INNOVATION &DESIGN

THINKING
THINKING IS THE ACTIVITY OF USING YOUR BRAIN BY CONSIDERING A PROBLEM OR POSSIBILITY OR
CREATING AN IDEA.
THE PROCESS OF CONSIDERING OR REASONING ABOUT SOMETHING.
THE ACTIVITY OF USING YOUR MIND TO CONSIDER SOMETHING:
THE ACTION OF USING YOUR MIND TO PRODUCE IDEAS, DECISIONS, MEMORIES, ETC.
 MEANING OF DESIGN THINKING:

• DESIGN THINKING SUPPORTS IN DEVELOPING, TEACHING, LEARNING, AND APPLYING

STRATEGIES TO SOLVE COMPLICATIONS IN A CREATIVE MANNER IN THE PROJECTS
AND PROCESSES OF THE BUSINESS.
• DEFINITION:
• DESIGN THINKING IS A NON-LINEAR, ITERATIVE PROCESS THAT TEAMS USE TO
UNDERSTAND USERS, CHALLENGE ASSUMPTIONS, REDEFINE PROBLEMS AND CREATE
INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS TO PROTOTYPE AND TEST. IT IS MOST USEFUL TO TACKLE
ILL-DEFINED OR UNKNOWN PROBLEMS AND INVOLVES FIVE PHASES: EMPATHIZE,
DEFINE, IDEATE, PROTOTYPE AND TEST.
 CONTD…

• THE TERM DESIGN THINKING HAS BEEN USED TO REFER TO A SPECIFIC COGNITIVE STYLE
(THINKING LIKE A DESIGNER), A GENERAL THEORY OF DESIGN (A WAY OF
UNDERSTANDING HOW DESIGNERS WORK), AND A SET OF PEDAGOGICAL RESOURCES
(THROUGH WHICH ORGANIZATIONS OR INEXPERIENCED DESIGNERS CAN LEARN TO
APPROACH COMPLEX PROBLEMS.
• DESIGN THINKING REFERS TO THE SET OF COGNITIVE, STRATEGIC AND PRACTICAL
PROCEDURES USED BY DESIGNERS IN THE PROCESS OF DESIGNING, AND TO THE BODY
OF KNOWLEDGE THAT HAS BEEN DEVELOPED ABOUT HOW PEOPLE REASON WHEN
ENGAGING WITH DESIGN PROBLEM.
 CONTD…

• DESIGN THINKING IS A PROBLEM-SOLVING APPROACH THAT FOCUSES ON THE NEEDS OF THE

USER AND IS BASED ON A SET OF PROCEDURES AND KNOWLEDGE. IT'S A HUMAN-CENTERED
PROCESS THAT INVOLVES OBSERVING HOW PEOPLE INTERACT WITH PRODUCTS AND
SERVICES, AND THEN USING THAT INFORMATION TO IMPROVE THE USER'S EXPERIENCE.
• DESIGN THINKING IS A TERM USED TO DENOTE A SET OF STRATEGIC, CONCEPTUAL, AND
PRACTICAL PROCESSES IN WHICH DESIGN CONCEPTS ARE DEVELOPED (PRODUCT PROPOSALS,
STRUCTURES, EQUIPMENT, COMMUNICATIONS, ETC.). MANY KEY CONCEPTS AND ASPECTS OF
DESIGN THINKING HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED THROUGH STUDIES, ACROSS ALL DIFFERENT
DESIGN FIELDS, DESIGN CONCEPTS AND DESIGN WORK IN BOTH LABORATORY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXTS.
STAGES OF DESIGN THINKING
CORE FEATURES OF DESIGN THINKING INCLUDE
THE ABILITIES TO:

• DEAL WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF DESIGN PROBLEMS, ESPECIALLY ILL-DEFINED AND

'WICKED' PROBLEMS
• ADOPT SOLUTION-FOCUSED STRATEGIES
• USE ABDUCTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE REASONING
• EMPLOY NON-VERBAL, GRAPHIC/SPATIAL MODELLING MEDIA, FOR EXAMPLE,
SKETCHING AND PROTOTYPING
 ORIGINS OF DESIGN THINKING

