INTRODUCTION TO WOODWORKING

Woodworking – the skill of making furniture using wood

 Turning – wood latte, the turning of wood so that it can be carved

 Woodcarving – the act of physically carving wood with chisels
 Marquetry – small pieces of wood put together (like puzzles)
 Cabinet Making – making of furniture such as cabinet, tables, and chairs
 Joinery – the use of small pieces of wood to produce more complex items

Force Management – the matured and rushed used of old trees

General Workshop – provides training in all kinds of work

Reforestation – the act of planting new trees

BASIC ELEMENTS IN CONSTRUCTION

1. Choose the wood quality.

2. Design the project.
3. Execute the skills you have.

Measuring & Marking – taking of measurements

Dimensioning – cutting and sculpting PARTS OF WOOD

Assembling – joining of pieces Pith – the cross-section of a

tree when cut has a center that
Finishing – applying the varnish and polishing is most porous and soft. After
a time, this center becomes
HARDWOOD SOFTWOOD
rotten, leaving a hollow center
Hardwood comes from Softwood comes from
in the tree.
angiosperm; trees that gymnosperm, trees with
are broadleaved. (More needles and cones.
Heartwood – around the pith
intact) (Less intact)
is a matured wood called the
Used in building high- Used in building outdoor
quality indoor furniture furniture. heartwood. This part is darker
such as table, chair, bed because of the presence of
frames, and cabinet. resins and other materials
Hardwoods have a higher Softwoods are less deposited during the many
density than softwoods. dense than hardwoods. years of growth.
More expensive because Has a cheaper price
of its quality than hardwoods Sapwood – beyond the
Slower growth rate Faster rate of growth outside of heartwood is the
Hardwoods shed their Softwoods tend to keep newer growth of sapwood
leaves over a period or their needles throughout
which is usually lighter in color
season. the year. (Not affected
by the changing season) Cambium Layer – located
More fire resistance Poor fire resistance
between the sapwood and the
Has wood grains (pattern Does not have wood
inner-bark. This is where cell
we see) that is pleasing grains
to the eyes. takes place to form more
Examples: alder, balsa, Examples: pine, juniper, sapwood.
beech, mahogany, oak, yew, redwood, spruce,
maple, walnut Douglas fir, cedar Growth Rings – the increment
of wood added during a single
growth period

Bark – protection of the tree

TYPES OF NAILS

Hardware – connects all parts of the furniture together

Flattened – to make or become flat or flatter

Hammered – is the state of an object after receiving a hit or hard force from a hammer

Wire Gauge – used to measure wire diameter

Head – the rounded part of the nail

Shank – the long portion of the nail

Point – the bottom part of the nail, diamond-shaped are the most common while a blunt
point is a point that is no longer sharp

 Common Nail – the most common type of nail. It has a think shank, a wide
head, and a diamond-shaped bottom. A special type of common nail is called
sinker.
 Finishing Nail – used as the finishing touch of a furniture. Used in interior and
exterior trim, window and door casing, and chair rails. It has small and slightly
rounded heads that are bigger than the nail’s shank.
 Casing Nail – like finishing nails but casing nails are bigger in size. Used in
laying floors, cornices, exterior molding, nailing door frames, and trim.
 Box Nail – like common nails but has a narrower shank. Used in lighter pieces of
wood since it has less strength than other nails.
 Concrete Nail – made from hard steel and has a thick shank that makes it
recognizable. It can penetrate hard materials and is used in concrete, concrete
blocks, hollow blocks, and mortar joints.

TYPES OF HEAD SCREWS

Wood Screw – screws that are made from metal but used to join wooden workpieces

Timber – refers to trees that will be cut for use or it means that the trees are already cut
down but not yet made into planks. It can also refer to woods after it had been
processed (lumber).

 Flathead and Roundhead Screws – the most common types of screws.

Flathead screws are used to hold all sorts of things. Roundhead screws are used
in machinery and have a flat underside. They are also known as negative.
 Philip Head Screws – flat or oval heads with two slots at right angles to each
other. Designed to provide a tighter fastening. Also known as positive, it is
partnered with the Philip Screwdriver.
 Bolts – provides the best holding strength that is used in securing materials
together compared to screws and fasteners.
 Hinges – used in carpentry such as doors and cabinets to connect objects that
allow it to still move or swing.

ADHESIVE AND ABRASIVES

Adhered – stick fast to a surface or substance

Synthetic Resin – contain chemical substances, commonly used to produce plastics

Polishing – the process of creating a smooth or shiny surface

Adhesive – also called glue, is a substance that holds or sticks materials together

Abrasives – used in smoothing and polishing and to shape and finish a workpiece
  Sandpaper – sandpapers are used to remove materials from surfaces or to
make them smoother
 Flint Paper – like sandpapers, flint papers are used for polishing glass and
ceramics
 Emery Cloth – also called emery tape, used for hand metalworking
 Grindstone – a sharpening stone used to sharpen materials

