Factors leading to the growth of Nationalism — economic exploitation, repressive colonial policies, socio-religious reform movernents (brief mention of contribution of Raja Rammohan Roy and Jyotiba. Phule) and role of the Press Foundation of the Indian National Congress —the Indian National Association (Surendranath Banerjee) and the East India Association (adabhai Naoroji) as precursors. Immediate objectives of the Indian National Congress — the first two sessions and their Presidents should be mentioned. One of the most distinguishing features of the “second half of the 19th century was the birth ional awakening in India. Tt originated Tollowing: © th& concepts of nationalism and right of aidetermifiation initiated by the French Revolution; © the socio-religious reform movements in India; © as an offshoot of modernisation introduced by the British in India; and ® a8 a reaction of the Indians to the British Colonial policies, The political awareness generated by these trends gave birth to various political associations. This trend culminated in the ¢Stablishment of the Indian National Congress in_1885, which * narked the formal beginning, of the organised National movement in India. FACTORS LEADING TO THE GROWTH OF ‘ aligm ? SOP NATIONALISM, 4, 4-1 ot Lis re t ei \Nationalism eis to the feeling of oneness Gnd common consciousness that emerges when Sth ot Wationalism ee Growth of Natio nalism people living in a common territory share the ‘same historical, political and cultural background, have the same cultural values and consider themselves as one nation’) Though India had a long history going back to many centuries, it was never a one nation and comprised many kingdoms. There were, however, times when vast portions of the Indian subcontinent came under the rule of one empire. But the loyalty of the people was towards a particular king or kingdom. The modern feeling of nationalism was lacking among them, It emerged during the British rule mainly as a reaction to the British rule and the clash of interests of the Indian people with those of the British. As we have read in the previous chapter, Indians resisted the British rule from its very beginning. But this resistance was localised and scattered. It was undertaken by the deposed chieftains, their descendants and relations, zamindars, ex-soldiers and officials of the Indian states. This traditional opposition to the British rule culminated in the First War of Independence. Although it failed to achieve its objectives, it inspired the Indians to resist the foreign power and make a determined struggle for the country’s freedom. @ The Artisans_——————— Es ¢ of the foreign rule ntiments rising among conditions conducive fa powerful National of the 19th century f national political ‘Thus, the very natur resulted in nationalistic set the Indians and produced to the rise and growth of Movement. The second half witnessed the emergence of consciousness and strong feel! There were lo the growth of nationalism. included the following: ing of nationalism. ‘many factors which contributed india. These Economic EXPLOraTion ‘There were many factors that aroused opposition to British rule; economic exploitation was, the most important_among, them, The Indians Tealised that the general aim of the British policies in India was to promote their own interests at the cost of welfare of Indians. The economic discontent of different sections of society was as follows: (y The Peasants; They were the main victims of British colonial policies. The government part of their produce in the ‘other taxes. These “exorbitant taxes led the peasants into the clutches of landlords and moneylenders. (ii) The Artisans and Craftsmen: The British economic policies were against the interests of Indian trade and industry. The English East India Company used its political power to destroy Indian handicrafts and industry. India became a source of raw materials for eae of Britain and a market for lished products. This policy crippled the © Lord Uyton artisans end the creftamen 85 TSH Wass ar their sources of livelihood. (iil) The Working Class: The growth of mode, imaustriea ted to the birth of anes opcial in India—the working class. They were explai by the factory owners, who were gener Englishmen. Although they formed a 9 section of the population, they represented jew social outlook. Their outlook and interes were broad covering whole of India, thoug of their factories were located in cities. All they)” factors made their political thinking far mo significant than their numerical strength, iv) The Educated Indians: The o employment available to the educated Indi was government service in which competitig was high and chances of promotions were bles ‘They had hoped that British capitalism woul help to develop India’s productive forces as had done for Britain. Instead, they found thi British policies were keeping India economic: backward. ‘Thus, all sections of the society felt that tha economic salvation lay in freeing