Nursing Leadership and Management

(NCM 119)
PRELIMS

..….Nursing Leadership and Management…... A Good Manager also should be a good leader:
….Leadership…. Leadership, management skills:
Leadership combines: - complementary;
★ intrinsic personality traits, - can be learned and developed:
★ learned leadership skills, ● through experience,
★ characteristics of the situation. ● Improving skills in one area will enhance
….Leader…. abilities in the other.
➔ guides people and groups to accomplish ….Power and Authority….
common goals, Nurse manager has
➔ influences the beliefs, opinions, or behaviors ● authority - formal right to direct others
of a person, group, or groups of people. granted by the organization,
….Nurse Leader…. ● power - ability to motivate people to get
➔ is able to inspire others on the health care things done with or without the formal right
team to make patient education an important granted by the organization,
aspect of all care activities. ● ability to influence others to accomplish
Leadership Qualities: goals.
● unique personality characteristics, ….Formal and Informal Leadership….
● exceptional clinical expertise, ….Formal Leadership….
● relationships with others in the organization. Formal leadership practices by:
….Management…. ■ nurse manager,
★ coordinates people, time, and supplies ■ supervisor,
to achieve desired outcomes, ■ charge nurse,
★ involves problem-solving and ■ coordinator and gives the authority to act by
decision-making processes. the organization.
Managers Responsibility: ….Informal Leadership….
● maintain control of the day-to-day ■ is exercised by the person who has no
operations, official or appointed authority to act,
● achieve established goals and objectives. ■ is able to persuade,
■ is able to influence others in the work group,
Manager
strategies the nurse manager can use to
plans organizes work with informal leaders.

what is to be done who is to do it …..Leadership and Management Theory…..

1. Leadership Trait Theory
how it is to be done
2. Interactional Leadership Theories
Nurse manager will have: 3. Transformational Leadership
- an appointed management position within 4. Management Theory
the organization with responsibilities to 5. Organizational Theory
perform administrative tasks: LEADERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, AND
○ planning staffing requirements, ORGANIZATIONAL THEORIES
○ performing employee performance ➔ provide the building blocks on which to build
appraisals, effective nursing management practices and
○ controlling use of supplies and time, skills.
○ meeting budget and productivity goals. ….Contemporary Theories of Leadership….
….Leadership and Management…. ➢ depends on several variables, including
★ are intertwined concepts, (Marquis and Huston, 2000):
★ are different, 1. Organizational culture.
★ difficult to discuss one without the other. 2. Values of the leader.
3. Values of the followers. involves communicating, delegating,
4. Influence of the leader/manager. motivating, and managing conflict.
5. Complexities of the situation. e. Controlling - analyzes results to evaluate
6. Work to be accomplished. accomplishments and includes evaluating
7. Environment. employee performance, analyzing financial
... .Transformational Leaders.... activities, and monitoring quality of care.
- Identify and clearly communicate vision and Roles of the Nurse Manager
direction. ● Customer Service Provider
- Empower the work group to accomplish ● Team Builder
goals and achieve the vision. ● Resource Manager
- Impart meaning and challenge to work. ● Decision Maker and Problem Solver
- Are admired and emulated. ● Change Agent
- Provide mentoring to individual staff ... .Customer Service Provide....
members based on need. ➔ Providing service or care to customers
... .Transactional Leaders.... (patient or clients).
- Focus on day-to-day operations and are ➔ Nurses must keep customer service first and
comfortable with the status quo (the existing foremost as the motivator of all plans and
state of affairs). activities.
- Reward staff for desired work ("I'll do x in ➔ Without customers, the organization will go
exchange for you doing y"). out of business.
- Monitor work performance and correct as ... .Team Builder....
needed; or ○ A team is a group of people organized to
- Wait until problems occur and then deal with accomplish the necessary work of an
the problem. organization.
….Management Theory…. ○ Teams have become important in the
➢ Behavioral theories explain aspects of changing health care environment.
management and leadership based on ○ Teams bring together a range of people with
behaviors of managers/leaders and different knowledge, skills, and experiences
followers. to meet customers.
….Organizational Theory…. ... .Resource Manager....
➢ provides a framework for understanding ■ Resources include the personnel, time, and
complex organizations, supplies needed to accomplish the goals of
➢ helps to understand the management the organization.
process. ■ Nurse managers have the responsibility -
Management Functions: effectively managing resources in providing
a. Planning - includes defining goals and safe, effective patient care in an economic
objectives, developing policies and manner.
procedures; determining resource allocation; Three Types of Budgets
and developing evaluation methods. 1. Personnel Budget
b. Organizing - includes identifying the Allocates funds for salaries, overtime,
management structure to accomplish work, benefits, staff development and training, and
determining communication processes, and employee turnover costs
coordinating people, time and work. 2. Operating budget
c. Staffing - includes those activities required Allocates funds for daily expenses such
to have qualified people accomplish work as utilities, repairs, maintenance, and patient
such as recruiting, hiring, training, care supplies
scheduling and ongoing staff development. 3. Capital budget
d. Directing - encourages employees to Allocates funds for construction projects
accomplish goals and objectives and and/or long-life equipment such as cardiac
 Nursing Leadership and Management
(NCM 119)
PRELIMS

