STUDENT: I can use books, journals, online databases and websites?
LECTURER: Yes, all of those. I covered the reasons for background research
in last Friday's lecture, didn't I? What you have to remember at this stage is
to take careful notes and generate a bibliography of your sources.
……………………………………………………………………………………
STUDENT: Okay, I've got that...then, I'm ready to develop an experimental
design?
LECTURER: Well, again you have a choice. There are three basic designs and
each has its own strengths and weaknesses. The pre-experimental design
does not include a control group so there is no comparison. What we call a
quasi-experimental design does incorporate a control group but there is no
randomization whereas a true experimental design has both control groups
and random assignment to groups.
STUDENT: You've also told us about standardization of procedures —is this
where that comes in?—being sure to compare apples to apples...
LECTURER: Absolutely. Going back to your sleep deprivation example...the
same exam would have to be given to each participant in the same way at
the same time, etcetera.
STUDENT: Got it.
LECTURER: When selecting subjects, you need to consider
different techniques . If you were to go through with your sleep
deprivation experiment, you would need to ensure that your experimental
and control groups were prepared, that is, all third year accounting students,
for instance. A simple random sample involves choosing a number of
participants from a group of similar people. On the other hand, a different
kind of study might involve a stratified random sample where participants
are randomly chosen from different subsets of the population.
STUDENT: You mean...subsets with distinctive characteristics ...like age,
gender, race, sociometric status and so on.
LECTURER: Precisely. Then the next step is to actually conduct the
experiment and collect the data.
STUDENT: Then I have to analyze the data.
LECTURER: I'll be dealing with the statistical methods for analyzing data in
next week's lecture.
STUDENT: Oh good. I guess all that's left then is to write up the data?
LECTURER: Yes, communicating your results is important and in the next
couple of lectures I'll be covering the format and structure of a
psychology paper and tips for writing each section.
STUDENT: Thank you, Dr. Reed. I feel much more confident in getting started
now. Thank you for taking the time to see me.

21
Correct answer: OBSERVATION
22
Correct answer: TEST PERFORMANCE
23
Correct answer: STRATEGIES
24
Correct answer: BACKGROUND
25
Correct answer: BIBLIOGRAPHY
26
Correct answer: PROCEDURES
27
Correct answer: TECHNIQUES
28
Correct answer: CHARACTERISTICS
29
Correct answer: STATISTICAL
30
Correct answer:FORMAT + STRUCTURE
Good morning and welcome to our inaugural lecture on Agricultural
Economics. Today's topic is the world's production and trade of rice.
As you are all well aware rice is the staple ingredient in the diet of much of
the world's population. Its importance as a food cereal in the human diet
cannot be underestimated. In fact, it's a close second to wheat—about 560
million metric tons of rice is grown each year compared with about 600
million metric tons of wheat . Coarse grains, such as corn, sorghum, barley,
oats, rye, and millet mostly go into animal feed which, by the way, is seen by
many as a wasteful and inefficient use of fertile land because around 4 kilos
of grain is needed to produce about half a kilo of beef. Some 900 million
metric tons of coarse grains are grown annually worldwide and a further 300
million metric tons of grain is produced for the oil in its seeds...Now, I'll
return to the subject of rice production...
What do we know about rice production? Well, firstly, rice produces
more food energy per hectare than any other cereal grain and almost as
much protein per hectare as wheat. Secondly, the production of rice has
more than doubled in the last 40 years. How has this increase in production
come about? Mainly as a result of improved field yields—the actual land area
planted in rice has only risen by about 30 %. As you know, rice is mainly
grown in flooded fields and therefore cultivation area is restricted by the
arrangement of soil and the availability of water .
Although rice can be grown on dry land—it is essentially after all a type of
grass—the yields and quality in this case are much lower and other
grasses and weeds can easily overtake the rice. As yet there are no
herbicides that can selectively kill other grass types without killing the rice.
Much of the world's rice is still grown and cultivated by hand because for
mechanized farming the land must be able to be drained and hold heavy
equipment.
Of the total rice production, it's no surprise to learn that the greatest
proportion by far is grown and consumed in Asia. You will see from the chart
that the leading producers of rice are China at around 39% followed
by India with a quarter of the total . Indonesia produces almost one
tenth and other countries, like Bangladesh, Vietnam, Thailand, Japan and
Brazil, grow another 25—almost 26—percent of the total.
As I said before, most rice is consumed in the countries where it is grown.
That means that very little rice is actually traded and for this reason the
market price is very volatile.