• DESIGN IDEAS AS THEY EXIST TODAY HAVE EVOLVED COLLABORATIVELY IN VARIOUS FIELDS AND INDUSTRIES. OVER 50 YEARS, AND EVEN MORE HAVE
EMERGED AND MERGED INTO THE QUASI-DARWIN SYSTEM OF NATURAL SELECTION.
• 1963: THE IDEA OF USING DESIGN AS A WAY OF SOLVING COMPLEX PROBLEMS IN A SIMPLIFIED MANNER
• 1973: THE IDEA OF DESIGN WAS ACHIEVED FOR DESIGN ENGINEERING BY THE BOOK ‘EXPERIENCES IN VISUAL THINKING’ AUTHORED BY ROBERT MCKIM.
• 1982: DESIGN METHODOLOGY IS DEFINED BY “CROSS” THE STUDY OF THE PRINCIPLES, PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES OF DESIGN ARE DEVELOPED.
• 1987: PETER ROWES BOOK TITLED “DESIGN THINKING” DESCRIBES METHODS AND APPROACHES THAT PLANNERS, DESIGNERS AND ARCHITECTS USE.
• 1980S TO 1990S: THE WORK OF ROBERT MCKIM WAS CONSOLIDATED BY ROLF FASTE AT STANFORD UNIVERSITY DURING THIS PERIOD 1991 DAVID M
KELLY FOUNDED IDEO AND ADAPT DESIGN THINKING TO BUSINESS INTERESTS.
• 2009: THE DESIGN THINKING PROCESS ITSELF IS HUMAN CENTERED, OFFERING METHODS FOR INSPIRATION, IDEATION AND LEARNING TO DESIGNERS.
• 2012: APPLY THE STUDY OF DESIGN THINKING PRINCIPLES IN ENGINEERING.
• 2015: VERBAL PROTOCOL ANALYSIS, COGNITIVE ETHNOGRAPHY, CONTROLLED LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS, AND OTHER FORMAL METHODS FROM
COGNITIVE SCIENCE HAVE BEEN RIGOROUSLY APPLIED IN ENGINEERING.
• 2017: DESIGN THINKING REFLECTED IN MANY APPLICATIONS LIKE PROTOTYPING, SOLUTION-BASED METHOD IS OFTEN USEFUL WAY TO ENCOURAGE
INSPIRATION, IDEATION AND ORGANIZATION LEARNING AND HUMAN CENTERED METHODS.
 DESIGN THINKER IN THE ORGANIZATIONS

• ANY INDIVIDUAL WHO HAS THE FOLLOWING TRAITS CAN BE DESIGN THINKER IN THE
ORGANIZATIONS, NAMELY
• 1. INDIVIDUAL WHO HAS THE CONCERN FOR THE INDIVIDUALS AND WHO KNOW THE
WORKING CHALLENGES IN AT WORKPLACE
• 2. KNOWLEDGE OF MULTI -FUNCTIONALITY OF THE ORGANIZATION
• 3. VISION FOR DEVELOPING RIGHT PROCESS IN THE ORGANIZATION
• 4. CAPABILITY TO UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEMS ON THE JOB AND ABILITY TO WORK ON
THE PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE JOBS OF THE ORGANIZATION.
 CONTD…

