A – present ability B – Past Ability C – Facts

1. She can adapt to new situations quickly, which makes her a great leader.
2. I can understand most of what’s said in Spanish, but I’m still working on speaking
fluently.
3. When he was younger, he could solve advanced math problems without any
difficulty.
4. I can play the guitar, but I’m not very good at it yet.
5. She could run for hours without feeling tired when she was training for marathons.
6. He can handle high-pressure situations with ease, which is why he’s always chosen
for tough tasks.
7. They could communicate with each other even though they spoke different
languages, thanks to their shared understanding of sign language.
8. I can write reports in English, but it takes me longer compared to when I write in
my native language.
9. She could have passed the exam if she had studied harder.
10. I could have helped you with the project if I had known you needed assistance.
11. They could have won the match if they hadn't made that mistake in the final
minutes.
12. He could have been a great musician if he had pursued his passion for music.
13. We could have finished the assignment on time, but we ran out of resources.
14. She could have learned to speak French fluently if she had spent more time
practicing.
15. I could have saved a lot of money last year if I hadn't made those impulsive
purchases.
16. They could have avoided the traffic if they had left earlier.
17. Water can freeze at 0°C under normal pressure.
18. Elephants can weigh over 6,000 kilograms when fully grown.
19. The sun can cause skin damage if you're exposed to it for too long without
sunscreen.
20. People could live without technology, but it would be much harder to
communicate.
21. Humans can survive for weeks without food, but only a few days without water.
22. The human eye can detect millions of colors in the visible spectrum.
23. It could take a few days for the system update to finish, depending on your
internet speed.
24. You can find information on almost anything by searching the internet.
A – General possibility B – Specific Possibility C – Past counterfactual

D – Stronger Certainty

1. Can you believe how much technology has advanced in the last decade?
2. She couldn't have known about the surprise party because it was a secret.
3. We could go to the beach this afternoon if the weather improves.
4. This can't be the final version of the report; it still has some missing details.
5. The meeting couldn't have started yet; we were just told it would begin in 10
minutes.
6. She could have finished the project yesterday if she hadn’t run into so many
problems.
7. That can't be the right answer; we've already checked it multiple times.
8. They can't be serious about moving to another country—they've just bought a
house here.
9. He couldn't have forgotten your birthday; he’s always so organized with dates.
10. They could arrive late because of the traffic, but it’s hard to say for certain.
11. This could be the place we’re looking for, though I’m not 100% sure.
12. He can solve complex problems, but he doesn’t always have time to help others.
13. I could have helped you with that task, but I didn’t know you needed assistance
at the time.
14. If you had studied more, you could have passed the exam with a higher score.
15. The solution could work, but we need to test it first.
16. She could have misunderstood the instructions, but I’ll ask her to clarify.
17. We can visit the museum tomorrow if we don’t have any other plans.
18. They could be at the meeting right now, but they might be stuck in traffic.
19. She can't be the one who took your phone; she was with me the whole time.
20. He couldn't have finished the project already—he just started it yesterday!
21. She could be at home right now, but I’m not entirely sure.
22. They could have already left, or they might still be in the office.
23. It could rain later, but the weather forecast isn’t clear.
24. He could be the one who sent the email, though I haven’t confirmed it yet.
A – Willingness B – Stronger certainty C – Past counterfactual

1. I will help you with your presentation if you need it.

2. She would be happy to assist you if you ask her politely.
3. They will come to the party, but only if they finish their work on time.
4. He would probably join us for dinner if he weren't so busy.
5. We will definitely go to the beach this weekend if the weather is nice.
6. We would have finished the report earlier if we hadn’t encountered those issues.
7. I would love to visit your hometown someday, it sounds amazing!
8. I would have come to your party, but I had to work late that night.
9. She will try her best to finish the report by the end of the day.
10. If you need advice, I would be more than willing to help.
11. She will pass the exam—she's been studying really hard.
12. I will finish the report by tomorrow morning, without any doubt.
13. She would have told you the truth if you had asked her directly.
14. They would have solved the problem by now if they had all the necessary
resources.
15. The meeting will start at 9 a.m. sharp, so make sure you're on time.
16. They would have agreed to the proposal if it had been presented differently.
17. We will solve this issue, no matter how difficult it seems right now.
18. If you had asked me, I would have been happy to assist with the event.
19. He will be very successful in his career; he has the skills and the drive.
20. He would have joined us for dinner, but he was already committed to another
event.
21. They will arrive at the airport by 5 p.m., I’m sure of it.
22. This new product will change the market completely, based on the feedback
we’ve received.
23. I will take care of it right away, no need to worry about it.
24. She would have helped you with the project if she had known you needed
assistance.
A – Expectation B – Advisability C – Expectation not met

