RISK MANAGEMENT AS - proportionate to  indicators of

APPLIED TO SAFETY organization’s internal and emerging risks

AND SECURITY. external context related to its  the nature and value
objectives of assets and
resources
Inclusive
What is risk?  Consequences and
- appropriate and timely their impact on
 A situation involving objectives
involvement of stakeholders.
exposure to danger.  limitations of
 expose (someone or Dynamic knowledge and
something valued) to reliability of
- emerge, change, or
danger, harm, or loss information
disappear as an
RISK MANAGEMENT organization’s internal and  time-related factors
external context changes  biases
The process of identifying,  assumptions
assessing and controlling Best Available Information  beliefs of those
threats to an organization's involved
- Should be timely, clear, and
capital, earnings and
available to relevant types of risks
operations.
stakeholders
 COMPLIANCE
Human and Cultural RISK
Factors  OPPORTUNITY
- significantly influence all RISK
aspects of risk management  CONTROL RISK
at each level and stage  HAZARD RISKS

Continual Improvement COMPLIANCE RISK

- Continually improved “mandatory” Risks, involve

through learning and government mandated
experience licenses and business permits
and requirements
A). RISK MANAGEMENT B). RISK assessment and
risk identification HAZARD RISK
 integrated
 structured and RISK assessment “Pure” Risks that can
Comprehensive prevent and deter
 Customized the overall process of RISK
IDENTIFICATION, RISK the achievement of
 Inclusive
ANALYSIS, and RISK company’s goals,
 Dynamic
 Best Available EVALUATION. should be missions and objectives.
Information conducted systematically,
and collaboratively, drawing TYPE OF RISK HAZARD
 Human and Cultural
on the knowledge and views RISK OPERATIONAL
Factors
of stakeholders DISRUPTION (HOPKINS
 Continual
2018)
Improvement Risk Identification Factors
RISK MANAGEMENT and Relationship Between
PRINCIPLES Factors CONTROL RISKS
Integrated  tangible and risks that cause uncertainty
intangible sources of or doubt about the ability to
- An integral part of risk achieve company’s goals,
organizational Activities  causes and events missions, and objectives.
 threats and
Structured and
opportunities
Comprehensive
 vulnerabilities and
OPPoRTUNITY RISKS
- contributes to consistent capabilities
comparable results  changes in the risks that are usually
external and internal deliberately sought or
Customized
context embraced by the
organization specifically for ways of reducing their Philippine National Standard
the future long term success exposure International Standard
of any organization 31000:2018 (PNS ISO
RISK AVOIDANCE 31000:2018).
C). risk evaluation
- where the frequency and
Risk Evaluation severity of potential risk
remains are both high, WORDS TO REMEMBER
it is a process that is used to
business operators should •"Breach (of legislation or
compare risk analysis results
consider cancelling the policy) is the
with risk criteria.
program. breaking/failing to
the purpose of risk comply with legislation or
UNIT II
evaluation is to support policy (non-compliance)
decisions. RISK ASSESSMENT AS
APPLIED TO SAFETY • CCTV or Closed-circuit
this can lead to a decision to: Television
AND SECURITY
 do nothing further • Civil law applies to
Philippine Statistics
 consider risk situations where individuals
Authority (PSA) in the
treatment options or organizations take action
2015/2016 Integrated Survey
 undertake furthe against another person or
on Labor and Employment
analysis to better organization for breaching
(SLE), which is conducted
understand the risk statutory law
every two years, highlighted
 maintain existing the number of occupational • Consequence is an
controls accidents reached a total of outcome or result if a threat
 reconsider objectives 44,739 in 2015, a decline of materializes
57 percent from the 47,440
occupational accidents • Criminal law applies to
reported in 2013. Despite situations where the State
this reduction, the resulting takes action against a person
occupational injuries as an or organization for breaching
aftermath of these statutory lave EAS or
occupational accidents in Electronic Article
2015 grew by 38 percent Surveillance
from 49,138 in 2013 to • Likelihood is the
50,961. probability a threat will
To address these concerns, occur
WILKS and DAVIS (2000) the Philippine Senate and the • PPE means Personal
defined levels of Identified House of Representatives Protective Equipment (and
Risks enacted Republic Act 11058 clothing) RFID or Radio
(RA 11058) or the Act Frequency Identification
RISK RETENTION Strengthening Compliance
with Occupational Safety • Vicarious liability is the
- where both the frequency and Health (OSH) legal liability falling to the
and severity of risk is low, Standards and Providing employer for the actions of
risk is often retain. it is either their "agent" (their
passive or active. staffemployees) based on the
principle the employer is
RISK TRANSFER responsible for the actions of
- where the severity of a their employees
potential risk is low, but the A. Legislated Safety and
severity of a potential Security Requirements
incident is high.