HAND TOOLS

Hand Tools – tools used by hand without machines and electronics

Supplanted – means to supersede and replace

Sophisticated – means to improve and develop Edge Chamfer

Fundamentals – refers to basics and essentials

Chamfers – a transitional edge between two faces of an object

Measuring Tools – tools used to measure distances and spaces

 Rule – used for measuring and drawing straight lines

 Two-foot Folding Rule – a two-foot folding rule is made of two rules joined
together that can be folded. It can also be extended to make it longer. Can be
used to take measurement, angles, parallel lines, special marks, and tape
measure.
 Zigzag Rule – a rule composed of light strips of wood joined by rivets to be
foldable, all the opening and closing parts being in parallel planes.
 Flexible Steel Rule – a steel rule is the simplest and most common measuring
tool
 Measuring Tape – a length of tape or thin flexible metal marked at intervals for
measuring

Square – used to mark and reference the 90-degree angle

 Try Square – a woodworking tool used for marking and checking 90-angles on
pieces of wood
 Mitre Square – a hand tool used in woodworking and metal working for marking
and checking angles other than 90
 Sliding “T” Bevel – an instrument that is used for both laying out and
transferring angles

OTHER MEASURING TOOLS

 Drafting Triangle – a precision tool used for drawing lines and specific angles
 Framing Square – a tool used when laying out and making patterns in carpentry
 Protractor – a tool used to measure or construct an angle of a given measure

ANGLES

Constructive Angle – pure form of geometric construction by the help of mathematical

instrument

 Right Angle – an angle that measures exactly 90 degrees

 Acute Angle – an angle that measures less than 90 degrees
 Straight Angle – an angle that measures equal to 180 degrees and looks like a
straight line
 Reflex Angle – an angle that always measures more than 180 degrees but less
than 360 degrees
  Obtuse Angle – an angle that measures greater than 90 degrees but less than
180 degrees
 Full Rotation Angle – an angle that measures exactly 360 degrees

Marking Tools – used for activities such as cutting, shaping, and drilling a piece of
wood

Gauging – means to precisely measure the size, dimension, or other measurable

quantity of an object

Whittle – to pare or cut off pieces of wood with a knife

Whittling – is carving shapes out of raw wood using a knife to make art

 Lead Pencil – a tool used to layout or mark cutting lines

 Sloyd Knife – tools primarily used for whittling and carving wood
 Scratch Awl – a woodworking layout tool to scribe a line
 Marking Gauge – a tool designed to make parallel lines
 Divider – a tool used to draw a small circle or divide a straight line into equal
dimension or length
 Trammel Points – used to draw a larger circle such as a circular tabletop

HOLDING TOOLS AND PRESSURE TOOLS

Holding Tools – tools used for holding pieces of work, blades of tools, and for clamping
pieces of wood to be glued

Pressure Tools – tools that are considered as vises and clamps

 Fixed Vise – a vise that is permanently attached to the side of the bench
 Portable Vise – a vise that is attached in a place where it’s mostly needed
 Screw Vise – also known as Continuous Vise, this vise is tightened or loosened
by turning the screw
 Rapid-Acting Vise – also known as Quick-Action Vise, this vise can be opened
and closed and pressing a lever that’s attached near the main screw
 Machinist Vise – this vise is an all-purpose vise. It’s adjusted by means of a
screw

Clamps – used to secure and hold objects

 C-Clamps – a steel formed like letter C, used for holding pieces of wood to be
glued and nailed. Also known as screw clamping.
 Bar Clamp – used to hold long and big pieces of wood or plank that’s going to be
glued
 Hand-Screw Clamp – used to hold finishing work
 Stell Bar Clamp – a frame made up of a long bar with two adjustable clamping
jaws that is commonly used in woodworking or cabinet making to hold huge
pieces of work. The strongest type of clamp.
 Column Clamp – Quickly adjusted and secured to ensure positive clamping of
steel and timber formwork for Concrete Columns. Formwork Direct Column
Clamps are designed to cramp the formwork tightly together at the corners.

Saws - a tool for cutting wood. It can be either a hand tool or a power tool, and it
typically has a blade or a disk with a jagged cutting edge
  Panel Saw – hand saw with fine teeth for cutting thin wood
 Back Saw – is any hand saw which has a stiffening rib on the edge opposite the
cutting edge, enabling better control and more precise cutting than with other
types of saws.
 Bow Saw – a type of bow saw used to cut intricate external shapes and interior
cut-outs in woodworking or carpentry.
 Japanese Saw – or nokogiri (鋸) is a type of saw used in woodworking and
Japanese carpentry that cuts on the pull stroke, unlike most European saws that
cut on the push stroke.
 Teeth Cutting Tool – or saws are main tools for a carpenter. The most
commonly used saws by a carpenter are the Crosscut saw, the Rip saw, the
Back saw and the Hack saw.
 Crosscut Saw – designed to cut wood grains

Triangles

a. 45, 45, 90 = 45-degree triangle

b. 30, 60, 90 = 30 by 90-degree triangle

Cutting Tool – a hardened metal tool that is used to cut, shape, and remove material
from a workpiece by means of machining tools as well as abrasive tools by way of shear
deformation

Edge Cutting Tools - any cutting tool with a sharp cutting edge

Chisels – is a tool with a characteristically shaped cutting edge (such that wood chisels
have lent part of their name to a particular grind) of blade on its end, for carving or
cutting a hard material such as wood, stone, or metal by hand, struck with a mallet, or
mechanical power. The handle and blade of some types of chisels are made of metal or
of wood with a sharp edge on it.

