KWARA STATE POLYTECHNIC, ILORIN
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY.
COURSE CODE: CEC 309
COURSE TITLE: ENVIRONMENAL ENGR’G & POLLUTION
CONTROL
PRESENTED BY:
HND/24/CEC/FT/152
HND/24/CEC/FT/151
HND/24/CEC/FT/0153
HND/24/CEC/FT/0156
HND/24/CEC/FT/0157
KPHNDFT2024_0159
SUBMITTED TO:
DR. ENGR. EMMAUEL .O. IBIWOYE
List factors which influence the choice of earth Moving Equipment:
1. Type of Material – The nature of soil, rock, or debris being moved (e.g., soft soil, clay,
sand, or hard rock) affects the selection of equipment.
2. Project Size & Scope – Large-scale projects may require heavy-duty equipment, while
smaller projects might use compact machinery.
3. Site Conditions – Terrain, weather, and access constraints can determine which
machines are suitable.
4. Depth & Distance of Excavation – The required depth and haul distance influence the
type and capacity of machinery needed.
5. Equipment Capacity & Efficiency – The speed, bucket size, load capacity, and cycle
time affect productivity.
6. Fuel Efficiency & Operating Costs – Cost-effective and fuel-efficient machines are
preferred for long-term projects.
7. Mobility & Maneuverability – Machines should be able to navigate the construction site
easily.
8. Availability of Equipment – The choice may depend on what equipment is available for
rental or purchase.
9. Cost & Budget – The initial cost, maintenance, and operational expenses should align
with the project's budget.
10. Operator Skill & Training – Some equipment requires specialized training, influencing
the choice based on workforce capability.
11. Safety & Environmental Regulations – Compliance with workplace safety standards
and environmental laws may impact the selection.
12. Versatility & Attachments – Machines that can perform multiple tasks with different
attachments are often preferred.
Different Types of Earth-Moving Plants Include:
1. Excavators – Used for digging, trenching, and material handling.
2. Bulldozers – Heavy-duty machines for pushing soil, debris, and grading land.
3. Backhoe Loaders – Versatile machines with a front bucket for loading and a backhoe for
digging.
4. Wheel Loaders – Used for loading materials into trucks or stockpiling.
5. Skid Steer Loaders – Compact, highly maneuverable machines for various earth-moving
tasks.
6. Motor Graders – Used for leveling and grading surfaces.
7. Scrapers – Designed to cut, lift, and transport soil over long distances.
8. Dump Trucks – Transport earth, rocks, and construction materials.
9. Tracked & Wheeled Trenchers – Used for digging trenches for pipelines or cables.
10. Draglines – Large-scale excavation machines used in mining and dredging.
11. Compactors/Rollers – Used for soil and asphalt compaction.
12. Hydraulic Hammers – Attachments for breaking hard ground and rocks.
13. Pipelayers – Specialized machines for laying large pipes in construction projects.
Definition and Use of Topsoil on Site
Topsoil: is the uppermost layer of soil, rich in organic matter and nutrients, essential for
supporting plant growth and maintaining soil health.
Uses of Topsoil on a Construction Site:
1. Landscaping & Green Spaces – Provides a fertile base for planting grass, trees, and
gardens after construction.
2. Erosion Control – Helps stabilize the soil and prevent erosion caused by wind and
water.
3. Site Rehabilitation – Restores disturbed areas after excavation or construction work.
4. Improving Drainage & Soil Quality – Enhances water retention and aeration for better
soil structure.
5. Filling & Leveling – Used for grading and leveling land before planting or turf
installation.
6. Storm water Management – Absorbs rainwater, reducing runoff and preventing
flooding.
7. Agricultural & Recreational Uses – Supports farming, sports fields, and parks on
reclaimed land.
Definition of a Borrow Pit
BORROW PIT: A borrow pit is an excavated area where soil, gravel, sand, or other materials
are taken ("borrowed") for use in construction projects, such as road building, embankments, or
land reclamation. The borrowed material is transported and used to fill or level another site.
Release Agent – A chemical or oil-based substance applied to formwork to prevent
concrete from sticking. It ensures easy removal of the formwork and provides a smooth surface
finish.
Exposed Aggregate – A decorative concrete finish where the outer layer of cement paste
is removed to reveal the embedded coarse aggregate. This enhances the texture, durability, and
aesthetics of the surface.
Knock-Off Finish – A rough surface treatment where the outer cement layer is chipped
or "knocked off" to create a textured effect, often used for non-slip surfaces or decorative
finishes.
Striking of Formwork – The process of removing formwork after the concrete has
gained sufficient strength. The timing depends on factors like concrete type, curing conditions,
and structural requirements.