Occupational safety and
RISK REDUCTION - Penalties for Violations, health in country is primary
where the severity of a and President Rodrigo R. governed by the Philippine
potential risk remains low, Duterte signed it into law Constitution of 1907, which
but the overall frequency of last August 17, 2018. The states the under Article XII,
Declaration of Policy can be Section 3
risk is increasing business
diagrammatically illustrated
operators need to consider as appeared in Figure 21. "The State shall afford full
Note: Adapted from the protection to labor, local and
overseas, organized and workers' protection and  Department of
unorganized, and promote welfare Health: Sanitation
full employment and equality Code.
of employment opportunities Legal Basis of the  Department of
for Occupational Safety and Agriculture: Fertilizer
Health Standards and Pesticides Act.
It shall guarantee the  Department of
rights of all workers to set DOLE, being the lead
agency in implementing and Environment and
organization collective Natural Resources:
bargaining and enforcing OSH
(Occupational Safety and RA 6969, Ratification
negotiations, and peaceful of Stockholm
concerted activities, Health) policies and
practices, possesses Convention,
including the right to strike Chemical Control
in accordance with law. They enforcement and rule-
making powers, in particular Order, Mining Law
shall be entitled to security (small scale and
of tenure, humane with regard to the following
laws and standards: large).
conditions of work, and a  RA 9185
living wage. They shall also  Philippine Labor Comprehensive
participate in policy and Code on Prevention, Dangerous Drugs Act
decision-making processes Compensation of 2002.
affecting their rights and  The Administrative  RA 6541 National
benefits as may be provided Code on Enforcement Building Code of the
by law of Safety and Health Philippines; RA 6969
The State shall promote the Standards. Toxic Substances
principle of shared  The Occupational Act.
responsibility between Safety and Health  RA 9231 Special
workers and employers and Standards (OSHS) Protection of
the preferential use of Executive Order 307 Children Against
voluntary modes in settling creating the Child Abuse,
disputes including Occupational Safety Exploitation and
conciliation, and shall and Health Center Discrimination Act.
enforce their mutual under the Employees
Compensation B. Provision for safety and
compliance therewith to security policies and
foster industrial peace. Commission
 Presidential Decree procedures
The State shall regulate the 626 Employees Justifications for
relations between workers Compensation and organizations to develop
and employers, recognizing State Insurance Fund safety and security policies
the right of labor to its just  Hazard-specific laws and procedures
share in the fruits of regarding anti-sexual
production and the right of harassment Tourism-related
enterprises to reasonable  RA 9165 organizations prepare and
returns on investments, and Comprehensive develop safety and security
to expansion and growth Drugs Act of 2002 policies and procedures in
 RA 8504 National order to:
The primary contents of the HIV/AIDS Law of
Labor Code include revised • Comply with legislated
1998, and requirements to avoid
and consolidated labor and  RA 11050 Act of
social laws to afford full penalties and create a good
Strengthening corporate citizen image and
protection to labor, Compliance with
promote employment and good corporate governance,
Occupational Safety
human resources and Health (OSH) • Reduce the likelihood of
development, and ensure Standards and accidents and injury to avoid
industrial peace based on Providing Penalties customer complaint,
social justice. The for Violations reduction of repeat business,
Department of Labor and incidence of legal suit,
Employment (DOLE) Laws and Regulations Under damage to equipment and
thrusts were also based on Jurisdiction of Government facilities, and public
this law which are the: Organizations Other Than embarrassment,
promotion of employment DOLE:
and human resources • Provide consistent and
development, maintenance of standardized dealing with or
industrial peace, and handling of common
operational problems and policies and procedures from the threat,
circumstances, thus relating to the use of ppe and moving the danger
consistency in the delivery of clothing by: away from people to
quality goods and services to a safe distance, or
achieve customer experience Employees to protect them erecting a protective
consistency, when they undertake certain barrier of some kind.
