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Modal Verbs of Ability
CAN COULD
It expresses someone's ability to do something. It's used It expresses someone's ability to do something. It's used
for the PRESENT TIME. for the PAST TIME.
I can swim very long distances. I could swim very long distances a long time ago.
She can speak three languages. She could speak three languages, but her Chinese got
My brother and I can read a 600 page book in a day. rusty.
My brother and I could read a 600 page book in a day
Negative form: CANNOT (CAN'T) when we had more time.
Negative form: COULD NOT (COULDN'T)
CAN and (BE) ALLOWED TO are also used to express PERMISSION.
You can also use COULD in more formal situations.
More Modal Verbs
HAVE TO External obligation. The doctor told me I have to quit smoking.
OBLIGATION I must quit smoking because I feel it's
MUST Internal obligation.
making me sick.
You don't have to bring anything for the
DON'T/DOESN'T There's no obligation.
LACK OF OBLIGATION party but if you want to, you can buy some
HAVE TO You do it if you want to.
ice cream.
You mustn't park here. This spot is only for
PROHIBITION MUSTN'T / CAN'T It's forbidden.
ambulances.
Suggestion on what to I told my friend that she should watch this
SHOULD
do. movie. I think she'll love it.
ADVICE
Suggestion on what Your boyfriend shouldn't text and walk his
SHOULDN'T
NOT to do. dog at the same time. Tell him to focus.
After MODAL VERBS, we use INFINITIVE (base form).
Everyone has to using the infinitive after modals.
Everyone has to use the infinitive after modals.
infinitive
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1- Choose the correct option.
1. My mother told me that I _____ finish my homework before I went out.
a. can
b. must
c. had to
2. When I was a child, I _____ swim very well.
a. can
b. could
c. should
3. You ____ smoke in the hospital.
a. shouldn’t
b. could
c. mustn’t
4. Gloria _____ speak Spanish, English and German fluently.
a. can
b. must
c. have to
5. We _____ leave now if we want to catch the train!
a. are able to
b. have to
c. must
6. I ______ wear a uniform at school. It’s a shirt, trousers and shoes.
a. must
b. have to
c. should
7. They __________ go to the party because they had a lot of homework to do.
a. can’t
b. couldn’t
c. shouldn’t
8. The little girl asked, “Mommy, _______ to have a cookie?”
a. must I
b. am I allowed
c. can I
9. You _____________ eat so much junk food. It’s bad for your health.
a. must
b. don’t have to
c. shouldn’t
10. Jessica ___________ walk home today because her dad is driving her.
a. doesn’t have to
b. isn’t allowed to
c. has to
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-Choose the correct options.
Mindfulness tips for students
Mindfulness encourages people to pay attention to the present moment. It can help students to keep
calm when they have to / should / mustn’t take exams. Here are some mindfulness tips.
1. First of all, try to notice your breathing. You mustn’t / don’t have to / should breathe calmly
when you’re studying and stay relaxed.
2. You mustn’t / should / don’t have to focus on just one thing at a time and do things step by
step. You don’t have to / have to / must do everything at once!
3. Get organized and write a ‘to-do’ list. On the list, you shouldn’t / must / mustn’t separate
big tasks into smaller ones - this is very important! For example, you mustn’t / have to /
should just write ‘Revise’ on your list! Divide your revision into lots of smaller parts. Good
luck!
-Complete the email with the words
doesn’t have to - don’t have to - have to - must - mustn’t - should - shouldn’t - could - couldn’t .
Hi Jasmine,
I’m excited about the school holidays - it’s great that we don’t have to wake up early for six whole
weeks! My mum is happy, too - she 1. _________________ shout ‘Hurry up, Ellen!’ every morning!
It’s so cool that you’re going to Australia. Do you 2. _____________ get up early to go to the
airport? I visited my cousins in Australia last year and we left our house at 4.30 a.m.! We 3.
________ swim in the sea every day. It was beautiful!
Don’t forget to prepare for the flight. It’s best to wear comfortable clothes - you 4.__________ wear
tight things. Also, you 5. _____________ try to sleep - it’s a good idea on a long flight.
We saw amazing animals in Australia - kangaroos, koalas and snakes, but we 6. ___________ see
any crocodiles! You 7. ______________ be very careful of the snakes - some are poisonous and
you 8. _____________ go near them! Have a lovely time!
I can’t wait to see your photos!
Ellen
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- Write the sentences in the correct tense (Present Simple or Continuous)
He (think) she’s cute. He thinks she’s cute.
a. You (know) what he (mean). ________________________________________________________
b. We (study) tenses this month. _______________________________________________________
c. We (always - start) at nine. __________________________________________________________
d. Scientists (believe) the weather (change). ______________________________________________
e. I (not-see) what the problem is. ______________________________________________________
f. Why (you - look) at me like that now? _________________________________________________
g. Be quiet! Rob (sleep)! ______________________________________________________________
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Present Simple or Continuous?
1- Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use Present Simple or
Continuous.
We live (live) in the centre of Prague.
a. I ___________________ (download) a film now so that we can watch it tonight.
b. Tina ___________________ (not update) her status every day.
c. Adam usually ___________________ (take) the bus to school in the morning.
d. ___________________ your grandparents ___________________ (exercise) once a week?
e. Why ___________________ you ___________________ (chat) online right now?
f. Where are Max and Ivan? They ___________________ (watch) that new video upstairs.
g. I never ___________________ (check) my phone when I’m in class.
2- Complete the online chat with the present simple or present continuous form of the verbs in
brackets.