31
Correct answer: WHEAT
32
Correct answer: RICE
33
Correct answer: 900
34
Correct answer: OIL
35
Correct answer: FOOD ENERGY
36
Correct answer: SOIL
37
Correct answer: WATER
38
Correct answer:QUALITY
39
Correct answer: BY HAND
40
Correct answer: INDIA
Section 1

Complete the form below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each
answer.

APPLICATION FORM

Years of Membership: Seven

Type of I.D.: ____1____
I.D. No.: ____2____
Family Name: Black
Other Names: Gavin Raymond
D.O.B.: 22/01/1973
I.D. Expiry Date: ____3____
Address: ____4____
Meadowbank
Class of Vehicle: ____5____
Endorsements: None
Convictions: ____6____ (1993)

Complete the table below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each
answer.

Membership Level Benefits

7______ Bronze Silver Gold
Standard — 5% discount 7.5% discount 50% discount off
Care 8______
Insurance — $10 off fee $20 off fee Free
9______
Personal 0.25% 0.5% 10______ 1.25%
Loans reduction reduction *
*
reduction * reduction *
*
on applicable rate

Section 2

Complete the sentences below.

Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.

11 Diners can eat inside the restaurant or in the ______.

12 Visitors can put on their swim suits and play in the ______.
13 The Cottage houses a museum, cinema room and ______.
14 The Garden Nursery is the place to buy plants, pots, garden sculptures and ornaments
including ______.
15 The Wood Crafting Shed is a great place to buy wooden products, especially ______ for the
children.
16 The avocado fruit that is grown at Summerland is picked by ______.
Label the plan below.
Choose your answers from the box below and write the letters A-H next to questions 17-20.

A. Avocado Packing Shed

B. Car Park
C. Carton Manufacturing Shed
D. Cool Room
E. Gift Shop
F. Garden Shop
G. Macadamia De-husking Shed
H. Museum
Section 3

Complete the sentences below.

Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

21 In hydroculture, plants are grown with their roots in water so ______ is

necessary for the upper part of the plant.
22 LECA is made from ______.
Label the diagram below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

26-27 Which TWO kinds of produce are especially suited to the nutrient film
technique?
A. peas
B. beans
C. potatoes
D. yams
E. tomatoes

28-29 Which TWO materials can be used as a substratum?

A. oxygen-rich solution
B. coconut fibre
C. mineral wool
D. rock
E. paper fibre

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for the answer.

30 What do growers risk when moving from an old system to a new one?

Section 4

Complete the sentences below.

Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD OR A NUMBER for each answer.

31 Frederick was the name of the duke made famous in a well-known ______.
32 Frederick was aged ______ when he was sent to war.
33 His battles against the ______ ended in total disaster.
34 In 1798, George Ⅲ gave his son a ______ within the ranks of the military.
35 Frederick should not be held wholly accountable for failing: the ______ of
his fighters made victory difficult to achieve.
36 The people Frederick commanded were mostly old men, new conscripts
or ______.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

The Grand Old Duke of York:
- wanted to enlist better types of ____37____
- made the army better by bringing in chaplains, medics and ____38____
- established a college for preparing army ____39____
- established school in Chelsea for sons of soldiers
- gave up the position of Commander-in-Chief in 1807 because of
a ____40____
- re-appointed later (in 1811) by his brother (George IV)
- died in 1827