monitors, defibrillators, and computer hardware; ■ Identify who is responsible for evaluation,
capital budget items are generally more what will be
expensive than operating supplies. ■ measured, and when it will take place
….Decision Maker and Problem Solver…. ■ Maintain open communication with all
➔ components of effective leadership and involved
management in clinical patient care. ■ Was the decision successful?
➔ Problem solving is focused on solving an ■ What might have made it better?
immediate problem and the decision maker
includes a decision-making step. ….The Nurse - Change Agent….
Nursing process = problem-solving process ➔ is responsible for guiding people through the
includes : change process and needs to develop an
● assessment, understanding about the nature of change
● analysis and diagnosis, and effective change strategies.
● planning, 1. Change should be implemented only for
● implementation, good reason.
● evaluation; 2. Change should always be planned and
● has proven to be effective to manage implemented gradually.
complex decisions. 3. Change should never be unexpected or
... .Assessment.... abrupt.
■ Gather information about the situation 4. All people who may be affected by the
■ Identify the problem; separate the symptoms change should be involved in planning for
■ Identify people and groups involved the change.
■ Identify cultural and environmental factors The most important responsibility for
■ Encourage input from involved parties the nurse in any leadership or management
... .Analysis and Diagnosis.... ➔ The role is to create an environment of
■ Analyze results of information gathered caring - caring for staff members as well as
■ Identify, clarify, and prioritize the actual for patients and families. Staff members who
problem (s) believe that their manager sincerely cares
■ Determine if intervention is appropriate about them and the work they do are able to
... .Planning.... pass that feeling of caring on to their
■ Identify as many solutions as possible patients and other customers.
■ Elicit participation from people or groups ➔ Caring for the staff members can be
affected demonstrated through (McNeese-Smith,
■ Review options and consider safety, 1997):
efficiency, costs, quality, and legal issues ● Offering sincere positive recognition for both
■ Consider positive and negative outcomes individuals and teams.
■ Remain open-minded and flexible when ● Praising and giving thanks for a job well
considering options done.
... .Implementing..... ● Spending time with staff members to
■ Communicate plans to everyone affected reinforce positive work behaviors.
■ Be sure plans, goals, and objectives are ● Meeting the staff member's personal needs
clearly identified whenever possible, such as accommodating
■ Maintain open, two-way communication with scheduling needs for family events and
staff being flexible in times of illness.
■ Support and encourage compliance among ● Providing guidance and support for
all staff professional and personal growth.
... .Evaluation.... ● Maintaining a positive, confident attitude and
■ Identify evaluation criteria in the planning a pleasant work environment.
 ….Leadership and Management Skills….
….and Behaviors….
a. Hersey and Blanchard (1988) have identified
that effective leadership and management
requires skills in three major areas:
b. Technical skills—such as clinical expertise
and nursing knowledge.
c. Human skills—the ability and judgment to
work with people in an effective leadership
role.
d. Conceptual skills—the ability to understand
the complexities of the overall organization
and where one's own area of management
fits into the overall organization.