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Class 12 - Political Science

Sample Paper - 02 (2024-25)

Maximum Marks: 80
Time Allowed: : 3 hours

General Instructions:

1. The question paper consists of five sections (A, B, C, D and E) with 30 questions in total.
2. All questions are compulsory.
3. Question numbers 1-12 are multiple choice questions of one mark each.
4. Question numbers 13-18 are of 2 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 50-60 words each.
5. Question numbers 19-23 are of 4 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 100-120 words each. There is
an internal choice in two of the 4 marks questions
6. Question numbers 24-26 are passage, cartoon and map-based questions. Answer accordingly.
7. Question numbers 27-30 are of 6 marks each. Answers to these questions should not exceed 170-180 words.
8. There is an internal choice in 6 marks questions.

SECTION – A (12 MARKS)

1. Arrange the following in chronological order:

i. India joined United Nations

ii. Sign of 51 countries on United Nations Charter
iii. Establishment of International Atomic Energy Agency
iv. Establishment of World Trade Organisation
a) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii)
b) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
c) (ii) (iii) (i) (iv)
d) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)

2. Which Indian state has launched the New Democratic Initiative that involved campaigns for development in 1987-1991?

a) Gujarat
b) Kerala
c) Bihar
d) West Bengal

3. The party that won the second largest number of Lok Sabha seats in the first General elections was the

a) Bhartiya janta party

b) Bhartiya Jana Sangh
c) Communist Party of India
d) Praja Socialist Party

4. The idea of Five Year Plan was adopted in India from:

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a) The USSR
b) The United States of America
c) Australia
d) Japan

5. Match List I with List II regarding globalization in Indian history.

List-1 List-2

(a) Ancient period (i) An exporter of primary goods and raw materials and a consumer of finished goods.

(b) British period (ii) Not to allow others to export to us so that our own producers could learn to make things
(c) Before 1991 (iii) Economic liberalization and FDI

(d) After 1991 (iv) Flows pertaining to the movement of capital, commodities, ideas
a) (a)-(i), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(ii)
b) (a)-(iv), (b)-(ii), (c)-(i), (d)-(iii)
c) (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(iv), (d)-(i)
d) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)

6. Assertion (A): The first deputy prime minister and home minister of India, Sardarvallabhbhaipatel, emerged as an Iron
man of India.
Reason(R): Sardarvallabhbhaipatel faced key challenges of integration of Hyderabad, Junagarh, Kashmir.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

7. In which of the place Lal Bahadur Shastri and Ayub Khan signed treaty ending the 1965 war?

a) Dhaka, Bangladesh
b) Tashkent, Uzbekistan
c) Shimla, India
d) Colombo, Sri Lanka

8. From the following, who gave the famous slogan Jai Jawan Jai Kisan?

a) Ram Manohar Lohia

b) K. Kamaraj
c) Indira Gandhi
d) Lal Bahadur Shastri

9. The Architect of Non-alignment is:

a) Atal Bihari Vajpayee

b) Pt. Nehru
c) Indira Gandhi
d) Y.B. Chavan

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10. Assertion (A): After the second World War, the world was divided into Eastern Block and Weston Block.
Reason (R): Western countries joined Eastern Block.

a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c) A is true but R is false.
d) A is false but R is true.

11. What was the total percentage of voters in the election in Punjab in 1992?

a) 24 percent
b) 54 percent
c) 31 percent
d) 64 percent

12. When India conducted a nuclear explosion in Pokaran?

a) 1998
b) 1996
c) 1999
d) 1997
SECTION- B (12 MARKS)

13. Mention two arms control treaties signed by the Soviet Union and the U.S.

14. Highlight the names of any four Prime Ministers of India who have led the coalition governments.

15. Cooperation over the global commons is not easy. Explain.

16. Explain the impact of Defection on Indian political system.

17. How did China war of 1962 dirt India’s image at home and abroad. Explain any four points.

18. List any two differences between the socialist and communist parties.
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SECTION-C (20 MARKS)

19. Write a note on Health epidemics as a new source of threat to security.

20. Describe the role of India in the reforming and restructuring of the UN.

21. Explain the meaning of ‘Global commons’ and give any four examples of ‘Global commons’.

OR

Explain the meaning of global commons. Give any four examples of global commons. Why are they exploited?

22. How has globalisation enhanced the position of a state?

OR

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Explain positive and negative effects of globalisation.

