EFFECTIVENESS OF UTILIZING BANANA PEEL AND EGGSHELL AS

FERTILIZER FOR ENHANCING THE GROWTH OF RADISH (RAPHANUS

SATIVUS)

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for Senior High School

STEM 11A- EINSTEIN

Presented to the Senior High School Department

St. Roberts International College

By

Cj P. Española

Ralph Florence T. Garcia

Yesha Marie Naquitquitan

Shyra Vito Oguen

Princess Gerelle Parreño

Navarro Robert

Czarius John L. Setias

MAY 2024

CHAPTER 1

1
 INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

The usage of organic fertilizer is growing worldwide

because sustainable agriculture is practiced nowadays,

especially in the agriculture sector. According to Bot

(2010) plants require at least 14 mineral elements for

their nutrition. These include the macronutrients nitrogen

(N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium

(Mg) and sulphur (S) and, the micronutrients chlorine (Cl),

boron (B), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc

(Zn), nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo). Among all these 14

mineral elements, the four most considered important

nutrients for plants are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

and sulphur.

There are many types of fertilizers this includes

synthetic fertilizers, and according to the study of Kumar

(2017) synthetic fertilizers can have a negative impact on

both the environment and human health, because it is

contaminating the air, soil and surface water and directly

or indirectly affecting human health. High levels of

2
nitrates and nitrites in chemical fertilizer may cause some

diseases, but for a better alternative the researchers will

be using organic variables to use as fertilizer such as

banana peels and eggshells.

In line with this, the banana peels are also

considered as a good source of nutrients because it has

sulphur, one of the four most important nutrients for

plants. This sulphur helps plants develop strong roots and

repel pests. It has also magnesium which helps assists with

photosynthesis. It has also calcium which promotes root

growth and adds oxygen to the soil. Moreover, bananas are

grown in more than 150 different countries and 105 million

tonnes are being produced each year.

Another good fertilizer that is worthy to mention are

eggshells. Eggs are used in a variety of ways such as

coating, boiling, frying, and baking. But something that

makes eggs shines beyond cooking and culinary arts is that

its eggshells can also be used as a fertilizer instead of

throwing them away like a useless trash. Eggshell are known

3
for its nutritional components because it has 0.3%

phosphorus, 0.3% magnesium, and a small amount of sodium,

potassium, zinc, manganese, iron and cooper, which are

ideal to be used as a fertilizer.

Furthermore, the researchers of this study would like

to determine if these banana peels and eggshells are really

effective to be used as an organic fertilizer that enhanced

the growth of Radishes (Raphanus Sativus). According to

Industrial Crops and Products (2024), Radish is an annual

vegetable belonging to the family Cruciferae and is a

traditionally important vegetable in many countries. The

ecological traits of radishes are its high yielding ability,

early maturity, late bolting, edible quality (pungency),

late pore formation, cold-hardiness, drought resistance,

heat tolerance, wet tolerance, and soil adaptability.

In the Philippines, Radishes (Raphanus Sativus) are

also one of the major vegetable crops that are being

cultivated and produced. It has known for its pungent taste

and anyone can indulge with its unique, nutrient-dense

flavors as it can be consumed raw, boiled, pickled, salted,

or sautéed and can be served as a salad, dried strips, or

seedlings.

4
 Nowadays, the increasing price of the fertilizer has

been making it hard for farmers. As the inflation rate here

in the Philippines continues to rise, so does the amount of

money required to buy the radishes. Another pressing

concern that the farmers and the Filipino citizens face is

the detrimental effects of some inorganic fertilizers to

the environment. This eventually leads to some

environmentalist and other experts of ecological balance to

come out with other alternative of the use of fertilizer

that is very affordable to the farmers and cannot cause

harm to the environment. Hence, this study is conducted

because the researchers believe if the banana peels and

eggshells are proven to be effective as an organic

fertilizer to enhance the growth of the radishes, at least,

somehow, this can help our local farmers to choose the best

alternative as a substitute for the harmful inorganic

fertilizer that aside from the lower price it offers, is

also very friendly to the environment. Another benefits

they also see is that the materials used are easy to access

because they can be seen used for daily necessities and

5
using them as a fertilizer can also help manage waste by

not simply throwing them away in the garbage.

Statement of the problem

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of

utilizing banana peel and eggshell as fertilizer for

enhancing the growth of radish (Raphanus Sativus)

Specifically, this study aims answers to the following

questions:

1. What is the level of effectiveness of the four

samples in the growth of radish (Raphanus Sativus):

A. Banana peel

B. Eggshell

C. Combined

D. No fertilizer

2. Is there a significant difference among the samples

in the growth of radish (Raphanus Sativus).

