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Chapter 9 Ecology

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1. A young gosling follows its mother soon after birth. If a human raises the gosling from birth, the young gosling
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follows the human. If no animate object is nearby at birth, the gosling fails to follow its mother or a human if either
are introduced several days after birth. This behavior can best be described as

A. insight

B. associative learning

C. imprinting

D. fixed action pattern

E. trial-and-error learning
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2. Over a period of 100 years, a clear mountain lake is transformed into a meadow. During the transition, various
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communities inhabit the area. Each community is replaced by a new community after a period of time.
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The ecological process described in the preceding paragraph is an example of

A. carrying capacity

B. density-dependent limiting factors

C. density-independent limiting factors

D. succession

E. biotic potential
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3. Which of the following statements best explains why a new community is able to replace the resident
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community?
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A. Species in the resident community die from old age.

B. Species in the resident community die from disease that eventually appears.
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C. Given enough time, new species able to compete for the same resources as the resident species will arrive.
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D. Species extinction is inevitable.

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E. The biotic and abiotic characteristics of the habitat change due to the influence of the resident community.

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Questions 4–5 refer to the following graphs that plot changes in population density for two species of Tribolium

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flour beetles.

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4. From the information provided in the graphs, the factor most responsible for differences in population size
between Tribolium confusum and T. castaneum after 100 weeks is the

A. amount of flour available

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B. more aggressive nature of T. castaneum

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C. initial population size of T. castaneum

D. initial population size of T. confusum

E. temperature

5. The graphs illustrate the concept of

A. succession

B. competitive exclusion
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C. commensalism
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D. mutualism
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E. predation
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Questions 6-7 refer to the following graphs. The graphs present the frequency of size classes for mandible lengths

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for two species of ants at site A and two species of ants at site B.

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6. According to the data given in the graphs, which of the following statements is correct?

A. The distribution of mandible size for V. pergandei differs between Site A and Site B.

B. The distribution of mandible size for P. pima differs between Site A and Site B.

C. The distribution of mandible size for P. californicus differs between Site A and Site B.

D. The distribution of mandible size for P. californicus is about the same at both sites A and B.

E. V. pergandei exists only at site A.

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7. The data in the graphs best represent the concept of

A. succession

B. competitive exclusion
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C. character displacement
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D. mutualism
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E. intraspecific competition

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8. Clown fish hide among the tentacles of sea anemones. Unlike their predators, clown fish are immune to the

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stinging tentacles. Thus, clown fish are protected within the sea anemones. Sometimes, the clown fish will provide

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scraps of food to the sea anemones, and at other times, the clown fish will eat some of a fish that is snared by the
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sea anemones. The relationship between the clown fish and the sea anemone is an example of
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A. competition

B. commensalism

C. mutualism

D. parasitism

E. predation

9. The size of a population of mice on an isolated island has remained constant for 50 years. What is the average
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number of offspring that each breeding pair produces during its lifetime that survives to reproductive maturity and
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reproduces?
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A. 0

B. 1

C. 2

D. 10 to 20

E. more than 20

Question 10-11
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A species of cuckoo bird lays its eggs in the nests of a warbler bird species. After the warbler lays one or more eggs,
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the cuckoo secretly pushes one egg out of the nest and lays its own egg. After the cuckoo egg hatches, the cuckoo
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chick pushes other eggs or chicks out of the nest and monopolizes the feeding of the warbler mother. In most cases,
the young cuckoo is raised entirely by the warbler mother without any influence from other cuckoos.

10. The relationship between the cuckoo and the warbler most closely resembles that of
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A. mutualism
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B. commensalism
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C. predator-prey

D. parasite-host

E. parasitoid-host

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11. The song of the cuckoo bird is unique to cuckoos. The song most likely develops as a result of

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A. instinct
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B. a fixed-action pattern
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C. imprinting

D. associative learning

E. insight

Questions 12-13 refer to this graph showing one species of the snail Cepaea from the fall of 1994 to the fall of
2000.
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12. Which of the following statements about this population is correct?

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A. There is no difference in the death rate.

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B. The orange-banded snail is better adapted to the environment overall

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C. This is an example of a cline

D. This is an example of balanced polymorphism

E. There are not inadequate resources for both organisms in this ecosystem

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13. The most likely conclusion you can draw from this graph is
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A. there has been increasingly more rain in 1999 and 2000

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B. there are two different species of snail

C. one variety of snail is better adapted at one time and the other variety at another time

D. the gene for coloration in one variety is dominant over the gene for coloration in the other variety

E. a single factor in the environment is responsible for the superiority of one variety over the other

Question 14-16

The diagram below shows a food web of a simplified rocky coastal ecosystem dominated by kelp forests attached
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to rocky substrates by holdfasts (modified algal parts), which are eaten by sea urchins.
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14. The minimum number of trophic levels in a food chain ending with killer whales is
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A. 2
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B. 3

C. 4

D. 5
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E. 6
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15. Species that feed at only one trophic level include which of the following?

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I. Zooplankton
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II. Planktivorous fish

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III. Killer whales

A. I only

B. II only

C. III only

D. II and III only

E. I, II and III
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16. If a fat-soluble but poorly metabolized substance such as DDT gets into this ecosystem, the highest tissue
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concentrations will most likely occur in which of the following?