23. What was the main outcome of Rajiv Gandhi-Longowal accord in July 1985?

SECTION-D (12 MARKS)

24. 1. Read the text carefully and answer the questions:
Study the cartoon given below (about Pakistan) carefully:

i. Identify the man portrayed in the cartoon.

a) General Pervez Musharraf

b) Mahinda Rajapaksa
c) Gotabaya Rajapaksa
d) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

ii. What do the equations speak about?

a) Dominance of President
b) Dominance of Democracy
c) Dominance of Government
d) Dominance of the military

iii. This cartoon comments on the dual role of Pakistan’s ruler as the ________ of the country and as the ________.

a) President, army General

b) Prime Minister, President
c) Leader of the state, Chief General
d) Prime Minister, army Chief

iv. The United States and other Western countries have encouraged the military’s authoritarian rule Which of the
following is the correct reason behind this support?

a) Military as the protector of Russian interests

b) Military as the protector of Western interests
c) Both Military as the protector of Western interests and Fear of global Islamic terrorism
d) Fear of global Islamic terrorism

25. In the given political outline map of India, four States have been marked as A, B, C and D. Identify these States on the
basis of information given below and write their correct names in your answer-book along with the respective serial
number of the information used and the concerned alphabets given in the map as per the following format:

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i. The State related to V.V. Giri, the former President of India.
ii. The State related to the Congress leader, K. Kamaraj.
iii. The State from where the phrase, Aya Ram, Gaya Ram originated.
iv. The State which faced the most acute food crisis in 1965-1967.
Sr. no. of the information used Concerned alphabet in the map Name of the State

(i)
(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

26. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: (1+1+2)
Our leaders felt that carving out states on the basis of language might lead to disruption and disintegration. It was also
felt that this would draw attention away from other social and economic challenges that the country faced. Protests began
in the Telugu speaking areas of the old Madras province, which included present day Tamil Nadu, parts of Andhra
Pradesh, Kerala and Karnataka. The Vishalandhra movement (as the movement for a separate Andhra was called)
demanded that the Telugu speaking areas should be separated from the Madras province of which they were a part and
be made into a separate Andhra province. The movement gathered momentum as a result of the Central government’s
vacillation. Potti Sriramulu, a Congress leader and a veteran Gandhian, went on an indefinite fast that led to his death
after 56 days. Finally, the Prime Minister announced the formation of a separate Andhra state in December 1952.

i. Name the first Indian states to be created on the basis of language?

a. Punjab
b. Andhra Pradesh
c. Nagaland
d. Gujarat
ii. How many days Potti Sriramalu went on the fast?

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a. 56
b. 66
c. 68
d. 70
iii. What led to the formation of the separate Andhra state in 1952, and how did the Vishalandhra movement play a role
in this?
SECTION-E (24 MARKS)

27. Why are India’s relations with Russia considered an important aspect of India’s foreign policy? Explain.

OR

Mention major tensions and conflicts that took place in the former Soviet republics. What are their results?

28. Analyse any four objectives of establishing the regional organisations.

OR

Describe any four changes that occurred in world politics after the end of Cold War.

29. Highlight any three factors that led to a multi-party alliance system in Indian politics since 1989.

OR

“The regional parties have started playing an important role in Indian politics”. Comment.

30. Describe any three major political developments that took place in India after the lifting of Emergency in 1977.

OR

Evaluate the role of the Naxalite Movement in India.

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Class 12 - Political Science

Sample Paper - 02 (2024-25)

Solution

SECTION – A (12 MARKS)

1. (d) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)
Explanation:

(ii) (i) (iii) (iv)

2. (b) Kerala
Explanation:

Between 1987-1991, the Kerala government launched the New Democratic Initiative which involved campaigns for
development (including total literacy especially in science and environment) designed to involve people directly in
development activities through voluntary citizens organizations. The State has also taken initiative to involve people in
making plans at the Panchayat, block and district level.

3. (c) Communist Party of India

Explanation:

When the final results were declared, the extent of the victory of the Congress did surprise many. The party won 364 of
the 489 seats in the first Lok Sabha and finished way ahead of any other challenger. The Communist Party of India
that came next in terms of seats won only 16 seats.

4. (a) The USSR

Explanation:

As in the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), the Planning Commission of India opted for five-year plans
(FYP). The idea is very simple: the Government of India prepares a document that has a plan for all its income and
expenditure for the next five years.

5. (d) (a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)

Explanation:

(a)-(iv), (b)-(i), (c)-(ii), (d)-(iii)

6. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Explanation:

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

7. (b) Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Explanation:

The hostilities came to an end with the UN intervention. Later, Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Pakistan’s
General Ayub Khan signed the Tashkent Agreement, brokered by the Soviet Union, in January 1966. Though India could
inflict considerable military loss on Pakistan, the 1965 war added to India’s already difficult economic situation.

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8. (d) Lal Bahadur Shastri
Explanation:

Lal Bahadur Shastri

9. (b) Pt. Nehru

Explanation:

Pt. Nehru

10. (c) A is true but R is false.

Explanation:

A is true but R is false.

11. (a) 24 percent

Explanation:

The central government had to impose President’s rule in Punjab and the normal electoral and political process was
suspended. It was not easy to restore the political process in the atmosphere of suspicion and violence. When elections
were held in Punjab in 1992, only 24 percent of the electors tuned out to vote.

12. (a) 1998

Explanation:

1998

SECTION- B (12 MARKS)

13. i. Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT): It banned nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere, in outer space and underwater. It.
was signed by the US and USSR in Moscow on 5th August 1963 and enforced since 10th October 1963.
ii. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT): Allows only the nuclear weapon states to have nuclear weapons and stops
others from acquiring them after 1st January 1967. It was signed in Washington and Moscow on 1st July 1968 and
enforced on 5th March 1970. Extended indefinitely in 1995.

14. Four Prime Ministers of India who have led the coalition governments are:

V.P. Singh (National Front supported by Left Front and BJP)

Chandra Shekhar (Section of NF including Samajwadi Janata Party supported by Congress)
P.V. Narasimha Rao (Congress with AIADMK)
H.D. Deve Gowda (United Front supported by Congress)
I.K. Gujral (United Front with Congress)

(any FOUR)

15. Cooperation over the global commons is not easy due to the following reasons:

i. There is difficulty in achieving consensus on common environmental agendas on the basis of vague scientific
evidence and time frames.
ii. The history of outer space as a global common show that this area is thoroughly influenced by North-South
inequalities.
16. Defection causes constant re-alignments and shifting political loyalties.

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It is the practice of frequent floor crossing by the legislators which leads to political instability.
17. i. India had to approach the Americans and British for military assistance to tide over the crisis.
ii. The Soviet Union remained neutral during the conflict and did not help India against China.
iii. Nehru's own stature suffered as he was severely criticized for his naive assessment of the Chinese intentions and the
lack of military preparedness.
iv. For the first time, a no - confidence motion against Nehru's government was moved and debated in the Lok Sabha.
v. The Congress lost some key by - elections to the Lok Sabha.
vi. Some of the top army commanders either resigned or were retired.
vii. The Defence Minister, Mr. V.K. Menon had to leave the cabinet.
viii. It also affected the opposition. The Communist party split in 1964 and the leaders of the latter faction formed the
Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI-M).
ix. The war with China altered the Indian leadership to the volatile situation in the Northeast region. The process of its
reorganisation began soon after the China war.

18. The two differences between the socialist and Communist Party were:

i. Communist Party took inspiration from the Bolshevik revolution in Russia and advocate socialism as the solution to
problems affecting the country, whereas the Socialist party believed in the ideology of democratic socialism.
ii. The Communist Party's ideology was tilted towards the Soviet Union and China whereas Socialists had no such
ideological inclination.
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SECTION-C (20 MARKS)
19. a. Health epidemics such as HIV-AIDS, bird flu and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) spread across countries
through migration, business, tourism, and military operations.
b. By 2003, an estimated four crore people were infected with HIV-AIDS worldwide, two third of them in Africa and
half of the rest in South Asia.
c. In North America and other industrialised countries, new drug therapies have lowered the death rate from HIV-AIDS.
d. The treatments are too expensive that it has proved to be a major factor in driving the poor regions into deeper
poverty.
e. Other new and poorly understood diseases such as Ebola virus, hantavirus and hepatitis c have emerged, while old
diseases like tuberculosis, malaria, dengue fever and cholera have mutated into drug-resistant forms that are difficult
to treat.

