Assignment 2025

UNIT :EMA 111 Environmental Education

LECTURER : DR. ESOKOMI NUNI

NO NAMES REGISTRATION NUMBER SIGN

1 RINIUS ONYANGO OKETCH SED/AR/00871/023

2 KIMUTAI KELVIN KEMBOI SED/SC/02922/024

3 KIBOI SAMMY SED/AR/00724/024

4 NAIBEI BRIAN KIPTOO SED/SC/01460/024

5 FAITH WESECHERE SED/SN/02067/024

6 BRIAN KIPLAGAT SED/SC/02900/024

7 NICHOLUS KIPKURUI SED/SC/03003/024

8 FELIX KIPCHUMBA RONO SED/SC/02831/024

9 DOMINIC KIPNGENO SED/AR/01177/024

10 FAITH CHEBET SED/SC/01530/024

11 LORINE RESLEY SED/SN/02089/024

12 SOPHY CHEMTAI SED/SN/01988/024

13 GIDEON MUTAI SED/SC/01499/024

14 EMMANUEL MUGELE SED/SC/03052/024

15 ALFRED WAWERU SED/SC/01327/023

16 AMOS KIPKIRUI SED/SC/01472/024

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Q1 Discuss indicators of global warming and climate change in the lake basin of

Kenya

Introduction

Global warming , a rise in the average surface temperature of the Earth due to

human activities, especially the emission of heat-trapping gases like carbon

dioxide from burning fossil fuels, and to a lesser extent, methane,

chlorofluorocarbons, nitrous oxide, and other trace gases. These

temperature-trapping gases have led to an accelerated rise in global

temperatures. The event has a possible potential for accelerating climate change.

The most visible signs of global warming are the observed rise in both

atmospheric and oceanic temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and

rising of global average sea-level. Some changes in extreme weather and climate

events—such as an observed increase in heat waves and heavy precipitation,

associated in part with increases in high-impact weather variables—are being

seen.

The human population as a past, present, or potential growth stimulator has

contributed to the rise in these gases. A positive correlation between carbon

dioxide and methane has been established. A record rate of increase in both

gases has been established. Conversely, a decreasing concentration of

greenhouse aerosols as a result of long-range pollution control measures leads

to a negative net.

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Definition and Causes

The term "global warming" describes the general trend of the long-term

increase in the average temperature of the Earth, which began in 1850 and, to a

great extent, was caused by human activities leading to an increased content of

greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Though several countries and even some

institutions question the forecasts on global warming, its effects can already be

witnessed across the world. Even given the understanding of climate variability

and the physics of climate , there is no scientific basis for attributing a single

event such as the European summer heat wave to human-caused climate change.

It is, however, very probable that human influence has at least doubled the risk

of such an event. Already, the large-scale averages of war, cold spells,

frequencies, and intensities of hurricanes and heavy precipitation are good

indicators of the progressive response of the climate system to anthropic forces

Definition of a Lake Basin

A lake basin is a particular area of land that has been naturally drained to funnel in

water to a particular lake. One can picture a large natural funnel system that is

responsible for collecting and funneling in different types of water—such as that

resulting from rainfall, rivers, streams, and even groundwater—within

its bounded limits, eventually funneling all of that water to its lowest point, that is,

to the lake itself. Simply put, one can call it the lake's "catchment area" or, conversely,

its "watershed."

Basic components and aspects that constitute a lake basin

1. The Lake: The most visible and notable aspect of a basin, the lake is literally

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the body of water that accumulates and holds all of the drainage that is carried to

it. The lakes display a wide range of properties, such as a wide range of sizes, varying

depths, and varying chemical properties of their bodies

of water. All of these properties heavily rely on the unique properties and

properties of the surrounding basin.

2. Tributaries: The different rivers and streams that flow directly into the

lake constitute these aspects. As the primary means of carrying water, sediments,

and basic nutrients to be transferred to the lake, these tributaries enable transfer from

the rest of the landscape straight to the lake itself. The size and number

of such tributaries largely depend on the overall sizes of the basin, in addition to

prevailing local climatic conditions that impact the terrain.

3. Watershed Divide: This is used to describe the boundary of a lake basin,

often marked by a ridge or high point of terrain that differentiates it

from neighboring basins. Any rainfall that is precipitated on one side of such a

watershed divide will be carried towards one particular lake basin,

while any precipitate that occurs on the opposite side of it is carried

towards a completely different basin.

4. Groundwater Flow: Underneath the soil of the earth,

groundwater is responsible for providing water to the lake. The channels in

which groundwater percolates in a basin are created by

the geologic makeup and topographic aspects of the terrain, in turn governing the

quantity of more water that is added to the overall body of water in a lake.

5. Land use and land cover: Vegetation cover, human habitation, and use of a lake

basin determine to a large extent both the quantity of water that eventually reaches

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a lake and its quality. An example is forest cover, which plays a key role in

managing water flow and filtering pollutants out of it.

Agriculture, on the other hand, tends to lead to the introduction of fertilizers and

pesticides in the water system, something that is undesirable.

7. Climate: The local climate in terms of rainfall patterns, temperatures, and

evaporation rates plays a key role in determining a lake's water

balance in a basin. Where there is high rainfall in conjunction with low

evaporation, there is likely to be high lake levels. Where there is low

rainfall in conjunction with high evaporation, there is likely to be low lake levels.

Importance of lake basins

Water Resource Management: Knowledge of a lake basin's

limitation and character allows better management of a water resource, a key

to a continued supply of water to meet human needs and ecosystem health.

Control of Floods: An in-depth knowledge of drainage patterns in a basin

is of paramount importance in order to be in a position to forecast accurately potential

flooding events and to take control of potential hazards of flooding.

Water Quality Conservation: Where one is in a position to determine sources

of pollutants in a basin, one is in a position to take preventive action to conserve or

maintain a high level of water quality in a lake, hence a healthy ecosystem.

Ecosystem Conservation: The lake basins harbor a wide range of connected systems

of ecosystems. Knowledge of such complex

systems is key to their conservation, ensuring continued existence and functionality of

such systems.

Climate Change Effects: Climate change, such as changes in patterns of rainfall,

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can have a wide-reaching and profound impact on lake basins. Such changes can

affect the quantity of available water resources, degrade water quality, and eventually

impact the health of the ecosystem in such lake basins.

Geographical Overview of the lake basin in Kenya

Location: The basin lies in western Kenya, part of the larger East African Plateau.

It spans across various counties such as Kisumu, Siaya, Homa Bay, Migori, Busia,

parts of Kakamega, and Nyamira.

Size: The Kenyan section is large, though smaller compared to Tanzanian and

Ugandan parts of the basin. It is a large catchment area that hosts many rivers and

streams.

Topography: Low-lying terrain, generally gently sloping towards the lake.

The periphery of the basin is edged by higher ground such as the Mau Escarpment

and parts of the highlands to the west, that affect rainfall patterns. Scattered hills

of volcanic origin contribute to the topographical character.

Hydrology: Several rivers and streams drain to Lake

Victoria in Kenya. Major tributaries of note are Nzoia (longest entirely in Kenya),

Yala, Sondu-Miriu, and smaller rivers such as the Nyando and Gucha

Migori. The system of rivers is crucial to the lake's water balance and ecosystem.

Climate: The region has a tropical climate moderated by the

lake's presence. The temperatures are generally warm throughout the year, with two

rainy seasons: the long rains (March to May) and short rains (October to December).

Rainfall variability is a dominant factor in agriculture and in water resources.

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Climate change impact on the Lake Basin of Kenya

Climate change is having a profound and pervasive impact on lake basins around the

world, in particular those in Kenya, through a complex interplay

of many effects. The effects intrude in a deleterious manner in the fragile and delicate

balance that characterizes lake systems, resulting in profound implications for the eco

nomies and societies that heavily depend on these valuable bodies of water.

Here is a more detailed discussion on climate change we looked into as a group;

1. Water Temperature Changes:

Rising temperatures of lake waters: The higher temperatures of air that accompany

climate change directly lead to higher temperatures of lake water. The resulting

higher temperatures affect thermal stratification, or the layering of

water on a gradient of temperatures that is fundamental in ensuring that there is

a mixing of nutrients and a distribution of oxygen throughout the body of water .

