PYSCAL ExAmINATION oF URINt
Physicad Examinat?on o< Uin încudes
uantty ?he
The normal
norma! quantik usne 1500 to aoDo ml/daylielst2
rnormal
Polyina; when thena quontity wina is înouasecd than the
?t i soid to be
Causes: folyutina
Owutigs, Diabetic lFtusyChaonie 3unal joib
Ouga2 Deouased qandty o wrint than the nomal.
Cus es : Dehycaton ,Rnal Tschannia
hnovia: T! tndiates conlat ablen Ct el urinu jormaton
a Colo The colos a! the wn i "Stauo yelow colausr" deto
normal
the pesenu & pigmnds -tA0choome' "UMobilinogen"
Achange e cala in uatha may lbe dus to potholagia orpytiolbgd
Condten
ColouR. TNOICATIONS
Raddish buown Inusesed wsochoome
Alage amount o RBC
yellouw Bile pigmerds (Taunelte]
milky cohi te
white. Chyvia
3 Odor: Nornnal uah wine has slght anomatfc in odor
ARPeooan e:The noy mal win s daan in appecane [Toonspunt
Aidl'c' in natue
(e]: NoYma suhau wne is 'slahty
B Reacton ' 6 to t-0"
biom
may vay
. The PH may
15 - |-03o"
"{Normod speutic 9t avity o wr'ne is " -0 '"Hyposthanusia'" Cei-b0
louw speijic gnavthy aa called as
Uin e Is othunwia'.
ty e abocd ":010" ç called
"Fired speuic qaavi
"{Uküna o high speio oravi ty id callad as Hypurtenusia"
Vitamns, hatmons u
the usine om
ahe chemical &ubstanus which can paventUinasypLsenattve.
Contamin ation docompos Ttion ae called
Ihey
|Conc HCL
ON HCL
Acetfc aco
metaphosphoic acid
Formalin .
Boyic acid
Ihy mol
o Teluan
cnloro jorm
Collection uaine aaple
°For outino exaninalgn Unine any kesh ni suam uine
It bust to colled eany moning mid sbacn tine
>PROCEDURE
iTrstvd the patferd to lsd alf theiritial povtton to collet
mdd baam porton direcy into the countainh:
Boilfoy amn oveta sptst lamp: the
s absent in
D theu sa no coouk chang sug
pkaserd vau'ous eolowr may oppea
|sugaH neg ative
à nucorcuol as
su,ht gpaan colout or no chang
duoosisk i uposted as trau or O-57.
un coloun otth vell ov
Sq
pecpitation is 17: r5/
SGaanish ylow ithpkecfoftafion upor ed as
Ocnge colowr with
S Bick nud with hgh pecpitatYon
orine ¬xaminatfon tor proteins -
ol proeins OAc duntal
d types
3main obunin wia
oY Sunal
coagulaisn
(3
Dorganti can be
hiat Uns tor pro teins
tr ae covitaton en ethod
date tad by 3 methods Ohact Gu acotic acidmethod.
) lpho salsalic
3)N?bic acd method
HeAT uAceTIc AaDmeTHOD;
Airn To ind sut proteuis in wne
D
MeTHOD:G lau'l aatfe aid method
"RequiR¬meNT : Test tubetest tube holdey,oluopp
KeA GENT? 3/% Gacial aehe cacid.
o SAm PlE Uin.
PRocE DURE
Take g volum c4 wins in a dean ady test tube.
head the suhau o< tho in ty cloudynas appeat add te
duops e Go ccialacetic acid. albumins
At adling gacal acte ocid a doudyrss apreat
Aytor
Puserd
ResULT
No cloudres nugatve
Vsible cloudyness traa
Deyinend cetu
cloud
Lt
Heawy adoud a+)
BiLE PIGMEN TS
Ihe const+Rtuunis exlNatid fn the wint as
Bile may be evecd
BiUubtn (etle plamant ,may
BILubin ppeass fn the uen ohen 1 å exaLS fn blood.
|lhese condtfon knoon as Joundia:
Vas°ous teat can bu done:
(O Foam test
Feuchus ts test
FoUcHESTS TEST PROCEoURE
|lake 5mn o wine fn adon dru test tube aado eaua ameunt
|Atow Add 1duop t keuchusts suagent
q'uan coleus fndicats he prasenu of Bile piamunt.
OY
m0ccuLIT TeST
check the pkesenu o< Bloocd n wine:
3types e test to
Omicroscopic exuminatfon
Benzidine test
3) Specto scopic method.
>BeNZIDINE TESI
PROCEDURE
ycy test hube aad ea pinch e
Take 2m o ueine fn a caan ydu
Bengidine poodst mx well .
