S.

N NAME OF EXPERIMENTS DATE REMARKS

1. COLLECTIVE FARM VISIT FOR THE COLLECTION 2081/05/05

AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSECTS

2. COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF 2081/05/05

PREDATORY INSECTS

3. COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF 2081/05/06

PARASITOIDS OF INSECT PESTS

4. COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT 2081/05/08

POLLINATORS OF CROPS

5. COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR 2081/05/09

INSECT PESTS OF RICE AND MAIZE

6. COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR 2081/05/09

INSECTS AND PESTS OF WHEAT AND MILLETS

7. COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT 2081/05/09

PESTS OF CRUCIFEROUS CROPS

8. COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR 2081/05/11

INSECTS AND PEST OF OILSEED CROPS

9. COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT 2081/05/11

PESTS OF SOLANACEOUS CROPS

10. COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT 2081/05/11

PESTS OF LEGUMINOUS CROPS

11. COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT 2081/05/13

PESTS OF CITRUS CROPS

12. COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT 2081/05/13

PEST OF MANGO, BANANA AND LITCHI

13. COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR 2081/05/14

VERTEBRATES

14. COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT 2081/05/14

PESTS OF STORAGE GRAINS

15. IDENTIFICATION OF RODENTS AND THEIR 2081/05/14

MANAGEMENT

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 PRACTICAL NO: 15

TITLE : IDENTIFICATION OF RODENTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

OBJECTIVES:
• To be familiar with different species of rodents
• To be able to know the nature of damage of rodents in store house
• To be familiar with the biology of rodents
• To be able to know the integrated management of rodents

MATERIALS:
• Pot trap
• Cage trap
• Steel trap
• Snap trap
• Sticky trap
• Zinc Phosphide
• Warfarin or cumarin

PROCEDURES:
• Carefully observe the different species of rodents
• Write about the nature of damage and biology of rodent species
• Collect the rodent traps and prepare the poison baits for rodent trapping
• Follow the prebaiting practices for effective management of rodents
• Keep the poison bait out of reach of children
Theory:

important rodents species available in Nepal

• Himalayan Field Mouse (Apodemus gurkha)

• House Mouse (Mus musculus)
• Indian Gerbil (Tatera indica)
• Himalayan Marmot (Marmota himalayana)

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 • Black Rat (Rattus rattus)

typical characteristics of rodents

• Incisors: Rodents have a single pair of continuously growing incisors in both the
upper and lower jaws. These teeth are specialized for gnawing and lack enamel on the
back, which helps keep them sharp through constant use.

• Diastema: There is a large gap (called a diastema) between the incisors and the
molars, with no canine teeth present.

• Jaw Musculature: Rodents have complex jaw muscles that allow for powerful and
precise gnawing.

• Body Structure: Most rodents have robust bodies, short limbs, and long tails.

• Diet: They primarily eat seeds, fruits, leaves, and sometimes small invertebrates.
Their digestive system includes a caecum, which houses bacteria that help break down
tough plant material

significance of rodents in relation to crop loss and environmental degradation

• Direct Damage: Rodents consume and damage crops in the field, leading to
significant yield losses. They gnaw on seeds, stems, and fruits, which can destroy
entire plants.

• Stored Products: Rodents also infest stored grains and other agricultural products,
contaminating them with their droppings and urine, which can lead to further
economic losses.

• Disease Transmission: Rodents can carry and transmit diseases to crops, livestock,
and humans, exacerbating the impact on agricultural productivity.

• Soil Erosion: Rodent burrowing activities can lead to soil erosion, destabilizing the
soil structure and reducing its fertility.

• Vegetation Damage: By feeding on plants and seeds, rodents can alter vegetation
patterns, affecting plant diversity and ecosystem balance.

• Invasive Species: Some rodent species are invasive and can outcompete native
species, leading to a decline in biodiversity and disruption of local ecosystems

CONCLUSION:

Hence we were able to identify or familiar with the rodents pests of all the crops along with
their nature of damage, their biology and management strategy to reduce the economic loss

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PRACTICAL NO: 10

TITLE: COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT PESTS OF

LEGUMINOUS CROPS

OBJECTIVES:
• To be familiar with the legume plants and their insect pests
• To be able to classify the insect pests based on their feeding habits
• To identity major insect pest species damage during different stages of crops
• To know the appropriate methods of legume insect pest management

MATERIALS:
• Sweep net
• Insect collection box
• Insect killing jar
• Insect pin
• Light trap
• Hand lens
• Simple microscope
• Yellow Pan traps
• Sticky traps
• Helilure traps
• Plastic pots

PROCEDURES:
• Regularly visit the legume crops growing fields
• Collect the insect pest species with the help of sweep net and manually by hand
• Collect all the stages of insects whatever available in leguminous crops
• Collect the damage symptoms of major insect pest species
• Yellow sticky traps can be utilized for trapping many flying insects
• Heli-lure can be utilized for monitoring of male population of Helicoverpa armigera
Hubner.
• Classify the collected species based on feeding habit
• Adults can be preserved in insect collection box
• Larval and pupal stages can be collected and preserved in Formalin solution in vials
Theory:
five major and minor pest of legume insect pest observed in the field.