DAWN: Good morning, my name is Dawn Buffet; how can I help you?
GAVIN: Good morning, Dawn. I'd like to join the club.
DAWN: Wonderful. Now, have you ever been a member before?
GAVIN: Yes, I joined after I left college and I was a member for seven years
ago I let my membership lapse when I went abroad.
DAWN: Do you have your old membership card?
GAVIN: No, sorry. I threw it out when I moved.
DAWN: Have you got any other form of identification on you?
GAVIN: I've got my driver's license and my passport and a couple of
bankcards.
DAWN: The license will be perfect.
GAVIN: Here you are.
DAWN: Thank you. Oh, the photo is not a very good likeness, is it?
GAVIN: No, I've shaved off the beard and cut my hair since that was taken.
DAWN: I'm going to have to make a note of some of these details and I'd like
you to correct me if any of them have changed. Obviously, the number here
will be the same: AY916310.
GAVIN: Look, you've copied it down wrongly—it's AY196310 .
DAWN: Thank you. I'm glad you picked that up; now....Family name...Black;
and other names...Gavin Raymond.
GAVIN: Yes.
DAWN: And you were born on the 22nd of January 1973.
GAVIN: That's correct.
DAWN: Can I just remind you that you'll need to renew your license by
the 19th of May 2012 —you wouldn't believe the number of people who
get caught out with an expired license.
GAVIN: Thank you. I must admit, although I carried it around in my wallet, I
wasn't really aware of that.
DAWN: Not many people are. I've been caught out myself. Now, I can see
that you're one of those who have chosen out of having an address printed
on the card...and I can understand that. Personally, I think it's better security
not to have it—in case your wallet gets stolen, for example.
GAVIN: I agree.
DAWN: Can you give me your current address for our records?
GAVIN: Yes, of course. I live at 29 Sunset Street , Meadowbank.
DAWN: Thanks. Actually, my uncle lives in the same street. It's a very nice
area, isn't it?
GAVIN: Yes, pretty good.
DAWN: Now, you've got three classes of license: motorcar, motorbike and
heavy vehicle. Do you want to be covered for all three?
GAVIN: Oh, not any more. I had a motorbike when I was a student and then,
before I went abroad, I worked as a truck driver for a while but I never
wanted to do that again. These days you'll only find me behind the wheel of
a car .
DAWN: Well, that's all done—now for one final question?
GAVIN:What's that?
DAWN: I need to ask you whether you've ever had any driving or other
convictions or endorsements on your license.
GAVIN: Well, I've had a few parking tickets.
DAWN: We don't count those.
GAVIN: And...I haven't had any endorsements...but I do have a dangerous
driving conviction from back in 1993. I was young and inexperienced and
going too fast in wet weather and I slid off the road and hit a power pole.
DAWN: Well, I have to make a note of that but you're lucky—because it's
over 15 years ago, it won't be held against you.
……………………………………………………………………………………
DAWN: We've changed quite a lot here at the Royal Car Club since you were
last a member.
GAVIN: Oh?
DAWN: We now have four different levels of membership starting at Blue ,
then moving through Bronze to Gold.
GAVIN: What does that mean exactly?
DAWN: Well, you get a different level of service and different benefits
depending on what you choose. Of course that is reflected in the annual fee
—the more benefits, the higher the fee.
GAVIN: I see.
DAWN: The Standard Club Care comes with a 5% discount at Bronze level
and a 7.5% discount at Silver level.
GAVIN: And Gold?
DAWN: If you own more than one car, I'd recommend the Gold level because
you only pay half the fee on your first vehicle .
GAVIN: I'm not sure I need that.
DAWN: Well, Bronze and Silver have 10 and 20 dollars off the Insurance fee
but with the Gold membership... say you had an accident and your car was
badly damaged or off the road for any length of time...you'd be eligible
for car hire at no extra cost.
GAVIN: Mmm, that's good.
DAWN: There's one more thing. If you need to borrow money to purchase a
new car, we offer personal loans at a reduction off the general applicable
rate. These start at point two five percent, go up to half a percent Bronze
level and increase to point seven five percent at the next level. Gold has
a whopping 1.25 percent reduction on the applicable rate.
GAVIN: Well, that is something I should consider perhaps. Thanks for your
help, I'll think it over and let you know.