6
Hypothesis

Based on the foregoing problem, the following

hypotheses were formulated by the researcher:

1.There is no significant difference in the growth of

radish (Raphanus Sativus) when utilizing banana peel and

eggshell as an organic fertilizer compared to traditional

fertilizers or no fertilizer at all.

2.There will be significant differences If banana peel

and eggshell are used as fertilizer for radish plants, in

the growth rate and yield of Radish (Raphanus Sativus)

compared to traditional fertilizers or no fertilizer

application.

Theoretical framework

Uchida’s theory about the essential nutrients for

plant growth: nutrient functions and deficiency symptoms

(2000) Plants, like all other living things, need food for

their P growth and development. Plants require 16 essential

elements. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are derived from the

7
atmosphere and soil water. The remaining 13 essential

elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,

magnesium, sulfur, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, boron,

molybdenum, and chlorine) are supplied either from soil

minerals and soil organic matter or by organic or inorganic

fertilizers.

Teshome’s theory about Effects of banana peel compost

rates on Swiss chard growth performance and yield (2022) it

is stated that banana peel compost were characterized by a

variety of plant nutrients. These include nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur,

micronutrients (iron, manganese, zinc, and molybdenum),

power of hydrogen, organic carbon, and cat ion exchange

capacity, carbon to nitrogen ratio, moisture content, and

electrical conductivity.

Biswal’s theory about the response of waste egg shells

to soil fertility and its impacts on the growth of vigna

mungo L. Seedling(2019) In the present study it was found

that the waste egg shells contain Al2O3, SiO2, SiO3, CaO,

MnO, Fe2O3, ZrO2, Cl, K2O, etc. which are the essential

macro and micronutrients for plants. So waste egg shells

8
can be used as plant fertilizer due to presence of 95% of

calcium carbonate which is a potent source of lime to

neutralize the pH of acidic soil.

Andrew’s theory about nutrient cycle (2011). Soil

stores, moderates the release of, and cycles nutrients and

other elements. During these biogeochemical processes,

analogous to the water cycle, nutrients can be transformed

into plant available forms, held in the soil, or even lost

to air or water.

Nutrient cycling can be assessed by measuring the following

indicators:

Fertility Indicators, Organic Matter Indicators, Soil

Reaction Indicators

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness

of utilizing banana peel and eggshell for enhancing the

growth of radish (Raphanus Sativus). The independent

variables of the study are the banana peel and eggshell,

the dependent variable of this study is the growth of

radish, the controlled variable of this study are the water,

and light exposure.

Figure 1. Conceptual framework

9
 Variables Description

Independent variable

1.Banana peel The use of banana peel as a

fertilizer in the experiment.

2.Eggshell The use of eggshell as a

fertilizer in the experiment.

Dependent variable

1.Growth of radish The growth parameters of

radish plants, including

height, leaf size, root

development, and health.

Controlled variable

1.Water and watering interval Consistent watering practices

to ensure uniform water

availability for all plants.

2.Light exposure Equal exposure to light for

all plants to prevent

variations in growth due to

light intensity.

10
 3.Soil Equal measurements of soil
Paradigm of the study
for the plant.
Figure 1.2 Paradigm of the study

Input Process Output

1.Selection of 1.Preparation of 1. Statistical

banana peel and banana peel and analysis results

eggshell as eggshell indicate the

alternative fertilizers. impact of banana

fertilizers. peel and eggshell

2. Application of on plant growth

2. Radish fertilizers to

(Raphanus sativus) designated radish 2. Comparison of

plants for the plants. nutrient uptake

experiment. among the

3. Monitoring different samples.

3. Watering plant growth

timeline for parameters 3. Conclusions on

consistent plant (height, leaf the effectiveness

care. size, root of banana peel and

development). eggshell as

4. Light exposure fertilizer for

setup for equal 4. Regular data radish growth.

11
light collection on

distribution. plant health and 4. Comparison of

growth result between

(recording). samples.

Significance of the study

The results of this research would provide valuable

insights to this following group of people and institution:

Farmers/gardeners. This study would be very

beneficial to the farmers/gardeners that who needs

affordable fertilizer for their source of income or their

plants.

Researchers. This study would also help the

researchers on how effective the Banana peel and eggshell

for enhancing the growth of radish and other plants.

12
 Future Researchers. The result of this study will

benefit the future researchers by using this as their

reference and give them further information about how

effective the Banana peel and eggshell as a fertilizer in a

plant.