duties or engage in certain 4. Engineering controls
• Increase efficiency and activities. common - requires changing
effectiveness of business duties/activities will include: physical alterations to
operational activities and the workplace, site,
processes as applied to • cleaning and dealing with
chemicals; or processes to:
marketing, production
• minimize the
(operation), human capital, • dealing with hot products, generation of risk,
and finance, food, or drinks; • suppress or contain
• Reflect the unique nature of • handling petrol or other the risk, and
organizations with passion flammable liquids; • limit the risk should
for details of safety and an event occur.
security protocols, and • and working in extreme 5. Administrative
conditions. controls - requiring,
• Facilitate staff training in
Customers to protect them for example, the
required practices based on
when they participate in business to:
training needs analysis and
activities as part of their trip, • restrict access to an
plans.
travel, or tour which have area or activity,
Communication been identified through • provide assistive
mechanism for workplace internal risk management technology or
safety and security procedures as posing a equipment to help
protocols potential threat/risk. common with required
instances will include: activities/work,
• New employees' orientation
• train staff as
program; • wearing seat belts in appropriate, and
• Mandatory safety and vehicles, • develop necessary
security training to cover all • using/wearing helmets, protocols.
relevant protocols to guards, and other protective 6. personal protective
individual job roles and items when playing sports or clothing and
responsibilities; games or engaging in any equipment (ppe)
• Townhall assemblies or adventure-type activities
similar activities as venue for which carry inherent
employees to raise safety and dangers; and
security concerns with • traveling/touring in
management; extreme conditions.
• Inclusion of safety and Use of PPE is the lowest
security as a regular agenda level in the six-tier
item in staff meetings and hierarchy of controls
management meetings; available to address risk.
• creation of workplace- the hierarchy of controls
based safety and security consists of: B. PROVISION FOR
teams or committees; and 1. Elimination - the SAFETY AND SECURITY
most effective option POLICIES AND
• inclusion of all safety and PROCEDURES I Safe
security protocols in staff moves getting rid of
the threat. Work Practices
handbooks or company's
intranets. 2. Substitution - the CIMPLY WITH
second most RELEVANT
Use of personal protective acceptable method LEGISLATION - Requiring
clothing and equipment involves replacing
the hazardous • Employers to provide
Personal protective process/procedure or a safe and secure
equipment (PPE) can help product with a less workplace for staff,
manage/control safety and hazardous one. and
security in some instances. 3. Isolation means - • Organizations to
many organizations will have removing people provide a safe and
 secure environment protocols/requiremen • Comforting others;
for customers. ts—which may • Capturing evidence,
include internal information, and
Align with the concept of disciplinary actions, details relating to the
"safe place" rather than safe legal action, refusal event by taking
person—meaning the of other businesses photographs, making
employer is obliged to make (agencies, providers, notes, and asking for
the workplace environment carriers) to honor witnesses;
safer rather than rely on promises made
people (humans) to do the • Assisting officials
because the and authorities;
right thing in order to make prerequisite
it safe. "Safe place" is a dealing with the
conditions have not media;
passive approach in which or have been met.
the place/activity will be • Not admitting
safer regardless of who uses B. Provision for Safety and liability;
it (their age, gender, Security Policies and • Not releasing details
experience, size, and Procedures I Emergency of the deceased to
capability) while "safe Procedures others apart from
person" is an active option officials; and
relying on the person to take Emergency situations which • Determining action to
certain actions to remain have been identified for the take either to
safe. business—covering both: terminate trip/tour or
Internal emergencies such adjust itinerary.
B. Provision for Safety and
Security Policies and as fire or flood in the office, B. Provision for Safety and
Procedures I Customer gas leak, loss of Security Policies and
Prerequisites power/electricity, armed Procedures III General
hold-up, and loss of Safety Suggestions for
If such requirement exists, data/bookings; and Travelers
this means that an employee
must: External emergencies are • Safe—keep travel
events which may occur on itinerary to include
• Be advised in detail tours such as loss of aircraft airline booking,
of what prerequisites where carrier airplane has accommodation, and
are by type and detail crashed, vehicle breakdown travel plans. Avoid
of each; and accident, medical traveling at night.