• DESIGN THINKING, CROSS-FUNCTIONAL TEAMS WORK TOGETHER TO UNDERSTAND

USER NEEDS AND CREATE SOLUTIONS THAT ADDRESS THOSE NEEDS.
• DESIGNERS CREATE DRAWINGS OR PLANS TO ILLUSTRATE IDEAS AND VISUALLY
SHOW WHAT SOMETHING SHOULD LOOK LIKE. THEIR DESIGNS ARE THE BASIS FOR
ALL FUTURE PRODUCT-BUILDING PHASES, WHETHER THEY'RE DIGITAL OR PHYSICAL.
DESIGNERS PLAY A VITAL ROLE IN MARKETING AGENCIES BUT ARE ESSENTIAL IN
ALMOST EVERY INDUSTRY.
• DESIGN THINKERS ARE PEOPLE WHO EMBRACE CREATIVITY, EMPATHY, OPTIMISM,
ITERATION, AND AMBIGUITY. THEY ALSO KEEP PEOPLE AT THE CENTER OF EVERY
PROCESS.
•
CONTD..
 STAGES OF DESIGN THINKING

• 1. EMPATHY
• THE FIRST STEP IN THE DESIGN PROCESS IS TO GAIN A CRITICAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROBLEM YOU
ARE TRYING TO SOLVE. THIS INVOLVES CONSULTING WITH EXPERTS TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT THE AREA
OF CONCERN, TO CONSULT AND EMPATHIZE WITH PEOPLE TO UNDERSTAND THEIR EXPERIENCES AND
MOTIVES, AND TO IMMERSE THEMSELVES IN A VISIBLE ENVIRONMENT TO GAIN A DEEPER PERSONAL
UNDERSTANDING OF THE ISSUES INVOLVED. SENSITIVITY IS VERY IMPORTANT IN A PERSON-CENTERED
DESIGN PROCESS LIKE DESIGN THINKING, AND SENSITIVITY ALLOWS DESIGNERS TO SET ASIDE THEIR
IDEAS ABOUT THE WORLD IN ORDER TO GAIN AN UNDERSTANDING OF USERS AND THEIR NEEDS.
DEPENDING ON THE TIME LIMIT, A LARGE AMOUNT OF INFORMATION IS COLLECTED IN THIS SECTION FOR
USE DURING THE NEXT PHASE AND TO DEVELOP A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF USERS, THEIR NEEDS,
AND THE PROBLEMS THAT UNDERPIN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THAT PARTICULAR PRODUCT.
 CONTD..

• 2. DEFINE
• DURING THE DEFINE STAGE, YOU COMBINE THE INFORMATION YOU HAVE CREATED AND COLLECTED DURING THE
EMPATHY PHASE. THIS IS WHERE YOU WILL ANALYZE WHAT YOU HAVE SEEN AND PUT IT TOGETHER TO EXPLAIN THE CORE
VALUES THAT YOU AND YOUR TEAM HAVE IDENTIFIED SO FAR. YOU SHOULD WANT TO DESCRIBE THE PROBLEM AS A
PROBLEM STATEMENT IN A PERSON-CENTERED WAY.
• 3. IDEATE
• DURING THE THIRD PHASE OF THE DESIGN THINKING PROCESS, DESIGNERS ARE READY TO BEGIN PRODUCING IDEAS. YOU
HAVE GROWN TO UNDERSTAND YOUR USERS AND THEIR NEEDS IN THE SENSORY SECTION, AND HAVE ANALYZED AND
SUMMARIZED WHAT YOU SAW IN THE DEFINE SECTION, AND ENDED UP WITH A PROBLEM-FOCUSED PROBLEM STATEMENT.
WITH THIS SOLID DOMAIN, YOU AND YOUR TEAM MEMBERS CAN START "THINKING OUTSIDE THE BOX" TO SEE NEW
SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM STATEMENT YOU CREATED, AND YOU CAN START LOOKING AT OTHER WAYS TO LOOK AT THE
PROBLEM. IDEAS AT THE END OF THE IDEATION SECTION TO HELP YOU INVESTIGATE AND EVALUATE YOUR IDEAS TO FIND
THE BEST WAY TO SOLVE A PROBLEM OR PROVIDE THE NECESSARY FEATURES TO AVOID IT.
 CONTD..