Major pest:
• Chickpea pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner)
• Pod fly (Melanagromyza obtuse)
• Soybean hairy caterpillar (Spilarctia casigneta)
• Cowpea pod borer (Lampides boeticus)
• Spotted pod borer (Maruca testulalis)

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 Minor pest:
• Legume pod bug
• Tobacco caterpillar
• White fly
• Cutworms
• Grasshopper

CONCLUSION: Hence we were able to familiar or identify the pests that damage the
legumes or pulses and also know about their damage symptom, biology, lifecycle and
effective management strategy that reduce the crop damage.

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 PRACTICAL NO: 9

TITLE: COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT PESTS OF

SOLANACEOUS CROPS

OBJECTIVES:
• To be familiar with the solanaceous plants and their insect pests
• To be familiar with the biology of important solanaceous insect pests

MATERIALS:
• Sweep net
• Insect collection box
• Insect killing jar
• Insect pin
• Light trap
• Helilure
• PTM lure
• Leucin lure
PROCEDURES:
• Regularly visit the solanaceous crops growing fields
• Collect the species with the help of sweep net
• Collect all the stages of insects whatever available in the solaneous crops
• Collect the damage symptoms of certain major insect pest species
• Yellow sticky traps can be used for trapping many flying insects
• PTM lure can be utilized for monitoring adult population of Potato Tuber Moth.
• Heliure can be used to monitor the Helicoverpa armigera Hubner
• Leucin lure can be used to monitor the Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee
• Categorize and classify the collected insect pest species based on their feeding habits
• Adult insects can be preserved in insect collection box
• Larval and pupal stages can be preserved in 75% Formalin solution in vials
THEORY:
five major insect pests of solanaceous crops growing in the field
• Tomato fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera)
• Tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta )
• Potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea opercullela)
• Brinjal fruit and shoot borer (Leucinoides orbonalis)
• Chillies thrips (scirtothrips dorsalis)

CONCLUSION:

Hence we were able to familiar or identify the pests that damage the solanaceous crops and
also know about their damage symptom, biology, lifecycle and effective management strategy
that reduce the crop damage

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 PRACTICAL NO: 7

TITLE: COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT PESTS OF

CRUCIFEROUS CROPS

OBJECTIVES:
• To be familiar with the cruciferous plants and their major insect pests
• To identity the insect pest species damaging particular stages of the crops
MATERIALS:
• Sweep net
• Insect collection box
• Insect killing jar
• Insect pin
• Light trap
• Hand lens
• Simple microscope
• Yellow pan traps
• Sticky traps

PROCEDURES:
• Regularly visit the cruciferous field during the critical stages of the crucifers
• Collect the cruciferous insect pests with the help of sweepnet or other monitoring
equipments
• Collect all the stages of insects whatever available in the field
• Collect the damage symptoms of certain important insect pest species
• Light trap can be used for monitoring of night flying insects
• Yellow sticky traps can also be utilized for trapping many flying insects
• Yellow pan trap is used to monitor the aphids in the field
• DBM lure can be set to monitor the Diamond Back Moth population in the field
• Adults can be preserved in insect collection box after drying
• Larval and pupal stages can be collected and preserved in formalin solutions.
• Label the identified species and arrange them systematically in collection box
• Use the Siliza Zel as a moisture absorbant and Nephthalene balls to protect the
collected species inside the box
THEORY:
five major and minor pest of cruciferous pest
 Major pests
• Cabbage butterfly (pieris brassicae)
• Diamond back moth (plutella xylostella)
• Cabbage semi-looper (plusia orichalcea)
• Tobacco caterpillar (spodoptera litura)
• Mustard aphids (lipaphis erysimi)

CONCLUSION: Hence we were able to familiar or identify the pests that damage the
cruciferous crops

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 PRACTICAL NO.: 14

TITLE: COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT PESTS OF STORAGE

GRAINS

OBJECTIVES:
• To be familiar with the common storage insect pests.
• To be able to know the nature of damage of storage insect pests.
• To be able to know the integrated management of storage pests.