• Be told of the emergency, arrest of a tour • Avoid crowded areas
Classifications/catego group member, missing during nighttime.
ries of customers to person/tour group member. • Seek advice from
which they apply— reliable source, i.e.,
commonly these hotel personnel.
requirements are B. Provision for Safety and
• Bring along at all
specific to particular Security Policies and
times the contact
classes of Procedures II Dealing with
embassy when
customers/travelers Death
traveling abroad and
or tours or trips. They Businesses which conduct a photocopy passport.
are not (generally) trips and tours will • Avoid using ATMs.
universally commonly have protocols for • Use a secured credit
applicable; dealing with the death of a card, manager's
• Be trained in how to tour group member while on check, and traveler's
inform customers—to activities or tour. These check accordingly.
maximize protocols will traditionally • Do not engage in
communication, cover actions to address socio-political
enhance requirements and directions protests and similar
understanding, in relation to: activities.
optimize compliance,
• Protecting the scene; • Be aware of fire
and avoid annoyance,
escapes and
confusion, or • Respecting the
emergency exits.
misunderstandings; deceased person;
• Do not wear
and • Reporting
excessive jewelry.
• Be made aware of the requirements to local
• Familiarize with the
consequences of authorities, head
failing to apply or office; information about
communicate the accommodation,
 local police stations support for required safety for example, the
(where appropriate), and security procedures. The response to a
travel agent, and training must embrace the threat/risk in the main
embassy. three components of office will differ to a
competency-based training: similar threat which
B. Provision for Safety and may be experienced
Security Policies and • Skills; while camping on
Procedures 1V Customers • Knowledge; and tour.
with Special Needs • Attitude.
Documentation
There is an increasing trend All organizations will need requirements
of those with special needs to dedicate resources to
engaging with travel and implement required safety Workplaces will always use a
tourism. They do this on and security procedures variety of documentation to
their own and often with identified as being necessary support and advise staff and
carers and family members. for the operation of the customers about required
Many countries have business. this section safety and security
legislation making it an identifies and discusses what procedures. traditionally,
offense to discriminate these resources may be. these documents include
against those with
disabilities. In the Plans • posters placed in
Philippines, the Magna Carta various/strategic
Resources to support safety workplace locations
for Disabled Persons was and security protocols must
enacted in 1992 through to advise and remind
also include implementation customers about
Republic Act No. 7277, an of a formal risk management
act providing for the specific issues
process which results in the • checklists to help
rehabilitation, self- development of
development, and self- staff implement
reliance of disabled persons. • Emergency requirements and/or
management plans, inspect areas for
and compliance and/or
• Contingency plans problems
• Developing
• general advisory and
packages, products, Contingency plans are plans safety-related
and services which developed to address information/sheets
are inclusive and foreseeable but unplanned (handouts) provided
suitable for those problems in given areas of to tour group
with disabilities; the operation of a business. members as part of
• Planning routes and they are "plan b" they detail the pre-departure
activities with the what action needs to be taken activities and/or
needs of differently when the situation described while on tour - some
abled persons in as the topic of the plan operators support and
mind; arises. supplement this with
• Providing vehicles
screening of a digital
used with wheelchair- Equipment and systems
versatile disc (dvd) or
compatible facilities. any medium and/or
Organizations will also use a
C. Resources Availability to range of equipment and have relevant
Support Required Safety systems to support required information available
and Security Procedures safety and security through their website
requirements. again, the
All organizations will need D. Consequences of failing
nature of the items used will
to dedicate resources to to follow safety and
vary between operators
implement required safety security procedures
based on:
and security procedures Tourism and hospitality
identified as being necessary • previous experience
professionals need to be able
for the operation of the number and type of
to explain the consequences
business. This section events which have
of failing to follow safety
identifies and discusses what occurred in the past.
and security procedures.
these resources may be. • risk analysis of
everyone working in a
identified threats,
Training tourism-related organization
funds available; and (at all levels and in all job
It is one of the primary • location of the positions) needs to know the
resources underpinning identified threat/risk - potential consequences of
not implementing/adhering THE ENVIRONMENT AND WHICH WILL PROVIDE THE
to required organizational VICINITY. OPPORTUNITY FOR THE
safety and security TOUR GUIDE/ TOUR
procedures in order to: LEADER TO ADDRESS THE
•A checklist is a type of form FOLLOWING WHEN
• be able to explain PROVIDING SAFETY AND
usually prepared to guide the
them to other staff. actions required and ensure SECURITY INFORMATION
• be able to describe nothing is missed. TO CUSTOMERS:
and demonstrate
them to customers.