Students. The outcome of this study will provide

the information to the students that by using wastes is not

mean its garbage forever it means use a wastes to make it

usable.

Definition of terms

Banana peel

A banana peel or banana skin in, is the outer

covering of the banana fruit. Banana peels are used as food

for animals, an ingredient in cooking, in water

purification, for manufacturing of several biochemical

products.

In this study banana peels will be used as a

organic fertilizer to enhance the growth of radish

13
(Raphanus Sativus). Banana peels contain sulphur, sulphur

helps plants develop strong roots and repel pests. It also

has magnesium which helps assists with photosynthesis and

calcium which promotes root growth and adds oxygen to the

soil.

Eggshell

An eggshell is the outer covering of a hard-

shelled egg and of some forms of eggs with soft outer coats.

In this study eggshells will be used as a organic

fertilizer to enhance the growth of radish (Raphanus

Sativus). Eggshells will be sued because they contain

phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, zinc, manganese,

iron and cooper,

Fertilizer

A fertilizer are natural or artificial substance

containing the chemical elements that improve growth and

productiveness of plants. Fertilizers enhance the natural

fertility of the soil or replace chemical elements taken

from the soil.

14
 In this study fertilizer will be used for

enhancing the growth of radish, the fertilizer in this

study is composed of banana peels and eggshells to form a

mixed organic fertilizer to use on radishes.

Radish(Raphanus Sativus)

Radish are root vegetables that belong to the

cruciferae or mustard family. The skins of radish can be

red, black, yellow, purple, and pink, and they have a spicy,

peppery taste. This taste comes from enzymes that are also

in mustard root, horseradish, and wasabi root.

In this study radish will be the plant that the

researchers are aiming to fertilize. It will be used

because of its high yielding ability, early maturity, late

bolting, edible quality (pungency), late pore formation,

cold-hardiness, drought resistance, heat tolerance, wet

tolerance, and soil adaptability.

Scope and limitations of the study

15
 This study will be focusing on utilizing banana peel

and eggshell as a fertilizer for Radish (Raphanus Sativus )

which aimed to determine what are the potential of Banana

peel and eggshell in a radish. This study will use of

experimental design. This experimental research will be

composed of two parts, part 1 focused on how the

researchers utilize the Banana peel and eggshell and part 2

focuses on enhancing the growth of radish. These data will

be collected, organize and arrange based on requirements of

the study.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the literature and studies related

to effectiveness of utilizing banana peel and eggshell as

fertilizer for enhancing the growth of radish (raphanus

sativus)

Foreign literature

In modern agriculture, most of the biochemicals and

inorganic fertilizer had been used for the plantation on

the worldwide scale. Whilst, the issue of food waste had

16
created concern for the global community because of its

potential for pollution. In Brunei Darussalam, food waste

has the highest percentage followed by paper and plastic.

According to the Scientia Bruneiana, vol. 17, no. 2,

according to the Department of Environment, Parks, and

Recreations, 400–500 tonnes of waste goes to Sg. Paku

landfill in Tutong District each day. This issue was raised

by the people that prioritized the application of the Macro

Organic Local which is the organic fertilizer derived from

rainwater and food waste. They emphasize the concept of

zero-waste and go-green to manage the problems of the

polluted environment. Therefore,‘Potilizer’ production that

is based on the organic sources mainly from banana peels is

to solve the problems of food waste and raise awareness to

the community to reduce waste.‘Potilizer’ aims to reach out

to the farmers, entrepreneurs, and individuals to fully

utilize organic waste and to be confident in its usage. The

methodology used is by conducting some experiments on each

type of plant-based on the research study from the existing

information with regard to farming. The use of data

collection is from the books, the internet, by interviewing

the farmers and conducting the survey about natural

17
fertilizer. The novelty of this product is by the

application of the conservation concept and it will present

as the first organic fertilizer in Brunei Darussalam to be

commercialized at a very affordable price and good

quality.‘Potilizer’ has the opportunity to penetrate the

market as it can benefit the farmers, entrepreneurs,

agricultural school institutions, as well as for the house-

gardening purposes to assist them in this field (Salihin,

et.al 2020). In conclusion, ‘Potilizer’ presents a

promising solution to the dual challenges of food waste and

environmental degradation in Brunei Darussalam. By

promoting the use of organic fertilizers and advocating for

zero-waste practices, it contributes to a more sustainable

and greener future for agriculture. With its potential to

benefit various stakeholders and penetrate the market

effectively, ‘Potilizer’ signifies a step towards

responsible waste management and agricultural innovation.

Fertilizers play a crucial role in enhancing plant

growth and development by providing essential nutrients.