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A. Phytoplankton

B. Zooplankton

C. Abalones

D. Sea otters

E. Seals

17. In similar rocky coastal ecosystems where sea otters have disappeared due to human harvesting or killer whale
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predation, the kelp forests also disappear and the species diversity of the community decreases drastically. In these
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ecosystems, the sea otter can best be described as a

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A. top carnivore

B. keystone species

C. primary producer
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D. secondary herbivore
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E. dominant species

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Question18-19

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The graph shows the pattern of population growth for a particular species.
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18. The dotted line marked K indicates which of the following?

A. The annual reproductive rate

B. The proportion of a population that can be removed without destroying its ability to maintain a stable
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population size
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C. The carrying capacity of the population

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D. The maximum number of offspring that each pair of parents can produce in a single year

E. The intrinsic rate of reproductive increase of the population

19. In which region of the curve is population size most likely to exhibit regulation by availability of resources such
as nutrients, nest sites, and places to hide from predators?

A. I only

B. II only
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C. I and II
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D. II and III
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E. III and IV
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Questions 20-22 refer to the following graphs

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The data in the graphs above represent the frequency with which juveniles and adults of a species of fish are found
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at different water temperatures. Observations were made of several juveniles in a laboratory tank and of three
tagged adults in a reservoir during the summer.

20. The most accurate conclusion to be drawn solely from the graphs is that

A. adult fish of this species are found more frequently in water at 22℃ than are juveniles

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B. fish of this species are found most frequently in water at 20℃

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C. the optimum water temperature for fish of this species is 25℃

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D. the oxygen content of cool water is higher than that of warm water
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E. the oxygen content of warm water is higher than that of cool water

21. Which of the following statements about the results is true?

A. They are invalid, because the data show too much variation

B. They are invalid, because part of the experiment was not done in the laboratory

C. They are inconclusive, because too few fish were used

D. They are inaccurate, because tanks with temperature gradients were used
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E. They are improperly graphed, because the dependent variable is on the horizontal ( x ) axis
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22. The purpose of the study is most likely to

A. determine the water temperature at which fish of this species spawn

B. determine the role of fish of this species in the ecosystem

C. show that juveniles occur in smaller numbers than do adults of this species

D. demonstrate the effects of adult fish of this species on water temperature

E. study the relationship between water temperature and habitat selection in fish of this species
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Questions 23-26 The graph below shows changes in a population of wild sheep that were introduced to the island

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of Tasmania in the early 1800s.

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23. The type of population growth represented by that portion of the graph line enclosed in the bracket is most
accurately termed

A. stable
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B. exponential
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C. density-dependent
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D. arithmetic

E. decelerating

24. The graph indicates that the sheep population most likely is

A. growing in excess of its carrying capacity, since fluctuations in population size occurred after 1850

B. headed for extinction because of the population explosion about 1930

C. regulated by density-independent factors, because there appears to be about a10-year cycle of sharp declines in
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size
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D. shifting from a K-selected strategy to an r-selected strategy

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E. stable after 1850 under the effects of density-dependent regulating factors

25. The dashed line on the graph represents the

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A. maximum population size

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B. average birth rate

C. biotic potential of the population

D. carrying capacity of the environment

E. point of maximum effect for density-independent factors

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26. In the graphs below, the solid line represents the original population. The dotted line on which graph best
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represents the sheep population that would have resulted from a sustained increase in the primary productivity of
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the environment?

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FRQ1：

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The activities of organisms change at regular time intervals. These changes are called biological rhythms. The
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graph depicts the activity cycle over a 48-hour period for a fictional group of mammals called pointy-eared
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bombats, found on an isolated island in the temperate zone.

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(a) Describe the cycle of activity for the bombats. Discuss how three of the following factors might affect the
physiology and/or behavior of the bombats to result in this pattern of activity.

▲temperature

▲food availability

▲presence of predators

▲social behavior
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(b) Propose a hypothesis regarding the effect of light on the cycle of activity in bombats. Describe a controlled
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experiment that could be performed to test this hypothesis, and the results you would expect.
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FRQ2：

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According to fossil records and recent published observations, two species of leaf-eating beetles (species A and B)
have existed on an isolated island in the Pacific Ocean for over 100,000 years. In 1964 a third species of leafeating
beetle (species C) was accidentally introduced on the island. The population size of each species has been regularly
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monitored as shown in the graph above.

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(a) Propose an explanation for the pattern of population density observed in species C
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(b) Describe the effect that the introduction of beetles species C has had on the population density of species A and
species B. Propose an explanation for the patterns of population density observed in species A and in species B.
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(c) Predict the population density of species C in 2014. Provide a biological explanation for your prediction.
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(d) Explain why invasive species are often successful in colonizing new habitats.

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FRQ3:

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Consumers in aquatic ecosystems depend on producers for nutrition.

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(a) Explain the difference between gross and net primary productivity.
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(b) Describe a method to determine net and gross primary productivity in a freshwater pond over a 24-hour period.

In an experiment, net primary productivity was measured, in the early spring, for water samples taken from
different depths of a freshwater pond in a temperate deciduous forest.

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(c) Explain the data presented by the graph, including a description of the relative rates of metabolic processes
occurring at different depths of the pond.

(d) Describe how the relationship between net primary productivity and depth would be expected to differ if new
data were collected in mid-summer from the same pond. Explain your prediction.
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