• motivate them to A. PROVISION SAFETY •Distributing safety and
work in the way AND SECURITY security information through
required by the INFORMATION TO handouts/information sheets,
business. CUSTOMERS video/DVD, signs AND
• enhance job posters, demonstration, and real
satisfaction and examples;
promote a personal
- AN IMPORTANT ASPECT
feeling of workplace OF FOLLOWING
and job-related pride PREVENTATIVE SAFETY •Verbally discussing terms and
in performance. AND SECURITY conditions as it is standard for
PROCEDURES IS THE many organizations to require
PROVISION OF SAFETY their sales staff or tour
AND SECURITY guides/tour leaders;
E. Authority and INFORMATION TO
•Advising customers to take
responsibility for safety CUSTOMERS.
reasonable care of their own
and security TOURISM AND safety and security;
HOSPITALITY-RELATED
All employees will have an
BUSINESSES NEED TO BE
authority and responsibility
PROACTIVE WITH SAFETY •Demonstrating safety and
for workplace safety and
AND SECURITY FOR THE security practices; and
security. scope of authority
FOLLOWING REASONS: Encouraging and answering
and responsibility can also
questions from customers
be referred to as is
relating to safety and security.
sometimes just referred to as
scope of authority, scope of •TO DISCHARGE AND
responsibility, or scope of DEMONSTRATE
employment. it is the COMPLIANCE WITH LEGAL B. DESIGNATED SAFETY
authority given to a person OBLIGATIONS; AND SECURITY CHECKS
(by virtue of their job •TO GIVE CUSTOMERS IN RELATION TO THE
position/role within the CONFIDENCE IN THEIR REQUIREMENT TO
organization) to take action CHOICE OF PROVIDER AND CONDUCT REGULAR
on behalf of the business WHAT THEY ARE ABOUT SAFETY AND SECURITY
without having to talk to TO EXPERIENCE; CHECKS, THE FOLLOWING
anyone else in the workplace GENERALLY APPLIES:
to obtain their input or •TO INFORM, ADVISE,
permission in order to make ASSIST, AND EDUCATE THE
adecision or take other action CUSTOMERS;
•A CHECKLIST IS USUALLY
which is binding on the •TO PROVE THOSE PREPARED TO GUIDE THE
employer. LEADING THE TRIP, TOUR, ACTIONS REQUIRED AND
OR EVENT HAVE - ENSURE NOTHING IS
UNDERTAKEN SUFFICIENT MISSED
TOPIC 1 AND RELEVANT
PLANNING, KNOW WHAT
PREVENTATIVE
IS EXPECTED/GOING TO •THE CHECKLIST MAY
PROCEDURES FOR
HAPPEN, AND HAVE HAVE TO BE COMPLETED
SAFETY AND SECURITY
PREPARED AND SIGNED AS PROOF
APPROPRIATELY. THE CHECKS HAVE BEEN
UNDERTAKEN
WORDS TO REMEMBER
•SITUATIONAL THERE WILL COMMONLY
AWARENESS PERTAINS TO BE A PRE-DEPARTURE/ON-
ONGOING MONITORING OF DEPARTURE BRIEFING
•AN ATTEMPT SHOULD BE unacceptable or unsafe •An investigation is
MADE TO ENSURE TOUR behavior THAT may: conducted by state and local
GROUP MEMBERS AND regulatory authorities
OTHERS SEE/KNOW THESE
•The outbreak is
CHECKS ARE BEING •Negatively impact the
confirmed by laboratory
CONDUCTED IT HELPS TO satisfaction and experience of
analysis.
REASSURE THEM AND other tour group members,
ALSO SERVES TO DETER
PROBLEMS. •Give unintended offense to
others; Challenges include:
•Initiate problems with •Time and money
•CHECKS CAN BE locals/members of the public,
REQUIRED MULTIPLE •Language and culture
TIMES PER DAY, FOR •Damage the reputation of the
•Literacy and education
EXAMPLE, IN THE travel/tour operator- whose
MORNING AND LATE name will be visible to local •Pathogens
AFTERNOON/EARLY communities/ members of the
public on coaches, name tags, •Unapproved suppliers
EVENING, AND AT NIGHT
ATTENTION SHOULD BE luggage tags, and similar, and •High-risk customers
PAID TO AVOIDING "SAME •Prevent damage, injury, or
TIME EVERY DAY SO AS TO •Staff turnover
loss.