This research focuses on exploring the potential of banana

peels as a natural fertilizer, aiming to address both

agricultural productivity and waste management challenges.

18
Banana peels, often discarded as waste, are transformed

into a valuable resource through a process of collection,

drying, and conversion into powder. By comparing the

effects of chemical fertilizer (urea) with banana peel

fertilizer on plant growth and color, this study sheds

light on the sustainable use of organic materials in

agriculture. Fertilizers are any organic or chemically

manufactured item that is applied to soil in order to

provide one or more plant nutrients required for growth.

The purpose of this research is to see how banana peels can

help plants develop and yield more. Banana peels are

usually discarded in the trash and taken to a solid waste

disposal station. This causes an odor problem due to the

decomposition of peel material in the dumping location.

Banana peel powder is employed as a natural fertilizer in

this study.

Evaluating the Impact of Organic Concoctions on the

Growth Performance of Radish

In this study the researchers tested if using

banana peels, eggshells and seaweeds would have an impact

on the growth of radish, they discovered that banana peels,

19
eggshells and seaweeds contain vital nutrients for plant

growth such as potassium, phosphorus, and calcium, for the

banana peel, calcium carbonate for the slow release of

calcium of calcium to the soil, crucial for cell wall

strength. In their study they have discovered in their

results that treatment with banana extract had the highest

plant height with (6.12 inches) followed by the treatment

with eggshells, the treatment with no fertilizer had the

lowest plant height being only (2.75 inches). Furthermore

for the number of leaves the treatment with banana peels

showed the highest number of leaves (10.25). This concludes

that the use of organic concoctions has a positive impact

on the plant growth of radish compared to the no-control

group. These findings highlights the potential of organic

treatment in enhancing plant growth and productivity in

radish cultivation.

Evaluatingtheimpactoforganicconcoctionsonthegrowthperforman

ceofradishstr- 240707031356-e44b36ba.pdf

Banana peel benefits as fertilizer

The banana peels were from the researcher’s next-door

neighbor. Approximately 3-5 kg of banana peel was collected

20
on average. Those banana peels were separated and dried

properly. It was dried in the sun for 5 to 7 days before

being ground into banana peel powder with a mortar and

pestle. In the study, we employed two types of fertilizer:

chemical fertilizer (urea) and our own product, which is

banana peel fertilizer. To compare the growth and color of

the plant, potted seeds without fertilizer and with two

different kinds of fertilizer were employed (Olid, et al.

2022).

Benefits of reusing food waste

High value utilization of waste in food processing is an

important aspect of sustainable development and

environmental protection (Ravindran & Jaiswal, 2016). It

involves converting various waste materials generated

during food processing into valuable products or resources,

thereby reducing the environmental impact of waste disposal

and promoting economic growth (Saba et al., 2023). One

significant area of high value utilization is the recycling

of food waste into compost or biofertilizers (Hamilton et

al., 2015). Organic waste from food processing, such as

21
vegetable scraps and fruit peels, can be composted to

create a rich soil amendment that can be used in

agriculture. This not only reduces the need for chemical

fertilizers but also improves soil health and crop yields.

Another example is the extraction of valuable components

from waste streams (Chan et al., 2018). For instance, oils

and fats from cooking waste can be recovered and used as

biofuels or in the production of soaps and detergents.

Similarly, proteins and carbohydrates from food waste can

be extracted and used in the production of animal feed or

bioplastics. Furthermore, waste from food processing can

also be used to produce energy (Pagliano et al., 2017).

Through processes such as anaerobic digestion or

incineration, organic waste can be converted into biogas or

energy-rich fuels that can be used to power factories or

provide heat for buildings. In addition to these direct

utilizations, food waste can also be used in innovative

ways to create new products. For example, some companies

are developing technologies to convert food waste into

bioplastics, which can be used as an alternative to

traditional petroleum-based plastics (Acquavia et al.,

2021). Overall, high value utilization of waste in food

22
processing offers numerous benefits, including reducing

environmental pollution, conserving resources, and

promoting economic growth. Advanced technologies including

multiple fermentation, countercurrent extraction,

electrodialysis, capsule embedding, and artificial

intelligence production lines, can effectively optimize the

processing technology as a result of advancements in food

processing technology (Shen et al., 2019). Future efforts

should continue to intensify research and development,

promote the widespread application of these technologies,

and contribute to the construction of a green, low-carbon,

and circular economic model.

