CPRT 21
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT PROTECTION
Name: Tepace, James Byron C Instructor:
Year & Section: BSA-1A Rating:
Exercise No. 1
PEST SURVEY
Introduction:
A pest survey is an organized process of gathering, analyzing, and interpreting data on pest
populations in a given area. It is an essential component of integrated pest management (IPM)
programs, which aim to control pest populations while minimizing harm to the environment,
human health, and non-target organisms. Pest surveys are carried out to assess the presence,
distribution, and abundance of pests, as well as the damage they may cause. The data obtained
from such surveys help in making informed decisions regarding pest control measures.
Materials
Crop fields like tomato, eggplant, Philippine lemon (lemoncito), chili pepper and cocoa.
Paper
Pen
2 Phones for documentation
Online references (googl
Procedures:
In our procedure is we observe on the field that is located in VSU-A and there we survey
each plant that weve seen and after we seen the plants and we go to the next stage which is
examining the plant and what are the insects that plant have. And after that we take an
documentary photos in each plant we investigate.
Crop Insect Disease Weeds Mollusks
Species
Henosepilachna Alternaria solani (Early Amaranthus spp. Achatina fulica
vigintioctopunctata Blight) (Pigweed) (Giant African
(Eggplant/Tomato Snail)
Ralstonia solanacearum Portulaca oleracea
Tomato Leaf Beetle Larva)
(Bacterial Wilt) (Purslane) Laevicaulis alte
(Tropical
Cyperus spp.
Leatherleaf Slug)
(Nutgrass/Sedge)
Leptoglossus Cercospora capsici Amaranthus spp. Achatina fulica
gonagra (Leaf- (Cercospora Leaf Spot of (Pigweed) (Giant African
Chili
Footed Bug) Chili) Snail)
pepper Cyperus spp.
Aphis gossypii Colletotrichum spp. (Nutgrass/Sedge) Laevicaulis alte
(Cotton Aphid) (Anthracnose) (Tropical
Leatherleaf Slug)
Aularches miliaris Phytophthora palmivora Mikania micrantha Achatina fulica
(Coffee (Phytophthora Blight) (Mile-a-Minute (Giant African
Grasshopper Weed) Snail)
Colletotrichum
cocoa Nymph)
gloeosporioides Chromolaena Bradybaena
(Anthracnose) odorata (Siam similaris (Asian
Weed) Tramp Snail)
Lime or Papilio demoleus Candidatus Liberibacter Cyperus rotundus Achatina fulica
Lemon (Lime Swallowtail asiaticus (Citrus (Purple Nutsedge) (Giant African
Plant Caterpillar) Greening/Huanglongbing) Snail)
Amaranthus
(lemoncito)
spinosus (Spiny
Xanthomonas axonopodis Amaranth) Lamellaxis
pv. citri (Citrus Canker) gracilis (Asian
Semi-Slug)
Eggplant Fruit and Achatina fulica
Shoot Borer (Giant African
Cercospora Leaf Spot Amaranthus spp.
(Leucinodes Snail)
(Cercospora melongenae) (Pigweed)
orbonalis)
Pomacea
Brown, necrotic patches Parthenium
spotted beetles canaliculata
hysterophorus
Yellowing and drying (Golden Apple
(Santa Maria
leaves Snail)
Feverfew)
Eggplant Deroceras
Presence of spiky larvae
Portulaca oleracea
reticulatum
(Purslane)
(Grey Field Slug)
Cleome viscosa
Lissachatina spp.
(Wild Mustard or
(Garden Snail)
Spider Flower)
Laevicaulis alte
Cyperus spp.
(Tropical
(Nutgrass or Sedge)
Leatherleaf Slug)
Results and Discussion
As a result of the pest survey conducted on different crop fields, including Didymocarpus
pedicellatus (eggplant), Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Philippine lemon (lemoncito), chili
pepper, and Theobroma cacao (cacao), numerous insect pests, diseases, weeds, mollusks, and
even vertebrate animals marked as pests were noted. They highlight the importance of using
integrated pest management (IPM) systems that will curb damage while improving crop
productivity.