MATERIALS:
• Insect collection box
• Insect killing jar
• Insect pin
• Hand lens
• Plastic pots

PROCEDURES:
• Carefully observe the storehouse to observe the storage insect pests.
• Collect the insect pest species available in stored grains.
• Write about the nature of damage of storage insect pests.
• Preserve the collected species in collection box.
• Larval and pupal stages should be preserved in Formalin solution in vials.
THEORY
five storage insect pest species.  Rice weevil (sitophylus oryzae)
• Maize weevil (sitophylus zeamais)
• Wheat granary weevil (sitophylus granarium)
• Rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica)
• Pulse beetle (callosobruchus chinensis)

nature of damage of Rice Weevil?

The Rice Weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) primarily damages stored grains such as rice, wheat, and
maize. The adult weevils bore into the grains to lay their eggs. The larvae then feed inside the
grains, hollowing them out and rendering them useless for consumption. This internal feeding
can cause significant grain loss. Additionally, rice weevils leave droppings in the foodstuffs,
which can lead to a stale smell and, in extreme cases, mold growth

well labeled diagram of Rice Moth and Khapra Beetle.

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 Rice moth Kharpa beetle

storage insect pests can be managed in store house

• Sanitation: Thoroughly clean storage facilities before storing new grains. Remove all
residual grains, dust, and debris from bins, cracks, and crevices to eliminate potential
breeding sites for pests.
• Proper Storage: Store grains in clean, dry, and well-ventilated conditions. Use sealed
containers to prevent pest entry and maintain low moisture levels to inhibit pest
development.
• Monitoring: Regularly inspect stored grains for signs of pest infestation. Use traps and
monitoring tools to detect early pest presence and take timely action.
• Temperature Control: Maintain appropriate temperature levels in storage areas. High
temperatures can kill pests, while low temperatures can slow their development.
• Chemical Control: Apply insecticides judiciously, following recommended guidelines.
Use grain protectants and fumigants as needed, ensuring they are safe for food
storage.
• Biological Control: Introduce natural predators or parasitoids that target specific
storage pests. This can be an effective and environmentally friendly control method

CONCLUSION: Hence we were able to familiar or identify the pests that damage the stored
grain and also know about their damage symptom, biology, lifecycle and effective
management strategy that reduce the stored product damage

PRACTICAL NO 12

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 TITLE: COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT PEST OF MANGO,
BANANA AND LITCHI

OBJECTIVES:

• To be familiar with the common mango insect pests.

• To be able to classify the insect pest of mango based on their feeding habits.
• To identify the insect pest species damage during different stage of crops.
• To develop the appropriate control measure of mango insect pests.

MATERIALS:

• Sweep net
• Insect collection box
• Insect killing jar
• Insect pin
• Light trap
• Methyl eugenol
• Plastic pots
• Sticky band
• Muslin bag

PROCEDURE:

• Regularly visit the mango orchard.

• Collect insect pest species in the mango orchard.
• Collect the damage symptoms of major insect pest species.
• Methyl Eugenol can be used for monitoring of fruit fly.
• Categorize and classify the collected insect pest species based on their feeding habits.
• Write the damage symptoms of major mango insect pests.
• Preserve the collected insect species in collection box.
• Keep the silica gel and naphthalene ball to protect the collected insect pest species.
• Larval and pupal stages can be collected in Formalin solutions in vials.
• Label the insect pest species and arrange them systematically in collection box.
THEORY
five major insect pest of mango banana and litchi crops.
• Mango pests
• Mango hopper (idioscopus niveosparsus)
• Mango mealy bug (dorsicha mangiferae)
• Mango fruit fly (bactrocera dorsalis)
• Mango stem borer (batocera rufomaculata)
• Mango gall psyllid (aspylla cistella)

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 • Banana pests
• Banana rhizome weevil ( cosmopolites sordidus)
• Banana pseudo stem weevil (odoiporus longicollis)
• Banana aphid ( pentalonia nigronervosa)
• Banana skipper ( erionata thrax thrax )
• Banana leaf and fruit scaring beetle (nodostoma viridipennis)

• Litchi pests
• Litchi bug ( tessaratoma papilliosa)
• Litchi leaf curl mite (aceria litchi )
• Fruit borer ( conopomorpha sinensis)
• Bark eating caterpillar (inderbela spp )
• Red ant (oecophylla smaragdina)

CONCLUSION

Hence we were able to familiar or identify the pests that damage the mango, banana and litchi
and also know about their damage symptom, biology, lifecycle and effective management
strategy that reduce the crop damage