1
Correct answer:(DRIVER'S) LICENSE/LICENCE
2
Correct answer: AY196310
3
Correct answer: 19//(0)5//2012 [OR] 19(TH) MAY(,) 2012
4
Correct answer: 29 SUNSET STREET/ST
5
Correct answer: (MOTOR)CAR
6
Correct answer: DANGEROUS DRIVING
7
Correct answer: BLUE
8
Correct answer: FIRST VEHICLE
9
Correct answer: CAR HIRE
10
Correct answer: 0.75% [OR] 0.75 PER( )CENT
Welcome to Summerland; I'm your guide, Jacquie, and I'm going to tell you a
little bit about what we do and have here before I take you on a tour of the
facilities.
In our air-conditioned restaurant we can cater for anyone from the individual
diner to families and tour groups but we also do functions such as weddings,
conferences, birthday parties and so on. We have a delicious modern menu
on offer in the restaurant—or perhaps you'd prefer to sit outside in
the courtyard overlooking the lush, tropical gardens—and, for those
booking a function, we devise an interesting set menu according to the type
of celebration and the client's budget.
If formal dining isn't what you're after, we operate a take-away food bar
which has a range of light snacks and refreshments—just the thing if you're
supervising children in the playground. The playground and picnic area
makes a great alternative to the beach—if you've remembered to bring your
bathing suit and a towel, you can cool off in the water spray park .
Parents can sit back, relax and enjoy a coffee while the kids have fun in our
fully-fenced, shady playground and picnic area. What a way to make the
most of the warmth and sunshine we have here in abundance!
The older children will love to visit the Historic Cottage with their parents.
This was the original homestead on the property and is now preserved as a
museum with an educational DVD and cinema room. You'll find
the information center here also and you'll be able to pick up some
glossy brochures to take home with you and show your friends.
Don't worry—we have more than enough leaflets for you to take home. Visit
the Gift Shop and you'll find an enormous variety of local products, fine foods
and handicrafts on sale. Some say that this is the best displayed and priced
shop in the region. There is more to be admired (and purchased) in the
Garden Nursery which has an extensive range of flower pots, indoor and
outdoor plants, statues and all kinds of other garden accessories to adorn
any home or garden.
While we're on the topic of gifts and such, I must mention the Wood Crafting
Shed and urge you to take a look at the amazing products that the wood
crafting team produces there. You'll be able to watch them at work and buy
whatever they've made. The toys they produce are not only original but
some of the finest craftwork you'll ever see. Take your little ones by the hand
and keep an eye on them because they'll want to play with these but they
can't be played with unless they're paid for.
Last but not least are the orchards. The Summerland Tourist Attraction is
actually a working farm with over 40 hectares of macadamia and avocado
trees. The macadamia nuts are picked by machine from April through to
September. The avocados are grown, hand harvested, packed and
marketed oil site.
……………………………………………………………………………………
Now, are you all set for the tour? We'll leave the car park and walk in an
easterly direction towards the administration building with the parking
spaces outside. We won't go into the admin building because there's nothing
much to see there; instead, we'll walk in a north-easterly direction towards
the museum but before we get to it we're going to turn right, walk past it,
and go into that enormous building to watch how the avocados are graded
and packed .
Well, what did you think of that? Those packers have to work very fast as you
can see. Now as we come out of this building we'll go to our left and around
the back towards the cool room. Of course this is where all the fruit is stored
after packing—there are a lot of boxes of fruit in there—nothing very
interesting to look at, but we will stop at the other building to see how
they make the cardboard cartons . See how everything is mechanized
so there is very little labor involved? I'm interested by how those machines
operate just like clockwork.
It does get very hot in there, though, doesn't it, which makes the thought of
a peek inside the cool room quite attractive. But, no, we'll skip that and
make towards the building in the far north-eastern corner of the facility
where they take the husks off the macadamia nuts . It's quite noisy
but absolutely fascinating.
Now, we'll take a shortcut heading west through the orchard to the
woodcrafters' workshop and shop and I'll give you a few minutes to browse.
Take note of where this is because I'm sure you'll want to come back here
later this afternoon in your free time
Is everyone still with us? Right, let's go south now and take a leisurely walk
through the picnic and playground area with the water feature but we want
to end up over at the garden shop at the northern end of the car park. We'll
have to walk through the little gift shop first to gain access to the garden
shop and I'm sure you won't be able to resist getting some nice little
presents for the folks at home.
Are you ready for lunch now? I know it's been a whirlwind tour but the
restaurant has us booked in for 12.30 and then you're free to take your time
wandering around until the bus leaves at 3 pm

11
Correct answer: COURTYARD
12
Correct answer: WATER SPRAY PARK
13
Correct answer: INFORMATION CENTRE/CENTER
14
Correct answer: STATUES
15
Correct answer: TOYS
16
Correct answer: HAND
17
Correct answer: A
18
Correct answer: C
19
Correct answer: G
20
Correct answer: E
LECTURER: Good morning Annie, Tony. How are you?
ANNIE: Fine, thanks.
LECTURER: Well, tell me what you have here.
ANNIE: We thought we'd look at different methods of hydroculture.
LECTURER: Uh huh.
TONY: In the true hydroponics method the roots are bathed with water and
nutrient solution while support for the plant must be provided above the
container.
LECTURER: And...alternatively?
ANNIE: Alternatively, the plants can grow with their roots in a substratum
such as sand, vermiculite or LECA granules.
TONY: LECA stands for Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate and vermiculite
is...
LECTURER: Thank you Tony, I know what vermiculite is...but you should be
prepared to give details about all these things to the visitors. Can you
explain what the advantage of LECA is over traditional soil?
TONY: It's a natural product...manufactured from clay ...it's colourful,
lightweight and...perfect for allergy sufferers.
LECTURER: That's right. Now tell me why.
ANNIE: Because it's clean and hygienic, bacteria and soil diseases don't take
a chance.
LECTURER: Well, you could say that on this chart here...'Ideal for household
plants'.
ANNIE: And we'll point out that the growing medium itself makes no
contribution to feeding, which is provided in solution with the water.
LECTURER: Good, now tell me what you've got here.
ANNIE: This is a simple version of the first method, using a wide-necked jar
which we've filled with water and nutrients, leaving space at the top. As the
roots need to be in darkness we'll cover the sides of the glass with brown
paper later.
LECTURER: How did you get the plant through the cork ?
TONY: We made a hole through the center and cut the cork in half so we
could fit it around the plant stem and we padded the hole with cotton wool.
LECTURER: That's a good demonstration of the principle involved, and ideal
for a house plant but many people will want to see a wider application—what
about more plants?
ANNIE: We haven't quite finished the preparation yet, but over here you can
see a bigger container—in fact, any wide container can be used—with
the nutrient solution in the bottom, air space above...and then we' ve
made a rigid lid and we've covered that with a layer of litter.
LECTURER: What have you used for litter?
ANNIE: We've used wood shavings...
LECTURER: Untreated?
ANNIE: Definitely. That's most important—you can use a variety of materials
for litter but obviously nothing toxic and treated timber contains some nasty
chemicals so, if you're using sawdust or wood shavings,they have to be from
natural timber.
LECTURER: A good point...
TONY: Yes, we'll make a note of that when we list possible ingredients for
litter.
LECTURER: Be sure to explain the purpose of the rigid lid—it's wire mesh ,
isn't it?—and why the litter layer is important too.
ANNIE: Well, the mesh is just a platform to keep the litter out of the water
and the primary function of the litter is to exclude light from the root space...
…………………………………… ………………………………………………
LECTURER: Mmm. What you have so far is ideal for the home or office but
what about commercial applications?
TONY: Well, we're going to demonstrate the nutrient film technique which is
popular with some commercial growers, particularly for the cultivation of
crops such as runner beans and tomatoes. Producers would really like to
see some innovation in the cultivation of potatoes and yams too but
obviously this technique is only suitable for those crops which grow above
ground.
LECTURER: What about peas?
TONY: Well, we found peas were awfully tricky to grow using this method
although we're still unsure as to the reason.
LECTURER: Where's the exhibit? I don't see it anywhere.
ANNIE: Well, that's because we haven't finished it yet because we're going to
have to procure some mature plants first. We didn't think far enough ahead
to have started them off earlier. And when we do get them, we'll have to
handle them carefully.
TONY: Yes, because when our model is finished, you'll see how the plants are
held in position by a plastic tube which almost encloses them completely and
is quite loosely fastened around the stems.
LECTURER: Yes..es, and the feeding or watering system?
ANNIE: Well, it's a bit different—on a large scale like this, you need to have
the food solution trickle down through the tubes...
TONY: Yes, but the solution must also be rich in oxygen...
LECTURER: And what—it just bathes the roots?
TONY: That's one way of doing it.
LECTURER: What's the other way?
TONY: You can have the solution moistening a substratum of rock wool at the
bottom of the container.
LECTURER: Rock wool?
TONY: It's the same as mineral wool —you know a lightweight, fibrous
material—the kind of thing used for insulation. Or, you can use a layer
of paper fiber .
LECTURER: Oh, yes...something that has the capacity to absorb the solution,
right?
ANNIE: Well, you do need to experiment a little. For example, we tried
coconut fiber...
TONY: But it just didn't have the properties we looked were for...
LECTURER: I see.
TONY: In our display you'll only see the basics—the kind of thing that can be
done at home in the back yard, but commercial enterprises do need a lot
more equipment and the media used in substrata are constantly changing as
new developments are made. The cost of upgrading is ongoing.
ANNIE: And there's always the potential of outright failure when changing
systems from one you know and understand to an innovative one.
LECTURER: Of course. There's no room for guesswork in business—you have
to try to get everything right first time.

21
Correct answer: SUPPORT
22
Correct answer: CLAY
23
Correct answer: CORK
24
Correct answer: WIRE MESH
25
Correct answer: NUTRIENT SOLUTION
26
Correct answer: B/E
27
Correct answer: B/E
28
Correct answer: C/E
29
Correct answer: C/E
30
Correct answer: (OUTRIGHT) FAILURE
Good evening. I'd like to thank the Continuing Education Department for
hosting this series of lectures on 'People behind the names you thought were
fiction'. Welcome to this talk on 'The Grand Old Duke of York'.
I'm sure you're all familiar with the old nursery rhyme : The Grand Old
Duke of York. He had ten thousand men. He led them up to the top of the
hill. And he marched them down again, and so on. But did you know that the
Duke of York immortalized in this popular song was actually Frederick
Augustus, second son of King George the Third of England and Queen
Charlotte? He achieved fame in this way because of the humiliation he
suffered at the hands of the French during the Revolutionary Wars at the end
of the 18th century.
Frederick was born on the 16th of August 1763 and from the age of
seventeen he had been trained as a soldier. When war broke out between
England and France in 1793, his father, the king, insisted that he should
command the British contingency that was being dispatched to Flanders to
co-operate with the Austrians and the Dutch. The Duke was a brave soldier,
but, remember, he was only thirty at the time; not only was he young but
he was also inexperienced in battle and was unable to cope with the
enthusiastic French Revolutionary Army. He was let down by his allies too,
and in spite of the arrival of ten thousand fresh troops from England, his
campaigns were a disaster.
He was driven out of Dunkirk in September 1793, Flanders in May 1794, and
Belgium in July 1794. Finally, during the winter of 1794 to 1795, his army
withdrew to the border of Hanover. And...with his unsuccessful campaigns
over, the Duke returned to England. It was after this military fiasco that the
Duke of York came to be(rather unkindly) satirized in song.
Would you believe, despite all this, King George the Third arranged his
son's promotion to the position of Commander-in-Chief of the army in
17987 And, in the following year, he was appointed to command an army
sent to invade Holland. Again he was unsuccessful and this confirms the
general opinion that he was not capable of commanding an army in the field.
However, the rhyme is a bit cruel and harsh because it doesn't take into
account the nature of the soldiers who served with Frederick. All the blame
for lack of success should not have been attached to the Duke alone because
the army he had under his command was made up from what is commonly
described as 'the scum of the earth'—this is a somewhat offensive term used
to refer to a group of people considered as despicable and worthless. Who
were they—these ordinary soldiers? Well they were mostly vicious,
brutal ex-convicts or raw recruits and elderly men. The officers who
commanded them were all untrained as military men. In fact, they were
anybody who could afford to buy a commission.
Um, but here's the really great thing that, unfortunately, the Duke of York is
not remembered for: he realized that this was a hopeless kind of army and
he set about improving conditions in order to recruit higher
quality soldiers . He introduced padres—are you familiar with the term?
No? Well, let me explain...you see, members of the British Armed Forces are
generally Christians of one denomination or another, and a padre is a
Christian cleric or chaplain who ministers to the soldiers and attends to their
spiritual needs without belonging to any particular grouping within the
Christian faith.
Now, where was I? Yes, Frederick introduced padres, doctors
and veterinary surgeons to the battlefield. Why vets ? To attend to the
horses, of course! Remember we're talking about late 18th century
battlefields. He was also the founder of the Royal Military College for the
training of officers at Sandhurst—yes, the very same one where the
princes and other members of the royal family received their military training
today! Frederick also founded the Duke of York's School in London for sons of
soldiers killed in battle. His name is perhaps better commemorated by this
school in Chelsea than by the column that stands at the top of Waterloo
Steps in St. James's Park.
In 1807, the Duke was involved in a scandal with a woman and as a result
resigned as Commander-in-Chief but he was reinstated in 1811 by his eider
brother, the Prince Regent, who later became George the Fourth of England.
He continued in this post until his death in 1827.

31
Correct answer: RHYME/SONG
32
Correct answer: 30/THIRTY
33
Correct answer: FRENCH
34
Correct answer: PROMOTION
35
Correct answer: NATURE
36
Correct answer: (EX-)CONVICTS
37
Correct answer: SOLDIERS
38
Correct answer:VETS [OR] VETERINARY SURGEONS
39
Correct answer: OFFICERS
40
Correct answer: SCANDAL