 Paring Chisels – a long-handled hand chisel having a short thin blade for paring
wood surfaces
 Bevel Edged Chisels
 Mortise Chisels – used for chopping out joints (chiseling away the waste wood)
 Skewed Chisels – are turning chisels with a straight cutting edge at an angle to
the shank. Used for smoothing and cleaning the corners of dovetails. Generally
used in smoothing out spindles.
 Japanese Chisels – used to clean large mortises or balance the shape of large
tangs. Also known as nomi. There is a hard blade attached to a softer piece of
metal.

PLANES

 Bench plane – is used to remove lesser amounts of wood from a workpiece,

similar with sharp wood chisel
 Block plane – a smaller plane
 Wooden block plane – a block plane but made of wood
 Jointer – a woodworking machine used to produce a flat surface along a board’s
length
 Thickness planer and Bench top thickness planers – a woodworking machine
to trim boards to a consistent thickness throughout their length
 Sawhorse – a frame or trestle that supports wood for sawing

Boring Tool – a joiner uses these tools for holes during making or repairing furniture
  Hand Drill – a small drilling machine resembling a breast drill but designed to be
held and operated by the hand
 Bit Brace – it consists of head cranked handle, chuck, and frame
 Auger bit – an auger bit contains a helical screw blade for boring holes
 Foerstner bit – has a small center point

Dowel – is the term commonly used to reference a small piece of cylindrical wood

Driving Tool – used for driving in or driving out nails, screws, and other objects

 Hammer – a tool consisting of a head fastened to a handle and used for

pounding something
 Mallet – its head is made from different types of soft materials
 Punches – are used to make or create holes with a thin sheet of metal
 Screwdrivers – used to put screws in a marked hole or to remove screws
 Nail set – is used to support a material from one another

Protruding – means extending out above or neither beyond a surface or boundary

Sharpening File – sharpen or smooth with a file

Honing – sharpen or smooth with a stone

Diamond Whetstone - fastest growing type of sharpening

Sharpening Stones – are used to sharpen the edges of steel tools and implements

 Single 1000 Grit Whetstone – used to sharpen tools that lost their edge
 Combination Oilstone – along with Arkansas stones are the traditional sharping
tools
 Diamond Whetstone - fastest growing type of sharpening

5S AND PPEs

5S – series of procedures or systems for organizing spaces for efficiently, effectively,

and safely work. 5S was founded by Sakichi Toyoda (Father of the Japanese Industrial
Revolution) and originated in Japan. Originally called the Just-in-time system and was
introduced by Toyota motor company in the 1970’s.

 Sort / Seiri – eliminating unnecessary things

 Set In Order / Seiton – organizing the remaining things or tools
 Shine / Seiso – cleaning the work area, focuses on sweeping, mopping, dusting,
etc.
 Standardize / Seiketsu – setting the first 3s as the standard of cleaning
 Sustain / Shitsuke – sustaining the 5S in our lives

ADVANTAGES – reduces workflow problems, improves workplace safety, aligns

employee efforts with goals, improves facility appearance, establishes standards,
reduces training time, improves quality, reduces changeover tie, increases space,
reduces material handling, reduces search time, reduces equipment breakdowns, and
increases productivity.

DISADVANTAGE – it may not be easy for everyone to remember, could be

misunderstood

PPE – gears worn to protect the body from machines, sharp tools, and further injuries
while working in the workshop.
 Protective Gloves – used to protect our hands when doing any tasks that may
cause danger or injuries like chemicals or sharp object. (Leather, Fabric,
Insulating Rubber, and Chemical Resistant Gloves). They are used when
handling hazardous materials that can easily be contaminated.
 Safety Goggles – protection for our eyes when doing tasks that can cause
things to fly over and strike our eyes. Used when wielding, doing chemical
related stuff, and dealing with dust and debris. Your goggles must have the ANSI
Z87.1 stamp.
 Safety Boots – help prevent many foot injuries from falling and flying objects,
punctures, cutting hazards, trips and falls, and extreme weather.
 Dust Mask – used in environments with dust encountered during construction or
cleaning activities, such as dusts from drywall, brick, wood, fiberglass, silica, or
sweeping. They prevent inhaling dust that can be harmful and dangerous to the
body.
 Head Protective Gear – a safety gear worn on the head. It keeps the knocking
of the head away from falling objects, sharp tools, and equipment. Worn when
going to places with hard objects. It also prevents blood-clotting and trauma. A
head gear with shield can protect the head and eyes at the same time.

COLOR CODING:
White – supervisors, engineers, managers, and foremen
Yellow – laborers, workers, and earth movers
Blue – electricians, carpenters, and technicians
Brown – welders and workers with high heat
Red – firefighters
Green – safety officers
Gray – site visitors

 Ear Protective Gear – used in places/establishments with loud noise that can
hurt the ears. Use ear plugs and earmuffs, they reduce 15 to 30 decibels when
worn correctly.