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 PRACTICAL NO: 11

TITLE: COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT PESTS OF CITRUS

CROPS

OBJECTIVES:
• To be familiar with the common citrus insect pests
• To be able to classify the insect pests of citrus based on their feeding habits
• To identity the insect pest species damage during different stages of crop
• To develop the appropriate control measure of citrus insect pests
• To be able to know the biology of major citrus insect pests
MATERIALS:
• Sweep net Insect collection box
• Insect killing jar
• Insect pin
• Light trap
• Hand lens
• Simple microscope
• Yellow Pan traps
• Sticky traps
• Methyl eugenol
• Plastic pots
PROCEDURES:
• Regularly visit the citrus orchard
• Collect the insect pest species in citrus orchard
• Collect the damage symptoms of major insect pest species and preserve them
• Methyl Eugenol can be utilized for monitoring of Fruit Fly
• Categorize and classify the collected insect pest species based on their feeding habit
• Adults can be preserved in insect collection box
• Larval and pupal stages can be collected in Formalin solutions in vials

THEORY
five major insect pests of Citrus crops.  Citrus psylla (diaphorina citri)
• Oriental fruit fly (bactrocera dorsalis )
• Citrus aphid (toxoptera citricidus )
• Citrus mealy bug (planococcus citri )
• Lemon butterflies (papillio demoleus )

CONCLUSION

Hence we were able to familiar or identify the pests that damage & about their damage
symptom, biology, lifecycle and effective management strategy that reduce the crop damage

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PRACTICAL NO: 2

TITLE: COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PREDATORY INSECTS

OBJECTIVES:
• To be able to collect and preserve the predators
• To be familiar with the insect predators
• To be able to identify the important predators

MATERIALS:
• Insect collection box
• Pinning block
• Insect pin
• Sweep nets
• Hand lens
• Insect killing jar and vials
• Silica gel

PROCEDURES:
• Visit the Horticulture and Agronomy Farms to collect the predators
• Carefully observe the predator's activity in the field
• Catch the predators directly with bare hand or use the sweep net for flying predators
• Soil inhibiting predators can be trapped in the Pit Fall Traps
• Light traps can also be used to trap nocturnal predators, like Tiger Beetle, Preying Mantids
and many Carabids etc.

five common predators with their major insect hosts.

• Ladybugs (Ladybird Beetles)
 Major Hosts: Aphids, whiteflies, mites, and scale insects.
• Green Lacewings
 Major Hosts: Aphids, caterpillars, thrips, whiteflies, and mealybugs.
• Praying Mantises
 Major Hosts: Locusts, caterpillars, beetles, moths, and aphids.
• Ground Beetles
 Major Hosts: Caterpillars, slugs, snails, and other soil-dwelling insects.
• Hoverflies (Syrphid Flies)
 Major Hosts: Aphids, thrips, and small caterpillars.

Differentiate between predators and parasitoids

Characteristic Predators Parasitoids
Kill and consume multiple prey Lay eggs on/in a single host,
Mode of Action during their lifetime which is eventually killed
Dependent on the host for
Life Cycle Independent of prey development
Number of Prey Multiple prey Typically one host per lifecycle

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 Often similar in size or smaller
Size Relative to Prey Generally larger than their prey than their host
Both adults and larvae feed on Usually only larvae feed on the
Feeding Stage prey host
Gradual death of host as larvae
Impact on Prey/Host Immediate death of prey develop
Parasitic wasps laying eggs
Example Ladybugs feeding on aphids inside caterpillars

well labelled diagram of preying mantid and Ladybird Beetle.

PREYING MANTID

CONCLUSION:
Hence we were able to familiar or identify the predators that help to predate or capture the
pest which aids in the reduction of harmful and damageable crop pests and also know about
their nature of attacking the pest ,their biology, lifecycle and effective conservation strategy
that help the crop and environment.

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PRACTICAL NO: 3

TITLE: COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PARASITOIDS OF INSECT

PESTS
OBJECTIVES:
• To be able to collect and identify the parasitoids
• To be familiar with the insect parasitoids
• To be able know the insect pests and their parasitoids
• To be able to identify some important parasitoids

MATERIALS:
• Insect collection box
• Pinning block
• Insect pin
• Sweep nets
• Hand lens
• Insect killing jar and vials
• Silica gel

PROCEDURES:
• Visit the Horticulture and Agronomy Farms to collect the parasitoids
• Carefully observe the parasitoids activity in the field
• Catch the parasitoids directly with bare hand or use the sweep net for flying parasitoids
• Collecting immature insets and rearing them
• Many parasitoids are also attracted in light traps
• Categorize the egg, larval, pupal and adult parasitoids of insects
• Preserve the collected parasitoids in the insect collection box with proper labeling

major characteristics possessed by the parasitoids

Here are the major characteristics possessed by parasitoids:
 Specialized Host Selection: Parasitoids are highly selective and typically target
specific life stages of one or several closely related species.
 Smaller Size: Parasitoids are usually smaller than their hosts.
 Female Host Search: Only the female parasitoid searches for and lays eggs on or
in the host.
 Host Dependency: The immature stages of parasitoids develop on or within a
single host, ultimately killing it.
 Free-Living Adults: Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous or
nectar feeders.
 Host Manipulation: Some parasitoids can manipulate the behavior or physiology
of their host to favor their own development
common parasitoids of the following insect.  Diamond Back Moth
(Plutella xylostella)  Common Parasitoids:
• Diadegma insulare
• Microplitis plutellae  Diadromus subtilicornis
• Cotesia vestalis.