In Malaysia, food waste is the most common type of

waste. Organic fertilizer made from food waste can assist

Malaysia minimize its food waste production. Banana peel

and egg shell were utilized to generate an organic

fertilizer in this study. Banana peel is high in biomass

fiber, nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, all of which

are essential components of organic fertilizer. Phosphate

and calcium, which become essential for plant growth, are

found in egg shells (Nordin, et al. 2022)

23
Egg shell benefits as fertilizer

Eggshells discarded as wastes from different sources

like hotels, houses etc. They were collected, purified and

powdered by mixer. Eggshell powder was used as a fertilizer

in a Tomato plant and also used as calcium supplement for

females. Extracted calcium from different eggshell was

characterized for Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy

(FTIR) and the data indicated the percentage of calcium in

eggshell. pH of soil and percentage of calcium in the soil

was tested by soil testing. Eggshell is probably the best

natural source of calcium. The purpose of this particular

project is mainly to use eggshell in different application

like fertilizer, calcium supplement. (Gaoncar, 2016).

Effects of eggshell to the soil

According to the study of Bulushi (2017) where they

used eggshell extract on the soil to see if it will

contribute to the growth of tomato plants, they concluded

that when adding extract to the soil, it has contributed to

the growth of tomato plant increasing its branches and

number of leaves. The highest growth rate has been 36.92 cm

24
in the soil containing the extract, while the same has been

17.57 cm in the soil not containing the extract. Meaning

that using eggshells can have an impact not only on the

soil quality but also to the plant

Given that the researchers will be adding banana

peels to the fertilizer mixture, it can increase the pH

level but they also found that there are some differences

in properties of the soil containing the extract and the

soil not containing the extract in. They found that the

soil containing the extract is less acidic, saline and

conductive than the soil not containing the extract. Their

study shows that not only those eggshells can improve soil

quality it also affects the bad effects of the fertilizer

mixture which is that the banana peels increase the pH

level which can be harmful to the plant that this study

will use.

Banana peels used as organic fertilizer vs chemical

fertilizer

25
 The study from Saint Augustine School Sta. Cruz St.

Tanza, Cavite shows that organic fertilizer can be the best

replacement of chemical fertilizer one of them is the

banana peel fertilizer unlike chemical fertilizers, banana

peels can be used as a organic fertilizer because they are

renewable, biodegradable, sustainable and eco friendly.

This kind of fertilizer can help the structure of the soil

and increase its ability to hold water and nutrients.

Unlike chemical fertilizers banana peels as organic

fertilizer can be a safer and sustainable option, it is

stated in their study that banana peels are packed with

nutrients such as potassium and magnesium. Chemical

fertilizer can indeed help with plant growth but cannot

sustain the soil, but instead it harms the soil overtime,

thus concluding from their study that chemical fertilizer

can help with plant growth but in return in harms the soil

making it harmful for the environment and also human

consumption, it also makes it more expensive as it means

the soil needs to be replaced every time it is damaged.

The effects of chemical fertilizers on environment and

human health

26
 Chemical fertilizers can help greatly with plant

growth because they contain necessary nutrients for plants

to grow, but according to Thorat (2022) the researcher

explained that use of chemical fertilizers can also have

negative impacts, such as soil salinity, heavy metal

accumulation, water eutrophication and accumulation of

nitrate, to

consider in terms of air pollution in the air of gases

containing nitrogen and sulfur, giving and can lead to

problems such as the greenhouse effect. Concluding that

chemical fertilizer may be a great help to plants but they

can have a great risk when using them.

Additional study about chemical fertilizers

The usage of chemical fertilizers is important for

the cost-effective production of commercial crops and it

ensures enough Food is available for everyone at affordable

prices. But according to the study of Singh (2024) using

chemical. fertilizers can increase plant growth but it

makes it so that plants grown in a way that it does not

develop good plant characters such as, good root system,

27
shoot system, nutritional characters and also plants will

not get time to grow and mature properly. Not only that but

it is also stated in the study that chemically produced

plant will accumulate in the human body, like toxic

chemicals, which can be very dangerous for consumption.

CHAPTER 3

Methodology

This chapter presents the research design, sample

gathering procedure, research materials, methodology, data

analysis procedure, research locale, and statistical tools.

Research design

The researchers will be utilizing using experimental to

conduct the study, observation to record the process, and

comparison to compare the outcomes of the sample.

This study will use an experimental research design to

test the effectiveness of Banana peel, eggshell, and the

banana peel and eggshells for the effect of the growth of

radish.

28
 The researchers will be collecting Annibal (Señorita)

type of bananas and use their banana peels as fertilizer.

The researchers will also reuse collected eggshells from

daily uses. The researchers will analyze the data using

descriptive analysis finding the mean of each sample to

determine the significance of the differences among the

samples.