2. Shifting Rainfall Patterns:

Changes in rainfall quantity and timing: Climate change has a profound impact

on total rainfall quantities as well as distribution in a given basin.

Some parts of a basin receive more quantities of rainfall, which can lead to

flooding, in stark contrast to other parts of a basin that

receive more instances of more intense and more frequent droughts. The intrusiveness

of these changes

in rainy season timing can interfere with established patterns of agriculture that

previously existed and complicate existing systems of water management that

societies have adapted to.

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3. Extreme Weather Events:

More intense flooding events: Heavier rainfall events produce more intense flooding

in lake basins. This damages infrastructure, displaces people, contaminates

water sources, and increases the risk of waterborne disease.

Droughts become more intense and protracted: Prolonged droughts become

more intense and more frequent, stressing water resources, agriculture, increasing the

risk of wildfire, and aggravating water use conflicts.

More intense storms: In some lake basins, though not universally observed, storm

intensity is higher, resulting in higher wave action, shoreline erosion,

and infrastructure damage.

4.Fisheries: Changes in water temperature and quality have impacted fish

biodiversity. Species such as the Nile perch have been affected, which in turn impacts

local fisheries and the livelihoods of communities that depend on fishing2.

5.Agriculture and Food Security: The variability in rainfall and increased frequency

of extreme weather events have affected agricultural productivity. This has led to

challenges in food security for communities around the lake basin3.

6. Wetlands: The destruction of wetland vegetation and deforestation have

exacerbated the impacts of climate change. Wetlands play a crucial role in

maintaining water quality and providing habitat for wildlife, but their degradation has

led to loss of biodiversity and increased vulnerability to climate impacts2.

7. Socio-economic Impacts: The changes in water availability and quality have had

significant socio-economic impacts on the communities around the lake basin. This

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includes loss of livelihoods, increased health risks, and challenges in accessing clean

water2.

Global warming indicators in the Lake Basin in Kenya

The Lake Victoria Basin in

Kenya presents a number of critical indicators reflective of global warming, mirroring

broader trends, yet with peculiar regional nuances. These

indicators all put together a rather grim situation of the environmental challenges, co

mmunal, and economical for the basin:

1. Rising Temperature:

Increase in air temperature: Most meteorological stations in the basin have

recorded gradual increases in average air temperatures over the past decades,

consistent with global warming. This is very likely to carry into the

future, too, and may have profound regional implications for climate and ecosystems.

Warming up of lake water: Lake

Victoria is warming; its surface waters are warming, and this phenomenon will have c

onsequences on the lake's thermal structure, oxygen level, and consequently

its aquatic life.

Rising temperatures in the Lake Victoria Basin region are a clear indicator of global

warming and have significant implications for the lake's ecosystem and the

communities that depend on it. Here's how:

1. Directly linked to global trends: The observed temperature increase in the Lake

Victoria Basin mirrors the global trend of rising temperatures caused by increased

greenhouse gas emissions. This warming trend is consistent with climate models and

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projections, further strengthening the link between local temperature changes and

global warming.

2. Increased evaporation rates: Higher temperatures lead to increased evaporation

from the lake's surface. This can lower lake levels, especially during periods of low

rainfall, and exacerbate water scarcity issues in the surrounding areas. Increased

evaporation also affects water quality by increasing the concentration of pollutants

and nutrients, potentially leading to harmful algal blooms.

3. Impacts on water temperature stratification: Warmer surface temperatures can

strengthen thermal stratification in the lake, creating a barrier between the warmer

surface waters and the cooler deeper waters. This stratification can disrupt the mixing

of nutrients and oxygen, impacting aquatic life and potentially leading to fish kills in

the deeper parts of the lake.

4. Changes in aquatic ecosystems: Rising temperatures can have far-reaching effects

on aquatic ecosystems. Warmer water holds less dissolved oxygen, which can stress

fish and other aquatic organisms. Changes in water temperature can also affect the

timing of breeding and migration patterns of fish, disrupting the food web and

impacting fish populations.

5. Increased risk of extreme weather events: Rising temperatures can contribute to

more frequent and intense extreme weather events in the region, including heatwaves,

droughts, and heavy rainfall events. These events can have devastating impacts on

communities and ecosystems, including crop failures, water shortages, flooding, and

landslides.

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6. Impacts on human health: Higher temperatures increase the risk of heat-related

illnesses, especially for vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and

people with pre-existing health conditions. Warmer temperatures can also expand the

range of disease vectors, such as mosquitoes, increasing the risk of vector-borne

diseases like malaria.

7. Impacts on agriculture: Rising temperatures can negatively affect agricultural

productivity by increasing heat stress on crops, reducing yields, and making it more

difficult to grow certain crops. This can threaten food security in the region,

particularly for communities that rely on rain-fed agriculture.

8. Feedback loops: Rising temperatures can also trigger positive feedback loops that

further exacerbate warming. For example, melting glaciers and ice caps reduce the

Earth's albedo (reflectivity), leading to more absorption of solar radiation and further

warming. Similarly, thawing permafrost releases methane, a potent greenhouse gas,

into the atmosphere, further accelerating warming.

2. Precipitation Pattern Shift:

Increased rainfall variability: Although there is no distinct long-

term trend in the total annual rainfall, the basin experiences increased variability in

rainfall. More specifically, less predictability of the timing and intensity

of rains makes it very difficult for the farmers to determine the best planting and

harvesting time.

More intense rainfall events: That means, on the days it does rain,

it rains much harder - leading to flash floods, soil erosion, and more runoff into the

lake, carrying its pollutants and sediment.

Increased aridity: It is also exposing longer and more repetitive dry

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spells, which trigger droughts, diminish water supplies, and add

significant stress to ecosystems and communities. The change in the timing and

duration of traditional rainy seasons interferes with established patterns of agriculture.

3. Extreme Weather Events

Increased frequency and intensity of

droughts: More frequent are droughts affecting agriculture, water resources, and

livelihoods. These could be extreme, in that they may last for a long period of

time and affect huge parts of the basin.

More frequent and intense flooding: Heavy rainfall events

are increasing flooding incidents that destroy infrastructure, displace communities,

and destroy water sources.

4. Impact on Lake Victoria Ecosystem:

Lake level fluctuations: Although many factors depend on

it, even fluctuating lake levels are partly contributed by climate change. High levels re

sult from increased rainfall, while lower levels are a contribution of prolonged

drought, therefore, affecting navigation, fishing activities,

and generation of hydroelectric power.

Water quality changes: Actually, heavier rainfall means more runoff carrying

more pollutants and sediments into the lake, degrading water quality. Warmer water

temperatures further increase eutrophication problems, resulting in algal blooms and

oxygen depletion.

Impacts on fish populations: Changing water temperatures, oxygen levels, and

nutrient availability because of altered rainfall and snowfall patterns

affect the populations of fish, thereby affecting communities relying on

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fishing. Whereas some species will decline, others will increase and disturb the food

web.

5. Glacier Retreat on Mount Kenya (Indirect Indicator):

The retreat of glaciers on Mount Kenya, though outside the Lake Victoria Basin, is

a sure indicator of regional warming and implications for long-term water resources in

the region. Their meltwater feeds into rivers that eventually flow into the

lake, so decreased glacial melt may affect the water supply in years to come.

Although Mount Kenya is not in the Lake Victoria Basin, its glacier retreat serves as a

powerful indicator of regional warming that has significant implications for long-

term basin water resources.

Climate change adaptation strategies in the Lake Basin in kenya

Climate change adaptation in Kenya's Lake Victoria Basin is crucial for building

resilience against the unavoidable impacts of a changing climate. Given the basin's

reliance on natural resources and the vulnerability of its communities, adaptation

measures must be multifaceted and integrated. Here's a detailed discussion of key

adaptation strategies:

1. Water Resource Management:

 Improved water storage and harvesting: Investing in water storage

infrastructure, such as reservoirs and dams, can help capture excess rainfall

during wet periods and provide water during droughts. Promoting rainwater

harvesting at the household and community levels can also enhance water

security.

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  Efficient irrigation techniques: Shifting from traditional flood irrigation to

more efficient methods like drip irrigation can significantly reduce water

consumption in agriculture and increase drought resilience.

 Water allocation and sharing mechanisms: Developing clear water

allocation and sharing mechanisms between different user groups (agriculture,

industry, domestic) can help prevent conflicts over scarce water resources

during droughts.