AVOID MAKING THE
CHECKS PREDICTABLE
CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN. Costs of a foodborne illness to
PERFORMING REGULAR an operation:
AND ONGOING CHECKS-
THESE NEED TO BE A 1. Loss of Customers and Sales
•TO USE APPROPRIATE COMBINATION OF:
POSITIVE INTERPERSONAL 2. Loss of Prestige and
AND COMMUNICATION Reputation
SKILLS WHEN
•Physical checks-such as 3. Lawsuits Resulting in
PERFORMING THESE
physically testing doors are Lawyer and Court Fees
DUTIES AND
locked, physically testing safety
4. Increased insurance Premium
equipment, and
5. lowered Employee Morale
•NOT TO ALARM TOUR •Visual checks on property and
GROUP MEMBERS ASSETS TO look for signs of 6. Employee Absentreism
tampering, interference, or
unauthorized use or entry, to 7. Need for Retraining
identify indicators of employee
•CHECK OFTEN:
PROBLEMS, leaks, rips and 8. Embarrassment
-CONDUCTED WITH tears, and damage. These
ANOTHER EMPLOYEE – checks will need to embrace
DRIVER, COOK, TOUR The belongings of tour group
GUIDE; AND Unsafe food is the result of
members and the tour/travel
contamination:
company.
-DONE BY DEDICATED”
SECURITY STAFF” •Biological
•Chemical
TOPIC 2
THE FOLLOWING ARE •Physical
PROVIDING SAFE FOOD
REPRESENTATIVE
EXAMPLES OF SAFETY
AND SECURITY CHECKS Biological contaminants:
Challenges to Food Safety
WHICH MAY NEED TO BE Bacteria
MADE ON TOUR. A foodborne illness is a disease
transmitted to people through Viruses
food.
Parasites
Monitoring of customers and An illness is considered an
their ACTIONS is AN ongoing outbreak when: Fungi
requirement on all trips/tours. It
needs to be done so action can •Two or more people
be taken to address have the same symptoms after Physical hazards:
eating the same food
•Metal shavings •It is not cooked or distributing and storing. The
reheated enough to kill goal of food safety
•Staple wires
pathogens monitoring is to keep food
•Bandages wholesome.
•It is not cooled
•Glass correctly
The degree of confidence
•Dirt and an assurance that food
will not cause sickness or
•Natural objects (e.g. fish bones Cross-contamination:
harm to the consumer when
in a fillet)
When pathogens are transferred it is prepared, served and
from one surface or food to eaten according to its
another intended use.
Chemical contaminants:
Cross-contamination can cause Potentially Hazardous
•Cleaners a foodborne illness when:
Food
•Sanitizers •Contaminated ingredients are
Food Favoring The Rapid
•Polishes added to food that
receives no further cooking
Growth Of Microorganisms
•Wax Coating of Produce
•Ready-to-eat food touches
contaminated surfaces Meat: Beel, Pork, Lamb
•A food handler touches
Poultry
contaminated food and then
Five risk factors for
touches ready-to-eat food Milk and Milk Products
foodborne illnesses:
•Contaminated cleaning cloths Tofu or Other Soy Protein
1. Purchasing food from unsafe
touch food- contact Foods Cooked Rice, Beans,
sources
surfaces.
or Other Heat-Treated Plant
2. Failing to cook food Foods
correctly
Poor cleaning and sanitizing: Synthetic ingredients, such
3. Holding food at incorrect
temperatures
as Textured Soy Protein in
•Equipment and utensils are not
washed, rinsed, and sanitized Meat Alternatives
4. Using contaminated
between uses
equipment
•Food contact surfaces are Food Safety Hazards
5. Practice poor personal
wiped clean instead of being
hygiene
washed, rinsed, and sanitized Biological - viruses, fungi,
parasites, bacteria
•Wiping cloths are not stored in
How Food Becomes Unsafe a sanitizer solution between Chemical - cleaners,
uses sanitizers, polishes, toxic
•Time-temperature abuse
•sanitizer solution was not metals
•Poor personal hygiene prepared correctly
Physical - foreign objects,
•Cross-contamination fish bones, stones
•Poor cleaning and sanitizing TOPIC 2 FOOD SAFETY How Food Becomes Unsafe
MANAGEMENT
Time-temperature abuse use
Time-temperature abuse: & Temperature