themselvg from the British rule. To achieve this objectiv all the Indians had to come together on national platform. In the process, the spirit 9 nationalism received a powerful stimulus. Rerressive Corowa Pouicies ‘The nature of the British Colonial rule over Indi helped the growth of national sentiment amo the Indians. The British hi quered Indi to promote their own interests and therelo followed such repressive policies so as to makt India subservient to the needs of Britain. Thes policies became the major barrier to India economic, social, cultural, intellectual 8m political development. Some of these repressi%4 policies, especially those fe vita} Wrlofd_tywon organised a Grand DA Brrr eas oe were empress of India. Lakhs of uPe Spent on the event but nothing done for Indi ian: : é a famine, is who were in the gt? Total History &L¥fA Lytton introduced the Vernacular Press “Act (1878) and Indian“Aarms Act (1878), i) —<—< papers to publish any material that might imeite feelings of dissatisfaction against’ the British Government) This Act was not Applicable to English newspapers. In 1881 this Act was repealed by Lord Ripon af (the Indian Arms Act of 1878 made it criminal offence for Indians to carry arms without licence.)This Act was not applicable to the British. (ii) (Th faximum_age limit for appearing in the Indian Civil Service examination was reduced from 21 to 19 years.\Since this. Xai Was held in London, the reduction | in age limit made it more. | (x) Lord Lyton removed import duties on cotton textiles for the benefit of British dloth inudstry at the cost of nascent Indian textile industry. mee .P. Ibert, the Law member of the eroy’s Council prepared a bill, popularly imown as the Mbert Bill in 1883, This Bil provided for the trial of British or European persons by Indians. By this Act, the British | {ried to introduce equality between British | and Indian judges in India. This was ented by the British and they started a Defence Association to defend their, vileges. This reaction provoked itation by educated Indians. The, government ultimately withdrew the Bill ‘The event highlighted the racist attitude’ of the British in India. It made it clear to the Indians that justice and fairplay could not be expected where the interests of the European community were involved. a These repressive policies of the British Provided a stimulus to political agitation and Suickened the pace of Indian nationalism. _| _Secto-Rencrous Reroxm Movements (| “the socio-religious reform movements of the | | 19th century were pioneers of Indian nationalism. + | The impact of Western education, which led 10 ; | rational, humanitarian and scientific approach f | tolife, made educated Indians realise the need ‘Stowth of Hationatism In the 19th century, a number of socio-religious reform movements were started in India to get rid of various social evils prevalent in Indian society at that time. They wanted to create a new society devoid of prejudices based on caste, creed, religion or gender. These reformers wanted to remove evils like purdah system, sati pratha, child marriage, exploitation of lower castes and worked for upliftment of women and social justice for the weaker sections of society. Now think about the evils prevalent in Indian society today. Are they a continuation of the evils present earlier or are they a result of recent happenings? Think about such evils and the reforms needed for their abolition.. to reform their religion and society. They felt that the path to progress lay in the acceptance of the best of the East and the West, The result was the birth of socio-religious reform movements touching almost every segment of Indian society. In the social sphere, these movernents worked for the abolition of caste system, child marriage, dowry system, pusdah system, sati and infanticide. They launched a crusade against social and legal inequalities. In the religious sphere, these reform movements combated religious superstitions, attacked idolatry, polytheism and hereditary priesthood. These movements fought for individual liberty and social equality: (Pr¥ininent reform movements were started by Raja Rammohan Roy (Brahmo Samaj), Swami Dayanand Saraswati, (Anya Sama i, 33 Vivekananda (Ramakrishna Mission) and Jyotibe le (Satya, Shodhak Samaj a Rammohan Roy: Hé was one of the _ reatest social and religious reformers of 19th century, He wanted to do away with the religious and social evils which were prevalent in Bengal at that time. He was deeply moved by the love for his people and country and worked hard throughout his life for their religious, rocial, intellectual and political regeneration His Approach of Religion: Raja Rammohan Roy was a great humanist, who stressed on the unity of all religions. As a young man, he Studied Sanskrit and Hindu philosophy; thefa RajaRammonan Roy Quran as well as Persian and Arabic literature. He made an intensive study of western thought and culture. To study the Bible in the original he learnt Greek and Hebrew. In“ 