Peroxiolo
Adup Blu colouy indiata pUSen ol Blood
BLOOD COLLECTION
8loo collecton i ha
th psocess ol dor auoing blooc uom a
vcin tor vo'OUsppoSes ike midical tests,
conattons,
0s tanaiong. Ihe col ede blood can then be used foY
dlagnostic tests to check tor diseos es , moni toy hiat
conditior,ov datsmin blood type for troratus iong.
J. T a common prouduse dons in health caru
setfings
by trauntd prolession al, to gaffun ompostard nomaton
aboud a posons health.
*TYPES OF BLOOD coULE CTION
| lkne au tour types e Blood collection mathod
ONenipurchuu
trgestfek ) Capillasy Blocd colleion.
9Avtedal punctt
toch type i wsed basedl on the speific nuds
o
the mo bical
ocadusu ox test being conducdl.
* VARIOUS MeTHODS OF BIoOD CoLE CTIONykoeDuke
1-VENIPUNCTURE
|Ihis s the most conmon mothod whoe a hialthcad pro sTono
Inset a nudle nto avein ;usualy in the asum to drow bl0od
|o testng or donatton:
FROceDURE
hu padiert should be in a comortable , sula xed posttion."y pkal
the an s used.
Apply a townia uet
Prominend
to the uppet asum to make thi veins more
Clecun the slte with on alcohel swab ,usually thi antubital zoaua
Cinner elbow
INSERTION
Use a steile ndle attachio to a collecton tube or
Syinge
| Insed the nedli hto the vein at a i5- 30
angl
Collect the soquired velue ol blood fnto tubes
median ub'tal
Basiicvein
vei
’Bastic veùn
modian v
CAPILLARY BLoOD CoLLECTION
INGER STICK
ASnall punctuu is mace on the 4inge tip to coled a
small
amoud oy blood- Ts o< len sed hor quick ds ts 'ke chcking
Blood Auga lovels.
PROCEDURE
clhan the rngertp (usually the mid du osing fing] wtth uob
PUNCTURE
UAe a lonced to puntuu the side oj the fihgntip
TOpe cuoay the irst daop , as it be contaminated uith tisue
tmay
Colled the bloo intoa microtube or ont o a test stt?p:
Lanat
(S|HeEL STICK
Thss muthod is conmmonl wsed in inans
Pryarts y young childun.
AsmalU punctu s made on thi het to colet asnal
sample ol blocd jov testing
Used jor neobons y inyons jo soaring tsts
> PROCEDURE
Wan the heel to improve bloo d 7low
Clean th site fusually the outey ot ol the hel oith as 0ah
PuNCTORE
0se a stele loanct to puntne the heel
Oipe uway the first daop, hen coctple into a
miorotube
Latena plarntat medial plantoar nvt
Lat planta <
Medial planta
neve
functune > Punctuwu s?te
Site.
Smedical cal caneal
|ARTERIAL TUNCTURE
his me thod invol ves înaeting a nse dle Pnto an attoy to colkct
Blooc THs lus common than yeripuncwu aas ua usually
dona In spedlic situations ohoe asite'al blood nardd foy
Used toy blood qas analyss to detmine oxygen,castbon dioxidt
PH levels
PROceDURE
Choose an atetal sitetypicaly the yadiol , brachiol,or
INSERTION
Insot acteile nacli n to thu ast teyad a sitoble arngle 30
Allouw ihu Ayinge to l iHh an teial blood due to ths ast tesys
mudantene
Bachial arteny
Radial
>Uhan neHve .
>Bupenhjciad palma areh.
ROCEDURE FOR CoLLeCTING BLoOD
DBrupaa the paliend:
c
Hawe the pofert exknd theist asun yopen close thaiy hand to
make thuin vein more visible.
Clean the site:
Ose an antisepic to cean the ao obe th4 blood it| oHCLOn.
Apply atowiniqut:
Pla ce an elastic band asiound thi
3-5 nches cbove the vei: patient upperam, cbot
9Tnsed the nidle:
Oz?nq a nadle ottached to a blood collection tube, însert the
|Using
nedli nto the veun at 15-30
5 Colleet blood
Attach the tube to the recle y Collecd blood.
GRernove the nd
Gendly withdaw the ndle apply pSUe to the aite wi th
a clean goure os cotton ball
Banda ge the sike
CoveH the aea th a bondase to Atop sleading
PRE CAUTIONS
ixinginvtt tubes sevenal times altr collecion to mix blood
wRth addstRves
Storog!
Follouo apedfe Btorage condiHona for each type aq tube
to maintan somple întegty
3 Tronspototion
tnsuu soanples au troni portol in the cotd cond?toru to
fruend dohadator.
Collecng blocd acunakly sally
diagoostfes. Each method etubs type
Protocols to ere the best us ulls a pctient saety