This study is consisted of the following stages; a.

Preparation, b. Conducting the study (plating), c.

Maintaining the plant, observing and recording the progress,

d. Comparison of samples, e. Gathering the results, f.

Conclusion.

SAMPLE

In this study, the researchers will specifically use

radish plant. The researchers will then observe the samples

and compare the outcomes themselves. The researchers will

use descriptive analysis to calculate the mean of each

sample, to determine the difference among the samples

29
Research material

Water

-Loam Soil (1 sack)

-Pot (4pots)

-Banana peel

-Eggshells

-Sunlight

-Radish plant (1 bags of seeds)

-Gardening tools (Trowel, sprinkler,

gardening gloves)

-Measuring tools (Measuring cup, ruler,

weight scale, measuring

tape)

30
Data gathering procedure

This study is to determine the effectiveness of banana

peel and the eggshells as a fertilizer.

After germination*

Step 1. Preparing the pots. The

researchers will prepare 4

sample pots each with

different distribution of

fertilizer, one with only

banana peels, one with only

eggshells, one with both of

the variables and one with

no variables.

Step 2. Planting the seedlings. The

researchers will start

planting the seedlings in

their respective pots, using

31
 equal soil, distribution of

water, and sunlight.

Step 3. The researchers will collect

eggshells 1 week before use

and find a source for the

banana peels, the banana

peels are collected the same

day of usage.

Step 4. After the true leaves appear

the researchers will start

making and applying the

fertilizer on their

corresponding pots, the

banana peels are cut, the

eggshells are crushed, and

on the mixture they are

blended together.

Step 5. Taking care of the plant.

Water the seed equally every

32
 morning, and have enough and

equal sunlight.

Step 6. Observation. The researchers

will be observing how fast

the plant will grow, to see

if it's faster than the

other samples and to observe

if it's growing properly.

Step 7. Gathering the results. After

the plant has fully

developed the researchers

will then analyze the

results of the plant, if the

samples have significant

differences.

Data analysis procedure

33
 When the plant reached the final week, the researchers

can start collecting the final data.

The data collected will be analyzed descriptively to

determine the effectiveness of utilizing banana peels and

eggshells in enhancing the growth of radish (Raphanus

Sativus). The mean of each sample will be calculated and

will be used to compare each sample to see if there are any

significant differences among the samples.

Research locale

The study will be conducted in Barangay. Balabago zone 4

Jaro ic, situated in the municipality of Iloilo.

The researchers will follow the planting phase

according to the steps in the study this location will

serve as the primary location for all the activities of

this study.

The researchers have chosen this location because

it accessible to all the members of the study and the

environment of the place is beneficial for the growth of

the plant, as it provides a safe area and because it is

also the house of one of the researchers, the samples can

be easily monitored and taken care of.

34
Statistical tools

The researchers will use descriptive analysis to

calculate the mean across different fertilizer treatment.

By measuring the height, weight, and number of leaves on

the plant.

The collected data will be then analyzed statistically

to determine the effectiveness of utilizing banana peels

and eggshells in enhancing the growth of radish (Raphanus

Sativus). By using the mean or taking the average of each

sample to see the difference among the samples.

CHAPTER 4

Results and Discussions

35
 before the researchers were able to fertilize the

samples the plant needed to germinate first and wait for

the true leaves to come out. The table below shows the

progress of the samples before fertilizing. The samples are

in direct sunlight and watered every other day (300mL)

Descriptive Data Analysis

The descriptive data analysis was used in this study

to describe the nature and characteristics of the data used

in this research. The mean was used to describe the level

of effectiveness of banana peel and eggshell in enhancing

the growth of radish (Raphanus Sativus)

Table 1. Progress or seedlings

Date. Progress

December 17 started planting the plant

36
 December 19 seedlings sprouted

December 20 height of the seedlings 2.3 inches

December 22 height of the seedlings 3 inches

December 26 true leaves first appeared inches

December 27 Thinning and moving to a bigger pot

After the true leaves came out the researchers

can now start fertilizing the samples. The table below

shows the measurement of the variables

used. The eggshells are collected a week before it is used

and the banana peels are collected on the day of usage.

Table 2. Fertilizer measurements:

Mixed fertilizer:  Crushed egg - 15g

 5 banana peel - 50g

 Water - 250ml

37
  Blended together - 321.5g

Eggshell fertilizer:  3 shells - 11.8g

Peel: fertilizer:  10 banana peel - 96.9g

The table below shows the height and the growth of the samples

span of 8 weeks.