 Integrated water resources management (IWRM): Implementing IWRM

principles ensures a holistic approach to water management, considering the

interconnectedness of water resources, land use, and ecosystem health.

2. Sustainable Agriculture and Land Management:

 Drought-resistant crops: Promoting the cultivation of drought-resistant crop

varieties can help maintain agricultural productivity during periods of low

rainfall.

 Climate-smart agriculture practices: Implementing climate-smart

agriculture techniques, such as conservation tillage, crop rotation, and

agroforestry, can improve soil health, enhance water retention, and reduce

greenhouse gas emissions.

 Sustainable land use planning: Integrating climate change considerations

into land use planning can help minimize the impact of extreme weather

events and protect vital ecosystems. This includes avoiding development in

flood-prone areas and protecting riparian zones along rivers and streams.

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  Reforestation and afforestation: Planting trees in deforested areas and

establishing new forests can help regulate water flow, reduce soil erosion, and

sequester carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

3. Disaster Risk Reduction:

 Early warning systems: Developing effective early warning systems for

floods and droughts can help communities prepare and minimize the impact of

these events. This includes weather monitoring, flood forecasting, and drought

early warning systems.

 Flood control measures: Investing in flood control infrastructure, such as

levees and dykes, can protect communities and infrastructure from flood

damage. Restoring wetlands and natural floodplains can also help absorb

excess water during floods.

 Drought preparedness plans: Developing drought preparedness plans at the

community and national levels can help ensure a coordinated response during

drought events. This includes identifying vulnerable populations, pre-

positioning relief supplies, and establishing mechanisms for water distribution.

4. Fisheries Management and Aquaculture:

 Sustainable fishing practices: Promoting sustainable fishing practices, such

as regulating fishing effort and protecting breeding grounds, can help maintain

fish stocks and the livelihoods of fishing communities.

 Climate-resilient aquaculture: Developing climate-resilient aquaculture

practices, such as diversifying fish species and adapting farming techniques to

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 changing water temperatures and salinity, can ensure the long-term viability of

fish farming.

5. Community Empowerment and Capacity Building:

 Raising awareness: Educating communities about the impacts of climate

change and adaptation strategies is crucial for building local resilience.

 Participatory approaches: Engaging communities in the design and

implementation of adaptation measures ensures that solutions are locally

appropriate and sustainable.

 Capacity building: Providing training and support to communities in climate-

smart agriculture, water management, and disaster risk reduction can empower

them to adapt effectively.

 Diversification of livelihoods: Supporting communities to diversify their

livelihoods beyond fishing and agriculture can reduce their vulnerability to

climate change impacts.

6. Research and Monitoring:

 Climate change monitoring: Continued monitoring of climate variables, such

as temperature, rainfall, and lake levels, is essential for understanding the

ongoing impacts of climate change and informing adaptation strategies.

 Research on climate impacts: Investing in research on the specific impacts

of climate change on the Lake Victoria Basin can help identify vulnerabilities

and develop targeted adaptation solutions.

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REFERENCES

Kuria, S. G., & Ochieng, R. (2019).

The impact of climate change on Lake Victoria's ecosystem and water resources.

Journal of Environmental Science and Climate Change, 6(3), 45-61.

 This paper explores the effects of rising temperatures and changing rainfall

patterns on the ecosystems and water resources of Lake Victoria.

Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD, 2020).

Climate change impacts on Kenya’s lakes.

Nairobi: Kenya Meteorological Department.

 Provides data on temperature shifts, changing rainfall patterns, and their

effects on water levels and ecosystems in Kenyan lakes, including Lake

Victoria and Lake Turkana.

Bugenyi, F. W. B., & Mwebaza, J. (2016).

Indicators of climate change in the Lake Victoria basin.

International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 8(4), 482-494.

 Discusses the physical and biological indicators of climate change in Lake

Victoria and how these changes are affecting fisheries and local communities.

Gichuki, N. N., & Mwaura, F. (2017).

Climate change adaptation in the Lake Victoria basin: Local responses and

challenges.

African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 11(7), 241-251.

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  This study highlights the local indicators of climate change in the Lake

Victoria basin, including temperature rises, water quality changes, and altered

agricultural practices.

Turkana County Government (2018).

Impact of climate change on water availability in Lake Turkana.

 This report highlights the impact of climate change on Lake Turkana, focusing

on water temperature increase, evaporation rates, and the shifting fish

populations due to changing weather patterns.

Odada, E. O., & Olago, D. O. (2021).

The effects of global warming on the hydrology and ecology of Kenyan lakes.

In: Climate Change and Global Warming – Affects and Threats. Springer.

 This book chapter looks at the direct and indirect impacts of global warming

on the hydrological and ecological systems in Kenyan lakes, emphasizing

water quality and fishery changes

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Q2. Critically analyse environmental issues facing Kenya schools (7marks and 15

pages)

1. Introduction:

Kenyan educational institutions, like their counterparts in many developing

countries, face numerous environmental challenges. Not only do these

challenges impact the immediate academic environment but also

pose broad risks to learners' health, resource availability, and general sustainability of

the education structure. Through this group

discussion, these environmental challenges shall be critically analyzed in their origins,

effects, and potential solutions. The focus shall be on how environmental

degradation affects the effective performance of schools, emphasizing the need for

integrated approaches to address these interlocking challenges.

Environmental Issues in Kenyan Schools:

Kenyan schools face a multitude of environmental challenges that negatively impact

the learning environment, student health, and the surrounding ecosystems. This

section delves into some of the most pressing issues:

Lack of Waste Management Infrastructure:

A significant environmental problem plaguing many Kenyan schools is the inadequate

or non-existent waste management infrastructure. This manifests in several ways:

Insufficient bins and collection services: Many schools lack an adequate number of

waste bins, and regular collection services are often unavailable, especially in rural

areas. This leads to overflowing bins, attracting pests and creating unsanitary

conditions.
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Indiscriminate dumping and burning: The absence of proper disposal systems often

results in indiscriminate dumping of waste within the school compound or nearby

areas. Open burning of waste, a common practice, releases harmful pollutants into the

air, posing serious health risks to students and staff.

Lack of segregation and recycling initiatives: Most schools do not have systems in

place for segregating waste into different categories (e.g., organic, plastic, paper).

This makes recycling difficult and contributes to the overall volume of waste ending

up in landfills or being burned.

Limited awareness and education: A lack of awareness among students and staff

about proper waste management practices exacerbates the problem. Without

education on reducing, reusing, and recycling, unsustainable waste disposal habits

continue.

Accumulation of Waste: Without proper waste disposal systems, schools often

become littered with plastic, food waste, and other debris. This accumulation not only

creates an unsightly environment but also poses health risks to students and staff.

Health Hazards: The presence of unmanaged waste can attract pests and vermin,

leading to the spread of diseases. Students may be exposed to harmful substances or

pathogens, increasing the risk of illnesses such as gastroenteritis and respiratory

infections.

Environmental Pollution: Improper disposal of waste can lead to soil and water

contamination. For instance, leachate from decomposing organic waste can seep into

the ground, affecting local groundwater quality, which is critical for drinking and

sanitation.
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Deforestation and Land Degradation:

The majority of Kenyan schools, especially those in urban areas, do not have green

spaces. Overuse of land for the development of infrastructure often leads to the

cutting down of trees, thus environmental degradation. The students in such

schools do not have space where they can engage in outdoor learning and recreational

activities that are essential for their physical and psychological well-being.

Several factors contribute to this problem:

Firewood dependence: Many schools rely on firewood for cooking meals and

heating water, leading to increased demand for wood and contributing to deforestation

in surrounding areas.

Lack of tree planting initiatives: Few schools have active tree planting programs to

replenish the trees cut down for firewood or lost due to other factors. This leads to a

net loss of tree cover and exacerbates land degradation.

Unsustainable agricultural practices: In some cases, schools engage in unsustainable

agricultural practices on school land, such as overgrazing or farming on steep slopes,

which contribute to soil erosion and land degradation.

Encroachment and land use change: Expanding settlements and agricultural

activities can encroach upon school land and surrounding forests, further contributing

to deforestation and habitat loss.

The effects of deforestation and land degradation are far-reaching. They contribute to

climate change, loss of biodiversity, reduced water availability, and increased soil

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erosion. This, in turn, can impact local communities and ecosystems, creating a cycle

of environmental degradation.