20. The role of India in reforming and restructuring of the UN is given below:

i. India supports the restructuring of the UN because it requires more powers in the changing world.
ii. India believes that the UN should pay more attention to development.
iii. India is in favour of changing the composition of the Security Council.
iv. As the majority of the UN members are from developing countries, they should have a more role in the decision-
making process of the Security Council.
v. India favours the increase in the number of permanent members of the Security Council.

21. Commons are those resources which are not owned by anyone but rather shared by a community. Similarly, there are
some areas or regions of the world which are located outside the sovereign jurisdiction of any one state, and therefore
require common governance by the international community. These are known as Global Commons. Hence, those areas

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which are situated beyond a sovereign jurisdiction of any one state and they need united control by the international
community are called as global commons.

Coordination over the global commons is difficult. There are some revolutionary agreements such as 1959 Antarctic
Treaty, 1987 Montreal Protocol, and the 1991 Antarctic-Environmental Protocol.

Examples of global commons in global context are :

i. Earth's atmosphere
ii. Antarctica
iii. Ocean floor
iv. Outer space

OR

'Commons' are those resources which are not owned by anyone but rather shared by a community. The areas of regions
located outside the jurisdiction of any one state and require common governance by international community are Global
Commons.The four examples of Global Commons are as: Earth atmosphere, Antarctic, the Ocean Floor, and outer space.
They are exploited and polluted due to:

The basis of vague scientific evidence and time frames.

The ozone hole over the Antarctic in the mid 1980s revealed the opportunity as well as dangers inherent in
tackling environmental problems.
North-South inequalities influenced by the history of outer space as a global commons.
With reference to earth's atmosphere and the ocean floor, the most serious issue is technology and industrial
development.

22. Globalisation enhanced the position of a state as:

i. The primacy of the state continues to be the unchallenged basis of a political community. It has still the power to
raise the issue of old jealousy with its neighbouring state or country with the international forum.
ii. The state continues to discharge its essential functions like law and order and national security.
iii. It consciously withdraws from certain domains from which it wishes to.
iv. The state can collect information about its citizens more quickly and in real-time than before.

OR

The positive effects of globalisation are as:

1. Increase in the volume of trade in goods and services.

2. It attracts private foreign capital investment.

3. Promotes world peace and unity.

4. Give access to a larger market.

The negative effects of globalisation are as:

1. It has widened income disparities by making the rich richer and the poor more poorer.

2. Gradually, globalisation is also a reason for depletion of flora and fauna in country.

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3. It creates job insecurity.

4. Causes fluctuation of prices.

23. In July 1985, Rajiv Gandhi reached an agreement with Harchand Singh Longowal, then the President of the Akali Dal.
The main outcome of Rajiv Gandhi-Longowal accord in July 1985 was as:

i. It agreed that Chandigarh would be transferred to Punjab.

ii. A separate commission to be appointed to resolve a border dispute between Punjab and Haryana.
iii. A tribunal to be set up to settle down the sharing of Ravi-Beas river water among Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan.
iv. To withdraw the Armed forces special power Act in Punjab.
SECTION-D (12 MARKS)
24. i. (a) General Pervez Musharraf
ii. (d) Dominance of the military
iii. (a) President, army General
iv. (c) Both Military as the protector of Western interests and Fear of global Islamic terrorism

25. Sr. no. of the information used Concerned alphabet in the map Name of the State
(i) (D) Andhra Pradesh
(ii) (C) Tamil Nadu

(iii) (A) Haryana

(iv) (B) Bihar
26. i. (b) Andhra Pradesh
ii. (a) 56
iii. The Vishalandhra movement demanded the separation of Telugu-speaking areas from Madras province. Protests
intensified, and Potti Sriramulu's indefinite fast led to his death after 56 days. This tragic event pressured the
government, prompting the Prime Minister to announce the creation of a separate Andhra state in December 1952.
SECTION-E (24 MARKS)