1803, he wrote in Persian Gift to Monotheists in which he put forward eve weet beliefs in many Gods and for the worship of a single God, He strongly held the view that all the “principal ancient texts of the Hindus preached monotheism (Worship of one God). In_1815, he started the Atmiya Sabha and carried on a persistent struggle against worship of idols Brahmo Samaj believed in Monoilieism or worship of one God. It condemned idol worship” ‘and laid eniphasis of prayer, medTtation, Charge morality and strengthening the bonds beeen men of all religions and creeds Social Reforms: Rammohen Roy was against the Tigidity a the caste system. He started a campaign for the abolition of sati and purdah’ Salem, Condemned polygainy | marriages, and_ advocated the righ to remarry. Tt was because of the efforie mech Sy Raminohan Roy that ae Governor-General of Ind 1829 making the practic TAW He wa { purdah” T of aa ned the subj of women, To raise the wats se ugation Paras aU LCA DEMiemting one inheritance and property. he right of Ploncer of Indian JouFiati. uFRatism: Roy was a stat eam a bch Nationalist and @ammmoban & pioneer of lism. He brought out a nu, Bengali, English, Hing) Persian to spread scientific, literary and pojghvid knowledge among the Indians and raise py opinion on topics of current interest ang tepresent popular demands and grievs before the British government. Hé“Also sta a Bengali weekly called the ‘Samwad Kaun, ari’ & paper in Pérsian called ’ ‘Mirat-ul-Alhf| “Political Rights: Rammohan Roy was initiator of public agitation for demandid political and other rights. He demanded abolition of the East India Company’s t rights and heavy export duties on Indi goods. He also demanded separation of i executive and the judiciary, trial by jury, judig equality between Indians and European Indianisation of the superior services. Indian journ of journals in Rammohan Roy inaugurated the modem age Tb India. He was the father of Indian Renaissand and the prophet of Indian Nationalism.) 4 2. Jyotiba Phule: He was an urban-educatq member of a so-called low caste, His educati and personal experiences had made him criti of Hindu religion and customs. Upliftment of Women; Jyotiba Phule wo! for the upliftment of women, He consid women superior tomen and to maintain tht status of superiority, he wa: i education to women. In 1848, Jyoti Wi‘a school for untouchables. He pioneered the widow remarriage movement in Maharashtra and worked Tor the education of womeny—— He worked towards socio-economic4nd gender equality. He wanted to liberate the depressed classes and make them aware of their rights by educating them. Caste Structure: He considered the caste structure prevalent in India as an epitome of slavery. InVhis famous book, Ghulamgiri, he described the hardships and distress felt by the lower castes Social Justice for Lower Castes: ‘He founded the Satya Shodhak Samaj (Society of ruth Seekers) in 1873 with the aim of Securing social justice for the weaker sections of society. Errects or Socio-reticious Rerorm Movements on THe Growrs or Nationaust The socio-religious reform movements contributed to the onset of Indian Nationalism in the following ways: (ij) Swami Dayanand and Swami Vivekananda proclaimed the superiority of Indian culture and civilisation. The reformers condemned untouchability and the caste system. The ideas of brotherhood and equality attracted the so called lower castes. The reformers taught people not to ignore the importance of women, who could participate in the national movement. They protested against-the British domination of India. SWami Dayanand Saraswati was the first to use the word ‘Swaraj’ and to raise the slogan, ‘India for, he Thdigns: (a) (ii) () \) The reform movements created a consciousness of a new society devoid of privileges based on caste, creed or religion. Rowe of THe Press Large number of newspapers were the later half of the 19th century ‘ the prominent newspapers were the AMmet, Bazar Patrika, The Bengali, The Tribune, TRE Poneer, The “Times of India, ‘The Hindu and (he. ‘rowth of Nationalism ‘Statesman in English, Many other newspapers ane magazines in the vernacular languages were also brought out. These newspapers played a significant role in developing a strong national sentiment among the Indians. It did so in the following manner: (i) twas through the press that the message of patriotism and modern liberal ideals of liberty, freedom, equality, home rule and independence, spread among the people. (i) The press carried on daily criticism of the unjust policies of the British Government in India and exposed the true nature of British rule in India, It made possible the exchange of views among different social groups from different parts of the country and to organise political movements. It made Indians aware of what was happening in the world. This awareness helped them to understand the political and social development of the outside world and shape their own policies and programmes. (iv) PRECURSORS OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS By the second half of the 19th century, there emerged a consciousness among the Indians that the British were exercising control over the resources of India and the lives of its people and until this control was existed, India could not be a sovereign nation. This consciousness led to the formation of a number of political associations led by English-educated professionals. Though many of these associations were formed in specific parts of the country, (hey had common goals for all the people of India, They did not work for any one religion, community or class THfirst political association to be started in India was the Landholders’ Society in Kolkata in 1838, Many public agsi ing were started in different parts of Inia like Bengal British india Society, British indian Association, Bast, jndia Association, the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, ‘London Indian Si These associations served as a ba .s — an all India political formation of the Congres: g these inent amon organisation, The most prominent associations were the following: f i The. East India Association: , Th eo ee fas founded in London in |. The Association provided information on all Thdian subjects to British citizens and Members of Parliament. It voiced the grievances of Indians and suggested remedial measures. Dadabhai Naoroji, the Grand Old Man of India, was of the opinion that the British were basically just and good He wanted to place the truc_ ffairs in India before the people of England so that the problems of the Indians may be resolved. \ V the association had its branches in Mumbai,” Kolkata and Chennai * (2. Indian Association (1876): The Indian Asso was meant fo be an All-India Movement. It was headed by Surendranath Banerjee. The Association had lawyers, professionals and educated middle class as its members. This association had branches in Bengal as well as in towns outside Bengal. The objectives of the Indi hide Association inel (8) Creation ofa strong body of public opinion (i) Integration of Indian peo; ple on the basis of common S litical interests, "> ‘Surendranath Bsneiee ) Promotion of friendly relations bg 2 “indus and Muslims.’ ievement eee ‘Acts such as the Licence Ag. Arms Act and the Vernacular Press Ao against lowering the age limit from 21 4) years for the Imperial Civil Service {I¢ examination. It also took up the cause of, workers on the British-owned plantat However, the association failed to attain all-India character. 3. “indian National Conference (1889). 1883, Surendranath Banerjee convened the _India National Conference at Kolkata. Tt wail = provincial organisation. It offered a aa a nal Na the Indian National Congress which was for two years later Since, both these bodies served the say sl purpose, that is, to work for the welfare A Indians, it merged with the Indian Naticr| Congress in December 1886. FORMATION OF THE INDIAN NATIO! CONGRESS 7 Ine as} lee It 3 Various political organisations mentioned eat were local in character. However, their activi had prepared the ground for the creation af all-India political association. In of t dec Naj ranetjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, Pherozeshah Mal Badruddin “‘Tyabji_ and Justice mo a strange source, fe. f AO. Hume, a retired British member of 1 wan Civil Service. He wanted to set up # organisation that would draw the governmell attention to the administrative drawbacks # Suggest means to rectify them, Hume wrot. of the Caleut: dedicate them ‘¢ an open letter to the gradual ta University asking them by forming rS*l¥es to the service of the Pe né @ Union to organise a well-defi course of actio n. This ¢ f desired resutt appeal producedSie a ii in 1884 Hume, in consultation with the Indian leaders, laid ae indian National Union. ‘The conference of the representatives of different parts of India was convened by the Union at Pune on December 95, 1885. Plague broke out in Pune at that point of time. So the meeting of the Union was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, Mumbai from December 28 to 31, 1885 under the presidentship of Womesh Chandra Bonnerjec. It was attended by 72 delegates. On the suggestion of Dadabhai Naoroji the name of the Union was changed to the Indian National Congress. Thus, the foundation of the Indian National Congress was laid on December 788: ) {the Viceroy, Lord Dufferin, favoured the formation of the Congress because he wanted it to act as a ‘safety-valve’ for popular discontent,) on ‘ thereby, safegviarding the British interest in India, The Congress stood for the hopes and aspirations of the people of India who accepted its leadership in launching the freedom movement. It achieved the goal of freedom in 1947. @Qins_or tus InpuN Nariowa Coneress al address at the first session In his presidential of the Indian National Congress W.C, Bor declared the following as the aims of the Indian National Congress: : Yriendly relations between (i) To promote pe & WC. Bomneriee erjee BAO. Hume nationalist political workers from different parts of the count To.develop.and consolidate the feelings of national unity irrespective of caste, religion or province; (ii) To formulate popular demands and present them before the government, (ii To train and organise public opinion in the country. tiv) ‘The Congress held its sessions every year in December to challc out programmes to achieve its aims. Changes were made in the above mentioned aims of the Congress from time to time, according to the changed circumstances. Sessions oF THE Concress (he First Session of the Congress under the presidentship of W.C. Bonnerjee was attended by 72 delegates from all parts Of India, including such eminent persons as Dadabhai_Naoroji, KT. Telang, Pherozeshah Mehta, Badraddin > Fyabji, G. Subramania ly ‘Ananda Charla, — NG. Chandavarkar Justice Ranade. The Second session of 1886 was held at Kolkata under the Presidentship of Dadabhai Naoroji. Some of the delegates were “received” by Lord Dufferin as ‘distinguished visitors to the capital’. ‘Thereafter, the National Congress met every year in December in different parts of the country and the number of its delegates soon increased to thousands.aa) Sa ee eee ae Gane Resolution Split between the wings The National 4 Jana Gana Mana sung for the first 63rd (Surat) 1907 Sih (Kolkata) {or{Lucknow) 1916 Joint session with Muslim League af signing of Lucknow p x agua Naorof TheSurat Session (23rd Session) of the Congress was held in 1907 under the Presidentship of Rashbehari Ghosh. There was a dispute between the Early Nationalists and the Assertive Nationalists of the Congress regarding the methods of agitation in Bengal after its partition. There was a split in the Congress The Assertive group was excluded from the Congress nearly for a decade. It was only in 1916 that the two wings of the Congress were united at the Lucknow Session. CHAPTER AT A'GLANCE > Py Factors Leading to the Growth of Nationalism: (i) Economic Exploitation of India; (ii) Represti Colonial Policies followed by the British in India; (iii) Socio-Religious Reform Movements; and |iv) of the Press, | aoth (Belgaum) 1924 Mahatma Gang presided over this ses 44th (Lahore) 1929 Declaration of Poor Swaraj and to launch Disobedience Movemat |Sist(Haripura) 1938 Subhas Chandra Bo was elected as th President. 'y public associations were started in different parts of In after 1858, which were the forerunners of the Indian National Congres: r in id | India Association (1866); (b) Indian Association fee pear Formation of the Indian National Congress: Founded 1a gress: Foy by A.O. Hume, a retired English civil se gh December 28, 1885. The first session held from December 28 to 31, 1885 at Golaldas Te | Sanskrit College, Mumbai under the Presidentship of W.C. Bonnerjee, | ims of the Indian National Congr * (i) To promote friendly relati Seeks ee ean Cou J ly relations between nationalist politi a counts velop a ; fort ‘To le poy EXERCISES 1. Multiple-Choice Questions AL Select the correct option, i. Nationalism is defi ism is defined as feeling of onenes territory share the same oc (}) historical background; ; (i) cultural vahues Gi) pol 1 4), (i) ana (iy (by (WY) religion, MG and te) (6), (i) and ty) (ay (i), (it) and (i)2. How did the socio-religious reform movements of the 19th century act as pioneers of Indian erent i Nationalism? ; ye i a sist ociined the superiority of Indian culture and civilisation. (ii) They believed that British rule in India would lead to a society based on equality and equanimity. Z Seas (ii) They created a consci ivi pies rented wi siousness of a new society devoid of priviledges based on caste, fa) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) Ai and (iii) (d) All of the above. 3. Ibert Bill proposed to be introduced i i eign of Lord Riponadvocated in i : eee 1c 1883 during the reigi (a), Higher power for European Magistrates Equal power for Buropean and Indian Magistrates (c] Abolishment of the appointment of Indian Judges in High Courts (d) None of these, 4. The first meeting/session of the Indian National Congress was held at (a) Kolkata {6) Mumbai {c] Chennai (a) Prayagraj 5. Who presided over the first Session of Indian National Congress? (a) Allen Octavian Hume (b) Motilal Nehra W. C, Bonnerjec (d), None of these 6. W.C. Bonnerjee: Mumbai:: Dadabhai Naoroji (a) Nagpur {b) Mumbai (f Kolkata (@) Allahabad 7. Why did Lord Dufferin favour the formation of the Congress? (a) He wanted to promote the growth of nationalism in India (He wanted it to act like a safety-valve for popular discontent {c) He wanted to mould public opinion in favour of the British (a) None of the above: dt. From the given list) identity the alms of te Dadian Nations! "592s at ite First session. () To promote friendly relations between nationalist political workers from different parts of the country: (ii) To formulate policies for (iii) To train and organise publ (iv) To develop and consolidate 1 or province. Choote the correct option from the codes ever below: (a), Only (i) and (ii) (b) Only Gi, fi) and J only Gi) and (iv) (@) Only fii) and i) = ; “ 3 to study in detail about the evil practice of Sali’ in India. 9. Salah waste 20 Sm wo ow that yin device was abolished by Wiliam Bentinck, tee Governor-General of India in 1829. Who was the Indian social reformer whose efforts ted to the abolition of this evil practice: Dayanand Saraswat the government Lic opinion in against the British. hhe feelings of national unity irrespective of caste, religion ee (Wh) Rammohan Roy fa) Swa (a) Swami Vivekananda (c) Jyotiba Phule Growth of Nationatism10. . Short Answer Questions Tas a 3. 4 5. o r time of slavery, Ino. in India as an epitime a idered the caste system Perea felt by the lower castes. Who was hep He consi s 5 famous books he described the har en im Dayanand Saraswat : (a), Rammohan Roy (a) Ramakrishna Parambansa 3 eee nd select the option that shows the Read the two statements given below a relationship between (A) and (B)- oe (A) Although India had a long history going Dac! y kingdoms nation and area ee ee during the British rule mainly as a reaction ion penturies, it Was neve My. (B) The feeling of nati British rule. (a) (B) contradicts (A) () (A) is true but (B) is false rane : (A). The British government used to take away a large part of the farmers’ produce jy form of land revenue and other taxes. (B) The farmers were led into the clutches of Jandlords and moneylenders. (a) (B) contradicts (A) (5) (B) is the reason for (A) (c] (A) is true but (B) is false (d) (A) and (B) are independent of each o (4) All sections of Indian society gradually realised that their salvation lay in themselves from the yoke of British rule. (B) All sections of society came together on one platform to work towards their salva oy, (2) (B) contradicts (A) (®) (B) is the reason for (A) (6) (A) is true but (B) is false (d) 1A) and (B) are independent of each (A) ihe social reformers launched a crusade against socio-religious evils prevale Indian society in the 19th century. (B) Many newspapers and magazines in vematular languages were brought out, (@) (B) contradicts (A) (0) (A) is true but (B) is false @ (A) Various. Political associa Ow) is the reason for (A) (a) (A) and (B) are independent of each, (B) The Indian Nation: {3}, (B) contradicts (4} (A) is true but (3) is falge (8) is the reason for (A) (€)_ (A) and (B) are independent of each ott State two reasons fo; Give two ndians, rel Tigious ea Tefo: so-teligicus reformers why nd emeRtS worked for Re © pre eon) Rela’ Resmmnohan pore aed the eround Srniatioual amem °Ys approach to religionN 2 ee the organisation founded by Raja Rammohan Roy. Why did he establishthis organisation? 10, What was the objective of the Ibert Bill? Why was it not passed? 11. Mention two main objectives of the Indian Association, 12. Mention the regi i + gional association that each nat! i (a) Surendranath Banerjee (b) Dadabhai Naoroji TTS 5 .| Hi. Structured Questions 1. Various factors led to the rise and i growth of nationalism in India in the 19th c In this context, explain the role of each of the following: i lees {a} Economic Exploitation (b) Repressive Colonial Policies. (c} The Press. a 2. With reference to Nationalism and the birth of th ional Congress, explain ete expla Net of the Indian Nation: gress, expl: (a) Vernacular Press Act, 1878. | [b) State any three objectives of the Indian National Congress. (0) Role of Dadabhai Naoroji. : i 3. The establishment of the Indian National Congress was 4 significant event in the 2 development of national movement in India. In this context | (2) What was the name of the Indian National Congress before it got this name? Who gave it its present name? Where was it established and who was its founder? (o) Why did Lord Dufferin favour the formation of the Indian National Congress? (c) What was the nature of the political associations formed before the Indian National Congress was established? Name any two associations which acted es a the forerunners of the Indian National Congress. IV. Picture Study | {a) Identify the person in the given picture. ‘Name the organisation ‘ formed by him. State any two beliefs of this organisation h with regard to upliftment of women. (b) Mention his contribution to the growth of Indian National n movement [c) How did the socio-religious reform movements of the 19th century act as pioneers of Indian Nationalism? “| { Vv. Thinking Skills d | 1, Imagine you are @ potter, making water BESS: List the difficulties that you are facing in the second half of the 19th century A da a | aca ahmo Samaj. Elaborate what convinced you 10 Jo 2. Imagine you are a member of PNT enced by Raja Rammohan Roy the Brahmo Samaj and how are ¥* izh school student living in th ‘of reading @ Hewspaper evel itish. second half of the 19th century | 3. Suppose you were a fi ry day created strong nationalist | | State how your routine sentiments against the Bri Growth of Nationalism