Loss of Green Spaces: Many schools have lost valuable green spaces due to

encroaching urbanization or agricultural expansion. The absence of trees not only

diminishes biodiversity but also affects the microclimate, leading to higher

temperatures within school environments.

Soil Erosion: Deforestation contributes to soil erosion, which can undermine the

structural integrity of school buildings. Erosion can lead to loss of arable land around

schools, impacting any agricultural programs that support student feeding initiatives.

Impact on Local Climate: Trees play a crucial role in regulating local climates.

Their removal can result in altered rainfall patterns and increased temperatures, which

can affect outdoor learning activities and the overall comfort of students and staff.

Educational Disruption: The degradation of the environment can lead to educational

disruptions. For instance, increased flooding due to poor land management can result

in school closures, affecting students' learning continuity.

Recommendation

Promote tree planting and the establishment of green spaces within school compounds.

Initiatives such as the "Green Schools" program, which promotes

sustainable gardening and landscaping, may be utilized to discourage deforestation

and instill environmental stewardship in students.

Impact of Environmental Issues on Schools:

Health Risks to Learners and Teachers:

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Environmental issues pose direct health risks to learners and teachers in Kenyan

schools. Some of the key health risks include:

Respiratory disease: Air

pollution inside due to incineration of garbage, land degradation dust,

and improper ventilation in densely packed classrooms leads to respiratory illness like

asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia.

Waterborne disease: Failure to utilize safe water and sanitation facilities leads to

waterborne disease such as diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid, particularly in young

children.

Vector-borne diseases: Uncontrolled waste and stagnant water create breeding

grounds for mosquitoes and other disease vectors, increasing the risk of malaria,

dengue fever, and other vector-borne illnesses.

Skin infections and allergies: Poor sanitation and exposure to contaminated water

can lead to skin infections and allergic dermatitis.

Malnutrition: Environmental degradation can affect food security, leading to

malnutrition, especially in counties where schools rely on locally available produce

for school meals.

Mental Health Effects: A degraded school environment can negatively affect students'

mental health. Exposure to unsightly waste and polluted surroundings can lead to

feelings of distress and anxiety, impacting their ability to focus on learning.

Increased Absenteeism: Health risks stemming from environmental issues can lead to

increased absenteeism among students. When students fall ill due to environmental

factors, their academic performance suffers, perpetuating a cycle of disadvantage

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Government Policies and Interventions:

National Environmental Education Policy:

The National Environmental Education Policy provides a framework for the inclusion

of environmental education at all levels of education. The policy aims to:

Raise awareness: Increase student, teacher, and public knowledge and awareness of

environmental issues.

Promote responsible behavior: Encourage environmentally responsible behavior

and encourage sustainable approaches.

Develop skills and know how:

Enable students to understand how to approach environmental issues.

Encourage involvement: Get students involved in environmental conservation work.

Green Schools Initiative: A number of schools have adopted the Green Schools

Initiative, which focuses on creating eco-friendly learning environments. This

includes establishing school gardens, implementing rainwater harvesting systems, and

promoting recycling programs. For instance, schools in Nairobi have successfully

integrated green spaces that not only enhance biodiversity but also serve as outdoor

classrooms for environmental education.

Eco-Clubs: Many schools have established Eco-Clubs where students actively

participate in environmental conservation activities. These clubs engage students in

tree planting, clean-up campaigns, and awareness programs. A notable example is the

Eco-Club at St. Mary‘s School in Nairobi, which has led successful tree-planting

campaigns that have significantly increased green cover around the school.

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Waste Management Programs: Some schools have developed comprehensive waste

management strategies that include waste segregation, composting organic waste, and

recycling plastics. For example, a school in Kisumu has implemented a robust

recycling program that not only reduces waste but also generates income through the

sale of recyclable materials.

The achievement of this is, nevertheless, under threat.

Implementation gaps: policy The policy might exist, but its

implementation is hampered by a lack of resources, ineffective teacher training,

and inadequate monitoring and evaluation.

Curriculum integration: Integrating environmental education across all

subjects entails a complete examination and rewriting of the curriculum, which is a

complex and labor-intensive process.

Teacher training: Teachers should be adequately trained and prepared in order to

effectively deliver environmental education.

Community involvement: Active involvement and participation by the wider

community is required for successful implementation.

Case Studies:

Examining successful initiatives provides valuable insights into effective strategies

for addressing environmental challenges in schools. While specific examples require

further research based on your location focus, generalized examples based on

common successful initiatives can be presented:

Successful Environmental Initiatives in Kenyan Schools:

25
Example 1: School-Based Tree Planting and Agroforestry: Several schools have

successfully implemented tree planting and agroforestry projects. These initiatives

involve students in planting and caring for trees within the school compound and

surrounding areas. Some schools have integrated fruit trees into these projects,

providing nutritional benefits and generating income for the school. These programs

enhance biodiversity, improve air quality, and provide shade, creating a more

conducive learning environment. The involvement of students fosters environmental

stewardship and provides practical learning experiences.

Example 2: Waste Segregation and Recycling Programs: Some schools have

successfully implemented waste segregation and recycling programs. Students are

taught to separate waste into different categories (organic, plastic, paper). Organic

waste is composted and used for school gardens, while recyclable materials are

collected and sold to recycling companies. These initiatives reduce the volume of

waste going to landfills, minimize pollution, and generate income for the school.

Example 3: Water Harvesting and Conservation: Schools in water-scarce regions have

implemented rainwater harvesting systems, collecting rainwater from rooftops and

storing it in tanks for use in toilets, cleaning, and gardening. These initiatives reduce

reliance on external water sources, conserve water, and promote water-wise practices

among students.

Challenges and Limitations:

Despite the positive impact of these initiatives, several challenges and limitations

hinder widespread adoption and effectiveness.

Funding Constraints:
26
One of the most significant barriers is the lack of adequate funding. Implementing

environmental initiatives often requires financial resources for infrastructure

development (e.g., waste bins, composting facilities, water tanks), training materials,

and ongoing maintenance. Many schools, particularly in marginalized communities,

lack the necessary funds to initiate and sustain these projects. This limitation

necessitates exploring innovative financing mechanisms, such as public-private

partnerships, community fundraising, and grant applications. Furthermore,

government support and resource allocation are crucial for scaling up successful

initiatives and ensuring their long-term sustainability. Without sufficient funding,

even the most well-intentioned environmental programs struggle to achieve their full

potential. This underscores the need for increased investment in environmental

sustainability within the education sector.

Limited Government Funding: Many schools struggle to secure adequate funding

from the government for environmental initiatives. Budget allocations for

environmental education and infrastructure development are often minimal, hindering

the implementation of effective programs.

Dependency on External Support: Schools frequently rely on external organizations

or NGOs for funding, which can be inconsistent and may not cover long-term needs.

This dependency can limit the sustainability of successful initiatives.

Resource Allocation: Even when funds are available, there may be competing

priorities within educational budgets, leading to insufficient investment in

environmental programs.

27
Recommendations and Best Practices:

Addressing the environmental challenges facing Kenyan schools requires a multi-

pronged approach involving policy changes, community participation, and innovative

solutions.

Integration of Environmental Education into Curriculum:

Integrating environmental education across all subjects is crucial for fostering

environmental awareness and promoting responsible behavior. This can be achieved

through:

Practical activities: Engage students in hands-on activities like tree planting, waste

recycling, and water conservation projects.

Teacher training: Provide teachers with professional development opportunities to

enhance their knowledge and skills in environmental education.

Community involvement: Involve parents and the wider community in school-based

environmental initiatives.

Curriculum Reform: The Kenyan education system should prioritize the integration of

environmental education across all subjects and grade levels. This can be achieved by

developing interdisciplinary approaches that connect environmental topics with

science, social studies, and even arts.

Hands-On Learning: Schools should adopt experiential learning methods that involve

students in real-world environmental projects. Activities such as tree planting, waste

management drives, and community clean-ups can enhance students' understanding of

environmental stewardship.

28
Partnerships with NGOs: Schools should seek partnerships with NGOs and

community organizations that specialize in environmental education and conservation.

These partnerships can provide resources, training, and funding to support school

initiatives.