27. India has maintained good relations with all the Post-Communist countries but it has the strongest relation with Russia
which continues to date. Following are some arguments to support the statement :

i. Indo-Russian relation is an important segment of India's foreign policy. The relations between these two countries are
embedded in a history of trust and common interests and are matched by popular perceptions. Famous Bollywood
personalities are common names in Russia. India has very positive relationships with the United States of Russia
right from independence.
ii. Both the countries share a vision of multipolar world order. A multipolar world is the co-existence of several powers
in the international system, collective security, greater regionalism, negotiated settlements of international conflicts,
an independent foreign policy for all countries and decision-making through bodies like the United Nations. The
foreign policy had been impacted by The united states of Soviet Russia.
iii. From this relationship, India gets benefits on issues like Kashmir, energy supplies, sharing information on
international terrorism, access to Central Asia and balancing its relations with China. On the other hand, Russia
stands to benefit from this relationship because India is the second largest arms market for Russia. The Indian
military gets most of its hardware from Russia. In this way, both the countries had been helpful to each other in many
aspects.
iv. Russia is vital for India as it has repeatedly come to the assistance of India during its oil crisis. India is trying to
increase its energy imports from Russia and the republics of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. In many incidents, The

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United States of Soviet Russia had provided economic help to India.
v. Apart from this, Russia is important for India's nuclear energy plants and assisted India's space industry. Russia had
provided help for in India, in each case India required weapons. For example, Russia has provided the cryogenic
rocket when India needed it. Recently India had a defense deal with Russia to extend their mutual relationships.
Dut to the above reasons, Russia is considered an important aspect of India's foreign policy and a true friend for India
over the years.

OR

i. Major tensions and conflicts that took place were as given below:
a. In Russia, two republics Chechnya and Dagestan had violent secessionist movements.
b. In central Asia, Tajikistan witnessed a civil war that went on for 10 years until 2001.
c. In Azerbaijan’s province of Nagorno-Karabakh, some local Armenians want to secede and join Armenia.
d. In Georgia, civil war broke out as the two provinces demanded independence.
e. There are movements against the existing regimes in Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, and Georgia.
f. There are river disputes in the region.
ii. Results: All these tensions and conflicts have led to instability, making life difficult for an ordinary citizen.

28. Objectives of establishing regional organizations:

1. Economic Development: They aim to ensure that regional development keeps pace with the fast-growing global
economy. This involves fostering economic cooperation and integration among member states to enhance
competitiveness and economic resilience.
2. Social and Cultural Progress: These organizations work to accelerate economic growth by promoting social
progress and cultural development. This includes initiatives to improve education, healthcare, and cultural exchange,
which contribute to a more inclusive and sustainable economic growth.
3. Peace and Stability: Promoting regional peace and stability is a fundamental objective. This is achieved by adhering
to the rule of law and the principles outlined in the United Nations Charter. Regional organizations often engage in
conflict resolution, peacekeeping, and fostering diplomatic relations to maintain stability.

OR

The end of the Cold War brought significant changes to world politics:

1. Collapse of the Soviet Union: The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 marked the end of the Cold War, leading
to the emergence of 15 independent republics.
2. US as the Strongest Power: With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States emerged as the world’s sole
superpower, dominating global politics and economics.
3. Cooperative US-Russia Relations: Initially, the relationship between the US and Russia, the Soviet Union’s
successor, became more cooperative, focusing on arms reduction and economic assistance.
4. Emergence of China and India: China began to rapidly grow as a global power, leveraging economic reforms and
opening up to international trade. India also experienced significant economic growth, becoming an important player
on the global stage.
5. Rapid Growth of Asian Economies: Many Asian economies, particularly in East and Southeast Asia, experienced
unprecedented growth rates, transforming the region into a major economic hub.
6. New UN Members: Many new countries joined the United Nations as they gained independence from the Soviet
Union or former communist states in Eastern Europe.
7. New Global Challenges: The post-Cold War era introduced a range of new challenges, including genocide, civil
wars, ethnic conflicts, terrorism, nuclear proliferation, climate change, environmental degradation, and epidemics.

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29. The transition from one-party dominance to a multi-party alliance system in Indian Political System.

The election of 1989 marked the end of Congress system of one-party dominance with its defeat.
Then began the era of the multi-party system. There was the emergence of several parties in such a way that one
or two parties did not get most of the votes or seats.
The party politics of India had to confront with challenges like emergence of powerful parties and movements
which represented diverse interests and powerful regional assertions.
One long-term development in this coalition period was the rise of Other Backward Classes as a political force,
different regional aspirations and new forms of vision arose.
Nowadays, politics have become more competitive which is based on certain implicit agreements among main
political actors.
Role of regional parties enhanced.
Pragmatic politics gained importance for power sharing.
Few multi-party alliance after 1989-National front, United front, NDA, UPA, etc.