1. She should have finished the project by now; the deadline was yesterday.
2. You ought to have received the email by this point; it was sent last week.
3. They should be here any minute, the meeting starts in 10 minutes.
4. The report ought to be on your desk by this afternoon, as agreed.
5. He should know the answer to that question, he’s been studying it for weeks.
6. You ought to be able to find the information online if you search properly.
7. The package should arrive today, according to the tracking details.
8. We ought to have received a confirmation by now, but there’s still no word.
9. The report should have been finished by now, but I still haven’t received it.
10. She should have called me by 6 p.m., but I haven’t heard from her.
11. The team should have won the match, but they lost in the final minutes.
12. The package should have arrived yesterday, but it's still not here.
13. We should have completed the project on time, but we ran into unexpected
issues.
14. The weather should have improved by now, but it's still raining heavily.
15. He should have known how to solve the problem, but he couldn’t figure it out.
16. They should have confirmed the meeting details by now, but I haven’t received
any updates.
17. You should try to get more sleep if you're feeling exhausted.
18. He ought to apologize for his mistake to avoid further misunderstandings.
19. We should start planning for the trip now to make sure everything is ready.
20. She ought to take some time off to recharge before her next project.
21. You should eat a balanced diet to stay healthy and energized.
22. They ought to focus on improving their communication skills to work better as a
team.
23. I think you should speak with a professional before making any decisions.
24. You ought to double-check the details before submitting the application.
Rewrite the following normal sentences as advisability statements using should,
ought to, or had better. The sentences should sound more like advice or
recommendations.

1. It would be wise to improve your time management skills.

2. It is necessary to handle difficult situations with care.

3. You need to prepare well for your upcoming presentation.

4. It's a good idea to clarify the terms of the contract before signing it.

5. You should always maintain a balance between work and personal life.

6. It is essential that you address the issue with the team as soon as possible.

7. It would be helpful to ask for feedback on your performance.

8. It is advisable to make backup copies of your important documents.

Rewrite the following normal sentences as obligation or prohibition statements

using must (not), have to, or had to. The sentences should now express something
that is required or prohibited.
1. You need to finish the project before the deadline.

2. It’s essential that you read all the instructions carefully before starting the task.

3. You are not allowed to park your car in front of the building after 6 p.m.

4. It is required that all employees complete the training program within the first

month.

5. You should always wear a helmet when riding a bike for safety reasons.

6. I don’t think you’re allowed to enter the premises without an ID badge.

7. We were told to complete the paperwork before the meeting started.

Complete the following sentences by combining the simple modals (can, could, will,
would, may, might, should, must) with the appropriate phrasal modals (be able to,
be allowed to, be permitted to, be required to, be willing to, have to) from the list.
Adjust the structure if necessary.
1. If you work hard, you - finish the project on time.

2. The new employee - complete the training by next week, or they won’t be able to
start their tasks.

3. You - bring your friends to the office event as long as you RSVP.

4. I - attend the meeting tomorrow, but I have a conflicting appointment.

5. We - submit the final report by Friday at the latest.

6. I - work late tonight to meet the deadline, but I would prefer to finish earlier.

7. They - take a break after working for three hours straight, according to company

policy.

8. If you hurry, you - get a seat at the concert, but it’s a long shot.

9. You - make any changes to the document without getting approval from your

manager.

10. He - explain the details of the project once the team gathers for the meeting.

Fill in the blanks with the appropriate modal in progressive form that shows certainty
1. It's 10 AM, so he - (work) in his office right now.

2. Judging by the noise, they - (have) a party upstairs.

3. Considering her dedication, she - (study) for her exams these days.

4. I think I hear the dog barking; it - (be) hungry.

5. They - (plan) their trip to Europe since they mentioned it last week.

6. With this weather, it - (rain) soon.

7. Given his schedule, he - (travel) back from his business trip now.

8. Look at the time! We - (run) late for our appointment

9. Based on his progress, he - (prepare) his final project thoroughly.

10. By now, the team - (work) on the presentation for tomorrow's meeting.