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1- PRESENT PERFECT and SIMPLE PAST. Read the explanation carefully and choose the correct options.
a. Have you spent/ Did you spend you pay yet?
h. We went / ‘ve been to Africa three years ago.
b. He still hasn’t found / didn’t find a job.
i. A: Have you ever gone / did you ever go
c. Who did you see / have you seen last night?
to one of her concerts? B: Yes, I went to /
d. Did he go / has he gone yesterday?
've been in her first show here last year.
e. I ’ve already given / gave you $2000. That’s enough!
f. A: You look very smart. B: I ‘ve just had / just had a j. Luckily, I ’ve never broken / didn’t ever
job interview. break any bones so far.
g. I haven’t done / didn’t do the shopping yet.
2- Complete the sentences with Present Perfect or Simple Past.
a. I ________________ (go) to my first football match when I was six.
b. My sister ____________________ (see, never) a film at the cinema.
c. I ________________ (not, go) to a birthday party since) last March.
d. In 2005 my brother ______________ (meet) five players from the Real Madrid team.
e. Where__________you ____________(live) when you where younger?
f. I ______________ (have) an argument with my girlfriend at the weekend.
g. They __________________ (not, study) English yet.
h. I ___________________ (go) on holiday last summer.
i. My Dad _______________(smoke) since 2002.
j. They ______________ (live) in Bilbao for a long time.
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k. I______________(be) a Harry Potter fan since I was ten.
l. Doug ______________(not, lose) his mobile phone last week.
m. __________the architect ________________(build) a new department store last month? n.
Mary ____________________(already, buy) your books for school.
o. Sandra__________________ (call, just) to say hello.
p. My team ___________________(not, win) a match recently.
q. I ____________________(be born) in 1991.
r. She ________________(work) as a waitress since she was sixteen.
s. That's the best concert I _________________(be, ever) to.
t. Patricia _____________(see) Chris last week.
u. Jon and Kate ____________________(just, have) a baby!
v. Where _______________ (you, be) all day?
w. Do you want some lunch? No, thanks, I __________________ (just, eat).
x. How much money___________________ (you, spend) on clothes last weekend?
y. ___________ you _____________(fail, ever) an exam?
z. George ________________ (not, buy) that phone yesterday because it was too expensive!
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Reported questions
☆ WH-QUESTIONS:
DS: “Why are you calling the police?” they asked.
IS: They asked me why I was calling the police.
☆ YES/NO QUESTIONS:
DS: “Did you see the crime?” the detective asked us.
IS: The detective asked us if / whether we had seen the crime.
1- Choose the correct option.
I saw Peter yesterday. I hadn’t seen him for ages! I asked (1) he / him how (2) was he / he
was. He (3) said / told he was working in London. He also (4) said / told me that he had
got married five years go and had a son. I asked him what (5) was his name / his name
was. He said it was Arthur. I also asked him how old (6) he was / was he. He said Arthur
was two years old. He also asked me some questions. He asked me (7) when / whether I
was working and I told him I was working in a town near London. He also wanted to know if
I was married and I (8) told / said to him I had a boyfriend but we hadn’t talked about
getting married yet. It was late and he said he had to go but he asked me (9) whether /
when I wanted to meet his family and I agreed, so he gave me his phone number.
2- Rewrite the sentences using REPORTED QUESTIONS.
a- Christopher: “Do you want to dance?”
Cristopher asked me _________________________________________
b- Jennifer: “Has John arrived?”
Jennifer asked me ___________________________________________
c- Ronald: “Where had Maria parked her car?”
Ronald wanted to know _______________________________________
d- Mandy: “Can I help you?”
Mandy wanted to know _______________________________________
e- Elisabeth: “What are you doing?”
Elisabeth asked me __________________________________________
f- Allister: “How is your mother?”
Allister asked me ____________________________________________
g- Hanna: “Did he arrive on time?”
Hanna wanted to know _______________________________________
h- My friends: “Have you been to Spain?”
My friends asked him ________________________________________
i- The teacher: “Have you studied reported speech before?”
The teacher wanted to know __________________________________
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Quantifiers
A quantifier is a word or phrase used to give someone information about the
number or quantity of something: how much or how many.
☆ Is there any cheese? Yes, there's a little.
☆ We saw a lot of birds. / There’s a lot of traffic today, I’ll be late!
☆ I have enough pencils to finish the drawing. / There’s enough milk for today.
1- Read the sentences and choose the correct option.
a. Have you got a little/ a few minutes to explain this Maths homework to me?
b. There are a lot of / too much places to visit I Cardiff. Where shall we go first?
c. Is there a few / enough space in the car for Stephen and Carol?
d. I only have a few / a little water left in my bottle, but I think it’ll be enough.
e. She doesn’t have any / some brothers or sisters.
f. There’s too much / too many traffic in the city centre today. We’re going to be late.
g. There are too many / a lot of passengers on the train at the rush hour! We should have brought the car.
h. Are you going to take much / many luggage on your trip?
i. I have any / some who are coming over tonight.
2- Choose the correct quantifier from the box.
much – any (x2) – a lot – little – a little – few – a few – enough (x2) – too many – too much
a. They have had ....................................... of homework in Maths recently.
b. How ............................................. time do you need to finish the work?
c. There are ................................................ students in the library. I don’t know if we’ll find a seat.
d. Have you visited ............................................. foreign countries?
e. Although he's very ill, he didn't take .......................................... medicine.
f. Don’t worry, we have ............................................. time. No need to rush!
g. .................................................. people know as much about linguistics as John does.
h. We don’t have ............................................... money to go on holiday this year.
i. They say............................................. knowledge is a dangerous thing.
j. He's having ......................................... trouble passing his driving test.
k. ............................................ friends are coming to my party. We’ll have a great time.
l. He knows ............................................English. He knows enough English to manage.
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