The following fertilizers are:

A. Banana peel

B. Eggshell

C. Mixed banana peel and eggshell

D. No fertilizer.

The samples are in direct sunlight and watered daily (350ml)

Table 3. Every three-week measurement of height

Week 1, Dec 28

Sample. Height

38
A. 5inches

B. 4inches

C . 4inches

D. 4inches
Week 3, Dec 28

Sample. Height

A. 6 inches

B. 5.2 inches

C. 5 inches

D. 4 inches

Week 6 Feb 1

Sample. Height

A. 7.5 inches

B. 7 inches

C. 6 inches

D. 4.5 inches

39
The tables below shows that data gathered on the final week

after being harvested with the corresponding measurements of

each sample: Height, number of leaves, and weight (two plants

each sample)

Table 4. Height of each samples after harvesting

Week 8 Feb 15

Sample. Height Mean

Banana peel 13.5 inches 12.4 12.95

inches

Eggshell 10.7 inches 9.5

8.3 inches

Mixed 11.1 inches 9.5

7.9 inches

No fertilizer 6 inches 5.95

4.9 inches

40
Table 5. Number of leaves of each sample

Sample. Number of. leaves Mean

Banana peels 14 leaves 13

12 leaves

Eggshell 11 leaves 9.5

8 leaves

Mixed 13 leaves 15

17 leaves

No fertilizer 10 leaves. 12 leaves 11

Table 6. Weight of each sample

Sample. Weight Mean

Banana 229g 212g 220.5

Eggshell 135g 102g 118.8

Mixed 102.5g 118g 110.25

No fertilizer 20.5g 22.3g 21.4

41
 CHAPTER 5

Summary, Conclusion Presentation, and Interpretation of Data,

and Recommendations

This study aims to find out if banana peels and eggshells

are effective in the growth of radish (Raphanus Sativus).

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following

Questions:

1. What is the level of effectiveness of the four samples in the

growth of radish (Raphanus Sativus):

A. Banana peel

B. Eggshell

C. Combined

D. No fertilizer

2. Is there a significant difference among the samples in the

growth of radish (Raphanus Sativus).

42
The researchers prepared 4 samples each with different

fertilizers, the samples are fertilized every week and data was

collected every 3 weeks measuring the height of the sample on

the final day using a scale each sample is weighed and

individual heights were measured.

Mean is used for descriptive analysis.

This study finds out that:

1. The level of effectiveness on the growth of radish (Raphanus

Sativus) varies on each

sample:

Sample A. Showed excellent performance having the highest

average height of 12.95inches, highest average weight of

220.5g but second in average number of leaves of 13

Sample B. Showed good performance having an average height

of 9.5inches, average weight of 118.8g but has the lowest

average number of leaves of 9.5 leaves.

Sample C. Showed fair performance having an average height

of 9.5inches, average weight of 110.25g but has the highest

average number of leaves of 15 leaves.

43
 Sample D. Showed poor performance having the lowest average

height of 5.95inches, lowest average weight of 21.4g and an

average number of leaves of 11 leaves.

2. There is a significant difference among the samples in the

growth of the radish (Raphanus Sativus) with that being the

banana peel sample has the highest average height and weight of

12.95 inches and 220.5g, on the other hand the no fertilizer

sample has the lowest average height and weight of 5.95inches

and 21.4g, but the sample with the highest number of leaves is

the mixed banana peel and eggshell sample with an average number

of leaves of 15 leaves.

Conclusion

Based on the data gathered by the researchers, the following are

presented.

Sample A. Performed well in terms of height and weight and

performed good in terms of number of leaves.

Sample B. Performed good in terms of height and weight but

performed poorly in terms of the number of leaves.

Sample C. Performed good in terms of height and weight and

it performed well in terms of number of leaves.

44
 Sample D. Performed poorly in terms of height and weight

and performed ok in terms of average leaves.

2. The table below shows the difference of each sample. The

corresponding number indicates the rating:

1 Excellent, 2 good, 3 fair, 4 poor

A. B. C. D.

Height 1. 2 2. 4

Weight 1. 2. 3. 4

Number. of 2. 4. 1. 3

leaves

Suggestions

1. Have a longer time span on growing the plant to get better

results.

2. Measure weekly or twice a week to get more accurate data.

45
3. Since there is a significant difference among the samples,

the researchers would recommend gathering additional data like

test and compare the pH level of the soil in each sample,

because this might have affected the growth of the plant another

suggestion is to experiment with different levels of

measurements on the mixed fertilizer to get the best result out

of it.