Incentives for Eco-Friendly Practices: The government could introduce incentives for

schools that demonstrate effective environmental practices, such as grants or

recognition programs. This could motivate more schools to adopt sustainable

practices. Curriculum Reform: The Kenyan education system should prioritize the

integration of environmental education across all subjects and grade levels. This can

be achieved by developing interdisciplinary approaches that connect environmental

topics with science, social studies, and even arts.

Promoting Sustainable Practices:

Schools can adopt various sustainable practices to minimize their environmental

impact:

a. Waste management: Implement comprehensive waste management systems,

including waste segregation, composting, and recycling programs.

b. Water conservation: Install rainwater harvesting systems, promote water-wise

practices, and repair leaking taps.

c. Energy efficiency: Utilize energy-efficient lighting and appliances, and

explore renewable energy sources like solar power.

d. Sustainable agriculture: Promote sustainable agricultural practices on school

land, such as organic farming and agroforestry.

29
 e. Green building design: Incorporate eco-friendly design principles in school

construction and renovation projects.

Strengthening Partnerships and Resource Mobilization:

1) Collaboration and resource mobilization are essential for effective

environmental management:

2) Partnerships: Forge partnerships with government agencies, NGOs, and

private sector organizations to access technical expertise and financial

resources.

3) Community engagement: Involve local communities in school-based

environmental projects to foster ownership and sustainability.

4) Fundraising: Explore diverse fundraising avenues, including grant applications,

community fundraising events, and partnerships with businesses.

Conclusion:

Environmental challenges significantly impact Kenyan schools, affecting student

health, learning environments, and resource management. Lack of waste management

infrastructure, deforestation, water scarcity, and limited sanitation pose serious threats.

While government policies like the National Environmental Education Policy provide

a framework, implementation gaps and resource constraints hinder progress.

Successful initiatives demonstrate the positive impact of community involvement and

practical learning experiences. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic

approach encompassing curriculum integration, sustainable practices, and

strengthened partnerships. Investing in environmental sustainability within the

30
education sector is crucial for creating healthy learning environments and fostering

responsible citizens for a sustainable future.

31
Reference:

Debrah, J. K., Vidal, D. G., & Dinis, M. A. P. (2021). Raising awareness on solid

waste management through formal education for sustainability: A developing

countries evidence review. ―Recycling‖, ‗9‘(7), 153.

Oduor, J. A., Karanja, A. (2019). ―Environmental Education in Kenya: Issues and

Challenges‖. Nairobi: Kenya Institute of Curriculum Development.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (2016). ―Kenya: The State of the

Environment and Outlook 2016‖

32
Q3. Discuss critically how the impact of plastics on the environment can be

minimized in Kenya (8marks and 15 pages)

Introduction

Plastics, as much as they are undeniably useful and convenient to

use in numerous industries, pose an enormous and complicated threat to the

environment. Their pervasiveness and extensive disintegration times have a myriad of

detrimental impacts, reaching both terrestrial

and marine environments. Significant environmental contributions of plastics are:

Land and Water Resource Pollution: Plastic waste ends up in

landfills, scarring landscapes and toxifying soil. It leaches harmful chemicals into

the soil, compromising soil fertility and potentially poisoning groundwater. Plastics

also pollute water bodies, from rivers and lakes to oceans, where they take decades or

even centuries to decompose. The pollution directly impacts aquatic life through

ingestion, entanglement, and habitat destruction. Microplastics, formed through

the degradation of larger plastics, are particularly

concerning since they are everywhere and may find their way into the food chain.

Harm to Wildlife: Both land and sea animals tend to ingest plastic waste, mistaking it

for food. This leads to internal injury, blockage of their digestive systems, starvation,

and death. Entanglement in plastic debris is also a major cause of injury

and death among many species.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The production of plastics is an energy-

consuming process, which results in the emission

of greenhouse gases and accelerates climate change. Furthermore, the combustion of

plastic waste, which is a common method of waste disposal in most parts of the

33
world, releases harmful pollutants into the air, further contributing to air pollution and

climate change.

Economic Costs: The environmental damage caused by plastic

pollution has enormous economic costs. These extend from the expense of cleaning

up polluted sites to loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, and health impacts on

humans and wildlife.

Aesthetic Degradation: Plastic litter significantly degrades the aesthetic value of

natural landscape and urban landscape, which negatively impacts tourism and overall

quality of life.

Current Status of Plastic Pollution in Kenya

Plastic Waste Generation Data and Statistics: It is difficult to have exact data on

plastic waste generation in Kenya owing to variations in waste

management processes and data gathering within diverse areas of operation. Available

data, though, depicts a worrying trend of an alarming size of increasing problem size.

The subject requires advanced background search to have the

most updated reliable facts through credible sources like the National Environment

Management Authority (NEMA), the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics

(KNBS), or pertinent scientific literature. The facts need to quantify:

Overall Plastic Waste Generation: The quantity of plastic waste

generated annually by Kenya must be estimated. It will most likely have

to be within a range, considering limitations of gathering facts.

The values need to be segmented, where possible, by plastic kind (e.g., polyethylene,

polypropylene, PET), by source (e.g., package, disposable items, industrial waste),

and by region of generation (urban or rural areas).

34
Plastic Waste Makeup: It is important to know what plastics predominate within the

waste stream to guide effective recycling and management of waste. For instance,

are disposable plastics like bags and bottles the biggest offenders, or is industrial

plastics part of that majority? The facts guide effective recycling and waste

management processes' designs.

Rate of Recycling: The recycling levels of plastics by Kenya have to

be estimated. It will indicate how much of the generated plastic

waste is actually recycled versus what is generated

annually. The facts will reflect on how much of recycling process enhancement is

needed.

Assessment of Landfill Capacity and Spill-overs: The determination of landfill

capacity, together with incidences of spill-

overs, is critical in appreciating how unregulated disposal of waste impacts environme

ntal degradation. The information will inform

strategies that aim to improve management of landfills and

exploring alternatives of disposal of waste.

Marine Plastic Pollution Appraisal: It is important to establish how

much of plastics waste finds its way into coastal areas and into the seas of

Kenya. The information will determine how much of an impact there

is on coastal people and aquatic life. The appraisal will involve reports of coastal

cleanup programs and observation studies on monitoring plastics content within aquat

ic life.

35
Current Policies and Laws on the Use of Plastic:

Strengths and Weaknesses Analysis: Kenya has enacted several policies

and laws to counter plastic pollution. A detailed analysis involves recent research into

current laws and their effective application. Such an analysis

should evaluate both achievements and shortcomings, determining areas of improvem

ent. The following is a template for such an analysis:

Strengths

Bans on specific plastic items: Kenya has banned certain types of plastic bags.

The critique needs to assess if these bans effectively reduced the use

of plastic bags and how they impacted the overall plastic waste stream.

Were reductions in plastic bag litter substantial? Were alternatives, being more

sustainable than bags, readily available and affordable?

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes: If

Kenya is testing or has already implemented EPR schemes,

their potential in ensuring producers take responsibility for the end-of-life of their

plastic products should be evaluated. Have the schemes prompted producers

to create more recyclable packaging and invest in recycling plants?

Investment in waste management infrastructure: Has the

government made investments in the upgrading of waste collection, sorting, and

recycling facilities? The analysis must assess how far these investments have

improved waste management practice and reduced plastic pollution.

Public education campaigns: Whether or not the public education campaigns to educat

e citizens on how to dispose of plastic waste properly and reduce plastic use were

effective should be determined. Did the campaigns lead to measurable changes in

36
behavior

Weaknesses

Enforcement issues: Despite having regulations, enforcement may be lax.

The study should determine why there is lax enforcement, e.g., lack of

resources, inefficient monitoring systems, corruption, or inadequate penalties for non-

compliance.

Loopholes in regulations: Are there loopholes in current regulations

that permit continued use or improper disposal of particular types of plastics? These

loopholes must be determined.

Lack of infrastructure: Even with good regulations, the lack of proper waste

collection, sorting, and recycling infrastructure can weaken their effectiveness. The

analysis should take into account the capacity of existing infrastructure and identify

the gaps that need to be addressed.

Inaccessibility of alternatives: The research should take into account the availability

and affordability of green alternatives to plastic products. In case green alternatives

are not available or not affordable, consumers will continue to use plastic products

despite regulations.