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  Chickpea Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera) 
Common Parasitoids:
• Trichogramma spp.
• Campoletis chlorideae  Aploymia spp.
• Hyperencyrtus lycaenephila.

 Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris rapae)

 Common Parasitoids:  Cotesia
glomerata
• Trichogramma buesi
• Hyposoter ebeninus  Brachymeria femorata
• Pteromalus puparum78.

 Tobacco Caterpillar (Spodoptera litura)

 Common Parasitoids:  Cotesia
congregata  Campoletis chlorideae 
Telenomus spp.
• Trichogramma spp.

 Wooly Aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum) 

Common Parasitoids:
• Aphelinus mali
• Syrphid fly larvae
• Green lacewings
• Lady beetles

CONCLUSION:
Hence we were able to familiar or identify the parasitoids that help to parasitize the pest
which aids in the reduction of harmful and damageable crop pests and also know about their
nature of attacking the pest ,their biology, lifecycle and effective conservation and rearing
strategy that help the crop and environment.

PRACTICAL NO: 4

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 TITLE: COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT POLLINATORS OF
CROPS

OBJECTIVES:
• To be able to collect and identify pollinators
• To know the flower structures and their mode of pollination
• To know the importance of crop pollination and pollinators

MATERIALS:
• Pan traps • Insect pin
• Insect collection box
• Sweep nets
• Hand lens
• Silica zel
• Naphthalene balls
• Insect collection vials
• Insect killing jar and vials

PROCEDURES:
• Visit the Horticulture and Agronomy Farms to collect the flower visiting insects
• Collect and identify the flowering plants
• Carefully observe the pollinators activity in the flowering plants
• Set the Pan Trap (in transect walk) in the crop fields,
• collect and count the insects after 24 hours
• Collect the insects and wash them with the help of a strainer
• Identify the flower visiting insects and preserve them in insect collection box

What do you mean by flower visiting insect?

Flower-visiting insects are those that interact with flowers for various purposes during their
adult life stage. Here are some key points about them:

Pollination: Many flower-visiting insects, such as bees, butterflies, and flies, play a crucial
role in pollination by transferring pollen from one flower to another, facilitating plant
reproduction.
Feeding: These insects often visit flowers to feed on nectar and pollen, which provide
essential nutrients.
Habitat: Flowers can serve as habitats or resting places for these insects.
Finding Hosts: Some flower-visiting insects may use flowers to locate prey or hosts for their
larvae.
Diverse Species: Common flower-visiting insects include bees, butterflies, moths, flies,
beetles, and wasps

five important frequent flower visitors

• Honey Bees (Apis mellifera)
• Bumblebees (Bombus spp.)
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 • Butterflies (e.g., Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus)
• Hoverflies (Syrphidae)
• Mason Bees (Osmia spp.)

Distinguish between self- and cross-pollinating plants.

Characteristic Self-Pollinating Plants Cross-Pollinating Plants
Pollen from the same flower or Pollen from a different plant
Pollination Method plant fertilizes the ovule fertilizes the ovule
Higher genetic diversity due to
Lower genetic diversity due to gene mixing from different
Genetic Diversity limited gene mixing plants
Often have flowers that Flowers are structured to attract
facilitate self-pollination (e.g., pollinators or facilitate wind
Flower Structure closed flowers) pollination
Less dependent on external Highly dependent on external
Dependence on Pollinators pollinators pollinators (insects, wind, etc.)
Wheat, rice, peas, tomatoes, Apples, corn, cucumbers,
Examples beans sunflowers, strawberries
Greater adaptability and
Consistent and reliable seed resilience due to genetic
Advantages production variation

CONCLUSION

Hence we were able to familiar or identify the pollinators that help to pollinate the crop
which aids in the fertilization and production of economic part of crops and also know
about their biology, lifecycle and effective conservation strategy that help the crop and
environment.