(explain any THREE in detail)

OR

The role of regional parties in Indian politics is very important because if they ever win an election in their respective
states or regions, then-

i. They work for the interest of their states.

ii. By trying to uplift their betterment and development.
iii. Providing all the requirements of its people.
iv. In the national level, if there is a hung-up parliament, then these parties play an important role in the formation of the
central government.

India as a democratic country has a multi-party system which means that there are several political parties always
competing for power. Apart from the primary parties, each state has its own local political parties that rule and compete
in their region only.
Regional parties play the following roles in Indian politics :

i. In the absence of a clear majority, the largest party has to join hands with a regional party in order to form a
government. This is where the importance of the regional parties comes into play.
ii. Most of the regional parties have agendas furthering certain cultures dominant within that state.
iii. The regional parties for their benefits divide the people of different states on the line of language, culture, traditions
etc.
iv. Sometimes serious issues like India's foreign policy are influenced and compromised by regional parties. This affects
India's credibility in international politics.
v. They also work as a pressure group in Indian politics.
vi. Sometimes regional parties influence the central government to divert more annual budget funds to their states at the
expense of other states.

30. There major political developments that took place in India after the lifting of Emergency in 1977 were as follows:

i. Janata Party: It accepted the leadership of Jayaprakash Narayan. Some leaders of the Congress who opposed the
Emergency also joined this new party. Some other Congress leaders also came out and formed a separate party under
the leadership of Jagjivan Ram. This party named as Congress for Democracy which later merged with the Janata

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Party. Janata Party made this election into a referendum on the Emergency. Its campaign was focussed on the non-
democratic character of the rule and torture, atrocities, suppression, etc that took place during Emergency.
ii. Result of 1977 Elections: The final result of 1977 election was surprising because the Congress was defeated in the
Lok Sabha elections for the first time since independence. In North India, it was a massive electoral wave against the
Congress. The Congress lost in every constituency in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana and Punjab. It could
hardly won any seat each in Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. Indira Gandhi was defeated from Raebareli and her son
Sanjay Gandhi from Amethi.
The impact of Emergency was not felt equally in all the states. The forced relocations and displacements, the forced
sterilisation, were mostly concentrated in the Northern states. The middle castes from North India were moving away
from the Congress and Janata party became a platform for many of these sections to come together.
iii. Split between Janata Government and Janata Party: Janata Party Government that came to power after 1977
elections were far from unity. There was stiff competition among Morarji Desai, Charan Singh and Jagjivan Ram for
the post of Prime Minister. Finally, Morarji Desai became the Prime Minister but the internal power struggle within
the party continued.
The Janata Party Government did not bring any fundamental change in policies pursued by Congress. The Janata
Party split and the government led by Morarji Desai lost its majority in less than 18 months. Another Government
headed by Charan Singh was formed on the assurance of the support of the Congress party. Fresh elections to Lok
Sabha were held in January 1980 in which Janata Party lost badly, particularly in North India where it had swept the
polls in 1977. Congress party under the leadership of Indira Gandhi repeated its great victory. It won 353 seats and
form the government.

OR

The Naxalite Movement: It was a peasant uprising that took place in the area of Naxalbari police station in Darjeeling
hills district of West Bengal. It was led by local cadres of the Communist Party (M) in 1967. Soon the peasant movement
spread to several states of India and came to be referred broadly as the Naxalite movement.
Role or activities of the Naxalite Movement:

i. In 1969, under the leadership of Charu Majumdar, peasants broke off from the CPI (M) and a new party, Communist
Party (Marxist-Leninist) (CPI-ML), was formed. It argued that democracy in India was a facade and decided to adopt
a strategy of protracted guerrilla warfare in order to lead a revolution.
ii. The Naxalite movement has used force to snatch land from the rich landowners and give it to the poor who were
landless. Its supporters advocated the use of violent means to achieve their political goals.
iii. In spite of the use of preventive detention and other strong measures adopted by the Congress party government in
West Bengal, the Naxalite movement did not come to an end. In later years, it spread to many other parts of the
country.
iv. The Naxalite movement has by now splintered into various parties and organisations. Some of these parties, like the
CPI (M), participate in open, democratic politics.
v. About 75 districts in nine states are affected by Naxalite violence. These give open support to farmers exploited by
landlords who are denied their rightful share in produce, fair wages, and cheated by money lenders. These
organisations are thus, more active in remote and backward areas including tribal regions.
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