When food has stayed too long What is Food Safety? Cross-contamination
at temperatures good for
pathogen growth. Protecting the food supply TIME-TEMPERATURE
from microbial, chemical ABUSE
Food has been time- and physical hazards or
temperature abused when: exposure of food to unsafe
contamination that may
temperature
•It has not been held or occur during all stages of
stored at correct food production and Failure to cool food properly
temperatures handling-growing, Preparing large amount of
harvesting, processing, food a day or more in
transporting, preparing, advance
 Failure to cook foods at *Allowing fluids from raw
minimum internal cooking food to drip into cooked or TOPIC 3 Hazards to Food
temperature ready-to-eat food, or into Safety
other raw food that may
Exposing the food to Foodborne Contamination
require lower temperatures in
temperature favorable to
cooking;
bacterial growth
Biological ,Chemical ,Physic
(Temperature Danger Zone) • Food contact surfaces that
al
are not washed, rinsed, and
Time-Temperature Abuse
sanitized before touching Biological
Preventing Time- cooked or ready-to-eat food
■Seafood Toxins
Temperature Abuse (utensils, working tables,
knives, chopping boards, ■ Plant Toxins
■ Receive and store food etc.);
quickly ■ Mushroom Toxins
Contamination from the dirty
■ Store food at the proper apparel of food handlers Chemical
temperature
Cross-Contamination ■Toxic Metals
■ Minimize time food
Food Safety Management ■ Pesticides
spends in the temperature
danger zone (TDZ) between Preventing Cross- ■ Cleaning Products
40-140°F or 5-60°C Contamination
Physical
TIME and TEMPERATURE ■ Wash hands frequently
when working with raw food ■Foreign Objects
Bacteria can grow to harmful
levels if they remain in the ■Don't allow raw food to Physical Contaminants
TDZ for more than four touch or drip onto cooked or Accidental Introduction
hours. ready-to-eat food Foreign Objects
Preventing Time- ■ Clean and sanitize food- Physical Contaminants
Temperature Abuse contact surfaces between
(continued) each use Hazards to Food Safety
Physical Contaminants. Food
■ Cook food to its required ■ Clean and sanitize can become contaminated
minimum internal cleaning cloths between each when objects get into it. It
temperature use Contaminatio can also happen when
■ Hold food at proper Poor Personal Hygiene natural objects are left in
temperatures food, like bones in a fish
Preventing Poor Personal fillet.
■ Cool and reheat food Hygiene
properly Here are some common
■Wash hands properly physical contaminants.
CROSS
■ Observe strict rules for Metal shavings from cans, as
CONTAMINATION
eating, drinking, and shown in the photo at
occurs when microorganisms smoking left ,Staples from cartons
are transferred from a Glass from broken light
■ Prevent ill employees from
contaminated food contact bulbs ,Blades from plastic or
working
surface of food to a non- rubber scrapers, Fingernails,
contaminated food contact ■Maintain general personal hair, and bandages, Dirt
surface of food. cleanliness Bones, Jewelry, Fruit pits, as
shown on the spoon in the
CROSS The Mission of Food Safety
photo at left.
CONTAMINATION Manager's Responsibility
Chemical Contaminants
*Addition of a raw material ■ Serve safe food
to a cooked ingredient Metals Should only be food-
■ Train employees in safe
without it being heated or grade in utensils and
foodhandling practices
cooked; equipment used to prepare
■ Market food safety to and store food
customers and employees
Pesticides Should be applied • Be careful when using algae which live
only by a trained Pest chemicals while food is among coral reefs
Control Operator (PCO) being prepped.  When eaten by a
small fish, it will be
Chemicals Should be stored • If you transfer a chemical
stored in the skin,
away from food to a new container, you must
flesh, and organs
label it with the common
Toxic metal  Contaminated fish
name of the chemical.