Informal sector participation: Informal waste management plays a significant role in

waste management in the majority of developing countries, including Kenya. The

analysis needs to take into consideration how

existing policy engages (or does not engage) this significant sector and how it can

be further mainstreamed into the formal waste management system.

4. Innovative Solutions and Best Practices:

Technological Innovations in Plastic Recycling:

37
Kenya will need to research and embrace newer technologies in a

bid to promote its level of plastic

recycling in order to face the challenge that comes with diversity in plastic

forms of waste created. The below are some technological innovations discussed here:

Advanced Sorting Technologies: Manually sorting out plastics is labour-

intensive and liable to error. Implementation of advanced sorting technologies, such

as automated optical sorting technology, can significantly improve plastic waste

sorting efficiency and precision. Such technologies use sensors and artificial

intelligence to identify and sort different plastics based on their chemical composition

and physical properties. This is vital for maximizing the value of recyclables.

The assessment should consider whether such systems would be feasible and cost-

effective in the Kenyan context.

Chemical Recycling: Mechanical

recycling is restricted in its ability to handle some plastics. Chemical

recycling processes, such as pyrolysis and gasification, have the ability to break down

plastics into their chemical building blocks and thereby produce new plastics or

other chemicals of interest. This technology has the potential to recycle plastics that

are now impossible or difficult to recycle using conventional methods.

The research needs to consider the environmental implications (energy use,

emissions) and economic viability of chemical recycling in Kenya.

Enzymatic Degradation: Enzymatic research capable of degrading various types

of plastic is ongoing. Effective development and use of such technology

could ensure a renewably sustainable and green means of plastics waste disposal.

However, currently, it remains a very fledgling venture,

38
and prudence must be exercised in understanding its applicability in

Kenya sooner rather than later.

Bio-based Plastics: Investigating and encouraging the utilization of bio-based

plastics made from renewable materials provides a

sustainable option to conventional petroleum-based plastics.

The study should take into account the applicability of various bio-based plastics

for diverse uses, their cost-effectiveness in relation to conventional plastics, and

their environmental impact. Are

there resources available locally that can be utilized for the production of bio-plastics?

Plastic-to-Fuel Conversion: Converting plastic waste into

fuel via processes such as pyrolysis can offer a substitute energy source

and minimize landfill burden. Careful consideration of emissions

and possible environmental effects is needed for this technology, though. A cost-

benefit analysis in the Kenyan context is required.

Improved Recycling Infrastructure: Technology is significant, but also to

be augmented with improved infrastructure. This entails investing in new recycling

plants, increasing collection sites, and constructing robust

logistics channels to transport plastic waste from the collection points to

recycling plants.

For each technology, the following should be taken into consideration:

Cost-effectiveness: The initial cost and periodic operational costs of implementing

each technology.

Technological viability: The suitability of the technology for the types of plastic waste

generated in Kenya.

39
Environmental performance: The environmental benefits and drawbacks of each

technology.

Social and economic effects: The anticipated effects on jobs and local communities.

Scalability: The feasibility to expand the technology to meet the demands of Kenya's

growing plastic waste problem.

Community Action and Awareness Campaigns

Interventions tackling plastic pollution in Kenya require a radical shift in behavior

and mindset towards plastic utilization and waste disposal. This necessitates robust

and targeted community engagement and awareness campaigns.

Success will rely on invoking a sense of shared responsibility and empowering

communities to participate actively towards the

solution. The following are some of the important points to note:

Constructing Effective Awareness Campaigns:

Reaching Target Groups: Campaigns need to be tailored to appeal to the different age

groups, socioeconomic groups, and geographies. Select the messaging

and the media based on this. Consider reaching out in local languages

and local imagery. The youth are particularly significant, as

they are going to be the planet's future custodians.

Clear and Powerful Messaging: Messages need to be simple and not use overly

technical language. Focus on the immediate impact of plastic pollution

on human health, livelihoods, and the environment. Use compelling imagery and

storytelling to create an emotional bond.

Multiple Communication Channels: Use a range of media

to communicate with different people. This could include:

40
Radio and TV: Extremely useful to reach rural communities.

Social Media: Reaching youth age groups and disseminating information at lightening

speed.

Waste Segregation and Recycling Programmes: There should be community-

based programmes for waste segregation and

recycling. This means that there should be accessible and convenient

recycling facilities such as easily recognizable bins, collection points, and appropriate

processing centers. Educate communities on effective sorting techniques

to ensure high levels of recycling.

Economic Incentives: Creating income-generating activities linked to waste

management can significantly increase participation. This can involve supporting

community-based recycling enterprises, providing incentives for plastic collection, or

establishing buy-back schemes for recyclables.

Capacity Building and Training: Train community members in effective waste

management practices, including waste segregation, composting, and basic

recycling practices. Provide training in operating and maintaining

recycling plants, where appropriate.

Collaboration and Partnerships: Engage with local governments, NGOs, businesses,

and community organizations to create and implement sustainable waste

management practices. This collaborative strategy ensures a

more comprehensive and effective approach.

Addressing Infrastructure Gaps: In most places, poor waste collection

infrastructure restricts the success of awareness campaigns. This is addressed

through investment in new infrastructure, optimized waste collection routes,

41
and routine maintenance of existing facilities.

Monitoring and Evaluation.:

Continuing Surveillance: Track the effectiveness of

campaigns through monitoring levels of plastic waste collection, recycling,

and public participation at frequent intervals. Quantitative data may be employed for

comparing the impacts of different approaches.

Feedback Mechanisms: Provide mechanisms for feedback to be

able to include perceptions from communities

and adjust campaigns in accordance with their experiences and requirements. This

ensures that initiatives continue to be effective and responsive.

Sustained Improvement: Regularly evaluate and update awareness campaigns on the

basis of the outcomes from the evaluation in order to maximize their impact over the

long term.

With the use of holistic community mobilization strategies augmented by targeted

awareness campaigns, Kenya is capable of developing a sound platform for reducing

plastic pollution and increasing sustainable waste management practices. This

requires a long-term perspective, partnerships, and regular monitoring and evaluation.

42
 REFERENCES

Kenya's Ban on Plastic Bags (2017)

Kenya implemented one of the strictest bans on plastic bags globally in 2017,

prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and use of plastic bags. This has significantly

reduced plastic waste, especially in urban areas and protected environmental spaces.

Kenya Plastics Pact (2022)

The Kenya Plastics Pact is a collaborative initiative that brings together businesses,

government agencies, and non-governmental organizations. Its goals include

eliminating unnecessary plastic packaging, ensuring all plastic packaging is recyclable

or reusable, and increasing recycling rates to 40% by 2025.

Innovation in Recycling - Gjenge Makers

Nzambi Matee, a Kenyan innovator, founded Gjenge Makers, a company that turns

plastic waste into strong, durable bricks. This innovation not only reduces plastic

waste but also provides a sustainable building material alternative.

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Regulations

Kenya has adopted Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) regulations, which hold

manufacturers and producers responsible for the end-of-life management of their

products, including plastic waste. This policy aims to reduce plastic pollution through

recycling and responsible waste disposal.

Solid Waste Management Improvements

Kenya has also made efforts to improve solid waste management systems, including

43
increased plastic waste collection and recycling. This includes public-private

partnerships and government initiatives to manage waste more efficiently.

The Role of Community-Based Waste Management Projects

In Kenya, several community-based projects focus on educating the public about the

importance of waste segregation and recycling. These initiatives encourage

communities to reduce, reuse, and recycle plastic waste at a local level.

Source: Kenya‘s Community-Based Waste Initiatives

44
Q4. Discuss how Kenya university students can be involved in climate change

mitigation in society (8marks and 15 pages)

Introduction

Background on Climate Change:

Climate change refers to long-term temperature and weather pattern

changes. They may be natural, but since the 1800s, human activities

have become the primary driver of climate change due to the burning of fossil fuels

(coal, oil, and gas) that releases greenhouse gases into the environment. They trap

heat and create a warming effect called the greenhouse effect. While the greenhouse

effect is a natural process necessary for life on Earth,

human actions have massively intensified

it, and global temperatures have increased at a record pace.

The impacts of this increased warming are pervasive and interrelated and include:

Warmer global temperatures: Leading to more frequent and intense heatwaves.

Shrinking glaciers and polar ice: Raising sea levels, threatening

coastal ecosystems and populations.

More frequent extreme weather and weather intensities: Such as hurricanes, droughts,

floods, and wildfires.

These cause widespread destruction of infrastructure, disruption of lives,

and displacement of people.

Ocean acidification: As the ocean absorbs excess CO2, the ocean becomes more

acidic and is harmful to aquatic life and ecosystems.

Changes in precipitation patterns: Leading to droughts in one place and floods

45
in another, impacting agriculture and water resources.

Rising sea level: Threatening coastal communities and infrastructure.

Biodiversity loss: Many species are struggling to adapt to the rapidly changing

climate, leading to habitat loss and extinction.

Food security under threat: Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns affect

crop yields and livestock productivity.

Increasing health risks: Heatwaves, the spread of disease, and climate change-

exacerbated air pollution pose significant threats to human health.

The impacts of climate change are not evenly distributed. Developing countries,

including Kenya, are disproportionately affected due to their higher vulnerability

and lack of adaptive capacity. Kenya is particularly susceptible to the impacts of

climate change as its livelihood and economy rely heavily on climate-sensitive sectors

like agriculture. It is necessary to understand the specific impacts on

Kenya for the design of effective mitigation and adaptation strategies.

Significance of Student Involvement: Students at the university level in Kenya are

uniquely placed to play a crucial role in mitigating climate

change. Student involvement is necessary because:

Future Leaders: Students are tomorrow's policymakers, scientists, engineers,

entrepreneurs, and community leaders who will shape

Kenya's path in addressing climate change in the coming

decades. Education empowers them with knowledge and skills to address complex

environmental challenges.

Research and Innovation: Universities are centers of innovation and research.

Students, together with faculty, can contribute to the development and

46
testing of new climate change solutions, such as renewable energy systems,

sustainable agriculture, climate-resilient infrastructure, and innovative waste

management systems that are tailored to the Kenyan context.

Advocacy and Awareness: Students have the enthusiasm, energy, and organizational

skills to advocate for climate action convincingly. They can

launch effective awareness campaigns, mobilize individuals, and engage with

policymakers to encourage climate-conscious policies and laws. Their youth energy

can act as a catalyst, creating momentum and influencing public opinion.

Community Engagement: Students can directly engage with communities, sharing

knowledge, promoting sustainable ways of living,

and creating applied climate solutions. Through this direct engagement, the gap

between research and practice is bridged, and solutions become viable and applicable.

Global Network: Students at universities in Kenya are part of a global network of

young people concerned about climate change. Through this

network, they exchange information, collaborate on projects,

and make their voice heard globally.

Early Career Influence: By committing to climate action early in their careers,

students set a good example and inspire others to do the same. This early engagement

can shape their future career choices, guiding them towards careers that contribute to

sustainable development.

Current Climate Change Challenges in Kenya

Kenya has several pressing climate change challenges that threaten its environment,

economy, and livelihoods. The challenges are exacerbated by drivers such as

population increase, urbanization, and rain-fed agriculture dependence.

47
Key Environmental Issues

1. Drought and Water Scarcity:

• More and more frequent and severe droughts are being experienced in

Kenya, affecting the supply of water for domestic use, agriculture, and

livestock farming. The deficit jeopardizes food security and livelihood,

particularly among rural communities whose members rely primarily on agriculture.

2. Flooding:

• Conversely, some regions face intense rains that cause floods. Not

only does this cause direct damage to infrastructure, but also it causes erosion

of soil and population displacement.

3. Deforestation:

• Forest loss from logging, farming, and urban development has broad implications

for local climates, carbon storage, and biodiversity.

Deforestation lowers the capacity of ecosystems

to recover from climatic change and reduces local resources.

4. Biodiversity Loss:

• Climate change, together with loss of habitats and pollution, has led to a decrease in

biodiversity. Various species in Kenya are under the threat of extinction due

to changes in climate conditions, which disrupt their habitats and source of food.

5. Soil Degradation:

• Soil erosion and degradation have been caused by unsustainable agriculture,

deforestation, and overgrazing. Degradation of soils is crucial both with regard

to food production and carbon sequestration, and their degradation is

therefore a critical issue in the case of climate change.

48
6. Increased Temperature:

• The warming temperatures affect agricultural productivity, water availability, and

human health. Heatwaves can result in crop loss and increasing energy demands for

cooling.

7. Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Erosion:

• Kenyan coastal areas are vulnerable to sea-level rise due to climate

change. It results in land loss, intrusion of saltwater into freshwater sources,

and marine ecosystem degradation.

8. Health Impacts:

• Global warming exacerbates Kenya's health situation, such as the spread of vector-

borne diseases like malaria and dengue fever and respiratory disease due to air

pollution and heat stress.

What Kenyan University Students Can Do

Research and Innovation

University students can engage in research and innovation to offer solutions to

existing climate issues, assisting in the development of sustainable

solutions. The following are some of the areas they can engage in:

• Sustainable Agriculture: Students can research and promote sustainable

farming methods that reduce carbon footprints, such as permaculture, conservation

tillage, and integrated pest management. By experimenting with and testing these

methods, they can help local farmers adapt to changing climate patterns.

• Renewable Energy Solutions: Engaging in projects that focus on renewable energy

sources—such as solar, wind, and biomass—can lead to innovative solutions that

49
provide clean energy solutions to communities. Students can develop prototypes or

pilot programs demonstrating the viability of these technologies.

• Climate Resilience Research: Conducting research to learn about the vulnerability of

local ecosystems and communities to the impacts of climate change can inform better

adaptation responses. Students can work with the local governments and

organizations in planning action responses based on their research.

• Waste Management Solutions: Researching effective waste management practices,

including recycling and composting, can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Students can initiate

projects on educating communities about segregating and managing trash.

• Technology Development: Leveraging technology to monitor environmental

changes—such as drones to detect deforestation or mobile apps to report pollution—

can empower communities to act on real-time data.

Advocacy and Awareness Campaigns

Advocacy and awareness are essential to galvanize action against climate

change. University students in Kenya can take the lead in creating awareness

among their peers and communities on environmental issues:

• Campus Initiatives: Workshops, seminars, and events held on

campus have the potential to promote a culture of sustainability among

students. The topics could range from climate science to sustainable

living and why biodiversity conservation is important.

• Community Engagement: Students may partner with local

organizations in carrying out outreach programs that inform members of

the community on climate change effects and adaptation measures. This

50
could be through training programs, leaflets, or community clean-up activities.

• Social Media Campaigns: Utilizing social media allows students to

reach more individuals. Students can create campaigns to raise awareness about

climate change, share success stories of local initiatives,

and promote sustainable lifestyles.

• Policy Advocacy: Students can engage policymakers through public hearings,

petitions, or interest groups to amplify their voice in the climate debate. They can

advocate for policies that favor renewable energy, conservation, and sustainable

development practices.

• Collaborative Projects: Collaboration with other stakeholders and NGOs can

enhance the impact of advocacy efforts. Collaborative projects can tackle specific

issues like reforestation, water conservation, or

pollution management, combining different expertise and resources.

4. Case Studies of Successful Student-Led Initiatives

Kenyan university students have been at the forefront of several innovative and

impactful initiatives aimed at mitigating climate change. Case studies in this section

present specific projects demonstrating the creativity, commitment, and effectiveness

of student-led initiatives in addressing environmental issues.

The Green Campus Initiative (GCI)

University: University of Nairobi

Year Established: 2018

Green Campus Initiative was established with the aim of promoting sustainability and

environmental consciousness in the university community. The primary activities

51
include:

• Tree Planting Campaigns: GCI organized mass tree planting, and over 10,000

trees were planned to be planted on campus and in nearby communities

to achieve maximum carbon sequestration and diversity.

• Waste Management Programs: The program introduced a waste segregation

system in the campus, making the students aware of recycling and

composting. Safe disposal and recycling were guaranteed through collaboration with

local waste management authorities.

• Encouragement of Sustainable

Transportation: Walking and cycling were encouraged as sustainable means of transp

ortation, reducing carbon footprint from transportation.

Impact: The program has raised awareness about sustainability among the students

and workers and has been an example to other Kenyan universities.

Eco-Society at Kenyatta University

University: Kenyatta University

Year Established: 2019

The Eco-

Society endeavors to protect the environment and combat climate change by engaging

in various projects:

• Environmental Education Workshops: The society organizes workshops

for the surrounding schools and students of the university to educate the participants

on climate change, environmental conservation, and sustainable living methods.

• Community Clean-Up Drives: Regular clean-

up drives are conducted in the surrounding communities to avoid plastic pollution

52
and provide environmental protection.

• Policy Advocacy: The Eco-Society engages local policymakers to advocate for

environmental conservation policies, such as the development of green spaces and

improved waste management systems.

Impact: The Eco-Society has engaged hundreds of members, generating a culture of

environmental awareness and activism on and off the university campus.

The Climate Action Network (CAN)

University: Strathmore University

Year Established: 2020

Climate Action Network is an inter-university network of students focused on

collective climate action. Some of their activities are:

• Inter-University Climate Conferences: CAN organizes annual conferences that bring

together students, experts, and policymakers to address climate issues, share research

findings, and propose solutions.

• Research Collaborations: Members work on collaborative research studies assessing

the impact of climate change on local communities and proposing workable solutions.

• Social Media Campaigns: CAN raises awareness on climate change by launching a

new and creative digital campaign and engages the youth in sustainability dialogue.

Impact: The network has established a common platform for

students from institutions, making them heard in climate discussions and a point of

solidarity in action.

Sustainable Energy Solutions (SES)

University: Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT)

Year Established: 2021

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Sustainable Energy Solutions focuses on promoting renewable energy technologies

through student-led initiatives:

• Solar Energy Projects: Students design and install solar panels in rural areas,

providing communities with access to clean energy while reducing reliance on fossil

fuels.

• Workshops on Renewable Energy: SES conducts educational workshops for

students and community members about the benefits of renewable energy sources and

their implementation.

• NGO collaborations: In collaboration with non-governmental

organizations, SES has managed to extend its reach to more regions, securing funding

and resources for larger projects.

Impact: SES has improved access to energy in rural communities while empowering

students with practical experience in renewable energy technology.

Challenges to Student Engagement

1. Limited Resources: The majority of students possess limited funds that limit

their engagement in climate activities. Project finance, transportation for fieldwork,

and access to technology can be significant barriers.

2.LackofAwarenessandEducation: Though there are students with some interest in c

limate affairs, there are others who lack in-depth information about climate change,

its impacts, and proper mitigation. This limits their meaningful participation.

3. Institutional Barriers: The institutions themselves might not

always have sustainability or climate action as a consideration in their

curricula and policies. Institutional support under such circumstances can be limitin

g for students to engage in relevant projects.

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4. Political and Social Challenges: Political or social unrest in certain cases can

distract or get in the way of climate action initiatives.

Students could be hampered by these external difficulties in mobilizing and organizi

ng.

5. Fragmentation of Efforts: Student initiatives could be fragmented

and uncoordinated. Without a unified effort, efforts will not be effective and will not

necessarily impact to any great extent.

Opportunities for Student Engagement

1. Awareness Campaigns and Education: Students can conduct awareness

campaigns to inform their peers and communities about climate change issues.

Workshops, seminars, and social media campaigns can effectively disseminate

information.

2. Research and Innovation: University students are well placed to conduct research

on the impacts of climate change and how to reduce them. They can develop

innovative technologies, such as renewable energy technologies or

sustainable agriculture approaches, that can be locally implemented.

3. Joint effort with NGOs and Government: Joint effort with NGOs and

government agencies can further the student cause. Joint initiatives can bring inputs,

experience, and avenues of outreach to larger segments of people.

4. Participation in Policy Advocacy: Students can engage in advocacy work to

influence climate policy at the local, national, and international

levels. Through participation in forums, writing policy briefs, or creating coalitions,

they can speak up and be part of meaningful change.

5. Green Campus Initiatives: Universities can be sustainability living labs. Students

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can undertake waste reduction drives, tree plantation initiatives, or energy-

conservation campaigns within the campus, creating a culture of sustainability.

6. Networking: Engaging in climate action exposes students

to interacting with similar-minded individuals, professionals, and organizations.

This can lead to mentorship, internship,

and further professional careers in green sectors.

7. Leverage Technology: Online platforms and resources provide ways for students

to engage in climate action remotely. Social media activism, online workshops,

and activism can reach more individuals and have larger effects.

Conclusion

Kenyan students in universities are the leaders of climate change

mitigation, applying their knowledge, imagination, and energy to confront one of

the greatest challenges of our time. They participate in the various aspects of climate

change mitigation, such as advocacy, research, community mobilization, and

innovation. With challenges of limited resources, lack of awareness, and

institutional challenges, students have the potential to initiate extensive change in

their societies and the global world.

As future change agents and emerging leaders, the students at the

university can have an impact via policy, promote sustainable actions, and

inspire other people to act on climate change.

Their status in institutions of learning allows them to experiment with new ideas and

solutions that may be scaled for greater reach. By being part of active efforts in

climate action, they prevent climate change, but

also gain more enriched learning experiences and better career prospects.
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Recommendations

To ensure the maximum contribution of Kenyan university students to the mitigation

of climate change, the following recommendations may be made:

1. Enhance Education and Awareness:

• Integrate climate change education into university studies in all courses to ensure all

students are properly informed.

• Organize workshops, seminars, and guest lectures by climate experts

to develop knowledge and stimulate action.

2. Provide Financial Support and Resources:

• Establish student-initiated climate programs, research initiatives, and

sustainability initiatives with funding support.

• Establish resource centers that provide access to climate action tools, technology,

and information.

3. Encourage Collaboration and Partnerships:

• Build partnerships between universities, NGOs, government agencies, and the

private sector to facilitate a supportive environment for student-led initiatives.

• Arrange networking meetings and forums for students

to meet environmental professionals.

4. Promote Sustainable Campus Practices:

• Implement sustainability practices on campuses, such as waste management,

energy conservation, and green transportation.

• Involve students in the decision-making process related to campus

sustainability programs to empower them as active stakeholders.

5. Encourage Policy Engagement:

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• Promote student involvement in policy

advocacy through the provision of communications and lobbying skills training.

• Engage students with platforms for engagement with policymakers, such as forums

or roundtable discussions on climate change.

6. Leverage Technology and Social Media:

• Use electronic media to articulate students' demands on climate policy through

campaigns, blogs, and social media advocacy.

• Encourage the development of apps or web-based applications that facilitate

community engagement in sustainability initiatives.

7. Recognize and Commend Successes:

• Reward students' efforts in climate action through awards, recognition programs, or

showcasing successful projects.

• Commending success can motivate other students to participate and create a culture

of environmental stewardship.

By embracing these suggestions, universities can empower their students

to be at the forefront of addressing climate change. Through education, partnership,

and innovation, Kenyan university students can do a great deal in

shaping a sustainable future for the world and Kenya as a whole.

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 Reference

Knowledge and the Extent of Integration of Climate Change and Adaptation at

Universities in Kenya"

 Authors: Kirui, K.B., & Kibue, G.W.

 Published in: Journal of Developing Country Studies, 2024.

 Summary: This study investigates the levels of awareness and integration of

climate change and adaptation strategies within five public universities in

Kenya. It highlights the importance of incorporating climate change education

into university curricula to enhance students' understanding and involvement

in mitigation efforts.

"Climate Change in Kenya: Evaluation of the Knowledge Among Kenyan

University Students and Their Willingness to Participate in Mitigation Actions"

 Authors: Not specified.

 Published by: University of Nairobi.

 Summary: This research assesses the knowledge levels of Kenyan university

students regarding climate change and their readiness to engage in mitigation

activities. The findings suggest that increased awareness correlates with a

higher willingness to adopt environmentally friendly behaviors.

"The Role of African Universities in Handling Climate Change"

 Authors: Not specified.

 Published in: Environmental Sciences Europe, 2024.

59
  Summary: This article discusses the critical role of African universities,

including those in Kenya, in educating students about climate change

mitigation and adaptation. It emphasizes the need for universities to develop

curricula that equip students with the necessary skills to address climate

challenges.

"Climate Change Awareness Among Kenyatta University Students"

 Authors: Not specified.

 Published in: African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,

2023.

 Summary: This study evaluates the level of climate change awareness among

students at Kenyatta University. It underscores the importance of

comprehensive climate change education to empower students to actively

participate in mitigation and adaptation initiatives.

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