• PROTOTYPE
• THE TEAM OF DESIGNERS WILL NOW PRODUCE LESS EXPENSIVE, DISCOUNTED VERSIONS OF THE
PRODUCT OR SPECIFIC FEATURES FOUND WITHIN THE PRODUCT, IN ORDER TO BE ABLE TO INVESTIGATE
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS DEVELOPED IN THE PREVIOUS SECTION. PROTOTYPES MAY BE SHARED AND
TESTED WITHIN THE TEAM ITSELF, IN OTHER DEPARTMENTS, OR IN A SMALL GROUP OF PEOPLE OUTSIDE
THE DESIGN TEAM. THIS IS THE TESTING PHASE, AND THE AIM IS TO IDENTIFY THE BEST SOLUTION FOR
EACH PROBLEM IDENTIFIED DURING THE FIRST THREE PHASES. SOLUTIONS ARE APPLIED TO
PROTOTYPES, AND, INDIVIDUALLY, ARE INVESTIGATED AND ADOPTED, DEVELOPED AND TESTED, OR
REJECTED ON THE BASIS OF USER KNOWLEDGE. BY THE END OF THIS SECTION, THE DESIGN TEAM WILL
HAVE A BETTER IDEA OF THE EXISTING PRODUCT PROBLEMS AND PROBLEMS, AND HAVE A CLEAR IDEA OF
HOW REAL USERS WILL BEHAVE, THINK, AND FEEL ABOUT THE PRODUCT AND SERVICES.
 CONTD…

• TEST
• DESIGNERS OR TESTERS FIRMLY TEST THE COMPLETE PRODUCT USING THE BEST SOLUTIONS
IDENTIFIED DURING THE SIMULATION PHASE. THIS IS THE FINAL STAGE OF A 5-PHASE MODEL,
BUT WITH A RECURRING PROCESS, THE RESULTS PRODUCED DURING THE TESTING PHASE ARE
OFTEN USED TO REDEFINE ONE OR MORE PROBLEMS AND INFORM USERS' UNDERSTANDING,
USAGE CONDITIONS, AND HOW PEOPLE THINK. , BEHAVE YOURSELF, AND BE SENSITIVE, AND
COMPASSIONATE. EVEN IN THIS PHASE, CHANGES AND IMPROVEMENTS ARE MADE TO SOLVE
PROBLEMS AND GAIN AS MUCH INSIGHT INTO THE PRODUCT AND ITS USERS AS POSSIBLE.
 FEATURES OF DESIGN THINKING

• THE FEATURES OF DESIGN THINKING ARE AS UNDER

• 1. DESIGN THINKING UNDERSTANDS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE CUSTOMERS AND PROVIDES
SOLUTION FOR IMPROVING THE PRODUCT AND SERVICE QUALITY IN THE ORGANIZATION.
• 2. THE ROLE OF DESIGN THINKING IS TO COLLECT FEEDBACK FROM THE CUSTOMERS AND
EMPLOYEES BY ITERATION OF PROTOTYPING
• 3. EXPANDING THE RANGE OF SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED IN THE ORGANIZATION
AND EMPLOYEE BETTER CUSTOMER AND EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION
• 4. ENABLE THE DESIGN THINKERS TO DEVELOP NEW PRODUCTS, FEATURES OR SERVICES TO
CUSTOMER AND PROCESS SATISFACTION.
• 5. PROVIDING AND ECO-SYSTEM THROUGH THE INTERACTION WITH THE EMPLOYEES, TECHNICAL
CAPABILITIES AND CUSTOMERS.
 DESIGN THINKING HAS SEVERAL FEATURES,
INCLUDING:

• HUMAN-CENTRICITY: DESIGN THINKING PRIORITIZES USERS AND PUTS THEIR NEEDS FIRST.
• COLLABORATION: DESIGN THINKING INVOLVES WORKING TOGETHER TO CREATE SOLUTIONS.
• CREATIVE IDEATION: DESIGN THINKING ENCOURAGES THE GENERATION OF IDEAS.
• ITERATION: DESIGN THINKING INVOLVES REPEATING STEPS IN THE PROCESS TO REFINE IDEAS.
• PROTOTYPE-DRIVEN DEVELOPMENT: DESIGN THINKING INVOLVES CREATING PROTOTYPES TO TEST ASSUMPTIONS AND GET
FEEDBACK FROM USERS.
• EMPATHIZE: THE FIRST STEP IN DESIGN THINKING, WHERE YOU UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM BY OBSERVING, ENGAGING, WATCHING,
AND LISTENING TO USERS.
• DEFINE: THE SECOND STEP IN DESIGN THINKING, WHERE YOU ANALYZE WHAT YOU LEARNED DURING THE EMPATHIZE PHASE TO
IDENTIFY A CLEAR PROBLEM STATEMENT.
• IDEATE: THE THIRD STEP IN DESIGN THINKING, WHERE YOU FOCUS ON GENERATING IDEAS.
• TEST: AN IMPORTANT PART OF DESIGN THINKING, WHERE YOU TRY OUT PROTOTYPES WITH REAL USERS TO REFINE IDEAS.
• IMPLEMENT: THE FINAL STEP IN DESIGN THINKING, WHERE YOU PUT YOUR IDEAS INTO EFFECT.
 PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN THINKING :

• DESIGN THINKING AIMS TO TRANSFORM IDEAS INTO ACTUAL, VERIFIABLE PRODUCTS

OR PROCESSES IN A COST AND TIME-EFFICIENT MANNER BY LEVERAGING
INFORMATION ARCHITECTURE, BRANDING STANDARDS, WIREFRAMES, VISUAL MOCKS,
USER JOURNEY & INTERACTION DESIGN, ETC.
• ENABLES USER-FRIENDLY ENGAGEMENT
• PROMOTES USER-CENTRIC APPROACH TO PROBLEM-SOLVING
• SUPPORTS BUSINESS SYSTEMS ACROSS DIFFERENT SECTORS
• HELPS SOLVE COMPLEX PROBLEMS
• CREATES INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS & SUPPORTS DIFFERENTIATION.
 CONTD..

• HUMAN FOCUSED DESIGN THINKING: THE PROCESS THAT UNDERSTANDS FROM THE
PERSPECTIVE OF THE HUMAN INCLUDING THE EMPLOYEES AND CUSTOMERS. WHILE
DOING SO DESIGN THINKER NEEDS TO CONSIDER THE INDIVIDUALS, BELIEFS, VALUES AND
ATTITUDES.
• DIVERSITY TO WORK IN A TEAM: DESIGN THINKING NEEDS TO CONSIDER INDIVIDUALS
FROM DIFFERENT BACKGROUND AND TRAIN TO WORK IN A TEAM. WHILE GROUP
MEMBERSHIP SHOULD BE BALANCED THROUGHOUT THE PROJECT, IT MAY BE WISE TO
OCCASIONALLY INCLUDE OUTSIDE-ORGANIZATION PARTICIPANTS — SUCH AS CLIENTS,
SUPPLIERS, AND OTHER TOPIC PROFESSIONALS.
 CONTD…

• COMPREHENSIVE:, DESIGN EXPERTS ARE ALSO ABLE TO IDENTIFY AND CONSIDER

RELATIONSHIPS, COLLABORATIONS, AND COMMUNICATION BETWEEN SEEMINGLY
DIFFERENT IDEAS.
• FLEXIBILITY AND UNCONVENTIONAL COMFORT: DESIGN THINKING IS BEST SUITED
TO DEAL WITH PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES DESCRIBED IN AN
INCOMPREHENSIBLE WAY, AND REQUIRES GREAT FLEXIBILITY IN TERMS OF BOTH
CONTENT AND METHODOLOGY (E.G., WITH THE REQUIRED REPETITION OF MODES
AND CATEGORIES).
• COMMUNICATION SKILLS: WILLINGNESS TO COMMUNICATE AND WORK IN A VARIETY
OF WAYS, INCLUDING SPEAKING, VISUAL, AND TOUCH. DESIGN EXPERTS DESIGN AND
BUILD PROTOTYPES, WITHOUT THE PERCEIVED LACK OF SKILL OR COMPETENCE.
 BENEFITS OF DESIGN THINKING