are not affected by
poisoning can occur when: the toxin
• Only use lubricants that
■ Utensils or equipment are made for foodservice  The toxin is heat
containing toxic metals are equipment. stable and cannot be
used to prepare food destroyed by cooking
Foodborne Contamination  Common Food
(especially acidic food)
Brological Chemical Marine finfish
X Copper This metal is Physical Biological including barracuda,
sometimes found in ■Seafood Toxins ■ Plant grouper, jack fish,
cookware like pots and pans. Toxins ■Mushroom Toxins mackerel, snapper
Hazards to Food Safety  Transmission in
X Lead This metal is found Chemical ■Toxic Metals ■
in pewter, which can be used Food Transferred to
Pesticides ■ Cleaning finfish when they eat
to make pitchers and other Products Physical Foreign
tableware. toxin-containing
Objects algae or other fish
X Zinc: This metal is found Foodborne Contamination that contain the toxin
in galvanized items, which  Prevention
are coated with zinc. Some Biological Chemical Purchasing seafood
buckets, tubs, and other Physical from reputable
items may be galvanized. supplier is the best
Biological
Pesticides preventive measure
■Seafood Toxins■ Plant
Should only be applied by a Toxins ■Mushroom Toxins Scombroid toxin
licensed pest control operator Hazards to Food Safety  Also called
(PCO) histamine poisoning,
Chemical ■Toxic Metals ■
caused by eating
Wrap and store food prior to Pesticides ■ Cleaning
food high in a
application Hazards to Food Products
chemical compound
Safety called histamine-
Physical Foreign Objects
Chemicals Store away from usually produced by
food, utensils, and equipment a certain bacteria
Store in original containers Biological Contaminants when they
decompose food
Chemical Contaminants To Seafood Toxins containing the
keep food safe, follow these protein histidine-
 Ciguatera Toxin
guidelines: dark meat of fish has
 Scombroid Toxin
Biologica,Chemical  Seafood Toxins more histidine than
Physical Hazards to Food Purchase seafood other fish meat
Safety from a reputable  Histamine is not
supplier inactivated by
• Store chemicals away from cooking
food, utensils, and equipment Ciguatera toxin  Common Food Tuna,
used for food. Keep them in anchovies, blue fish,
 Ciguatoxin poisoning
a separate storage area in mackerel,
is an example of an
their original container, as amberjack, abalone,
intoxication caused
shown in the photo at left. and mahi mahi; dark
by eating
• Follow the manufacturers' contaminated tropical meat fishes
directions when using reef fish  Transmission in
chemicals.  The toxin is found in Food Over time,
tiny, free swimming bacteria that is
sea creatures called inherent to a
 particular food can >The fruits of fungus that ■Mouth: swelling, itching of
breakdown histidine grows in soil, wood or the lips and tongue
and cause the decaying matter
■Digestive tract: vomiting
production of
■Hard to distinguish and diarrhea
histamine. Leaving
between edible from non-
fish out at a room ■Airways: difficulty in
edible
temperature usually breathing, wheezing
results in histamine ■Most cannot be destroyed
production Involve skin, mouth,
by heat when cooked or
digestive tract or airways
processed
Shellfish Toxin Some people are allergic to:
Paralytic Shellfish >DO NOT EAT WILD
Poisoning (PSP); MUSHROOMS TO BE ■ Nitrites DAIRY
Diarrhetic Shellfish SURE!
■ Sulfites
Poisoning (DAP); Kinds of Mushroom
Domoic Acid ■ Monosodium Glutamate
Poisoning (DAP); Edible - used extensively in (MSG)
Neurotoxic Shellfish Chinese, Japanese and
European cuisine Prevention • Food products
Poisoning (NSP) should be properly labeled if
■Toxins are High in fiber and vitamin B it contains allergens
produced by a certain and C
algae called Keys to Protecting Guests
dinoflagellates; when Ex. shiitake, oyster,
portobello, enoki, cremini, ■ Ensure that your team
filter-feeding knows recipe ingredients
shellfish, such as morel, porcini, chanterelle,
mussels, clams, truffle ■ Be truthful if unsure about
oysters, and scallops, Poisonous - produce possible recipe allergens
feed on the toxic secondary metabolites that ■ Make sure all cooking
algae, they render them toxic and mind- utensils and tableware are
accumulate the toxins altering. allergen-free
in their organs, and
become toxic to Toxins are produced ■ Serve menu items as
humans naturally by the toxic species simply as possible
Plant Toxins of this fungus.

Toxic plant species and Ex. Amanitas, false morels,

products prepared with little brown mushrooms
them should be avoided (LBMs), Jack O' Lantern,
Green-spored Lepiota
Mushroom Toxins
Food allergens
Establishments should
not use wild mushrooms A substance in food that
or products made with causes human immune
them system to produce chemicals
and histamines in order to
Plant Toxins Some plants protect the body. These
are: Naturally toxic : chemicals produce allergic
symptoms that affect the
Rhubarb leaves Apricot
respiratory system,
kernels
gastrointestinal tract, skin or
■Toxic when raw, but safe cardiovascular system
when cooked
Allergy Symptoms
Red kidney beans
Symptoms
Fava beans
Skin: rashes, hives and
Mushroom Toxins itching