PRACTICAL NO: 1

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 TITLE: COLLECTIVE FARM VISIT FOR THE COLLECTION AND
IDENTIFICATION OF INSECTS

OBJECTIVE
• To know about the insects available in the cultivated crops in the farms
• To identify the insects present in that farm
• To collect the insects
• To apply management strategy of damageable insects for effective production

MATERIAL REQUIRED
• Copy, pen, paper
• Swipe net
• Insect collection box
• Effective chemical to kill the insect

THEORY

Farm visit is the effective process or technique to know about the crops cultivated with the
type of insect present there. It is the practical pathway where our theoretical concept meet
with the practical and also we gain additional information about the insect pest and their
control strategy.

PROCEDURE

At first we all the 5th semester students of the CNRM TIKAPUR attain the class for the
outline of the visit presented by our subject teacher Vijay Sapkota. Then we went to the visit
farm from our college bus with our class teacher as a supervisor. We had visited the
Chaudhary farm near the Tikapur. Our sir instructed that we never go the field in the group
for instruction because the insect present in the crop run away .so we must inspect the field in
the W shape or V shaped and observed the each part of the crop for the identification and
presence of insect.

OBSERVATION

In the Chaudhary farm the crops cultivated are Maize,brinjal, cowpea, pumpkin,bitter
gourd, bottle gourd, cucumber, okra, rice and others. The insects present in the farm based on
the crop cultivated are listed below.

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CROPS CULTIVATED INSECTS OBSERVED
MAIZE Fall army worm
RICE Brown plant hopper
BRINJAL Brinjal shoot and fruit borer
PUMPKIN Red pumpkin beetle
BOTTLE GOURD Red pumpkin beetle, lady bird beetle,bug
BITTER GOURD Fruit fly larva
OKRA Okra leaf folder, okra jassids
CUCUMBER Fly
COWPEA Cowpea bug
BANANA Banana leaf folder

CONCLUSION

Hence we were able to identify the insect that are present in the crops and know about the
nature of damage on different crops observed in the farm and also know about the collection
of insects.

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PRACTICAL NO: 5
TITLE: COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR INSECT PESTS OF
RICE AND MAIZE

OBJECTIVES:
• To be familiar with the common rice and maize insect pests
• To be able to classify the insect pests of maize and rice based on their feeding habits
• To identity the insect pest species damage during different stages of rice and maize
• To develop the appropriate control measure of rice and maize insect pests
• To be able to know the biology of major maize and rice insect pests

MATERIALS:
• Sweep net
• Insect collection box
• Insect killing jar
• Insect pin
• Light trap
• Hand lens
• Yellow pan trap
• Sticky trap
• Plastic pots
PROCEDURE:
Collection of Insect Pests
 Field Survey: Visit rice and maize fields at different growth stages.
 Sampling Methods:
o Sweep Netting: Use a sweep net to collect flying and surface-dwelling insects.
o Handpicking: Collect visible insects manually.
o Pitfall Traps: Place traps in soil for crawling insects.
o Light Traps: Use light traps at night to attract moths and other nocturnal
insects.
o Sticky Traps: Place sticky traps to capture flying pests.
Preservation of Collected Insects
 Live Collection: Store in ventilated containers with host plants.
 Dry Preservation: Pin larger insects or store in paper envelopes.
 Alcohol Preservation: Store soft-bodied insects in 70% ethanol.
Identification of Insect Pests
 Morphological Study: Examine body structure, wings, antennae, and legs.
 Reference to Guides: Use insect identification keys, field guides, or expert
consultation.
 Microscopic Examination: For minute insects, use a microscope.
 Comparison with Specimens: Compare with known samples from entomology labs

CONCLUSION: Hence we were able to know the nature of damage and identification
feature of major insect and pests of maize and ri

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PRACTICAL NO: 6
TITLE: COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICTAION OF MAJOR INSECTS AND PESTS
OF WHEAT AND MILLETS

OBJECTIVES:

• To be familiar with the common wheat and millets insect pests

• To be able to classify the insect pests of wheat and millets based on their feeding habits
• To identity the insect pest species damage during different stages of wheat and millets
• To develop the appropriate control measure of wheat and millets insect pests
• To be able to know the biology of major wheat and millets insect pests

MATERIALS:
• Sweep net
• Insect collection box
• Insect killing jar
• Insect pin
• Light trap
• Hand lens
• Yellow pan trap
• Sticky trap
• Plastic pots

PROCEDURE:
Collection of Insect Pests
 Field Survey: Visit rice and maize fields at different growth stages.
 Sampling Methods:
o Sweep Netting: Use a sweep net to collect flying and surface-dwelling insects.
o Handpicking: Collect visible insects manually.
o Pitfall Traps: Place traps in soil for crawling insects.
o Light Traps: Use light traps at night to attract moths and other nocturnal
insects.
o Sticky Traps: Place sticky traps to capture flying pests.
Preservation of Collected Insects
 Live Collection: Store in ventilated containers with host plants.
 Dry Preservation: Pin larger insects or store in paper envelopes.
 Alcohol Preservation: Store soft-bodied insects in 70% ethanol.
Identification of Insect Pests
 Morphological Study: Examine body structure, wings, antennae, and legs.
 Reference to Guides: Use insect identification keys, field guides, or expert
consultation.
 Microscopic Examination: For minute insects, use a microscope.
 Comparison with Specimens: Compare with known samples from entomology labs

Enlist the major insects of wheat and millets.

