Name : …………………………………..

Batch : ……………………
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 
(a) Physical state Crystalline/amorphous
(b) Colour Blue Cu+2 Salt
Light Green Fe+2 Salt
Pale Pink Mn+2 Salt
Bright green Ni+2 Salt
White Cu+2 Fe+2 , Mn+2 , Ni+2 are absent
(c) Solubulity Sol. In Cold H2O
(d) Action of heat: A small (a) Smell of ammonia (a) May be ammonium salt
amount of salt is taken in a dry test (b) White sublimate is formed (b) May be ammonium Halide
tube and it is heated (c) Loss of water of crystallisation (c) Hydrated Salt
(d) Reddish, brown gas are (d) May be Nitrate Salt
evolved
(e) Characteristic vinegar like smell 
(e) may be acetate CH3COO salt. 
(e) Flame test (a) Brick red (a) Calcium
A small amount of salt is taken in a (b) Light Green or Apple Green (b) Barium
watch glass to this 2 or 3 drops of (c) Light Green flashes (c) Manganese Zinc
con HCl is added to make a paste. (d) Blue/Blue–Green (d) Copper
This paste is taken on a glass rod (e) Livid Blue/Silvery White (e) Lead
and this rod is taken in to non– (f) Crimson red (f) Strontium
luminious flame of the burner.

I. IDENTIFICATION OF ANION:
Test for CO32 :
1) Action with dil HCl
(a) Colourless gas is evolved with CO32 may be present
brisk effervences
To the small amount of salt 2 or 3
drops of dil HCl is added
The lime water turns to milky CO32 may be present
This is gas produced above
reaction is passed into lime water.
b) No reaction CO32 is absent
2) Conformation Tests for CO32
Action with BaCl2 : White ppt is formed
To the salt sol. 2 or 3 drops of CO32 may be present
BaCl2(sol) is added
Solubility Test. Ppt is completely soluble in dil HCl CO32 is confirmed
To the above ppt dil HCl is added

Test for acetate – CH3COO

(a) Colourless vapours with smell May be Acetate CH3COO–
Action with dil HCl
of veniger
To the small amount of salt 2 or 3
drops of dil HCl is added
(b) No reaction CH3COO , is absence
Confirmation Test :
To the small amount of salt A red colourisation formed which Acetate may be present
solution few drops of neutral FeCl3 on boiling changes to brown red
solution is added ppt.

FIITJEE (Hyderabad Classes) Limited., 5-9-14/B, Saifabad, (Opp. Secretariat) Hyderabad–500 063. Phone: 040-66777000-03 Fax: 040-66777004
Esterification :
To the small amount of salt ethanol Fruity odour is evolved Acetate CH3COO– confirmed.
and few drops of conc. H2SO4 is
added and Heated.

II. TEST FOR HALIDES :

1) Action with con H2SO4 : a) A colourless gas is evolved with a) Cl– may be present
To the small amount of salt 2 or 3 pungent smell it gives dense white
drops of con.H2SO4 is added fumes when a glass rod dipped in
in cold condition. NH3 solution is exposed
b) A reddish brown vapours are b) Br– may be present
evolved
_
c) On heating reddish brown gas is
c) Ma be NO3
evolved _ _
d) No reaction d) Cl ,Br are absent
Confirmation Test’s for Cl–, Br– : a) Greenish yellow gas is evolved Cl– is confirmed
1) Action with MnO2 with pungent small
To the small amount of salt a pinch b) Reddish brown gas is evolved. Br– is confirmed
of MnO2 is added and 2 or 3 drops
of con. H2SO4 is added
2) Action with AgnO3–. a) A white ppt is formed it is Cl– is confirmed
To the salt sol 2 or 3 drops of completely soluble in NH3 sol.
AgNO3 sol. Is added b) Pale yellow ppt is formed it is Br_ is confirmed
partially soluble inNH3 sol.
III. ACTION WITH Con. H2SO4 + Cu TURNINGS :
Test for NO3 :
To the small amount of salt 2 or 3 a) Reddish brown gas is evolved May be NO3
drops of con. H2SO4. ½ pieces of and the liquid present in the tube
‘Cu’ turnings are added and then turns to blue or light green
b) No reaction
heated strongly NO3 is absent
Preparation of Na2CO3 extract :
To the 1 part of salt 3 parts of Na2CO3 is added for this distilled water is added and boiled for about 15 sec.
then it is filtered .The filtrates is known as Sodium Carbonate extract.

Conformation Test for NO3

Brown – Ring Test :
The extract is neutralized with dil. A brown ring is formed at the NO3 is confirmed
H2SO4 to this freshly prepared junction of aqueous and acid
FeSO4 sol. Is added. The test tube layers.
is kept in an inclined position and [FeSO4. No) nitroso ferrous
con. H2SO4 is added slowly along sulphate is formed
the walls of the test tube.
FeSO4 .7H2O  NO  Fe H2O  NO  SO4  2H2O
 5 
Brown ring

IV. Test for SO24 : SO24 May be present

1. To the salt solution 2 or 3 drops White ppt is formed.
of BaCl2 sol. is added
SO24 is confirmed
Conformation Test : ppt is insoluble in con. HCl
2. To the above ppt con. HCl is
added