• 1. IT HELPS TO OVERCOME CREATIVE CHALLENGES: DESIGN THOUGHT GIVES YOU THE

FREEDOM TO LOOK AT PROBLEMS IN MANY WAYS. IT INVOLVES A LOT OF BRAINS TO COME UP
WITH THE BEST IDEAS, WHICH HELPS TO IMPROVE STUDENTS ’KNOWLEDGE.
• 2. HELPS TO MEET CUSTOMER REQUIREMENTS EFFECTIVELY: AS WE DISCUSSED EARLIER,
DESIGN THINKING INVOLVES DEVELOPING PROTOTYPES WHEN TESTING AND USING
CUSTOMER FEEDBACK REPEATEDLY TO ENSURE QUALITY ASSURANCE. BY FOLLOWING A
SUCCESSFUL DESIGN IDEA, YOUR PRODUCT WILL EVENTUALLY MEET THE NEEDS OF
CUSTOMERS.
• 3. IT HELPS TO INCREASE YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF DESIGN THINKING: YOU WILL DO A LOT OF
EXPERIMENTS IN THE DESIGN THINKING PROCESS. YOU WILL ALWAYS TRY TO IMPROVE YOUR
MODEL BY USING CUSTOMER FEEDBACK TO ENSURE CUSTOMER SATISFACTION.
THEORIES AND PRACTICES OF DESIGN
THINKING
 CONTD…

• DESIGN THEORY AND PRACTICE (DTP) EMPOWERS STUDENTS TO CREATE PRODUCTS THAT
ARE MEANINGFUL, TO PEOPLE WHO USE THEM AND TO SOCIETY AT LARGE.
• THEORIES ARE ACADEMIC MODELS OR FRAMEWORKS THAT ARE DEVELOPED TO HELP EXPLAIN
OR PREDICT CERTAIN PHENOMENA. THEY ARE GENERALLY DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC AND OFTEN
BUILD UPON OR EVEN CONTRADICT ONE ANOTHER.
• • PRACTICE DESCRIBES THE APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE OR SKILLS IN A GIVEN SITUATION.
• THERE ARE TWELVE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN: CONTRAST, BALANCE, EMPHASIS,
PROPORTION, HIERARCHY, REPETITION, RHYTHM, PATTERN, WHITE SPACE, MOVEMENT,
VARIETY, AND UNITY. THESE VISUAL AND GRAPHIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES WORK TOGETHER TO
CREATE APPEALING AND FUNCTIONAL DESIGNS THAT MAKE SENSE TO USERS.
 THEORY OF THINKING MODES

• BUILDING ON THE GUILFORD’S STUDIES THERE ARE THREE BASIC MODES OF

THINKING: ANALYTICAL, JUDICIAL, AND SYNTHETIC.
• ANALYTICAL THINKING IS THE PROCESS FOR SEPARATION OF THINGS FROM THE
VISIBLE RELATIONSHIPS IN THE PROCESS AND PRODUCTION IN THE ORGANIZATION.
• JUDICIAL THINKING IS COMPARING AND MAKING JUDGMENTS BASED ON IN-DEPTH
ANALYSIS IN THE THINKING.
• SYNTHETIC THINKING IS THE PROCESS TO COMBINE TWO THINGS AND IDEAS WITH
THE INTENTION OF MAKING NEW PROCESS AND COMBINATION.
 THEORY OF THINKING MODES

• THERE ARE MULTIPLE THEORIES OF THINKING MODES, INCLUDING:

• CONVERGENT AND DIVERGENT THINKING
• THESE ARE OPPOSITE ENDS OF A SPECTRUM, AND THE APPROACH USED TO SOLVE A PROBLEM
MAY FALL ANYWHERE ALONG IT. CONVERGENT THINKING IS USED TO ANALYZE, EVALUATE,
AND MODIFY IDEAS GENERATED THROUGH DIVERGENT THINKING. IT'S ALSO CALLED CRITICAL,
VERTICAL, ANALYTICAL, OR LINEAR THINKING.
• DUAL-PROCESS THEORY
• THIS THEORY SUGGESTS THAT TWO DIFFERENT MODES OF THINKING UNDERLIE DECISIONS.
ONE MODE IS AFFECTIVE OR EXPERIENTIAL, AND DECISIONS BASED ON THIS MODE ARE FAST,
AUTOMATIC, AND BASED ON INTUITION AND SPECIFIC EXPERIENCES.
 CONTD..

• LATERAL THINKING
• THIS MODE OF THINKING WAS DEVELOPED BY EDWARD DE BONO, AND IS CONCERNED
WITH MAKING THE BEST USE OF INFORMATION ALREADY AVAILABLE IN MEMORY.
• COUNTERFACTUAL THINKING
• THIS THEORY FOCUSES ON INSIGHTS INTO WHAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN DIFFERENT IF
SOME DETAILS OF THE PAST HAD BEEN ALTERED.
 THEORY OF PROBLEM SOLVING

• SPECIFIES RELATED TERMS IN DETAIL, E.G. THE ABILITY TO PERCEIVE THE PROBLEM, THE PERCEPTIBILITY OF
THE PROBLEM, THE WILLINGNESS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM,
• THE AWARENESS OF EXISTENCE OF THE PROBLEM OR STRATEGIES OF PROBLEM SOLVING.RE ARE THREE TYPES
OF PROBLEMS; THEY ARE ANALYTICAL, JUDICIAL AND SYNTHETIC.
• THE CONCEPT OF ANALYTICAL PROBLEMS INCLUDES PRECISE CHALLENGES AND SOLUTION WHICH ARE BASED
ON THE SMALL NUMBER OF CHALLENGES AND HAVE PRECISE WAY OF WORKING ON THE CHALLENGE.
• JUDICIAL PROBLEMS ARE INFLUENCED BY COMPLEX CHALLENGES AND WHICH REQUIRE SOLUTION THAT
REQUIRE CORRECT DIRECTION BASED ON THE PROBLEM STATEMENT PRESENT THROUGH COMPLEX
CHALLENGE.
• SYNTHETIC PROBLEMS ARE BASED ON THE OPEN CONCEPT THAT HAS VARIOUS WAYS OF WORKING OF
RESOLVING THE PROBLEM
 CONTD..

• THEORY OF CREATIVE BLOCKS

• ACCORDING TO THIS THEORY THERE ARE BARRIERS TO THE CREATIVITY OF THE
INDIVIDUAL AND THE INDIVIDUAL EXPRESSES INABILITY TO ACCESS CREATIVITY AND
HENCE THERE IS AN BLOCK CREATED IN THE CREATIVITY PROCESS OF THE INDIVIDUAL.
• THEORY OF CREATIVE PROCESS
• A CREATIVE PROCESS IS THE CHOICE BETWEEN THE INNER AND OUTER, CONSCIOUS AND
UNCONSCIOUS MIND OF THE INDIVIDUAL THROUGH THE PROCESS OF REFLECTION AND
ACTIVE COLLABORATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL.
 CONTD..,.

• THERE ARE MULTIPLE THEORIES OF CREATIVE THINKING, INCLUDING:

• ASSOCIATIVE THEORY
• THIS THEORY STATES THAT CREATIVITY IS BASED ON FORMING NEW COMBINATIONS OF IDEAS OR ELEMENTS THAT ARE USEFUL OR
MEET SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS.
• BIASSOCIATIVE THEORY
• THIS THEORY STATES THAT CREATIVITY INVOLVES LINKING TWO PREVIOUSLY UNCONNECTED IDEAS OR FRAMES OF REFERENCE.
• COMPONENTIAL THEORY
• THIS THEORY STATES THAT CREATIVITY IS A COMBINATION OF SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL COMPONENTS, INCLUDING DOMAIN-
RELEVANT SKILLS, CREATIVITY-RELEVANT PROCESSES, INTRINSIC TASK MOTIVATION, AND THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT.
• FACTORIAL THEORY
• THIS THEORY STATES THAT CREATIVITY IS MADE UP OF DIFFERENT FACTORS OR ASPECTS.
• STAGE THEORY
• THIS THEORY STATES THAT THE CREATIVE PROCESS IS MADE UP OF CERTAIN STAGES.
 THEORY OF CREATIVE THINKING