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 Pest of wheat
a. Pink borer (Sesamia inferens); Lepidoptra: Noctuidae
b. Wire worm (Agriotes sp.); Coleoptera: Elateridae
c. Aphids (Rhopalosiphum maidis, Sitobion avenae and Macrosiphum/Sitobion
miscanthi); Homoptera: Aphididae
d. Army worm (Mythimma separata); Lepidoptra: Noctuidae
e. Grasshopper (Atractomorpha crenulata, Oxya chinensis, Chrotogonus sp);
Orthoptera: Arididae
f. Termites (Microtermes obesi, Odontoterms obesus); Isoptera: Termitidae

Pest of millets
1. Shoot and Stem Borers
 Pink Stem Borer (Sesamia inferens)
 Millet Stem Borer (Chilo partellus)
2. Leaf Feeders
 Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera litura)
 Hairy Caterpillar (Amsacta albistriga)
 Grasshoppers (Hieroglyphus banian, Oxya spp.)
3. Sap-Sucking Pests
 Aphids (Rhopalosiphum maidis, Melanaphis sacchari)
 Jassids (Leafhoppers) (Cicadulina bipunctata)
 Thrips (Frankliniella schultzei, Caliothrips indicus)
4. Earhead Pests
 Earhead Bug (Calocoris angustatus)
 Shoot Fly (Atherigona soccata)
 Earhead Caterpillar (Helicoverpa armigera)

CONCLUSION: Hence we were able to know the damage and identifictaion of pink borer of
wheat in field and manor pest of millet theoritically

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PRACTICAL NO: 8
TITLE: COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR INSECTS AND PEST
OF OILSEED CROPS

OBJECTIVES:
• To be familiar with the oil seeds and their major insect pests
• To identity the insect pest species damaging particular stages of the crops
• To be able to classify the oil seeds insect pests based on their feeding habits
• To be able to know the nature of damage and appropriate control measures of oilseed
insect pests

MATERIALS:
• Sweep net
• Insect collection box
• Insect killing jar
• Insect pin
• Light trap
• Hand lens
• Simple microscope
• Yellow pan traps
• Sticky traps

PROCEDURES:
• Regularly visit the oil seed field during the critical stages of the oilseed
• Collect the oilseed insect pests with the help of sweepnet or other monitoring
equipments
• Collect all the stages of insects whatever available in the field
• Collect the damage symptoms of certain important insect pest species
• Light trap can be used for monitoring of night flying insects
• Yellow sticky traps can also be utilized for trapping many flying insects
• Yellow pan trap is used to monitor the aphids in the field
• Adults can be preserved in insect collection box after drying
• Larval and pupal stages can be collected and preserved in formalin solutions.
• Label the identified species and arrange them systematically in collection box
• Use the Siliza Zel as a moisture absorbant and Nephthalene balls to protect the
collected species inside the box

major insect and pest of oil seeds crops

Pests of mustard
1. Mustard aphid (Lipaphis erysimi, Aphididae, Homoptera)
2. Mustard sawfly (Athalia lugens, Tenthredinidae, Hymenoptera)
3. Painted bug (Bagrada hilaris, Pentatomidae, Hemiptera)
4. Common hairy caterpillar (Spilarctia obliqua, Arctiidae, Lepidoptera)
Insects and pest of sunflower

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  White Grubs (Holotrichia consanguinea, H. serrata)
 Termites (Odontotermes obesus, Microtermes spp.)
 Cutworms (Agrotis ipsilon)
 Sunflower Stem Borer (Aproaerema modicella)
 Tobacco Caterpillar (Spodoptera litura)
 Green Semilooper (Chrysodeixis acuta)
 Jassids (Leafhoppers) (Amrasca biguttula biguttula)
 Aphids (Aphis gossypii, Uroleucon compositae)
 Thrips (Scirtothrips dorsalis)
 Sunflower Head Borer (Helicoverpa armigera)
 Capsule Borer (Dichocrocis punctiferalis)
 Hairy Caterpillar (Amsacta albistriga)

CONCLUSION : hence we were able to identify and familiar with the different pest of oil
seed crops with their nature of damage and management strategies.