FIITJEE (Hyderabad Classes) Limited., 5-9-14/B, Saifabad, (Opp. Secretariat) Hyderabad–500 063. Phone: 040-66777000-03 Fax: 040-66777004
IDENTIFICATION OF CATION GROUP SEPARATION TABLE :
Colour of the Formula of
Group Reagent Cations
ppt ppt
I. Dil HCl(sol) Pb2+ White PbCl2
II. Dil. HCl(sol) + H2S(g) (or) Na2S(sol) Cu2+ Black CuS
Al3+ White Al(OH)3
III. NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH(sol)
Fe2+ Green Fe(OH)2
Zn2+ White Zns
NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH (sol) + H2S(g) or
IV. Mn2+ Flesh Coloured Mns
Na2S(sol)
Ni2+ Black NiS
Ca2+ White CaCO3
V. NH4Cl(s) + NH4OH(sol) + (NH4)2 CO3(sol) Ba2+ White BaCO3
Sr2+ White SrCO3
VI. No particular reagent NH4+, Mg2+ -– -–
I GROUP :
To the salt solution few drops of dil a) White ppt is formed I group cations may be present
HCl is added Pb+2
b) No reaction I group cations are absent
Conformation test :
To the salt solution K2CrO4 sol. is Yellow ppt is formed Pb+2 is confirmed
added.

II. GROUP :
To the salt solution 2/3 drops of dil a) Black ppt is formed Cu2+ may be present
HCl is added and H2S gas is
passed. b) No reaction II group cation (Cu+2) is absent.
Conformation Test :
To the salt solution K4[Fe(CN)6] a) Chocolate Brown colour ppt is Cu2+ is confirmed
solution formed.
III. GROUP:
To the salt solution NH4Cl (solid) a) White gelatinous ppt is formed Al3+ may be present
and NH4OH(sol) is added. b) Dirty Green colour ppt is formed. Fe2+ may be present
c) No ppt is formed IIIrd group cations are absent
Conformation Test : for Fe2
To the salt sol. K4[Fe(CN)6]
a) Light Blue colour ppt is formed Fe2+ is confirmed
Solution is added.

Conformation Test for Al+3 :

a) White gelatinous ppt is formed Al+3 confirmed
S. S. + NaOH (2 or 3 drops) sol is
which is soluble in excess of
added
NaOH

FIITJEE (Hyderabad Classes) Limited., 5-9-14/B, Saifabad, (Opp. Secretariat) Hyderabad–500 063. Phone: 040-66777000-03 Fax: 040-66777004
IV. GROUP : a) white ppt is formed Zn2+ may be present.
To the salt sol. NH4Cl (solid) b) Flesh or buff coloured ppt is Mn2+ may be present
NH4OH (sol) are added and H2S formed Ni+2 may be present
gas is passed c) Black ppt IV group cations are absent.
d) No ppt is formed
Conformation Test :
To the salt sol. NaOH sol. is added a) Curdy white ppt is formed it is Zn2+ is confirmed.
soluble in excess NaOH
b) White ppt is formed it turns into Mn2+ is confirmed.
light brown colour.
Conformation Test for Ni+2
To the salt solution add few drops A rose red ppt it formed. Ni+2 is confirmed.
of dimethyl glyoxime (C4H8N2O2)
and shake the test tube.
V. GROUP :
To the salt sol. NH4Cl (solid) a) white pt is formed. V group cations Ca+2, Ba+2, Sr+2
NH4OH (sol) and (NH4)2CO3 sol. is may be present.
added. b) No ppt is formed V group cations are absent.

Confirmation test for Ca+2, Ba+2 a) Yellow ppt is formed Ba+2 is confirmed
To the salt solution K2CrO4 solution b) Yellow transparent sol. is Ca+2 is confirmed
is added observed

Conformation Test For Ca+2 A white ppt is formed Ca+2 is confirmed.

To the salt solution. (NH4)2 C2O4 insoluble in acetic acid
Ammonium oxalate solution is
added
Conformation Test for Sr+2 : if
Ba+2 is absent, then, to the salt White ppt. is formed Sr+2 is confirmed.
solution CH3COOH and
(NH4)2 SO4 solution is added.

VI. GROUP
No particular reagent.

Test for NH4 ion : a) Smell of NH3 gas is evolved. It

To the small amount of salt 2/3 gives dense white fumes when a NH4 may be present
drops of NaOH solution is added glass rod dipped in con. HCl is
and heated. exposed.
b) No reaction NH4 is absent
Conformation Test : NH4+
To the salt solution Nessler’s Reddish brown ppt is formed NH4 is confirmed
(K2HgI4/KOH) reagent is added. (Iodide of millions base)
+2
Test for Mg :
To the salt solution White ppt is formed. May be Mg+2
NH4Cl(solid) + NH4OH +
Na2(HPO4) sol is added.
Conformation test :
To salt solution NH4OH Solution or White ppt is formed. Mg+2 is confirmed.
NaOH sol is added.
 REPORT 
1. The anion present in given salt is ____________________________
2. The cation present in given salt is ___________________________
3. The salt is _____________________________________

FIITJEE (Hyderabad Classes) Limited., 5-9-14/B, Saifabad, (Opp. Secretariat) Hyderabad–500 063. Phone: 040-66777000-03 Fax: 040-66777004