46
 References

White J. &. Brown H. (2010). Plant nutrition for sustainable

development and global health.
https://academic.oup.com/aob/article-
abstract/105/7/1073/149237?redirectedFrom=PDF&login=false
Kumar et al. (2017)
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&ur
l=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331132826_The_Impact_
of_Chemical_Fertilizers_on_our_Environment_and_Ecosystem&ved=2ah
UKEwj3_4LRz8iLAxU48DQHHZEeCzYQFnoECBkQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2ecDPVdSgjvtz
9ioDZ8hCH
Class M. (2021)
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&ur
l=https://www.masterclass.com/articles/banana-peel-
fertilizer&ved=2ahUKEwjcn-nj0siLAxWydPUHHZz-
FkkQFnoECF4QAQ&usg=AOvVaw2ytvV8kiFzno_xfj7SBRcR
Nair S. &. Khairnar D. (2019)
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&ur
l=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332878769_STUDY_ON_EG
GSHELL_AND_FRUIT_PEELS_AS_A_FERTILIZER&ved=2ahUKEwjZuufa08iLAxVT
afUHHdRhIgsQFnoECCcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0aAJezuI6fq11ONsoWUUj7
Shezi et al. (2024)
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&ur
l=https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/14/11/1894&ved=2ahUKEwjHj-
rM1MiLAxUAj68BHS8QAdUQFnoECB4QAQ&usg=AOvVaw19sNDBmWPiq28KEduDYhS
K
De Guzman R. S. &. Dagupan J. R.(2022)
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&ur
l=http://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/DEVELOPMENT_AND_ACCEPTABILIY
_OF_RADISH__Raphanus_sativus__BACON_ijariie14983.pdf%3Fsrsltid%3
DAfmBOorvTrIliBo1Y1CJeZk2NltgTw4Z5jvVD87PSBLGik8LnrosX8Kx&ved=2a
hUKEwj-
nuXI1ciLAxXqcfUHHV4YNwIQFnoECCIQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2eKBJr2NgaA02R3vppT
IwK
Beltran M. &. Win T. L. (2023)

47
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&ur
l=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2023/07/27/Filipin
o-farmers-profits-hunger-
looms&ved=2ahUKEwi1_eqg2MiLAxV8lK8BHTCUPXEQFnoECF0QAQ&usg=AOvVaw
1mioVYjYAn1CZZJ0M1Thsg
Wazer et al. (2018)
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&ur
l=https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation%3Fpaperid%3D854
95&ved=2ahUKEwiz2_T92MiLAxXJbPUHHY2ZOIgQFnoECB0QAQ&usg=AOvVaw3d4
mlUhVK_dm2uKxwj7uef
Uchida R. (2000)
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&ur
l=https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/pnm3.pdf&ved=2ahU
KEwjmkaq52siLAxXIhq8BHV4sJQQQFnoECCEQAQ&usg=AOvVaw169JgEsargOELn
4nbRYEbn
Teshome Z. T. (2022)
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&ur
l=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36039136/&ved=2ahUKEwj71-
z72siLAxUidfUHHbnAF9gQFnoECBkQAQ&usg=AOvVaw3DEHnjgUdD0mR5taOQKa2
S
Biswal S. K. (2019)
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&ur
l=https://www.theclaymineralssocietyofindia.com/articles/Abstrac
t-4-2019.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwi4iMvB28iLAxWBVPUHHQV-
CbwQFnoECDkQAQ&usg=AOvVaw02VN7-h6aee7RcAyNwtmoq

Robert Devi Anugrah et al 2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth envrion.

Sci. Volume 755.

Karen B. et al. Website “Fertilizer Canada”. 350 sparks, street,

suite 907 Ottawa.

Angelica Rome G. Enriquez. Et al, (2021/2022). “Eggshell as

fertilizer. Science”. Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico.

“Banana link” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United

Nations. https://www.bananalink.org.uk/

48
Brisbane City Council “four ways banana peels can help your
plants” https://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au/clean-and-green/green-
home-and-community/clean-and-green-blog/four-ways-banana-peels-
can-help-your-
plants#:~:text=Banana%20peels%20contain%3A,strong%20roots%20and%
20repel%20pests

“Melinda’s Garden” https://www.melindamyers.com/audio-

video/melindas-garden-moment-audio-tips/sustainable-
gardening/eggshells-as-
fertilizer#:~:text=Egg%20shells%20will%20add%20small,to%20your%2
0regular%20fertilizing%20regime.

Patricia Taculao, (2023) “How to grow radish in your farm or

garden”

Paul Barbano (2020) “Banana peels are good for gardens(Garden

journal)”

49