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PRACTICAL NO: 13
TITLE: COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR VERTEBRATES

OBJECTIVES:
• To be familiar with different species of vertebrates
• To be able to know the nature of damage of diff. vertebrates
• To be familiar with the biology of vertebrates
• To be able to know the integrated management of vertebrates

MATERIALS:
 Live traps (e.g., Sherman traps for rodents, cage traps for larger animals)
 Pitfall traps (for small ground-dwelling species)
 Mist nets (for birds)
 Snare traps (for specific larger species, if permitted)
 Hand nets (for quick capture of small animals)
 Gloves (leather for handling mammals, nitrile for disease prevention)
 Face masks (to protect against zoonotic diseases)
 Long-sleeved clothing (to prevent bites and scratches
 Holding cages or boxes (for temporarily housing captured animals)
 Cloth bags (for transporting small vertebrates safely)
 Tagging or marking materials (for identification, such as ear tags or paint markers)
 Field notebook & pen/pencil (for recording observations)
 Measuring tools (e.g., calipers, rulers)
 Weighing scale (for recording body weight)
 GPS device (to mark collection sites)
 Camera (for photographic records)

PROCEDURES:
 Survey the Area – Identify affected crop fields and signs of vertebrate activity (tracks,
droppings, damage).
 Set Traps – Use appropriate traps (live traps, pitfall traps, mist nets) based on the target
species. Ensure proper placement near damage sites.
 Monitor & Check Traps – Inspect traps regularly (at least twice daily) to avoid stress or
injury to captured animals.
 Handle with Care – Use gloves and protective gear to prevent bites and disease
transmission. Transfer animals to holding cages or cloth bags.
 Record Data – Document species, weight, location, and any identifying features. Use
tagging or marking if needed.
 Release or Preserve – If required, release animals at a safe distance or preserve specimens
using approved methods (ethanol, freezing).
 Dispose of Traps & Clean Equipment – Safely remove traps and disinfect equipment to
prevent disease spread.

common and major vertebrates which are the major cause of damage with their
management

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 Vertebrate pests can be defined as any vertebrate, native or introduced, domestic or
feral, that periodically or consistently has an adverse effect on our agricultural crops
as well on human health.
• Vertebrate pests include birds, mammals, or reptiles that cause damage to
agricultural crops.
• A number of introduced animals – including rabbits, feral cats, foxes, house mice,
wild dogs, Indian Myna, and pigs etc are the major vertebrate pest of our crops.
1. Common birds
a. House sparrow (Passur domesticus)
• Consume or damages millets and rice near harvest.
b. Parrot(Psittacula cyanocephala)
• Heavily damage maize crop
c. House crow (Corrus splendents)
• Damage the near ripened citrus
d. Jungle crow (Corrus macrorhincus)
• Damage the crop near the jungle e.g. rice maize
e. Kokale (Dentroctictus formosae)
• Damage and consume maize
g. Jurelo (Picnonotus jucosus)
• Damage the leaf and curd of cauliflower and cabbage
Management
• Deep sowing of seed, covering of seed with soil
• Trap crop near the main crop
• Use of nylon nets, habitat manipulation, electrified perches and use of deterrents
• Use of scarecrow
• Produce huge sound through firing bullet.
• Hanging of killed bird in crop field.
2.Monkey
• Two type of monkey are;
a. Common monkey (Macaca mullata)
b. Long tail monkey (Semnopethecus entellus)
• Common monkey basically lives around the human settlement and damage maize
and fruit. They prefer to live in groups.
• Long tail monkey damage the cultivated crops around the jungle. They prefer
solitary habit and sometime in a group of two.
Management
• By catching and releasing to other places
• Rearing of dogs that chase the monkey away
• Creating huge sound
• Colouring of monkey with tiger coat color
• Planting the barrier around the crop field.
3. Deer:
• Grazing and soil compaction by hoofs and also damage trees by their horns
• Fencing around the field
4. Jackle (Canis aureus)
• Nocturnal in habitat; damage maize, sugarcane, potato, groundnut fields

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 • Wants to live around human settlement.
Management
• Poison bait with Zinc phosphide in a piece of meat
5. Porcupine (Hystrix indica)
• Mostly damage root crops and tubers
• Damage harvesting stage of potato, sugarbeet and immature maize
• Nocturnal and lives in tunnel by burrow the soil
Management
• Fencing and 1 m deep trench around the crop field has been found to be effective.
• Construction of tunnel/trench around the path of movement in infected area.

CONCLUSION: Hence we were able to identify the different types of vertebrates, their
nature of damage and management.

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