• ACCORDING TO THIS MODEL, SIX MAIN ELEMENTS CONTRIBUTE TO CREATIVITY:

INTELLIGENCE, KNOWLEDGE, THINKING STYLES, PERSONALITY, MOTIVATION, AND
THE ENVIRONMENT.
• THIS PROCESS ALSO INCREASED THE INDIVIDUAL CREATIVE POTENTIAL AND
SUPPORTS IN DEVELOPING RIGHT MINDSET FOR CREATIVITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL.
 PRACTICES OF DESIGN THINKING

• AT THIS STAGE THE PROCESSES ARE PRESENTED FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF

DESIGNERS AND CONSULTANTS.
• 1. DESIGN IDEAS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF DESIGNERS SHOW THAT IDEAS ARE
USED FOR CUSTOMER PROBLEM AS THIS IS DRIVEN BY ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE.
THEREFORE, DESIGN THINKING HAS AN IMPACT ON THE CULTURE OF THE
ORGANIZATION AND THEREFORE DESIGNERS NEED TO CONSIDER THE IMPACT OF
DESIGN THINKING ON THE ORGANIZATION.
• 2. DESIGN THINKING FROM A CONSULTANT'S PERSPECTIVE DEMONSTRATES THAT
SUPPORTING DESIGN THINKING IN PROVIDING SUPPORT FOR COMPLEX BUSINESS
ISSUES AND PROVIDING SOLUTIONS TO COMPLEX BUSINESS PROBLEMS IN THE
ORGANIZATION.
 TEAM BASED DESIGN THINKING

• TEAM SIZE HAS A DIRECT IMPACT ON DESIGN THINKING PROCESS OF THE ORGANIZATION;
FOLLOWING ASPECTS ARE TO BE TAKEN CARE IN THE DESIGN THINKING FOR AN
ORGANIZATION.
• 1. BUILDING THE RIGHT TYPE OF TEAM: TEAM MEMBERS FROM DIVERSE BACKGROUND AND
SPECIALIZATION SUPPORT IN PROVIDING SOLUTION TO THE CHALLENGES FACED BY THE
DESIGN TEAM
• 2. RIGHT TEAM CULTURE: INVOLVEMENT OF THE TEAM MEMBERS IS AN IMPORTANT
COMPONENT FOR DEVELOPING RIGHT CULTURE; HENCE, RULES, REGULATIONS AND PROCESS
OF THE TEAM HAVE AN IMPACT ON DEVELOPING RIGHT CULTURE IN THE TEAM. THEREFORE,
DESIGN THINKING TEAM NEEDS TO HAVE THE RIGHT CULTURE FOR DEVELOPING RIGHT
DIRECTIONS IN THE TEAM PROCESS OF THE DESIGN TEAM.
 CONTD..

• 3. DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER INCLUSIONS, COHESION, INTERACTION AND

CONFIDENCE SUPPORT IN DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE TEAM FOR DESIGN THINKING.
• 4. EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION AMONG THE MEMBERS SUPPORTS IN SHARING THE
IDEAS AND SOLUTIONS FOR THE DESIGN TEAMS IN DESIGN THINKING.
• 5. THE ROLE OF LEADERSHIP IS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT IN DESIGN THINKING, TEAM
LEADER SUPPORT AND ENCOURAGEMENT SUPPORT THE DESIGN THINKING TEAM IN
THE ORGANIZATION.