Guide Question
1) Which particular crop infested with many pest?
Corn (Maize):
Corn is particularly vulnerable to pests like the corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera
virgifera), corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea), and aphids. These pests damage the roots,
ears, and leaves, leading to reduced yield and plant health. Corn pests can also transmit
diseases, compounding the damage.
Tomatoes:
Tomatoes are frequently attacked by pests such as tomato hornworm (Heliothis
phloxiphila), whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), and aphids. These pests feed on the plants'
leaves, stems, and fruit, causing defoliation and fruit deformities.
2.) Which group of pest cause noticable damage to the crop?(e.g. mollusk, Pathogens) Diseases
or plants) weeds, insects, vertebrate pest such as birds, rats etc?
Insects:
These are a major culprit, with various feeding methods causing diverse
damage.Chewing insects (like caterpillars and beetles) eat leaves, stems, and
fruits.Piercing-sucking insects (like aphids) extract plant sap, weakening the plant and
potentially transmitting diseases.
Vertebrate Pests:
This category includes animals like:
Rats: Which consume and damage stored grains and field crops.
Birds: Which can eat seeds and fruits.
Pathogens:
These include fungi, bacteria and viruses that cause plant diseases. These diseases can
cause a wide range of damage, from leaf spots and wilting to complete plant death.
Mollusks:
Slugs and snails are examples of mollusks that can cause damage to a variety of crops,
especially seedlings and leafy vegetables.It's important to understand that the severity
of damage can vary depending on the specific crop, the pest species, and environmental
conditions.
3) Describe the damage Caused by each kind of pest you have observed
During the crop surveys, several crops had certain bacterial and fungal pests. On
eggplants, Cercospora Leaf Spot (Cercospora melongenae) was rampant, and it caused
necrotic lesions which made the leaves to drop. On tomatoes, Early Blight (Alternaria
solani) and Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) were present, both of which
decreased fruit production greatly. In citrus plants, Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus
caused citrus greening (huanglongbing) and xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri caused
citrus canker. These pathogens lead to mottling of leaves, yellowing, and in some cases
premature fruit drop which reduces the quality and yield of fruits. Anthracnose
(Colletotrichum spp) and cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora capsici) exhibited during chili
pepper crushing of leaves and fruit rot. Cocoa plants were infected by phyophthora
blight which causes black pod disease leading to economic losses.
4) Is there any interaction among the pests observed?
There was an observation of several vertebrate pests, mainly rodents and birds. Often,
Rattus rattus (Black Rat) and Bandicota bengalensis (Bandicoot Rat) were encountered
in several fields, causing damage to the plants by feeding on them. Some birds like the
Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) and Yellow-Vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus
goiavier) were observed feeding on fruits and young shoots. Some samples were also
collected from some larger reptiles like Varanus salvator (Water Monitor Lizard) and
Calotes versicolor (Oriental Garden Lizard) were also observed, but they have little
effect on crops compared to other pests.
References:
International Rice Research Institute on Rice Pests (IRRI)
U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service on Rice Pests (APHIS)
U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Institute of Food and Agriculture on Wheat Pests (NIFA)
North Dakota State University on Wheat Pests (NDSU Extension)
These pests often require integrated pest management strategies to minimize their impact and protect
crops from significant losses.
Purdue University Extension on Corn Rootworm (Purdue Extension)
University of Nebraska-Lincoln on Corn Pests (UNL Cropwatch)
Pedigo, L. P., & Rice, M. E. (2009). Entomology and Pest Management (6th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
Stern, V. M., Smith, R. F., van den Bosch, R., & Hagen, K. S. (1959). The Integrated Control Concept.
Hilgardia, 29(2), 81-101.
Barzman, M., et al. (2015). IPM: Towards sustainable plant protection. A review of research on the
application of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35(1), 1-19.
https://eorganic.org/pages/18903/ecological-understanding-of-insects-in-organic-farming-systems:-
how-insects-damage-plants
National Invasive Species Information Center (NISIC). (2023). *Invasive weeds and mollusks in
agriculture*. United States Department of Agriculture. https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov
